经济学questions
计量经济学试题（Econometricsquestions）
计量经济学试题（Econometrics questions）A glossary (a total of 20 points, 4 points for each item)1 Econometrics2 least square method3 dummy variables4 instrumental variable methodIdentification of 5 simultaneous equationsTwo short answer questions (30 points, 6 points for each item)1 the classical assumption that the least square method should be satisfied2 steps to solve problems in EconometricsThe reason for the existence of 3 sequence correlation Steps of economic structure test in 4 regression analysis Characteristics of 5 stochastic perturbationsThree calculation analysis (30 points)1., according to the following information, study the income and consumption of farmers in Hebei province.Requirements: (1) to establish regression model (list and calculation formula, test only for economic significance and goodness of fit test);(2) if the per capita net income of farmers in Hebei in 2008 is 3200 yuan, 2008 of the per capita living expenses of farmers in Hebei should be predicted.Particular yearItem 1994199519961997 1998199920002001 20022003Per capita net income of farmers (100 yuan) 111721232424252627 29Living expenses (100 yuan) 811141413131414151Four discussion questions (20 points)1 briefly describe the meaning, sources and consequences of heteroscedasticity, and write the test steps combined with the G-Q test method.Econometrics entry final exam questions B answerFirst, noun interpretation1 econometrics is the integration of mathematics, statistics and economic theory, combined with the theory and practice of economic behavior and phenomenon.2 least square method: the least square method for minimizing the sum of residuals of all observations is the least square method.3 dummy variables: there are some temporary factors in the study of economic life. Such as war, natural disasters, man-made disasters, these factors do not occur frequently in the economy, but with the same characteristics, these economists do not occur frequently, and temporary effect called virtual variables.4 instrumental variable method: instrumental variable method takes the predetermined variable as instrumental variable instead of the endogenous variable in structural equation as explanatory variable, in order to reduce the correlation between random item and explanatory variable.Identification of 5 simultaneous equations: a single equation that constitutes a simultaneous equation has only a statistical form in its simultaneous equations, and this equation is known to be identifiable, otherwise it is called non recognizable. If every equation in the simultaneous equation can be identified, this simultaneous equation is called identity, otherwise it is called non recognizable.Two, simple answer1 the classical assumption that the least square method should be satisfiedAnswer: (1) the mean of random items is zero;(2) random sequence non correlation and heteroscedasticity;(3) explanatory variables are non random, and if random, they are not related to random items;(4) there is no multicollinearity between explanatory variables.2 the steps of applying econometrics to solve economic problemsAnswer: 1) building models;2) estimation parameters;3) verification theory;4) use modelThe reason for the existence of 3 sequence correlationSequence correlation: that is, the random term U is related to other previous terms. It is called sequence correlation or autocorrelation.The cause of existence:First of all, with the continuous problem in economic life and time, namely the repetition time repeated, therefore, the explanatory variables associated with.Secondly, the error of model selection is established, which makes the explanatory variables relevant.Finally, when the model is established, the random term has autocorrelation, and the sequence has autocorrelation.The method of economic structure test in 4 regression analysisChow puts forward the following test method:Firstly, two samples were merged to form the sample of the number of observation value +, and the model (4.25) was regressed, and the regression equation was obtained:(4.28)The sum of squares of residuals is obtained, and the degree of freedom is + -k-1,Here K is the number of variables explained.Secondly, the use of two small sample given above, respectively (4.25) of the regression analysis, the regression equation respectively (4.26) and (4.27), calculated the sum of squared residuals, respectively, the degree of freedom for -k-1 and -k-1 respectively.Then, according to the sum of squares of residuals, the following statistic is constructed:~ F (k+1, + -2k-2) (4.29)Using statistical (4.29) test (4.26), (4.27) the significant similarities and differences, that is, test hypothesis: (j=0, 1,2,... K).Given the significant level (such as =0.05, =0.01), the F distribution table with the first degree of freedom as k+1 and the second degree of freedom as the + -2k-2 is obtained, and the critical value is obtained.If rejected, that (4.26), (4.27) there is a significant difference, the economic relations of the two or two samples reflect different, we say that the changes in the economic structure; on the contrary, we believe that the economic structure is relatively stable.Some properties of the 5 random perturbation term:1. the complex represented by many factors on the explanatory variable Y;2., the influence direction of Y should be different, there are positive and negative;3. as a secondary factor, the total average impact on Y may be zero;The effect of 4. on Y is non trending and stochastic.Three computational analysis1., according to the following information, study the income and consumption of farmers in Hebei province.Particular yearItem 1994199519961997 1998199920002001 20022003Per capita net income of farmers (100 yuan) 111721232424252627 29Living expenses (100 yuan) 811141413131414151According to economic theory, there is a correlation between farmers' living expenditure and their net income. The basic source of farmers' consumption expenditure lies in their net income, so the increase of per capita net income of farmers is the reason for the increase of their living expenses. In addition, farmers' living expenses are also affected by savings, psychological preferences and other factors, so the model is regression model.If Ct is the farmer's consumption expenditure, and Y is the net income per capita of farmers, the following regression model can be establishedCt=c+aYtDependent Variable: CTMethod: Least SquaresDate: 12/15/97 Time: 16:44Sample: 19942003Included observations: 10Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.YT 0.406238 0.046500 8.736250 0C 3.978409 1.080867 3.680755 0.0062R-squared 0.905126 Mean dependent var 13.20000Adjusted R-squared 0.893266 S.D. dependent var 2.250926 S.E. of regression 0.735380 Akaike info criterion 2.399998 Sum squared resid 4.326269 Schwarz criterion 2.460515Log likelihood -9.999988 F-statistic 76.32207Durbin-Watson stat 1.329130 Prob (F-statistic) 0.000023 The regression equation was Ct=3.9784+0.4062Yt(3.6801) (8.7363)Because T (a) =8.7363>T0.025 (8) =2.306F=76.3221>F0.05 (1,8) =5.32So the regression equation and its coefficients are significantR2=0.9051, which shows that the regression equation and the sample observation value have good goodness of fitFour topics1. answers:Meaning: for the random perturbation of the UI regression model, if the other assumption, the second assumption is not established, that is to say in the variance of random UI different observation value is not equal to a constant, Var (UI) = constant (i=1, 2,... (n), or Var (U) Var (U) (I J), then we call the random perturbation term UI has heteroscedasticity.Source: 1. model omitted economic variables, the measurement error of 2.The consequence of heteroscedasticity: the 1. parameter estimator is still linear unbiased, but not valid. 2. test failure based on t distribution and F distribution. The variance of 3. estimator increases, and the prediction accuracy decreases.Inspection: Inspection (Goldfeld - Quart Goldfield - Quandt G - Q test) test in 1965 by S.M.Goldfeld and R.E.Quandt proposed. This test method is applicable to large samples, usually require the capacity of n should be 30 or the number of observations is to estimate the parameters of more than 2 times(i.e., sample size is much larger than the N model included explanatory variables two times large numbers above). To test heteroscedasticity should meet the following conditions: first, using the method of random perturbation UI obey the normal distribution, and the variance of UI increased with a certain explanatory variables; second, random perturbation UI no serial correlation, namely E (uiuj) =0 (I J). The test method is mainly F test.The test hypothesis H0: UI is equal variance, and the alternative assumption is that H1: UI is heteroscedastic, and the specific steps of G - Q test are as follows:1. will explain the observed value of the variable Xi in absolute ascending order, be interpreted correspond to the variables of Xi Yi.2. the Xi are arranged in C values by deleting the centre of the remaining N-C observations is divided into two sub samples of the same capacity, the capacity of each sub sample respectively, a sub sample which is the larger part of the corresponding observation value, the other is a relatively small part of the observed value. It should be noted that the determination of the C value is not arbitrary, and it is determined by experiments by Goldfeld and Quandt. For the sample size when n is greater than 30, the number of C for the entire sample number 1/4 by deleting observations (e.g., sample size is 48, c=, n=12, removal of the observation value is 12, then the two sub sample volume respectively =18).3. the least squares method is used to calculate the regressionequation of the two sub samples, and then the corresponding residual sum of squares is calculated respectively. The sum of squares of residuals is the sum of the residuals of the sub samples with larger sample value, and their degree of freedom is -k, where k is the number of explanatory variables in the econometric model.4. establish statistics:F= can prove that F=RSS2/RSS1 ~ F (), that is, it follows the F distribution of degrees of freedom respectively. Obviously, if the two sub sample variance is equal, the value of F is close to 1, show that UI has equal variance; if the variance is not equal, according to the pre condition of RSS2 is greater than RSS1, F-measure should be greater than 1, then UI has heteroscedasticity, so we can use the F test to verify whether UI has heteroscedasticity of. That is, for the given significance level, the F distribution table is obtained corresponding critical value, if F>, reject H0, accept H1, that is, UI has heteroscedasticity; if F<, then accept H0, UI has equal variance.。
经济学_面试题目(3篇)
第1篇一、基础理论部分1. 请简述凯恩斯主义经济学的核心观点，并举例说明其在实际经济中的应用。
2. 什么是通货膨胀？简述通货膨胀的原因及其对经济的影响。
3. 请解释什么是供需关系，并分析供需关系如何影响价格。
4. 什么是边际效用递减规律？请举例说明其在实际生活中的应用。
5. 请简述货币政策的三大工具，并分析其在调控经济中的作用。
6. 什么是外部效应？请举例说明外部效应在现实生活中的表现。
7. 请解释什么是经济周期，并分析其形成的原因。
8. 什么是市场失灵？请举例说明市场失灵在现实生活中的表现。
9. 什么是宏观经济政策？请简述其主要目标及其在调控经济中的作用。
10. 请解释什么是产业结构调整，并分析其在经济发展中的重要性。
二、应用分析部分1. 当前我国经济增长放缓，请分析原因并提出相应的对策。
2. 请分析我国房地产市场泡沫的形成原因及其对经济的影响。
3. 请分析我国制造业转型升级的必要性及其面临的挑战。
4. 请分析我国农村经济发展的现状、问题及对策。
5. 请分析我国环境保护政策的实施效果及其存在的问题。
6. 请分析我国企业“走出去”战略的意义及面临的挑战。
7. 请分析我国财政政策的调整方向及其对经济的影响。
8. 请分析我国货币政策在应对金融危机中的作用。
9. 请分析我国区域发展战略的调整及其对区域经济发展的推动作用。
10. 请分析我国供给侧结构性改革的意义及其在经济发展中的作用。
三、案例分析部分1. 请分析我国某地区产业结构调整的成功案例，并总结其经验。
2. 请分析我国某地区环境保护政策的实施效果，并探讨其存在的问题。
3. 请分析我国某地区农村经济发展的成功案例，并总结其经验。
4. 请分析我国某地区房地产市场的调控政策及其效果。
5. 请分析我国某地区制造业转型升级的成功案例，并总结其经验。
6. 请分析我国某地区企业“走出去”战略的成功案例，并总结其经验。
7. 请分析我国某地区供给侧结构性改革的实施效果，并探讨其存在的问题。
国际经济学题目2
CHAPTER 3SOURCES OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEMULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS1. Which of the following suggests that a nation will export the commodity in the productionof which a great deal of its relatively abundant and cheap factor is used?a. The Linder theoryb. The product life cycle theoryc. The MacDougall theoryd. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory2. According to Staffan Linder, trade between two countries tends to be most pronouncedwhen the countries:a. Find their tastes and preferences to be quite harmoniousb. Experience economies of large-scale production over large output levelsc. Face dissimilar relative abundances of the factors of productiond. Find their per-capita income levels to be approximately the same3. Which of the following is a long-run theory, emphasizing changes in the trading position ofa nation over a number of years?a. Theory of factor endowmentsb. Comparative advantage theoryc. Theory of the product cycled. Overlapping demand theory4. The Leontief paradox questioned the validity of the theory of:a. Comparative advantageb. Factor endowmentsc. Overlapping demandsd. Absolute advantage5. Which of the following would least likely apply to the product life cycle theory?a. Calculators and computersb. Coal and crude oilc. Home movie camerasd. Office machinery6. Classical trade theory emphasized which of the following as an underlying explanation ofthe basis for trade?a. Productivities of labor inputsb. Tastes and preferences among nationsc. Changes in technologies over timed. Quantities of economic resources7. Concerning the influence that transportation costs have on the location of industry, which ofthe following industries has generally attempted to locate production facilities close to resource supplies?a. Autosb. Steelc. Soft drinksd. Valuable electronics goods8. Assume that Country A, in the absence of trade, finds itself relatively abundant in labor andrelatively scarce in land. The factor endowment theory reasons that with free trade, the internal distribution of national income in Country A will change in favor of:a. Laborb. Landc. Both labor and landd. Neither labor nor land9. When considering the effects of transportation costs, the conclusions of our trade modelmust be modified. This is because transportation costs result in:a. Lower trade volume, higher import prices, smaller gains from tradeb. Lower trade volume, lower import prices, smaller gains from tradec. Higher trade volume, higher import prices, smaller gains from traded. Higher trade volume, lower import prices, greater gains from trade10. Most economists maintain that the major factor underlying wage stagnation in the UnitedStates in the 1990s has been:a. Import competitionb. Technological changec. Rising real value of the minimum waged. Increasing union membership11. Assume the cost of transporting autos from Japan to Canada exceeds the pretrade pricedifference for autos between Japan and Canada. Trade in autos is:a. Impossibleb. Possiblec. Highly profitabled. Moderately profitable12. Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin are associated with the theory of comparative advantage thatstresses differences in:a. Income levels among countriesb. Tastes and preferences among countriesc. Resource endowments among countriesd. Labor productivities among countries13. Hong Kong is relatively abundant in labor, while Canada is relatively abundant in capital. Inboth countries the production of shirts is relatively more labor intensive than the production of computers. According to the factor endowment theory, Hong Kong will have a(n):a. Absolute advantage in the production of shirts and computersb. Absolute advantage in the production of computersc. Comparative advantage in the production of shirtsd. Comparative advantage in the production of computers75 / 1214. If Japanese workers receive lower wages in the production of autos than do Americanworkers:a. Japan will have a comparative advantage in the production of autosb. Japan will have an absolute advantage in the production of autosc. Production costs will be lower in Japan than in the U.S.d. Production costs could be lower in the U.S. if American labor productivity is higherthan the Japanese15. Which trade theory suggests that a newly produced good, once exported, could ultimatelyend up being imported as the technology is transferred to lower-cost nations?a. Factor endowment theoryb. Product life cycle theoryc. Overlapping demand theoryd. Comparative advantage theory16. A firm is said to enjoy economies of scale over the range of output for which the long-runaverage cost is:a. Increasingb. Constantc. Decreasingd. None of the above17. A product will be internationally traded as long as the pretrade price differential between thetrading partners is:a. Greater than the cost of transporting it between themb. Equal to the cost of transporting it between themc. Less than the cost of transporting it between themd. None of the above18. Which of the following suggests that by widening the market’s size, internati onal trade canpermit longer production runs for manufacturers, which leads to increasing efficiency?a. Economies of scaleb. Diseconomies of scalec. Comparative cost theoryd. Absolute cost theory19. The Leontief paradox:a. Was applied to the product life cycle theoryb. Suggested that the U.S. exports labor-intensive goodsc. Found that national income differences underlie world trade patternsd. Implied that diseconomies of scale occur at low output levels20. Which of the following best applies to the theory of overlapping demands?a. Manufactured goodsb. Servicesc. Primary productsd. None of the above21. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory explains comparative advantage as the result of differences incountries’:a. Economies of large-scale productionb. Relative abundance of various resourcesc. Relative costs of labord. Research and development22. Boeing aircraft company was able to cover its production costs of the first “jumbo jet” in the1970s because Boeing could market it to several foreign airlines in addition to domestic airlines. This illustrates:a. How economies of scale make possible a larger variety of products in internationaltradeb. A transfer of wealth from domestic consumers to domestic producers as the result oftradec. How a natural monopoly is forced to behave more competitively with internationaltraded. How a natural monopoly is forced to behave less competitively with international trade23. Which trade theory contends that a country that initially develops and exports a new productmay eventually become an importer of it and may no longer manufacture the product?a. Theory of factor endowmentsb. Theory of overlapping demandsc. Economies of scale theoryd. Product life cycle theory24. The theory of overlapping demands predicts that trade in manufactured goods is unimpor-tant for countries with very different:a. Tastes and preferencesb. Expectations of future interest rate levelsc. Per-capita income levelsd. Labor productivities25. The trade model of the Swedish economists Heckscher and Ohlin maintains that:a. Absolute advantage determines the distribution of the gains from tradeb. Comparative advantage determines the distribution of the gains from tradec. The division of labor is limited by the size of the world marketd. A country exports goods for which its resource endowments are most suited26. According to the factor endowment model, countries heavily endowed with land will:a. Devote excessive amounts of resources to agricultural productionb. Devote insufficient amounts of resources to agricultural productionc. Export products that are land-intensived. Import products that are land-intensive27. For the United States, empirical studies indicate that over the past two decades the cost ofinternational transportation relative to the value of U.S. imports has:a. Increasedb. Decreasedc. Not changedd. None of the above77 / 1228. Should international transportation costs decrease, the effect on international trade wouldinclude a(n):a. Increase in the volume of tradeb. Smaller gain from tradec. Decline in the income of home producersd. Decrease in the level of specialization in production.29. That the division of labor is limited by the size of the market best applies to which explana-tion of trade?a. Factor endowment theoryb. Product life cycle theoryc. Economies of scale theoryd. Overlapping demand theory30. A larger variety of products results from international trade especially if:a. International trade affords producers monopoly powerb. National governments levy import tariffs and quotasc. Producing goods entails increasing costsd. Economies of scale exist for producers31. With economies of scale and decreasing unit costs, a country has the incentive to:a. Specialize completely in the product of its comparative advantageb. Specialize partially in the product of its comparative advantagec. Specialize completely in the product of its comparative disadvantaged. Specialize partially in the product of its comparative disadvantage32. Proponents of ________ maintain that government should enact policies that encourage thedevelopment of emerging, “sunrise” industries.a. Product life cycle policyb. Static comparative advantage policyc. Intraindustry trade policyd. Industrial policy33. Legislation requiring domestic manufacturers to install pollution abatement equipment tendsto promote:a. Higher production costs and an increase in outputb. Higher production costs and a decrease in outputc. Lower production costs and an increase in outputd. Lower production costs and a decrease in output34. Stringent governmental regulations (e.g., air quality standards) imposed on domestic steelmanufacturers tend to:a. Enhance their competitiveness in the international marketb. Detract from their competitiveness in the international marketc. Increase the profitability and productivity of domestic manufacturersd. Reduce the market share of foreign firms selling steel in the domestic market35. Among the determinants underlying a country’s internatio nal competitiveness in businessservices (e.g., construction) are:a. The potential scale economies afforded by a market’s sizeb. Abundance of equipment including data processing facilities and computersc. Skills and capabilities of employees and their wage ratesd. All of the above36. The simultaneous import and export of computers by Germany is an example of:a. Intraindustry tradeb. Interindustry tradec. Perfect competitiond. Imperfect competition37. Linder’s theory of overlapping demand provide s an explanation of:a. Product life cycle theoryb. Factor endowment modelc. Economies of large-scale productiond. Intraindustry trade38. Intraindustry trade can be explained in part by:a. Adam Smith’s principle of absolute advantageb. Perfect competition in product marketsc. Diseconomies of large scale productiond. Transportation costs between and within nations39. The Leontief paradox provided:a. Support for the principle of absolute advantageb. Support for the factor endowment modelc. Evidence against the factor endowment modeld. Evidence against the principle of absolute advantage40. Which trade theory suggests that comparative advantage tends to shift from one nation toanother as a product matures?a. Interindustry trade theoryb. Intraindustry trade theoryc. Product life cycle theoryd. Overlapping demand theory41. Which trade theory is tantamount to a short-run version of the factor price equalizationtheory?a. Specific factors theoryb. Product life cycle theoryc. Economies of scale theoryd. Overlapping demand theory79 / 1242. According to the specific factors trade theory:a. Owners of factors specific to export industries suffer from trade, while owners offactors specific to import-competing industries gainb. Owners of factors specific to export industries gain from trade, while owners of factorsspecific to import-competing industries sufferc. Both owners of factors specific to export industries and owners of factors specific toimport-competing industries gain from traded. Both owners of factors specific to export industries and owners of factors specific toimport-competing industries suffer from trade43. Which nation has sometimes been characterized as being a “pollution haven” due to itslenient environmental standards that encourage the production of pollution-intensive goods?a. Japanb. Canadac. Germanyd. Mexico44. Boeing Inc. has criticized The Airbus Company’s competitiveness on the grounds thatAirbus benefits from:a. Import tariffs protecting Airbus in the European marketb. Import quotas protecting Airbus in the European marketc. Lenient environmental standards of European governmentsd. Production subsidies supplied by European governments45. To justify the subsidies it has received from European governments, The Airbus Companyhas used all of the following arguments except:a. Its subsidies have prevented U.S. aircraft firms from holding a worldwide monopolyb. U.S. aircraft firms have benefitted from military-sponsored programs of the U.S.governmentc. Air bus’ subsidies were totally repaid as the firm realized profits on its aircraft salesd. Without subsidies to Airbus, Europe would be dependent on the United States as asupplier of aircraft46. Expanding trade or technological improvements:a. Increases the demand for skilled workers in the U.S.b. Decreases the demand for unskilled workers in the U.S.c. Increases the demand for unskilled workers in the U.S.d. Both a and b.47. Economists agree that wages of unskilled workers are being held down by:a. International tradeb. Technology improvementsc. Lack of educationd. A combination of a, b, and c48. The factor endowment theory states that comparative advantage is explained:a. Exclusively by differences in relative supply conditionsb. Exclusively by differences in relative national demand conditionsc. Both supply and demand conditionsd. None of the above49. The factor endowment theory assumes:a. Same tastes and preferencesb. Factor inputs of uniform qualityc. Same technologyd. All of the above50. In explaining international trade, the product life cycle theory focuses on:a. Tastes and preferencesb. The role of technological innovationc. Per-capita income levels of nationsd. Both b and c.TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONST F 1. According to Ricardian theory, comparative advantage depends on relative dif-ferences in labor productivity.T F 2. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that relative differences in labor productivity underlie comparative advantage.T F 3. The factor-endowment theory highlight s the relative abundance of a nation’s resources as the key factor underlying comparative advantage.T F 4. According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will export that good for which a large amount of the relatively scarce resource is used.T F 5. According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will import that good for which a large amount of the relatively abundant resource is used.T F 6. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory suggests that land-abundant nations will export land-intensive goods while labor-abundant nations will export labor-intensivegoods.T F 7. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory contends that over a period of years a country that initially is an exporter of a product will become an importer of that product.T F 8. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the role that demand plays in the crea-tion of comparative advantage.T F 9. The factor-endowment theory asserts that with specialization and trade there tends to occur an equalization in the relative resource prices of trading partners. T F 10. According to the factor-endowment theory, international specialization and trade cause a nation’s cheap resource to become cheaper and a nation’s expensiveresource to become more expensive.T F 11. Fears about the downward pressure that cheap foreign workers place on U.S.wages have led U.S. labor unions to lobby for import restrictions such as tariffsand quotas.81 / 12T F 12. According to the factor-price-equalization theory, international trade results in the relative differences in resource prices between nations being eliminated.T F 13. Empirical testing by Wassily Leontief gave support to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade.T F 14. The Leontief Paradox was the first major challenge to the product-life-cycle theory of trade.T F 15. The Leontief Paradox suggested that, in contrast to the predictions of the factor-endowment theory, U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S. import-competing goods.T F 16. The specific-factors theory analyzes the income distribution effects of trade in the short run when resources are immobile among industries.T F 17. Owners of resources specific to export industries tend to lose from international trade, while owners of factors specific to import-competing industries tend togain.T F 18. The factor-price-equalization theory is a short-run version of the specific-factors theory.T F 19. With economies of scale, specialization in a few products allows a manufacturer to benefit from longer production runs which lead to decreasing average cost.T F 20. With decreasing costs, a country has an incentive to partially specialize in the product of its comparative advantage.T F 21. By widening the size of the domestic market, international trade permits compa-nies to take advantage of longer production runs and increasing efficiencies suchas mass production.T F 22. The theory of overlapping demands applies best to trade in manufactured goods. T F 23. Decreasing cost conditions lead to complete specialization in the production of the commodity of comparative advantage.T F 24. According to Staffan Linder, the factor endowment theory is useful in explaining trade patterns in manufactured goods, but not primary products.T F 25. The theory of overlapping demands asserts that trade in manufactured goods is stronger the less similar the demand structures of two countries.T F 26. The theory of overlapping demands contends that international trade in manufac-tured products is strongest among nations with similar income levels.T F 27. According to the theory of overlapping demands, trade in manufactured goods would be greater among two wealthy countries than among a wealthy countryand a poor country.T F 28. Recent studies of U.S. resource endowments indicate that the United States is most abundant in unskilled labor, followed by semiskilled labor and skilled labor.T F 29. Intraindustry trade would occur if computers manufactured in the United States by IBM are exported to Japan while the United States imports computers manu-factured by Hitachi of Japan.T F 30. Because seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those in the Northern Hemisphere, one would expect intraindustry trade to occur in agricultural products.T F 31. Intraindustry trade can be explained by product differentiation, economies of scale, seasons of the year, and transportation costs.T F 32. According to the theory of intraindustry trade, many manufactured goods undergoa trade cycle in which the home country initially is an exporter and eventuallybecomes an importer of a product.T F 33. The product-life-cycle theory applies best to trade in primary products in the short run.T F 34. According to the product-life-cycle theory, the first stage of a product’s trade cycle is when it is introduced to the home market.T F 35. According to the product life cycle theor y, the last stage of a product’s trade cycle is when it becomes an import-competing good.T F 36. Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is a static theory that does not con-sider changes in international competitiveness over the long run.T F 37. Dynamic comparative advantage refers to the creation of comparative advantage through the mobilization of skilled labor, technology, and capital.T F 38. Industrial policy seeks to direct resources to declining industries in which pro-ductivity is low, linkages to the rest of the economy are weak, and future com-petitiveness is remote.T F 39. Europe’s jumbo-jet manufacturer, Airbus, has justified receiving governmental subsidies on the grounds that the subsidies prevent the United States from becom-ing a monopoly in the jumbo-jet market.T F 40. The imposition of pollution-control regulations on domestic steel manufacturers leads to decreases in production costs and an improvement in the steel manufac-turers’ competitiveness.T F 41. Empirical studies conclude that U.S. environmental policies are a more important determinant of trade performance than capital, raw materials, labor skills, andwages.T F 42. Most developing countries have pollution-control laws and enforcement policies that are more stringent than those of the major industrial countries.83 / 12T F 43. Although the theory of comparative advantage explains trade in manufactured goods, it has no explanatory value for trade in business services.T F 44. When transportation costs are added to our trade model, the low-cost exporting country produces less, consumes more, and exports less than that which occurs inthe absence of transportation costs.T F 45. When transportation costs are added to our trade model, the degree of specializa-tion in production between two countries increases as do the gains from trade.T F 46. In the absence of transportation costs, free trade results in the equalization of the prices of traded goods, as well as resource prices, in the trading nations.T F 47. In industries where the final product is much less weighty or bulky than the materials from which it is made, firms tend to locate production near resourcesupplies.T F 48. Industrial processes that add weight or bulk to a commodity are likely to be located near the resource market to minimize transportation costs.T F 49. A product will be traded only if the cost of transporting it between nations is less than the pretrade difference between their relative product prices.T F 50. Generally speaking, transportation costs are more important than production costs as a source of comparative advantage.T F 51. The product-life-cycle model contends that when a new product is introduced to the home market, it generally requires low-skilled labor to produce it.T F 52. According to the product life cycle model, comparative advantage shifts from cheap-labor countries to high-technology countries after a manufactured goodbecomes standardized.ANSWERSAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. d2. d3. c4. b5. b6. a7. b8. a9. a10. b 11. a12. c13. c14. d15. b16. c17. a18. a19. b20. a21. b22. a23. d24. c25. d26. c27. b28. a29. c30. d31. a32. d33. b34. b35. d36. a37. d38. d39. c40. c41. a42. b43. d44. d45. c46. d47. d48. a49. d50. bAnswers to True-False Questions1. T2. F3. T4. F5. F6. T7. F8. F9. T10. F11. T 12. T13. F14. F15. T16. T17. F18. F19. T20. F21. T22. T23. T24. F25. F26. T27. T28. F29. T30. T31. T32. F33. F34. T35. T36. T37. T38. F39. T40. F41. F42. F43. F44. T45. F46. T47. T48. F49. T50. F51. F52. FSHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS1. Does factor price equalization occur in the real world?Answer: In the real world, differences in factor prices tend to exist. Different technologies, imperfect markets, transportation costs, and trade barriers may prevent factor prices from equalizing among nations.2. What is the focus of the product life cycle theory, and where is it applicable?Answer: The product life cycle theory focuses on the role of technological innovation as a key determinant of trade patterns. It applies to manufactured goods.ESSAY QUESTIONS1. Explain how immigration and trade may worsen wage inequality, and how college educa-tion may mitigate against that.Answer: Trade tends to increase the demand for skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus worsening wage inequality. Immigration of unskilled workers decreases the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus worsening wage inequality. Alternatively, college education increases the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus reducing wage inequality.2. How does Staffan Linder explain world trade patterns?Answer: Linder offers two explanations of world trade patterns. Trade in primary products conforms well to the factor-endowment theory. However, trade in manufactured goods is best explained by overlapping demand structures among nations. For manufactured goods, the basis for trade is stronger when the structure of demand in two nations is more similar, due to similar per-capita incomes.85 / 12。
经济学Question 1
Candidates should explain clearly what free trade is. An explanation would explain that traders make transactions without interference from governments, ie without barriers. Candidates may include examples of free trade agreements and free trade talks to illustrate their explanation. Scottish Qualifications Authority 8 HN Assessment Exemplar/ F86E 35/AEX001 V1.0 Title: Economics 2: The World Economy September 2010Candidates should explain clearly what is meant by absolute and comparative advantage. A worked example of absolute and comparative advantage could be incorporated to support the explanation. Alternatively discussing how the UK’s absolute and comparative advantage has changed over time could be used to support the explanation.Question 3Candidates should identify three gains from engaging in international trade. The gains might be from the perspective of the firms engaged in free trade, or from a consumer or a government’s point of view. Gains might include:it allows goods to be imported that cannot be produced in the countryit improves consumer choiceprices may be lowerit allows economies of scale to be gainednew markets can be found for existing productsit allows specialisationit provides employmentoutput is stimulatedQuestion 4Candidates must explain clearly what the terms ‘protectionism’ and ‘barriers to trade’ mean. Reasons should be given for governments’ use of trade barriers which might include:protecting an important industry, eg ship buildingprotecting domestic employmentpreventing the dumping of low priced goodson political grounds for goods such as weapons, uranium, antiquities, ivory, etc or where sanctions are imposedretaliationhealth/safety groundsExamples of different types of trade barrier and reference to real examples of their use would enhance responses.Question 5The role of the World Trade Organisation should be described. Answers must focus on how the WTO has helped develop free trade. Candidates are likely to refer to examples of work undertaken by the WTO. Scottish Qualifications Authority 9 HN Assessment Exemplar/ F86E 35/AEX001 V1.0 Title: Economics 2: The World Economy September 2010Explain the role of one of the following trade blocs:The European Union (EU)The North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)The explanation should cover the reasons for the existence of the chosen trade bloc and the role that it plays. Examples of the work undertaken by the chosen trade bloc are desirable.Question 7Candidates should explain the composition of the UK balance of payments covering the main sections:current accountcapital accountfinancial accountCandidates should refer to UK trade figures from recent years in their explanation. Question 8Examination of the main trends in UK trade should track the current balance over the last 30 years.General trends should be identified such as the surpluses in the late 1990s and the deficits in the 1980s and 2000+. In examining the trends such as the surpluses, possible causes such as the improvement in the trade in services may be identified. The deficits may also be explored and possible reasons given such as the trend for UK consumers to buy more imported goods, lack of competitiveness of UK firms, the decline in UK comparative advantage, etc.Question 9Candidates should investigate the relationship between sterling prices and the balance of trade. This allows candidates to examine export and import preferences. Candidates could provide a theoretical worked example, or a recent case showing the link between exports, imports and the pound. Scottish Qualifications Authority 10 HN Assessment Exemplar/ F86E 35/AEX001 V1.0 Title: Economics 2: The World Economy September 2010Three relevant advantages and disadvantages should be given for each of two of the following:fixed exchange ratesfloating exchange ratesthe single currency for the UKAdvantages for fixed exchange rates might include:reduces currency speculationa reduction in the risk involved in international tradegreater economic disciplineAdvantages for floating exchange rates might include:automatic adjustment of the balance of paymentsless foreign exchange reserves are requiredit is more flexible than a fixed or pegged systemAdvantages for the UK as a result from adopting the Euro might include:lower transactions costtransparency of prices across the Euro Zonegreater economic stabilityincreased trade within EuropeDisadvantages for fixed exchange rates might include:fixed rates may require large foreign currency reserveseconomic policy can become dominated by the fixed rate policyspeculators can place immense pressure upon the fixed ratesDisadvantages for floating exchange rates might include:can be open to speculationmay lead to uncertainty about future currency valuesit can lead to greater inflationDisadvantages for the UK as a result from adopting the Euro might include:loss of control over monetary policyloss of sovereigntyeconomic problems when another member state has an economic crisislack of convergence of EU economiesScottish Qualifications Authority 11 HN Assessment Exemplar/ F86E 35/AEX001 V1.0 Title: Economics 2: The World Economy September 2010Candidates should outline three effects on individuals and three effects on businesses for each of the two items selected in question 10, ie two items from: fixed exchange ratesfloating exchange ratesthe single currency for the UKThe table below contains some of thepossible effects: Effect onbusinessesEffect on individualsFixed exchange rates1 A business may be able to plan with greater certainty over prices for exports/imports.2 May be set at too higha rate thus damaging exports.3 Government may ignore business needs in maintaining the policy. 1 Greater certainty over exchange rates.2 Easier to make price comparisons.3 Interest rates may rise to maintain the exchange rate.Floating exchangerates 1 Uncertainty overprices.2 Can make eitherexports or importscheaper depending onthe movement of thecurrency.3 A need for hedging andfutures transactions. 1 The cost of going abroad can change.2 Essential products such as gas can soar in cost.3 Costs in changing currency may be greater than under a fixed exchange regime.The single currency forthe UK 1 Greater businessopportunities.2 Transaction costs arereduced.3 The need for hedgingand futures is reduced. 1 No currency conversion costs for holiday makers.2 Ease of making price comparisons.3 No need to physically change currency.1 Explain what is meant by the term, ‘free trade’?2 Explain absolute and comparative advantage using either a worked example, or an analysis of the changes in the United Kingdom’s (UK) absolute and comparative advantage.3 Identify three gains from trading internationally.4 Explain the terms ‘protectionism’ and ‘barriers to trade’. In your explanation identify why governments might wish to use trade barriers to protect their respective economies.5 Describe the role of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the development of free trade.6 Explain the role of one of the following trade blocs:The European Union (EU)The North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)7 Referring to UK trade figures from recent years explain the composition of the UK balance of payments.8 What are the general trends in UK trade over the last 30 years? You should refer to the current balance over this period in your response.9 How is the balance of payments affected by exchange rates? You may provide a basic theoretical example or recent case to illustrate this. Scottish10 Identify three advantages and three disadvantages for each of two of the following:fixed exchange ratesfloating exchange ratesthe single currency for the UK11 Outline three effects on individuals and three effects on businesses for each of the two exchange rate regimes selected in question 10.12 Explain two characteristics of either Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), or Less Developed Countries (LDCs).13 Using specific examples provide an analysis of one issue facing NICs, and one issue facing LDCs.14 Explain the impact of transnational firms on NICs or LDCs.。
经济学问答整理
第一节经济学及其有关概念一、经济学与经济活动!经济学概念两种形式1934年罗宾斯曾给出一个关于经济学的定义:经济学是研究人类行为的一门科学,它考察人们如何处理目的与具有多种用途的的稀缺性手段之间的关系。
这一定义被认为是有关经济学的经典定义。
具有类似思想的另一种定义是:经济学是研究个人、企业、政府以及其他组织如何在社会内进行选择,以及这些选择如何决定社会稀缺资源的使用的科学。
这个定义较为普遍,在一些常用的教科书中均可见到。
这两个定义之间最大的共同之处是强调资源稀缺性问题。
人们的欲望是无穷的,但用于满足人们各种各样欲望的资源是稀缺的,因此,人们时刻都必须做出选择。
如何将稀缺的资源在商品和劳务的生产以及商品和劳务的消费中进行最有效的分配,就成为经济学研究的重要课题。
!机会成本:一种资源一旦被用于某种商品的生产，也就意味着放弃生产另外一种商品的机会,使用一种资源的机会成本是指把该资源投入某一特定用途以后所放弃的其他用途中所能获得的最大收益。
tips与选择相联系的另一个经济学概念是经济活动。
经济活动就是各种经济单位使用资源或生产要素进行生产并相互交换以满足人们需要的行为。
经济活动的目的是增加经济福利和财富,生产的最终目的是为了消费。
二、微观经济学和宏观经济学？问题微观经济学的涵意?！答案微观经济学是经济学的一个重要部分,又被称为“小经济学”。
微观经济学的研究对象是个体经济单位。
个体经济单位指单个消费者、单个生产者和单个市场等，它所涉及的是个体经济单位如何做出决策，以及这些决策受到哪些因素的影响。
个体经济单位的选择受到价格的影响，因此，微观经济学的中心问题是价格问题，微观经济学也被称为价格理论。
Tips:微观经济学最基本的假设有两条：第一，理性人的假设,也被称为“经济人”的假设。
“经济人”在一切经济活动中的行为都是以利己为动机的,力图以最低的经济代价去追逐个人最大的经济利益。
一般而论,经济学中通常假定理性的消费者为了自身的满足为最大,而生产者则为了获取最大化的利润。
经济学问答题
问答题（12）1、现实中存在这样一些现象：上游的造纸厂污染下游的养渔场，炼钢厂污气的排放损害了附近居民的身体健康，同寝室同学放录音机听歌影响其他人的休息，等等。
请问经济学上是如何定义该类现象的？经济学上有什么解决该类问题的办法？(外部影响)(外部影响。
经济学上解决外部影响的政策有：使用税收和津贴；使用企业合并的方法；使用规定财产权的办法；最后一种可以看成是更加一般化的所谓科斯定理的特例。
)2、一国资本流动、通货膨胀、利率变化对本国汇率有何影响？一国的通货膨胀率高的国家的货币会贬值，通货膨胀率低的国家的货币会升值。
不同货币购买力的比率就构成了相互间汇率的基础。
尽管货币的购买力难以衡量，但由于货币购买力与价格水平成反向关系。
因此价格水平变化就会导致汇率的变动。
（国际收支顺差，获得外币大于送出去本币，国外获得更多的货物或者服务，国内获得更多的购买力，排除国外投资考虑，会有更多的外币换成本币，外币需求更旺点，所以本币升值；通货膨胀情况下，国内物价激增，购买力变弱，更多资金外流，本币会贬值，从而增加出口；利率升高，套利外币资金流入，换成本币后享受更高利率，本币还是会升值。
但这三点并不是独立的，三个条件交叉出现时候就要看综合情况了。
比如，我国2010年底国际经常项目仍然是顺差，而且利率上调了，但是通货膨胀严重，中国的人民币就处于升值状态，但是这些是因为人民币被低估的请款下发生的，美国的量化宽松政策也是对国际收支不平衡的一种调整，逼着人民币升值，否则就要深受通货膨胀之苦。
权衡之下，中国决策者决定还是人民币升值抑制物价，稳定社会经济发展。
）3、为什么在市场均衡状态下，买者和卖者都获得最大的满足？当需求等于供给时，市场处于均衡。
所以均衡点位于需求曲线和供给曲线的交点上。
需求曲线具有以下两种含义：(1)表示在各种可能的价格下，消费者愿意而且能够购买的商品数量；(2)表示对于各种数量的商品，消费者愿意支付的最高价格。
经济学主要问题大全
经济学原理主要问题1、经济学研究的是什么？2、为什么要研究资源的配置，什么是资源的最优配置，主要有哪些方式？3、经济学由什么构成，主要有什么内容？4、影响需求的主要因素有哪些？需求关系指的是什么？5、需求函数怎么表示？6、供给关系指的是什么，供给函数怎么表示？7、什么是需求定理，什么是供给定理？8、影响市场均衡变动的原因是什么，有哪些内容？9、价格在市场经济中的作用有哪些？10、什么是市场机制，有什么作用？11、什么是需求弹性，需求弹性受哪些因素影响？12、价格变化对不同弹性的商品销售收益有哪些影响？13、欲望对商品的需求主要有哪些？14、效用的两种计算方法是什么，有什么特点？15、总效用与边际效用如何表示？有什么关系？16、什么是边际效用递减规律？17、消费者在购买商品时受什么因素影响，消费均衡的意义又是什么时？18、什么是无差异集（无差异曲线），有什么特点？19、消费可能线（预算线）指的是什么，消费者的均衡需要什么条件？20、什么是生产函数，如何表示？21、总产量、平均产量、边际产量各自指什么，有什么关系？22、什么是边际收益递减规律？23、什么是规模经济、内在经济？什么原因产生内在经济？24、什么是等产量线，等成本线？25、生产要素的最优组合指的是什么，如何确定？26、在一个要素可变时，产量如何随要素使用量变化而变化？27、在两种要素可变时，如何使用两种要素使效率最佳？28、短期成本有哪几种成本，各有什么性质，它们之间有什么联系？29、长期成本有哪几种成本，它们的特点及相互关系如何？30、什么是机会成本，有什么特点？31、收益有哪些类型，如何理解边际收益？32、利润最大的条件是什么？33、市场由哪些结构组成，它们之间的均衡与收益有什么区别？34、政府对市场的管理体现了哪些方面，有什么管理方式？35、寡头垄断市场上的价格决定有哪几种情况？36、完全竞争市场的条件有哪些？37、影响要素需求的因素有哪些？生产要素供给的类型是什么？38、劳动的需求与供给指的是什么？39、影响工资决定的因素是什么？40、工会组织对劳动市场的影响有哪几个方面？41、如何决定利息，为什么会有利息，利息有什么作用？42、如何理解利润，超额利润来自哪些方面？43、平等与效率在市场经济中有什么影响？44、调节收入分配的政策主要有哪些？45、国民生产总值的含义是什么，有什么特点，如何计算？46、除国民生产总值外，还有哪些总量的核算反映经济活动？47、如何理解国民收入核算的恒等关系？48、国民生产总值如何反映经济活动的总体成果？49、用三种不同方法计算的国民生产总值是否会有不同？50、消费函数与储蓄函数有哪些分类，如何表示？51、两部门经济、三部门经济、四部门经济有什么关系？52、什么是均衡国民收入？53、社会总需求是如何构成的？54、投资函数指的是什么，如何表示？55、当产品市场达到均衡时，利率与国民收入有何关系？56、当产品市场达到均衡时，利率和国民收入有何关系？57、如何做到货币市场均衡，货币需求是指哪些方面？58、如何理解产品与货币市场的均衡？59、自然失业有哪些类型？60、通货膨胀根据严重程度如何分类？61、菲利普斯曲线如何解释失业与通货膨胀的关系？62、什么是奥肯定理？63、货币有哪些职能和类型？64、什么是通货膨胀和通货膨胀率？65、形成结构性通货膨胀的原因是什么，有哪些结构问题？66、通货膨胀对经济有什么影响？67、经济周期分为哪四个阶段，每个阶段的特点是什么？68、经济周期有哪些类型？69、国民收入决定理论指的是什么？70、经济增长有哪些特征，增长的源泉是什么？71、实现均衡增长的条件是什么，这种增长是否具有稳定性？72、新古典与新剑桥经济增长类型中长期稳定的条件是什么？73、宏观经济政策的目标有哪些，有哪些政策工具？74、财政政策如何达到需求管理的目标？75、供给管理政策有哪些方法？各自有什么特色？76、财政赤字是什么意思，赤字财政政策又是什么？77、什么是需求管理的货币政策？78、什么是银行，银行有哪些分类？商业银行有哪些业务，怎么理解法定准备率？79、什么是金融市场，什么是资本市场？80、一个国家的经济开放程度受到哪些因素的影响？81、一个国家为什么会出现国际收支逆差？82、固定汇率制有什么利弊？83、出品增加对国民收入和国际收支平衡有何影响？84、开放经济中的经济调节需要考虑哪些方面？85、贸易保护政策有哪些方式？86、国民收入均衡的变动指的是什么？87、由于各国经济存在依赖性，各国之间影响程度的因素有哪些？88、最优政策配合原则指的是什么？89、鼓励海外投资的主要方式有哪些？。
面试中的经济知识问答
面试中的经济知识问答1. 介绍经济知识是面试中常见的考察点之一。
在面试中，面试官可能会提问与经济相关的问题，以评估应聘者的经济学知识水平和应对问题的能力。
本文将围绕面试中的经济知识问答展开讨论，涵盖一些常见的问题和相应的答案。
2. 问答内容2.1 什么是市场经济？市场经济是一种以市场为基础，通过供求关系和价格机制来分配资源、决定产品和服务的生产和消费的经济体制。
市场经济中，个人和企业的自主行为在市场竞争中起主导作用，价格的形成和调节由市场供需关系决定。
2.2 什么是需求和供给？需求是指消费者愿意购买某种产品或服务的意愿和能力。
供给是指生产者愿意提供某种产品或服务的意愿和能力。
需求和供给是市场经济中决定价格和数量的关键因素。
2.3 什么是通货膨胀？通货膨胀是指货币供应量持续增加，引起物价普遍上涨的经济现象。
通货膨胀会降低货币的购买力，导致物价上升，对经济产生一系列的影响。
2.4 什么是GDP？GDP（国内生产总值）是衡量一个国家或地区一定时期内所有最终产品和服务的市场价值的总和。
它是衡量经济活动规模和经济增长的重要指标。
2.5 什么是利率？利率是借贷资金的价格，表示借款人需要支付给贷款人的一定比例的利息。
利率的高低对经济活动和金融市场有重要影响，它可以影响借贷行为、投资决策等。
2.6 什么是贸易顺差和贸易逆差？贸易顺差是指一个国家出口商品和服务的价值大于进口的价值，即出口超过进口，这意味着该国在贸易方面盈余。
贸易逆差则是指一个国家的进口超过出口，即进口大于出口，这意味着该国在贸易方面亏损。
2.7 什么是经济周期？经济周期是指经济活动在一定时期内出现的起伏波动。
经济周期通常包括经济增长期、经济衰退期、经济底部和经济复苏期。
经济周期的波动与供求关系、产出、投资等因素密切相关。
2.8 什么是投资？投资是指将资金或其他资源用于购买资产、项目或企业，以期获得一定的回报或利润。
投资可以分为实物投资和金融投资，是推动经济增长和资本积累的重要手段。
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Assessment task 2Assessment task instructionsThe UK economy is made up of millions of people and billions of economic activities. Within these activities, goods and services are created and exchanged. It can be complicated at times but a simple model explaining in general terms how an economy is organised and how those involved interact is a good start.Question 1Draw a diagram showing the participants of the Circular Flow of Income and explain how it operates.The simple model is sufficient for a beginning, but an economy is more complex and involves external influences, which can raise or lower economic activity.Question 2Identify three injections and three withdrawals from the Circular Flow of Income; give examples of each, and how they affect levels of economic activity.In the following table, there are examples of the growth rate of various countries over nine years 。
Question 3Choose any two of the following questions:(a) Explain at least three difficulties encountered in measuring the National Income of a country.(b) Explain (using at least three reasons) why it is difficult to compare the growth rates of the countries in the table above.(c) Explain how the multiplier effect could substantially raise the level of National Income.(d) Explain the difference between real and nominal growth using the table above.评估任务2英国的经济评估任务指令是由数以计的人们、数十亿的经济活动。
在这些活动中,商品和服务创造和交换。
它可以是非常复杂的,但有时一个简单的模型来解释如何在总体上,经济组织参与互动是一个好的开始。
问题1画了一张图展示了循环流动的参与者的收入和解释它如何运作。
简单的创业动机模型是够一个开端,但经济比较复杂,涉及到外部的影响,并可以提高或降低的经济活动。
问题2识别三个注射和三个从循环流动的收入;举例每个,以及他们如何影响程度的经济活动。
在下面的表格,有例子的增长率的各国国家过去的9年中,英国美国保加利亚瑞士1994 4.7 - 4.0 1.8 - 0.3 1995 2.9 - 2.7 2.1 - 0.6 1996 2.6 - 3.6 -9.4 - 0.3 1997 3.4 - 4.4 -5.6 - 1.7 1998 3.0 - 4.3 4.0 - 2.4 1999 2.1 - 4.1 2.3 - 1.6 2000 3.1 - 3.8 5.4 - 3.0 2001 1.9 - 0.3 4.0 - 1.3 2002 1.6 - 2.4 3.5 ~ 0.6问题3任意选择2个下列问题:(一)解释至少三卫教困难的测量对一个国家国民收入。
(b)解释(使用至少有三个原因为什么很难比较增长率的国家在桌子上面。
(c)解释如何将极大的乘数效应国民收入水平的提高。
(d)解释这一差异与皇马和名义增长使用桌子上面。
Assessment task 2Outcome(s) covered 2Suggested solution and making an assessment decisionQuestion 1A circular flow diagram clearly identifying the following in their correct places: Firms: Households:Markets for factors of production:Land, labour, capital and wages, rent, profit and income.Question 2Injections: Investment Government spending ExportsWithdrawals: Savings Taxation ImportsAppropriate examples:Investments: New factory being built 【built a new private enterprise (grow)】Government spending: New hospital being built (not PFI or PPP)【built public schools (grow)】Exports: Firm wins order to supply new computers to foreign firm 【In cooperation with foreign sales (grow)】Savings: High interest rates result in more savings【a country saves too much of its income (decline)】任务2结果评估(s)覆盖解决方案,使2建议一个评估决定问题1循环流程图清楚地识别下列在正确的地方:公司:家庭:市场对生产要素:土地、劳动力、资本和工资、租金、利润和收入。
出售商品和服务的收入支出商品和服务公司生产投入买家庭土地、劳动力、资本工资、租金、利润收入问题2注射:投资取款:储蓄政府开支的进口税收出口适当的例子:投资:新工厂建建了一个新兴的民营企业【(成长)】政府开支:新正在建的医院(不是PFI和PPP)【建立公立学校(成长)】出口:公司为了供给新电脑赢得外国公司在海外销售合作【(成长)】储蓄:高利率导致更多的储蓄【一个国家节省太多的收入(下降)】Taxation: Imports: Government raise level of income tax 【government raise income tax (decline)】Imports: Record numbers of holidaymakers go on overseas holidays 【spending on foreign goods by more national】Question 3(a) Any three from the following:Errors/omissions from the data gathered.Black economy.Non-recorded items, eg DIY, housework, barter.Transfer income.Double counting.(b) Methods may change over time.Accuracy of figures.Inflation adjustments.Social conditions.Work conditions.Unequal distribution of income.Spending patterns, eg defence.(c) Explanation of multiplier either in words or through use of algebra.Explanation should show that an initial injection to National Income results in a larger level of NI than the original injection.Propensity to save and consume.(d) An explanation of the difference between real and nominal growth, identifying that in real terms inflation is taken into account. In 1998 the growth rate is shown as 3%. If this figure is the nominal rate and inflation is measured at 3.1%, then there is no real growth in the economy. Any similar example will suffice.【GDP=Consumption +Capital investment spending +General Government spending +Exports +Imports of Goods(Services)GNP=GDP+NPIA(Net property income from abroad)National Income=GNP-Capital ConsumptionReal Growth Rate=Nominal Growth Rate-Inflation Rate (Real Growth is the grow adjusted for inflation, Nominal Growth is the grow in the current value of money, Inflation Rate is measure of rate of change in price index)2000: 3.1-3.2=-0.1 no real growth 】税收:进口:政府水平的提高【政府增加收入所得税税(下降)】破纪录的度假者去海外度假花在外国货物【多国家】问题3(一)任何三从以下:错误或遗漏从收集的数据。