CHAdeMO Introduction
老子英文介绍ppt课件
To Laozi, resorting to deceit is true futility and would accomplish just the opposite result. Those who intend to play tricks are not genuine and therefore are not natural. Deceit is detrimental to naturalness and to the harmony of life.
to prosperity, but also the way to preserving life.
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Returning to a Newborn State
★ Laozi saw the world as a madding crowd of vanity. He chose to live a simple, quite life, and to keep his mind undisturbed in the face of temptation. He said he would rather remain a “newborn baby.” ★The state of the newborn is free of any knowledge, desire, impurity or falsehood. (complete innocence)
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Laozi/Classic of the Way and Virtue/Dao de jing
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Classic of the Way and Virtue
★ 5,000 Chinese characters ★ 81 chapters ★ two parts, Dao (the way) and De (Virtue). It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in Ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China.
古茗英语介绍
古茗英语介绍Title: Introduction to Ancient Tea CeremoniesThe tradition of tea has been a hallmark of ancient cultures, serving as a symbol of hospitality, tranquility, and social bonding. Among these, the ancient tea ceremony, or "Cha Dao" in Chinese culture, is a practice that encapsulates the philosophical and aesthetic essence of this time-honored beverage. Today, I will introduce you to the fascinating world of the ancient tea ceremony.The ancient tea ceremony dates back to the Tang Dynasty in China, where it was considered an art form that combined the preparation and presentation of tea with a meditative and spiritual experience. The ceremony typically takes place in a serene setting, such as a traditional tea house or a tranquil garden, and is conducted by a skilled tea master who follows a prescribed sequence of steps.The first step involves preparing the tea utensils, which may include a tea bowl, a whisk, a scoop, and a tea caddy, among others. Each utensil is chosen for its aesthetic appeal andfunctionality, and the tea master handles them with utmost care and respect.Next, the tea master selects the tea leaves, often choosing premium quality leaves that have been aged to perfection. The leaves are then meticulously cleaned and prepared for brewing. The water used for brewing is also of great importance; ideally, it should be natural spring water that can enhance the flavor profile of the tea.During the brewing process, the tea master performs a series of graceful movements that not only ensure the tea is brewed to perfection but also create a sense of harmony and reverence. The tea is brewed in front of the guests, who observe the process with quiet contemplation.Once the tea is ready, it is served to each guest in turn. The act of receiving and drinking the tea is done with mindfulness and appreciation, as it is considered a gift from the host and the tea master's skill.The ancient tea ceremony is not just about consuming tea; it is an experience that encourages reflection, slows down the pace of life, and fosters a deeper connection between peopleand nature. It teaches patience, attention to detail, and the art of living in the present moment.In conclusion, the ancient tea ceremony is a rich cultural heritage that continues to influence modern-day practices around the world. It offers a unique perspective on the art of living, reminding us to find beauty in simplicity and to cherish the moments we share with others. As we appreciate the subtleties of tea, we also learn to appreciate the nuances of life itself.。
直流充电桩的使用流程英文
直流充电桩的使用流程英文IntroductionThe usage process of DC charging stations plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth and efficient charging of electric vehicles. This document aims to provide a detailed guide on the steps involved in using a DC charging station.PreparationsBefore using a DC charging station, make sure you have completed the following preparations:1.Check Vehicle Compatibility: Ensure that your electric vehicle iscompatible with DC charging stations. Not all electric vehicles support DCcharging, so it is essential to v erify your vehicle’s specifications.2.Research Charging Stations: Identify the nearest DC chargingstations available in your area. This can be done by referring to onlinedirectories or using mobile applications specifically designed for locatingcharging stations.3.Familiarize Yourself with Connectors: There are different types ofconnectors used in DC charging stations, such as CHAdeMO and CCS. Find out which connector type is compatible with your vehicle and ensure you have the necessary adapters, if required.Step-by-Step GuideStep 1: Locate a DC Charging StationUse the information gathered during the preparation stage to find a DC charging station near you. Most charging stations are marked with clear signage to make them easily identifiable.Step 2: Park Your VehicleOnce you have reached the charging station, park your vehicle in the designated charging bay. Ensure that your vehicle is aligned properly with the charging station to allow easy connection.Step 3: Authentication and AccessSome DC charging stations require authentication before initiating the charging process. This can be done through RFID cards, mobile applications, or other authentication methods specified by the charging station operator.Step 4: Check Charging Station StatusBefore connecting your vehicle to the charging station, check the status display of the charging station. Ensure that it indicates that the station is operational and available for use.Step 5: Connect Your VehicleCarefully connect the charging cable to your vehic le’s charging port. Ensure that the connectors are securely locked into place to avoid any disruptions during the charging process.Step 6: Start the Charging ProcessOnce the cable is connected, initiate the charging process by pressing the appropriate bu ttons or using the charging station’s interface. The charging process will begin, and the charging station will provide real-time information about the charging progress.Step 7: Monitoring and SafetyWhile your vehicle is charging, it is essential to monitor the charging process to ensure everything is functioning correctly. Keep an eye on the charger status, charging time, and other relevant information displayed on the charging station or through the mobile application.Step 8: Completion and DisconnectionOnce your vehicle’s battery has reached the desired charge level or you wish to stop charging, follow the instructions provided by the charging station to safely stop the charging process. Disconnect the charging cable from your vehicle and return it to the charging station’s designated holder.Step 9: Payment and CostDepending on the charging station operator, payment for the charging service may be required. Some charging stations accept credit cards or mobile payments, while others may require pre-paid cards or specific billing methods. Follow the instructions at the charging station or through the mobile application to complete the payment process.Step 10: Vacate the Charging BayAfter completing the charging process and any necessary payments, vacate the charging bay promptly to allow other EV drivers to access the charging station.ConclusionFollowing this step-by-step guide, users can easily navigate the process of using a DC charging station for their electric vehicles. By ensuring proper preparations, authentication, and monitoring, users can optimize their charging experience and contribute to the growth of electric mobility.。
电瓶车充电英语作文
电瓶车充电英语作文In the modern era of transportation, the electric vehicle (EV) has emerged as a pivotal player in the quest for sustainable mobility. As the adoption of EVs continues to rise, the infrastructure supporting them, particularly the charging systems, has become increasingly sophisticated. This essay delves into the evolution of electric vehicle charging, from the early days of limited range and slow charging timesto the present and future innovations that promise evengreater convenience and efficiency.The initial phase of EV charging was characterized by a reliance on home charging setups. Early adopters would plug their vehicles into a standard electrical outlet overnight, a method that, while convenient, was time-consuming due to the low power delivery. The first charging stations were alsoslow by today's standards, often requiring hours to deliver a significant charge to an EV's battery.As technology advanced, so did the charginginfrastructure. The introduction of Level 2 charging stations, which utilize a 240-volt supply, significantly reducedcharging times. These stations became more prevalent inpublic spaces, workplaces, and residential complexes,offering a more practical solution for EV owners.The advent of direct current (DC) fast charging has beena game-changer. These high-powered stations can charge anEV's battery to a substantial level in as little as 30 minutes to an hour. The development of Combined Charging System (CCS) and CHAdeMO connectors has standardized thefast-charging experience, allowing for interoperability between different EV models and charging networks.The future of EV charging is promising, with innovations such as wireless charging and battery swapping stations on the horizon. Wireless charging, or inductive charging, eliminates the need for physical connectors, promising a seamless and user-friendly charging experience. Battery swapping, on the other hand, allows drivers to quickly replace depleted batteries with fully charged ones, potentially reducing downtime even further.Moreover, the integration of smart grids and renewable energy sources into the charging network is expected to make the process more environmentally friendly and efficient. Smart grids can manage peak charging times to reduce strain on the power supply, while solar and wind energy can provide a clean source of electricity for EV charging.In conclusion, the evolution of electric vehicle charging has been marked by significant technological strides that have made owning and operating an EV more practical and appealing. As the technology continues to advance, it is likely that EV charging will become even more integrated, efficient, and user-friendly, further solidifying the role of electric vehicles in the future of transportation.。
Clue Deduction an introduction to satisfiability reasoning
Clue Deduction:an introduction to satisfiability reasoningTodd W.Neller∗,Zdravko Markov,Ingrid RussellAugust10,20051IntroductionClue R 1is a mystery-themed game of deduction.The goal of the game is to be thefirst player to correctly name the contents of a casefile:the murder suspect,the weapon used,and the room the murder took place in.There are6possible suspects,6possible weapons,and9possible rooms,each of which are pictured on a card.One card of each type is chosen randomly and placed in a“casefile”envelope without being revealed to any player.All other cards are dealt out face-down to the players. Each player takes on the identity of one of the suspects.Each player thus begins with private knowledge that their dealt cards are not in the casefile.As the game proceeds,players suggest possible suspect,weapon,and room combinations,and other players refute these suggestions by privately revealing such cards to the suggester.This type of game is called a knowledge game[10],and the basic knowledge of the game may be expressed using propositional logic.In this project,we will study:•Propositional logic syntax(structure)and semantics(meaning),•Conjunctive normal form(CNF),•Resolution theorem proving,and•Application of a SAT solver to Clue.The result will be a reasoning engine which yields“expert”deductions for the play of Clue.Ad-ditionally,we will discuss deductive learning,inductive learning,knowledge acquisition,and possible advanced projects.2Propositional LogicIn this section,we give a brief overview of propositional logic(a.k.a.Boolean logic and sentential logic).For a more complete introduction,we recommend[7,Ch.7].Propositional logic is a simple logic based upon the Boolean values true and false.Many program-mers willfind propositional logic intuitive from exposure to Boolean types and logical operators which occur frequently in programming.In discussing a logic,one needs to address both the syntax(structure)and the semantics(mean-ing)of the language.Just as the syntax of a programming language defines rules for what constitutes a∗Corresponding author:tneller@,Gettysburg College,Department of Computer Science,Campus Box 402,Gettysburg,PA17325-14861A.k.a.Cluedo R in other parts of the worldwell-formed program,the syntax of a logical language defines rules for what constitutes a well-formed sentence of the logic.Just as programming language specifications help the programmer understand the expected behavior of a program,the semantics of a logical language define the meaning of well-formed sentences of the logic.We will present the syntax and semantics of propositional logic one simple piece at a time.The atomic sentence is the simplest fundamental unit of the language.The syntax of an atomic sentence is either the constant true,the constant false,or a symbol.Each symbol is associated with a statement which can be true or false.For example,pi wh may symbolize the statement that“The Mrs. White player is holding the Lead Pipe card.”This statement may be true or false.In general,c p will symbolize the statement“The card c is in place p.”Often,the symbols used for atomic sentences are capital alphabetic characters A,B,C,...,Z,but we are free to choose whichever symbols are convenient.However,just as with commenting variables in a program,it is important to attach meanings to these symbols to ground them in the reality they represent.Example Problem:Suppose that liars always speak what is false,and truth-tellers always speak what is true.Further suppose that Amy,Bob,and Cal are each either a liaror truth-teller.Amy says,“Bob is a liar.”Bob says,“Cal is a liar.”Cal says,“Amy andBob are liars.”Which,if any,of these people are truth-tellers?The atomic sentences for this problem are as follows:•A-Amy is a truth-teller.•B-Bob is a truth-teller.•C-Cal is a truth-teller.Negation(¬,“not”):More complex sentences may be built from these.The negation of A, denoted¬A(read“not”A),means the opposite of A,and thus means“Amy is not a truth-teller.”Given our constraint that Amy is either a truth-teller or liar,this also means“Amy is a liar.”The negation operator¬operates on a single sentence,negating its meaning.Thus for propositional logic sentence s,¬s has the opposite truth value.We may thus express the semantics of¬in a truth table:s¬sfalse truetrue falseA literal is an atomic sentence or its negation.For example,A,¬A,B,¬B,C,and¬C are all literals.Conjunction(∧“and”):We have seen how“Amy is a liar.”can be represented as¬A.Similarly,“Bob is a liar.”can be represented as¬B.To say“Amy and Bob are liars.”is to say that both¬A and¬B are true.We denote this conjunction of sentences as¬A∧¬B(read“not A and not B”).If either or both of the two subsentences¬A or¬B are false,then the conjunction is false as well.The semantics of∧for sentences s1and s2are thus expressed in this truth table:s1s2s1∧s2false false falsefalse true falsetrue false falsetrue true trueDisjunction(∨“or”):Suppose that you are playing Miss Scarlet and Mrs.White suggests that Colonel Mustard committed the murder with the knife in the hall.Mr.Green refutes this suggestion by privately showing one of the cards Mustard,Knife,or Hall privately to Mrs.White.You hold the Mustard card.Thus you know that Mr.Green has either the Knife card or the Hall card.We may represent this knowledge as the disjunction kn gr∨ha gr(read“kn gr or ha gr”).If either or both of the two subsentences¬A or¬B are true,then the disjunction is true as well.The semantics of∨for sentences s1and s2are thus expressed in this truth table:s1s2s1∨s2false false falsefalse true truetrue false truetrue true trueConditional(⇒“implies”):In our truth-teller and liar example,Amy says“Bob is a liar.”.If Amy is a truth-teller(A),then we know that Bob is a liar(¬B).We may represent this knowledge as the conditional(a.k.a.implication)A⇒¬B(read“A implies not B”).If thefirst subsentence s1,the antecedent,is true,and the second subsentence s2,the consequent,is false,then the conditional is false.Otherwise,it is true.The semantics of⇒for sentences s1and s2are thus expressed in this truth table:s1s2s1⇒s2false false truefalse true truetrue false falsetrue true trueBiconditional(⇔“if and only if”):In the previous example,A⇒¬B is not the only fact we represent from Amy saying that Bob is a liar.We also know that if wefind that Bob is,in fact, a liar,then Amy must be a truth-teller.That is¬B⇒bining these facts in a conjunction, we fully represent the knowledge as(A⇒¬B)∧(¬B⇒A).This conjunction of two conditionals with antecedents and consequents reversed has a more compact representation as the biconditional A⇔¬B.If thefirst subsentence s1and the second subsentence s2have the same truth value,the biconditional is true.Otherwise,it is false.The semantics of⇔for sentences s1and s2are thus expressed in this truth table:s1s2s1⇔s2false false truefalse true falsetrue false falsetrue true trueAs with arithmetic expressions,there is an order of precedence of the operators.The negation operator(¬)has highest precedence,followed by∧,∨,⇒,and⇔.Thus,¬A∧B means(¬A)∧BA∨B⇔C means(A∨B)⇔C¬A∨B∧C means(¬A)∨(B∧C)etc.Here,we’ve used parentheses to clarify operator grouping,but parentheses may also be used to group operations as desired(e.g.¬(A∧B)),or improve readability(e.g.(A∧B)∨(C∧D)∨(E∧F)).This is whole of the syntax and semantics may thus be summarized with the following Backus-Naur Form(BNF)grammar,where the Symbol set is chosen and defined by the logician:Sentence→Atomic Sentence|Complex SentenceAtomic Sentence→true|false|SymbolComplex Sentence→¬Sentence|Sentence∧Sentence|Sentence∨Sentence|Sentence⇒Sentence|Sentence⇔Sentence Above,the BNF“→”roughly means“is a”and the BNF“|”means“or”,so that thefirst syntax rule(or production)means“A sentence is either an atomic sentence or a complex sentence.”The set of sentences that represent our knowledge is called our knowledge base.For example,the knowledge base for our liars and truth-tellers problem is:{A⇔¬B,B⇔¬C,C⇔¬A∧¬B}Note that these sentences could all be combined with conjunction in a single sentence which expresses all knowledge of the knowledge base:(A⇔¬B)∧(B⇔¬C)∧(C⇔¬A∧¬B)If we think of our atomic sentence symbols as boolean variables,then an assignment to all variables would be called a truth assignment.A truth assignment which makes a sentence s true is said to satisfy s.This satisfying truth assignment is also called a model of s.Another way to think about it is that each truth assignment is a“world”,and that the models of s are“possible worlds”.If and only if s has a model,s is said to be satisfiable.If and only if s has no model,s is said to be unsatisfiable. If and only if every truth assignment is a model of s,then s is said to be valid or a tautology.Now let us consider two sentences s1and s2.We say that s1entails s2,denoted s1|=s2,if and only if every model of s1is also a model of s2.Sometimes this is expressed by saying that“s2logically follows from s1”.Two sentences s1and s2are logically equivalent if and only if s1|=s2and s2|=s1. 3Conjunctive Normal Form(CNF)Propositional knowledge which is expressed as a conjunction of disjunctions of literals is said to be in conjunctive normal form(CNF).Recall that a literal is an atomic sentence or a negated atomic sentence.A disjunction(or)of literals is often referred to as a clause.Conjunctive normal form is a conjunction(and)of such clauses.Any sentence can be converted to CNF.We will describe the steps of this process and show how the liar and truth-teller example knowledge base may be converted to CNF.1.Eliminate⇔.Replace each occurrence of s1⇔s2with the equivalent(s1⇒s2)∧(s2⇒s1).Thus,the knowledge base{A⇔¬B,B⇔¬C,C⇔¬A∧¬B}may be rewritten as{(A⇒¬B)∧(¬B⇒A),(B⇒¬C)∧(¬C⇒B),(C⇒¬A∧¬B)∧(¬A∧¬B⇒C)} We noted before that the set of knowledge base sentences could all be combined with conjunction in a single equivalent sentence.At any time,we can use this equivalence in the opposite direction to separate conjunctions into separate sentences of the knowledge base:{A⇒¬B,¬B⇒A,B⇒¬C,¬C⇒B,C⇒¬A∧¬B,¬A∧¬B⇒C}2.Eliminate⇒.Replace each occurrence of s1⇒s2with the equivalent¬s1∨s2.With suchreplacements,our knowledge base becomes:{¬A∨¬B,¬¬B∨A,¬B∨¬C,¬¬C∨B,¬C∨¬A∧¬B,¬(¬A∧¬B)∨C}3.Move¬inward.In CNF,negation(¬)only occurs in literals before atomic sentence symbols.All occurrences of¬can either be negated or“moved”inward towards the atomic sentences using three equivalences:de Morgan’s law¬(s1∧s2)≡¬s1∨¬s2¬(s1∨s2)≡¬s1∧¬s2double¬elimination¬¬s≡sUsing these equivalences,our knowledge base is rewritten:{¬A∨¬B,B∨A,¬B∨¬C,C∨B,¬C∨¬A∧¬B,A∨B∨C} The last sentence was rewritten in multiple steps:¬(¬A∧¬B)∨C≡(¬¬A∨¬¬B)∨C≡(A∨¬¬B)∨C≡(A∨B)∨C≡A∨B∨C4.Distribute∨over∧.That is,move disjunction(∨)inward while moving conjunction(∧)outward to form a conjunction of disjunctions.This is accomplished through distributivity of∨:s1∨(s2∧s3)≡(s1∨s2)∧(s1∨s3)(s1∧s2)∨s3≡(s1∨s3)∧(s2∨s3)Thus we can rewrite our knowledge base:{¬A∨¬B,B∨A,¬B∨¬C,C∨B,(¬C∨¬A)∧(¬C∨¬B),A∨B∨C} or{¬A∨¬B,B∨A,¬B∨¬C,C∨B,¬C∨¬A,¬C∨¬B,A∨B∨C} This is sometimes more compactly expressed as a set of a set of literals,where the sets of literals are implicitly understood as clauses(disjunctions)and the set of these is implicitly understood as the knowledge base,a conjunction of known sentences:{{¬A,¬B},{B,A},{¬B,¬C},{C,B},{¬C,¬A},{¬C,¬B},{A,B,C}}It is important to note that a model in CNF is a truth assignment that makes at least one literal in each clause true.4Resolution Theorem ProvingConsider the two clauses{B,A}and{¬B,¬C}of our example CNF knowledge base.Thefirst reads,“Bob is a truth-teller or Amy is a truth-teller.”The second reads,“Bob is not a truth-teller or Cal is not a truth-teller.”Consider what happens according to Bob’s truthfulness:•Bob is not a truth-teller.The second clause is satisfied.Thefirst clause is satisfied if and only if Amy is a truth-teller.•Bob is a truth-teller.Thefirst clause is satisfied.The second clause is satisfied if and only if Cal is not a truth-teller.Since one case or the other holds,we know in any model of both clauses that Amy is a truth-teller or Cal is not a truth-teller.In other words,from clauses{B,A}and{¬B,¬C},we can derive the clause {A,¬C}and add it to our knowledge base.This is a specific application of the resolution rule.In general,we can express the resolution rule as follows:Given a clause{l1,l2,...,l i,A}and {¬A,l i+1,l i+2,...,l n},we can derive the clause{l1,l2,...,l n}.If A is false,one of the otherfirst clause literals must be true.If A is true,one of the other second clause literals must be true.Since A must be either true or false,then at least one of all the other n literals must be true.Not all possible resolution rule derivations are useful.Consider what happens when we apply the resolution rule to thefirst two clauses of our example knowledge base.From{¬A,¬B}and{B,A},we can derive either{¬A,A}or{¬B,B}depending on which atomic sentence we use for the resolution. In either case,we derive a tautology.The clause{¬A,A}is always true.It reads“Amy is not a truth-teller or Amy is a truth-teller.”In order to direct our derivations towards a simple goal,we will perform proof by contradiction2. The basis of this style of proof is the fact that s1|=s2if and only if(s1∧¬s2)is unsatisfiable.Put another way,every truth assignment that makes s1true also makes s2true if and only if there exists no truth assignment where s1is true and s2is false.The application of this principle is simple.Suppose that sentence s1represents our knowledge base,and that we wish to wish to prove that sentence s2follows from s1.We simply add¬s2to our knowledge base and seek to derive a contradiction.We take what we believe must follow,and prove it by showing that the opposite causes a contradiction.This approach is not only effective in human argument,but is important for automated theorem proving as well.Let us use this approach to prove that Cal is a liar(¬C).In addition to the knowledge base,we assume the negation of what we wish to prove(¬¬C,that is C).We will number our clauses to the left.To the right,we will list the clause numbers used to derive the clause by resolution.(1){¬A,¬B}Knowledge base(2){B,A}(3){¬B,¬C}(4){C,B}(5){¬C,¬A}(6){¬C,¬B}(7){A,B,C}(8){C}Assumed negation(9){¬A}(5),(8)Derived clauses(10){B}(2),(9)(11){¬C}(3),(10)(12){}(8),(11)Contradiction!2a.k.a.reductio ad absurdumRecall that at least one literal of each clause must be true for a truth assignment to be a model. This last empty clause has no literals at all and represents a clear contradiction.To see why,consider the resolution that led to it.In(10)and(11)we declare a fact and its negation to be true.The resolution rule leaves us no literals to be made true to satisfy these clauses.A clause with no literals is thus logically equivalent to false.Since we hold each clause to be true,we have in effect shown that false is true.This is a contradiction.Thus it cannot be the case that{C}is true as we had assumed. Thus{¬C}logically follows from our knowledge base.It should be noted that an unsatisfiable knowledge base will derive an empty clause without any need of assumption.One can thus prove any sentence using proof by contradiction and starting with a contradictory knowledge base.If one cannot derive a contradiction in this manner,then there is a satisfying truth assignment for the knowledge base and the assumed negation of the hypothesis one sought to prove.For practice,the reader should perform two resolution proofs by contradiction that•Amy is a liar,and•Bob is a truth-teller.When we derive a sentence s2from sentence s1,we denote it s1 s2.A proof procedure that derives only what is entailed is called sound.A proof procedure that can derive anything that is entailed is called complete.Resolution theorem proving is both sound and complete.5DIMACS CNF FormatResolution theorem proving seeks to answer the question“Is the knowledge base plus the negated hypothesis satisfiable?”There is an intense research effort underway for high-performance satisfiability solvers.Each year,there is a satisfiability software competition.The most common problem input format is the DIMACS CNF Format.We introduce the DIMACS CNF Format by example.Clauses(1)-(8)of the previous proof might be encoded as follows:c Truth-teller and liar problemc1:Amy is a truth-teller.c2:Bob is a truth-teller.c3:Cal is a truth-teller.cp cnf38-1-20210-2-30320-3-10-3-20123030According to the2004SAT competition documentation3,Thefile can start with comments,that is,lines beginning with the character c.3See URL /SATCompetition/2004/format-benchmarks2004.html.Right after the comments,there is the line p cnf nbvar nbclauses indicating that theinstance is in CNF format;nbvar is an upper bound on the largest index of a variableappearing in thefile;nbclauses is the exact number of clauses contained in thefile.Then the clauses follow.Each clause is a sequence of distinct non-null numbers between-nbvar and nbvar ending with0on the same line;it cannot contain the opposite literalsi and-i simultaneously.Positive numbers denote the corresponding variables.Negativenumbers denote the negations of the corresponding variables.Each atomic sentence(called a variable above)is associated with a positive integer.Thus,literals are represented by integers other than0,which is used to terminate clauses.The output when running the SAT solver zChaff4on our example is as follows:Z-Chaff Version:Chaff IISolving f......CONFLICT during preprocessInstance UnsatisfiableRandom Seed Used0Max Decision Level0Num.of Decisions0(Stack+Vsids+Shrinking Decisions)0+0+0Original Num Variables3Original Num Clauses8Original Num Literals16Added Conflict Clauses0Num of Shrinkings0Deleted Conflict Clauses0Deleted Clauses0Added Conflict Literals0Deleted(Total)Literals0Number of Implication3Total Run Time0RESULT:UNSATThe contradiction was found quickly during the preprocessing stage of the solver and it reports that the clauses are unsatisfiable(UNSAT).6SATSolverIn order to aid Java programmers in working with zChaff(written in C++)we have created a simple class called SATSolver,described in this section.We begin by creating and initializing ArrayList s5to hold clauses which are represented as int arrays.Each int array is a clause,a sequence of non-zero integers much like the DIMACS CNF format clause lines,but without0termination.We divide the clauses into two lists:clauses and queryClauses.The reason is that our expected usage is to have a monotonically growing knowledge base alongside a temporary and often changing 4See URL /%7Echaff/zchaff.html.5Java1.5styleset of query clauses.Initializefield variables ≡public ArrayList<int[]>clauses=new ArrayList<int[]>();public ArrayList<int[]>queryClauses=new ArrayList<int[]>();We thus have simple methods to allow the user to add single clauses or remove all clauses from either list.Side note:This format of presenting code in chunks is called literate programming and is due to Donald Knuth.Code will be presented in named chunks that will appear inserted within other chunk definitions.The source document is used not only to generate the output you are now reading,but also to generate the example code.In this way,the code presented is both consistent with the example code,and has been tested for correctness.Methods to add/clear clauses ≡public void addClause(int[]clause){clauses.add((int[])clause.clone());}public void clearClauses(){clauses.clear();}public void addQueryClause(int[]clause){queryClauses.add((int[])clause.clone());}public void clearQueryClauses(){queryClauses.clear();}When making a query to test the satisfiability of the clauses and queryClauses combined,we compute the number of variables6and clauses,write a DIMACS CNF queryfile,and execute zChaffas an external process.The result returned will be true if the combined clauses are satisfiable,and false otherwise. Query zChafffor satisfiability ≡public boolean makeQuery(){try{Compute max query variableWrite DIMACS CNF format queryfileExecute external zChaffprocess and scan result}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}return false;}6Actually,we compute the maximum absolute index.Here we build the list allClauses which has both the knowledge base clauses and query clauses combined.We iterate through these lists7,and compute the maximum absolute value of a literal.Compute max query variable ≡int maxVar=0;ArrayList<int[]>allClauses=new ArrayList<int[]>(clauses);allClauses.addAll(queryClauses);for(int[]clause:allClauses)for(int literal:clause)maxVar=Math.max(Math.abs(literal),maxVar);Next,we write allClauses out to afile f in DIMACS CNF format.Write DIMACS CNF format queryfile ≡PrintStream out=new PrintStream(new File("f"));out.println("c This DIMACS format CNF file was generated by SatSolver.java");out.println("c Do not edit.");out.println("p cnf"+maxVar+""+allClauses.size());for(int[]clause:allClauses){for(int literal:clause)out.print(literal+"");out.println("0");}out.close();Finally,we use Java’s Runtime environment to execute zChaff.Scanning the input stream8,we skip to the RESULT,and return whether or not the clauses were satisfiable.Execute external zChaffprocess and scan result ≡Process process=Runtime.getRuntime().exec("zchaff f");Scanner sc=new Scanner(process.getInputStream());sc.findWithinHorizon("RESULT:",0);String result=sc.next();sc.close();process.waitFor();return result.equals("SAT");Often,the user will simply want to know at a given point if a literal can be proved true/false or not. For this,we define constants as return codes...Define constants ≡public static final int FALSE=-1;public static final int UNKNOWN=0;public static final int TRUE=1;...and provide code which performs the queries necessary to test a given literal.7Java1.5style8using Java1.5’s Scanner classTest a single literal ≡public int testLiteral(int literal){int result=UNKNOWN;clearQueryClauses();int[]clauseT={literal};addQueryClause(clauseT);if(!makeQuery())result=FALSE;else{clearQueryClauses();int[]clauseF={-literal};addQueryClause(clauseF);if(!makeQuery())result=TRUE;}clearQueryClauses();return result;}Here we provide a test case in which we take our liar and truth-teller example and apply the SATSolver.Test case ≡public static void main(String[]args){//Liar and truth-teller example test code:int[][]clauses={{-1,-2},{2,1},{-2,-3},{3,2},{-3,-1},{-3,-2},{1,2,3}};SATSolver s=new SATSolver();for(int i=0;i<clauses.length;i++)s.addClause(clauses[i]);System.out.println("Knowledge base is satisfiable:"+s.makeQuery());System.out.print("Is Cal a truth-teller?");int result=s.testLiteral(3);if(result==FALSE)System.out.println("No.");else if(result==TRUE)System.out.println("Yes.");elseSystem.out.println("Unknown.");}Putting all these parts together,the entire SATSolver.java is as follows:SATSolver.java ≡import java.io.*;import java.util.*;public class SATSolver{Define constantsInitializefield variablesMethods to add/clear clausesQuery zChafffor satisfiabilityTest a single literalTest case}This code may be used to efficiently solve the exercises of the next section.7ExercisesFor each of the following problems,there are four exercises:(a)Express all relevant problem facts as a propositional logic knowledge base.Clearly explain themeaning of your propositional symbols.(b)Convert the propositional logic knowledge base to CNF.(c)Use resolution theorem proving to solve the problem.(d)Solve the problem computationally with a SAT solver.Exercise(a)should precede(b)which should in turn precede(c)and(d).Problems:1.Horn Clauses:(from[7,Exercise7.9])If the unicorn is mythical,then it is immortal,but ifit is not mythical,then it is a mortal mammal.If the unicorn is either immortal or a mammal, then it is horned.The unicorn is magical if it is horned.(a)Can we prove that the unicorn is mythical?(b)Can we prove that the unicorn is magical?(c)Can we prove that the unicorn is horned?2.Liars and Truth-tellers1:(adapted from OSSMB982-12)Three people,Amy,Bob,and Cal,are each either a liar or a truth-teller.Assume that liars always lie,and truth-tellers always tell the truth.•Amy says,“Cal and I are truthful.”•Bob says,“Cal is a liar.”•Cal says,“Bob speaks the truth or Amy lies.”What can you conclude about the truthfulness of each?9Ontario Secondary School Mathematics Bulletin3.Liars and Truth-tellers2:(adapted from OSSMB83-11)Three people,Amy,Bob,and Cal,are each either a liar or a truth-teller.Assume that liars always lie,and truth-tellers always tell the truth.•Amy says,“Cal is not honest.”•Bob says,“Amy and Cal never lie.”•Cal says,“Bob is correct.”What can you conclude about the truthfulness of each?4.Robbery and a Salt:(from OMG1022.1.1)The salt has been stolen!Well,it was found thatthe culprit was either the Caterpillar,Bill the Lizard or the Cheshire Cat.The three were tried and made the following statements in court:CATERPILLAR:Bill the Lizard ate the salt.BILL THE LIZARD:That is true!CHESHIRE CAT:I never ate the salt.As it happened,at least one of them lied and at least one told the truth.Who ate the salt?5.Multiple Choice:(adapted from CRUX11357)In a certain multiple-choice test,one of thequestions was illegible,but the choice of answers was clearly printed.(a)All of the below.(b)None of the below.(c)All of the above.(d)One of the above.(e)None of the above.(f)None of the above.Assuming that more than one answer may be true,divide answers into three groups:•those that are necessarily true,•those that are necessarily false,and•those that could be true or false.How many different possible ways are there to consistently circle true subset(s)of answers?List the subset(s).6.A Sanctum for the Good En-doors-ment:(from CRUX357)There are four doors X,Y,Zand W leading out of the Middle Sanctum.At least one of them leads to the Inner Sanctum.If you enter a wrong door,you will be devoured by afierce dragon.Well,there were eight priests A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H,each of whom is either a knight or a knave.(Knights always tell the truth and knaves always lie.)They made the following statements to the philosopher:A:X is a good door.B:At least one of the doors Y or Z is good.C:A and B are both knights.D:X and Y are both good doors.10Ontario Mathematical Gazette11Crux Mathematicorum。
茶艺与茶文化英语自我介绍
茶艺与茶文化英语自我介绍Sure, here is a self-introduction for tea art and tea culture in both English and Chinese:Hello, everyone. My name is [Your Name], and I am passionate about tea art and tea culture. I have been practicing and studying tea art for many years, and I am excited to share my knowledge and experience with you.大家好，我是[你的名字]。
我对茶艺和茶文化充满热情。
我已经学习和实践茶艺多年了，我很高兴能和大家分享我的知识和经验。
Tea art is not just about making and serving tea, but it is a form of art that involves the preparation, presentation, and enjoyment of tea. It is a way to connect with nature, appreciate the beauty of the tea leaves, and experience a sense of tranquility and mindfulness.茶艺不仅仅是泡茶和倒茶，它是一种艺术形式，涉及到茶的准备、展示和品尝。
它是一种与大自然连接的方式，欣赏茶叶的美丽，并体验宁静和正念的感觉。
In addition to the practical skills of brewing andserving tea, tea art also encompasses the knowledge of different types of tea, the history and culture of tea, aswell as the etiquette and rituals associated with tea ceremonies.除了泡茶和倒茶的实际技巧之外，茶艺还包括对不同类型的茶、茶的历史和文化，以及与茶道相关的礼仪和仪式的了解。
哈佛大学 英文介绍PPT课件
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"VERITAS" has the meaning of "truth" in Latin. Meaning:
Introduction
➢ Harvard University was founded in 1636, until now, it had more than 370 years history
➢ She is called as the think tank of American government. She successively born 7 American presidents, 40 Nobel prize new owner and 30 Pulitzer prize winner.
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VERITAS • Let Plato be your friend, and Aristotle, but more let your
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谢谢您的观看！
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Barack Hussein Obama , 1961-
唐吉柯德英文总结
唐吉柯德英文总结IntroductionDon Quixote, written by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes, is a timeless masterpiece that has captivated readers for centuries. This novel, originally published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, tells the story of a middle-aged gentleman named Alonso Quixano who becomes obsessed with the ideas of chivalry and knight-errantry. He renames himself Don Quixote and sets out on a series of misadventures, accompanied by his loyal squire, Sancho Panza.Historical ContextTo fully appreciate Don Quixote, it is important to understand the historical context in which it was written. The novel was written during the Spanish Golden Age, a period of flourishing arts and literature in Spain. This era was marked by exploration, with Spain leading the way in the discovery and colonization of the New World. However, it was also a time of decline for the Spanish Empire, as it faced economic struggles and political conflicts. This backdrop of change and uncertainty greatly influenced the themes and characters in Don Quixote.ThemesDon Quixote explores a variety of themes that are still relevant today. One of the most prominent themes is the power of imagination and the human desire for escapism. Don Quixote’s obsession with chivalry and his willingness to see the world through a romantic lens demonstrate the power of the human imagination to transform reality.Another important theme in the novel is the nature of reality. Don Quixote constantly blurs the line between truth and fiction, often mistaking windmills for giants and inns for castles. This theme raises questions about the nature of perception and the subjective nature of reality.Don Quixote also delves into the concept of morality. The novel explores the idea of what constitutes true goodness and virtue. Through his naive and sometimes misguided actions, Don Quixote challenges conventional notions of morality and forces readers to question their own beliefs.CharactersOne of the reasons Don Quixote has stood the test of time is because of its memorable characters. The protagonist, Don Quixote, is a complex character who is both sympathetic and humorous. His unwavering commitment to his ideals and hiswillingness to fight for what he believes in make him a compelling and endearing character.Sancho Panza, Don Quixote’s l oyal squire, serves as a foil to his master. While Don Quixote is idealistic and prone to flights of fancy, Sancho is grounded in reality and provides a much-needed dose of practicality to their adventures. The dynamic between Don Quixote and Sancho is one of the highlights of the novel.Other memorable characters include Dulcinea del Toboso, the woman whom Don Quixote believes to be his lady love, and the innkeeper and his daughter, who often find themselves caught up in Don Quixote’s delusions of grandeur.Impact and LegacyDon Quixote is widely regarded as one of the greatest novels ever written and has had a profound impact on literature and popular culture. It is considered the first modern novel and is often credited with ushering in the era of the novel as a literary form. The novel’s themes of imagination, reality, and morality continue to resonate with readers today.Don Quixote has also inspired countless adaptations and retellings in various mediums. It has been adapted into plays, operas, films, and even a Broadway musical. The concepts and characters from the novel have become iconic, with references to Don Quixote appearing in everything from literature to popular songs.ConclusionDon Quixote is a literary masterpiece that continues to captivate readers with its timeless themes and memorable characters. Miguel de Cervantes’ novel explores the power of imagination, the nature of reality, and the complexities of morality. Its impact on literature and popular culture cannot be overstated. Whether you are a fan of classic literature or simply looking for an entertaining and thought-provoking read, Don Quixote is a must-read.。
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Certification of CHAdeMO protocol Revision of standard specification Involvement of international standardization
Technical Workshop (TW)
Infra Workshop (IA)
CHAdeMO Introduction
Cameron Chao 2010/7/8
Table of Contents
What’s CHAdeMO CHAdeMO System Structure Compare with Other Standards Current Status of CHAdeMO Deployment
What’s CHAdeMO
“CHAdeMO”:
Abbreviation of “CHArge de MOve”, means “charge for moving”
Formation:
2010 Formed by Tokyo Electric Power Company, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Fuji Heavy Industries Toyota joined later as the fifth executive member
AC Input Three-Phase Voltage: 200V
DC Output Voltage: 500V Current: 125A
JEVS G104 Connector
CHAdeMO Interface
Charger Power Supply Line - Positive Power Supply Line - Negative Control EV Relay - 1 Control EV Relay - 1 Proximity Detection Ready to Charge Control Communication + Communication Earth Line for Insulation Monitor Vehicle
①Operating Status ② Charging Enabling Signal ③Charging Command Value
CAN Bus
CAN Bus Communication
ECU Battery Pack
Quicker Charger
Contact Connector
Electric Vehicle
Regular (84)
Consist of carmakers and charger makers Developing and manufacturing product compatible with CHAdeMO protocol
Supporting 124)
Supporting association’s prospectus and cooperating in expediting installation of charging infra Panasonic is Supporting Member at present
Compare with Other Standards
Level
Level 1
Original Definition
AC energy to the vehicle's on-board charger; from the most common U.S. grounded household receptacle, commonly referred to as a 120 volt outlet. AC energy to the vehicle's on-board charger; 208-240 volt, single phase. The maximum current specified is 32 amps (continuous) with a branch circuit breaker rated at 40 amps. Maximum continuous input power is specified as 7.68 kW. DC energy from an off-board charger; there is no minimum energy requirement but the maximum current specified is 400 amps and 240 kW continuous power supplied.
Level 3
Voltage: 300-500V DC Current: 100+A
CHAdeMO (62.5 kW)
Current Status of CHAdeMO Deployment
http://maps.google.co.jp/maps/ms?hl=ja&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=112525875866477710528.00046af5cf154a5f70efc&brcurren t=3,0x34674e0fd77f192f:0xf54275d47c665244,0&z=2
Sharing information regarding development, installation and maintenance of quicker charger
Member Class and Roles
Executive (5)
Managing operation of association 5 members (Tokyo Electric Power Company, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru and Toyota
Japan Overall
Tokyo Area
Osaka Area
USA, Aker Wade Power Technologies has entered into a licensing agreement with TEPCO to manufacture and market Level III DC fast chargers for electric vehicles EU, Epyon and Evtronic makes fast chargers equipped with the latest CHAdeMO communication protocol
Recent Definition
Voltage:120V AC Current: 16A
Standards/Connector
SAE J1772 (16.8 kW)
Level 2
Voltage: 208-240V AC Current: 12A-80A
SAE J1772 (16.8 kW) IEC 62196 (44 kW) Magne Charge IEC 60309 16 A (3.8 kW)
Observer (31)
Central or local government bodies and other organization which support association’s activities Executive Board
CHAdeMO System Structure
Public Accessible Public Inaccessible
Organization Structure:
General Assembly (GA) Executive Board (EB)
Approval of action plan and activity report
Secretariat
Management and operation of association