托福测试辅导：语法讲解(49)
托福TPO49｜独立写作题目+范文
托福TPO49｜独立写作题目+范文在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
所以小编给考生们带来了托福TPO49独立写作，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
TPO49独立写作独立写作题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over along period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to makemany new friends easily.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO49独立写作范文：Friendship and kinship c ontribute a lot to one’s happiness. Then, thequestion goes, “does the ability to main long-term friendships with a smallnumber of people matters more than the ability to make many new friends easily?”My answer is “yes”.First of all, old friends usually show stronger loyalty than thosenewly-acquainted fellows. That means, no matter what happens, these friendswould always stand by your side and provide you with supports unconditionally.However, this merit are usually missing in short-term friendship. Last year whenI was in hospital, 2 of my old friends took turns to take care of me,accompanying me to endure the very hard time. However, few of my “wide-range”new friends even came to visit me. It is clearly that long-term friendship ismuch more reliable and the ability to main such kind of relationship is morecritical.In addition, old friends tend to show more understanding of you, beingfamiliar with your hobbies, interests and some other peculiarities. So, it is usually more comfortable for me to be with my old friends. For instance, I am lactose intolerant and every time when I have dinner with my old friends, they would skip anything that contains milk or cheese, ordering food based on my favor. Contrary to my old friends’ consideration, tho se newly-acquainted fellows are inclined to show surprise about my intolerance and still pick the food of lactose they prefer. So, to me, old friends are much more considerate andcontribute more to my happiness.Admittedly, the ability to make new friends easily are quite important fora person to get new ideas, broadening their views from different groups ofpeople. However, compared with the ability to maintain long-term friendship, it still plays a less significant role for one’s happiness.To sum up, o ne’s happiness is consist of various parts, includingself-achievement, security and etc. And I believe long-term friendship is of higher importance than other parts. As a result, the ability to maintainlong-term friendship with a small group of people is much more important.以上就是小编为大家带来关于托福TPO写作资料供大家阅读参考，托福资料频道将第一时间为考生发布最全、最新、最专业的托福资讯及托福考试资料及机经.。
托福考试语法点全面攻略
托福考试语法点全面攻略托福考试是许多学生对英语学习的重要里程碑。
其中，语法部分往往是考生们最为头疼的一环。
为了帮助大家更好地备考托福考试语法部分，本文将全面介绍托福考试中的语法点，以及备考策略和技巧。
希望能为广大考生提供有效的帮助。
一、名词名词作为英语语法中的基础部分，托福考试中有许多涉及名词的考题。
其中包括名词的单复数形式、所有格的正确使用以及名词在句子中的作用等。
1. 单复数形式名词的单复数形式在托福考试中经常会被考察。
记住常见的名词复数形式规则是非常重要的。
例如，以“s”结尾的名词通常变为复数形式，如“books”、“cars”；以“y”结尾的名词，将“y”变为“i”，再加“es”构成复数，如“cities”、“ladies”。
2. 所有格在名词的所有格使用方面，要注意加上“’s”来表示所有格。
例如，“John’s book”表示“约翰的书”。
3. 名词的作用了解名词在句子中的不同作用也是备考托福语法部分的关键。
名词可以作为主语、宾语、表语以及定语等。
通过积累大量的例句并理解不同的语法结构，能够有效应对名词相关的考题。
二、代词代词是托福语法考试中另一个重要的知识点。
它包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词以及相对代词等。
1. 人称代词人称代词主要用于替代特定的人称，如“I，you，he，she，it，we，they”。
掌握这些代词的主格、宾格以及所有格形式，能够帮助我们更好地理解和应对托福语法考题。
2. 反身代词反身代词用于表示动作的反射或强调，如“myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，themse lves”。
要注意反身代词的使用必须与句子的主语保持一致。
3. 指示代词指示代词用于指示特定的人或物，如“this，that，these，those”。
在应对托福考试中的代词题目时，注意理解代词与所指的名词之间的一致性和连贯性。
三、动词动词是英语语法中最重要、最复杂的一部分。
托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要
目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
逐字稿49课
讲义Lesson 49 The end of a dream一、new words1.tired ①adj. 厌烦的be tired of sth 对某事感到厌烦的eg：I am tired of teacher’s old look faces.Americans are tired of fried food, so they want to try something different.be tired of sb 对某人感到厌烦的be tired of doing sth 对做某事感到厌烦的eg：people will be tired of doing the same thing all the time.He is tired of being unconfident.②adj. 累的I am too tired to do the endless homework.2.That is a real dog not a toy.What he said is true.real adj. 真实的相对“无”true adj 正确的相对“假”eg：That child is a real imp. 那孩子真是个小淘气The potato is a real monster. 这个土豆可真大Is that true that you are rich?比较：real man 真人He is a real man not a robot.true man 好汉He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉3.own v. 拥有own adjBe our own hero 做自己的英雄Owner n. 主人Who is the rightful owner of this kingdom 谁才是这个王国合法的所有者。
托福语法解析汇总
托福语法解析汇总语法在托福考试中一直很重要，了托福语法解析的技巧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
一、填空题的特点填空题的特点是句子给的很长，句中挖一个空(缺少一部分内容)，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个正确的选项(选项内容填到句中使句子语法结构意思都正确)。
在托福语法部分的40道题目中，填空题占15道。
二、填空题的解题步骤填空题的解题步骤分为两步：读题和解题。
下面我们把读题和解题分开来讲解。
(一)读题做填空题，读句子是首当其冲的事情。
这里需要先解决一个问题，看到的填空题解题时，是只读空格附近的内容，还是整句全读?有些学生认为那些结构很复杂的句子没有必要全读，怕这样浪费时间，影响做题的速度。
因为句子中缺少的只有一个部分，只要读这个空前后的一段话就可以判断出来。
其实，这种做法虽然可以解决一些简单的问题，但是得不偿失的。
因为主谓不全的句子在填空中非常多，所以只读空格及周围的信息是不合适的。
一定要全句通读，从全句的角度来看空中缺少的成分。
在托福考试中，填空题的特点是：难度比改错题小，但信息量比改错题大。
因此，在解题前，一般而言，填空题要从头到尾先读一遍。
但是第一次读句子的目的并不是为了把句子的内容全读懂，而是要读出句子的大概结构来。
这里需要一种能力：不管给你一个多长的句子，马上快速找出它的主干，即找出句子的主语，谓语动词和宾语。
这里主要是针对填空题来说的，改错题不是这样读。
改错题的详细解题步骤我们下一章会详细说明。
填空比改错读的应该多。
(二)具体的解题步骤在读完题后，就要进行正式的解题过程了。
填空题的解题步骤共有三步。
但并不是每一道题目三个步骤都要用到。
这三个步骤就像三个解题法宝一样。
先用第一步去解，如果不灵了，再用第二步。
还不行，就要用第三步杀手锏了。
这种做题方法的优点是在保证正确率的前提下最大限度地节省了思考时间并加快了做题的速度。
1.第一步：考虑句子完整性问题考虑句子的完整性，换句话说就是看句子主谓宾全不全。
托福阅读tpo49R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO49阅读-2 Movable Type原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Movable Type①Nothing divided the medieval world in Europe more decisively from the Early Modern period than printing with movable type. It was a German invention and the culmination of a complex process. The world of antiquity had recorded its writings mainly on papyrus. Between 200 B.C and A.D 300, this was supplemented by vellum, calf skin treated and then smoothed by pumice stone. To this in late Roman times was added parchment, similarly made from the smoothed skin of sheep or goats. In the early Middle Ages, Europe imported an industrial process from China, which turned almost any kind of fibrous material into pulp that was then spread in sheets. This was known as cloth parchment. By about 1150, the Spanish had developed the first mill for making cheap paper (a word contracted from "papyrus", which became the standard term). One of the most important phenomena of the later Middle Ages was the growing availability of cheap paper. Even in England, where technology lagged far behind, a sheet of paper, or eight octavo pages, cost only a penny by the fifteenth century.②In the years 1446-1448, two German goldsmiths, Johannes Gutenberg and Johann Fust, made use of cheap paper to introduce a critical improvement in the way written pages were reproduced. Printing from wooden blocks was the old method; what the Germans did was to invent movable type for the letterpress. It had three merits: it could be used repeatedly until worn out; it was cast in metal from a mold and so could be renewed without difficulty; and it made lettering uniform. In 1450, Gutenberg began work on his Bible, the first printed book, known as the Gutenberg. It was completed in 1455 and is a marvel. As Gutenberg, apart from getting the key idea, had to solve a lot of practical problems, including imposing paper and ink into the process and the actual printing itself, for which he adapted the screw press used by winemakers, it is amazing that his first product does not look at all rudimentary. Those who handle it are struck by its clarity and quality.③Printing was one of those technical revolutions that developed its own momentum at extraordinary speed. Europe in the fifteenth century was a place where intermediate technology - that is, workshops with skilled craftspeople - waswell established and spreading fast, especially in Germany and Italy. Such workshops were able to take on printing easily, and it thus became Europe's first true industry. The process was aided by two factors: the new demand for cheap classical texts and the translation of the Latin Bible into "modern" languages. Works of reference were also in demand. Presses sprang up in several German cities, and by 1470, Nuremberg, Germany had established itself as the center of the international publishing trade, printing books from 24 presses and distributing them at trade fairs all over western and central Europe. The old monastic scriptoria-monastery workshops where monks copied texts by hand-worked closely alongside the new presses, continuing to produce the luxury goods that movable-type printing could not yet supply. Printing, however, was primarily aimed at a cheap mass sale.④Although there was no competition between the technologies, there was rivalry between nations. The Italians made energetic and successful efforts to catch up with Germany. Their most successful scriptorium quickly imported two leading German printers to set up presses in their book-producing shop. German printers had the disadvantage of working with the complex typeface that the Italians sneeringly referred to as "Gothic" and that later became known as black letter. Outside Germany, readers found this typeface disagreeable. The Italians, on the other hand, had a clear typeface known as roman that became the type of the future.⑤Hence, although the Germans made use of the paper revolution to introduce movable type, the Italians went far to regain the initiative by their artistry. By 1500 there were printing firms in 60 German cities, but there were 150 presses in Venice alone. However, since many nations and governments wanted their own presses, the trade quickly became international. The cumulative impact of this industrial spread was spectacular. Before printing, only the very largest libraries, of which there were a dozen in Europe, had as many as 600 books. The total number of books on the entire Continent was well under 100,000. But by 1500, after only 45 years of the printed book, there were 9 million in circulation.译文活字印刷①没有什么比活字印刷更能够将欧洲的中世纪和近代早期区分开来。
托福考试语法结构知识点
托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。
掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。
本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。
一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。
例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。
例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。
例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。
例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。
例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。
例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。
TPO49阅答案解析
1. The word "crucial" in the passage is closest in meaning to【词汇题】A.InterestingB.ImportantC.EstablishedD.Understood答案：B解析：crucial:至关重要的。
a是有趣的，b是重要的，c是建立的，d是理解的。
综合选项，b最符合。
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【句子简化题】A.In the last few centuries,the erosion of coastline created the Neolithic stone circle in Brittany,France,at the same time that it destroyed the medieval villages in Yorkshire,England.B.Coastlines have changed even in recent times as shown by the current locations of certain Neolithic monuments and medieval villages.C.Recent changes in the coastlines near the Neolithic stone circle of Er Lannic in Brittany,France,and the medieval villages inYorkshire,England,suggest that ancient coastlines changed in similar ways.D.Changes in coastlines can lead to the creation of islands such as Er Lannic in France or the total erosion of the cliffs as in Yorkshire in England,though no considerable changes have occurred in recent periods. 答案：B解析：提取句子主干，将括号和从句里的内容先去掉，则句子为These have changed constantly through time,even in relatively recent periods,as can be seen from the Neolithic stone circle of Er Lannic,in Brittany,France or medieval villages in east Yorkshire,England。
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托福测试辅导：语法讲解（49）
第八章并列句
由两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成的句子
称为并列句，各并列分句间用and, but, so, or等连词连接，可以是并列、转折、因果、选择等关系
第一节并列连词
一、并列连词
1. 最典型的并列连词有：and, but, or, so, yet, for
I have studied English for almost 12 years, yet my spoken English is still very poor.
I was going to the cinema, but I lost my way.
We cann’t get there at time for we have been out of gas.
2. 固定搭配使用的并列连词：
not only…but (also), not only…but…(as well), both…and,
either…or, neither…nor, too…to,
such(…)as, the same….as, between…and as well as(注意和副词as well相区别), (not)
so…as
as… as, not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B)
so/such a … that
例句：
1. The Empire State Building, once America’s tallest, is now surpassed by both the Sears Tower in Chicago and the World Trade Center in New York.
2. Clocks not only measure and tell time but also serve as decoration in homes and other buildings.
3. A jewel is an ornament fashioned from precious metals or stones, either alone or in combination.
4. The boy is too young to lift this box.
5. According to psychologists, a person’s attentions is attracted not so much by the intensity of different signal as by their context, significance and information content.
并列连词的固定搭配是改错题的重要考点，因此上述搭配必须浑熟于心，
例题：
(1)
According to cognitive theories of emotion, anger occurs when individuals believe have been harmed
and that the harm was either avoidable and undeserved.
应改为：both.
解释：both...and...是固定搭配, 表示两者都, either应与or搭配,表或者
(2)
Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the state capital.
应改为：as well as the.
解释：as well as固定词组, 表示也……，as well
也有此意, 但只能修饰动词, 多放在句尾
(3)
Too much electric current may flow into a circuit as a result either of a fault in the circuit and of an outside event such as lightning.
应改为：or
解释：either… or…为固定搭配, 表示或者, 或是.。