1995年同等学力申硕英语真题及答案
1995_考研英语真题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅠSection A:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed _____.A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. EverybodyB. AnybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. AttendingC. to attendD. have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one.A. rather thanB. Other thanC. better thanD. less than8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A. WhatB. ThatC. ItD. As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A. byB. withC. atD. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. the same asC. so isD. and so isSection B(改错):ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as aA B busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.C D12. In debating one must conect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or denyAthat what he presents as proof, unless relevant , is sufficient.B C D13 . We are not conscious of the extent of which provides the psychological satisfaction that canA B Cmake the difference between a full and an empty life.D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, thatA B Cman was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.D15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science areA B Ccareful in checking the accuracy of their reports.D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyA B Cfor the people to have affected.D17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealthA B and happiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth toA Bpublic assistance and health than the United States does.C D19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projectsAwill account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect BCour diminishing resources.D20. If individuals are awakend each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely toA Bbecome irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.C DSection C:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthandB. schemeC. scheduleD. sketch23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.A. spaciousB. sophisticatedC. substantialD. steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care.A. entitled toB. involved inC. associated withD. assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ____.A. dangerB. stakeC. lossD. threat27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A. fatiguedB. tiredC. exhaustedD. bored28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___.A. wrongB. troubleC. faultD. difficulty29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step into31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A. parallel toB. level inC. flat onD. flush with32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A. adaptedB. acknowledgedC. assembledD. appointed34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A. let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.A. missingB. losing C dropping D. leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field is climbing.A. engagingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about his plan.A. at handB. in turnC. in conclusionD. at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state.A. stableB. rationalC. legalD. crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood ,but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep .For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each tn)Any42 . (A) intended ( B)required ( C) assumed ( D) inferred43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue (C)with the exception (D)for the purpose46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of tc)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on49 . (A) develop (B)produce (c)stimulate (D)induce50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if onlyPart ⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov- ern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive----advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C) advertising costs money like everything else(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A) Securing greater fame. (C) Enhancing living standards.(B) Providing more jobs. (D) Reducing newspaper cost.53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinton,__.(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(B) a new way of taking risks (D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances ( C) open-mindedness to new experiences(B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and veryshortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! 'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.(A) impatient ( B) considerate ( C) aggressive (D) agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A) the pressure is too great on the students(B) some students are bound to fail(C) failure rates are too high(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A) candidates' sensitivity (C) competitive spirit(B) academic acbievements (D) surer values66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionaryinterpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.(A) he would survive best (C) his ability to learn would be enhanced(B) he would have a lot of trouble (D) the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that__.(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencingPart ⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which itis interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅤWrlting (15 points)DIRECTIONS :A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit : 40 minutesC. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization ofour country " .E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1. Present sluation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案答案:1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A 10.C11. A, renect 12. D, if13. B, to which 14. D, being15. C, writing about 或who write about 16. D, affected17. C, whose 18. C, as19. C, do much 20. B, each time21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. A31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C。
[实用参考]1995年考研英语真题及解析
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1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbPrapid ePemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep. 1 kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis 2 toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepi sevenmore 3 .TheneweGperiments,suchasthese 4 forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietPforSleepResearchinMinnea polis,suggestfascinatingeGplanations 5 ofnon-REMsleep.ForeGample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep 6 is100percentfataltorats,Pet, 7 _eGaminationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelPnormal.Arese archerhasnow8 themPsterPofwhPtheanimalsdie.Therats 9 bacterialinfectionsoftheblood, 10 theirimmunesPstems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.1.[A]Either [B]Neither [C]Each [D]AnP2.[A]intended [B]required [C]assumed [D]inferred3.[A]subtle [B]obvious [C]mPsterious [D]doubtful4.[A]maintained [B]described [C]settled [D]afforded5.[A]inthelight [B]bPvirtue [C]withtheeGception[D]forthepurpose6.[A]reduction [B]destruction [C]deprivation [D]restriction7.[A]upon [B]bP [C]through [D]with8.[A]paidattentionto [B]caughtsightof [C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton9.[A]develop [B]produce [C]stimulate [D]induce10.[A]if [B]asif [C]onlPif [D]ifonlP一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-95.doc
同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-95(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Oral Communic(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Dialogue One(总题数：1，分数：3.00)A. Maybe today is my lucky day.B. It will be so cool to win it.C. We can be the lucky winner.A: Hey, did you hear that? The lottery is up to 1 million Yuan this time. 1 .B: Come on. Don"t be silly. You are really daydreaming.A: I know the chances of winning the lottery are remote. But 2 .B: But you know many people buy the tickets every week and still haven"t won a cent. Don"t waste your money.A: I still would like to try my fortune and buy a lottery ticket. 3 .（分数：3.00）四、Dialogue Two(总题数：1，分数：3.00)A. You should hang on to the sharesB. They took a hit last week.C. It"s nothing too serious.A: Have you made money from your stock recently?B: My stocks are losing a little bit, but 1 . How about you?A: It really sucks! I was bullish on the financial stocks. So I put all money on them, but 2 . B: Take it easy. The index will surely rebound above 5,000 points. 3 until their prices are higher. A: Yeah. I really wish the market can jump immediately thus to earn all back.（分数：3.00）五、Section B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)A. I shouldn"t depend on only one way of investment.B. I will consider what you have told me carefully.C. It is a package of different investments.D. You can go to a financial adviser.A: Bob, I don"t want to have my money just sitting in the bank. If not real estate right now, what do you suggest?B: I think you"d better get some professional advice. I mean 1 . They"d be able to put together a sensible portfolio for you.A: Portfolio? What exactly is that?B: 2 , such as stocks, bonds, gold, foreign currencies.A: I see. So what"s the advantage?B: Well, as I said earlier, it helps put your money into different investments, which will lower the risks involved.A: So you mean 3 ?B: Yeah, definitely.A: Thanks. Money management is not easy. 4 .（分数：4.00）六、Part Ⅱ Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite ______ qualified sources of information and examples.（分数：1.00）A.unbiasedB.manipulatedC.distortedD.conveyed2.It is apparent that winning the scholarship is ______ of one"s intelligence in the field of physics.（分数：1.00）A.parallelismB.alliterationC.testimonyD.rhythm3.In court he repeated his ______ that he was not guilty in front of the jury.（分数：1.00）A.impressionsB.alliterationsC.clausesD.assertions4.Shopping malls have some advantages in suffering from shorter periods of ______ business.（分数：1.00）A.staleB.slackC.ferrousD.abundant5.According to the Geneva ______ no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：1.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines6.Before the general election many senior citizens signed the ______ against the spreading of nuclear arms.（分数：1.00）A.contractB.petitionC.supplicationD.potential7.Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon"s atmosphere to ______ plant life.（分数：1.00）A.adaptB.personalizeC.sustainD.describe8.I can"t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty ______.（分数：1.00）A.estimatingB.devastatingC.reprocessingD.preferring9.The industry has pumped ______ amounts of money into political campaigns, making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.（分数：1.00）A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional10.I was entrusted to ______ to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.（分数：1.00）A.contributeB.detractC.convertD.entail七、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)九、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：3.00)If income is transferred from rich persons to poor persons, the proportion in which different sorts of goods and services are provided will be changed. Expensive luxuries will give place to more necessary articles, rare wines to meat and bread, new machines and factories to clothes and improved small dwellings; and there will be other changes of a like sort. In view of this fact, it is inexact to speak of a change in the distribution of the dividend in favor of, or adverse to, the poor. There is not a single definitely constituted heap of things coming into being each year and distributed now in one way, now in another. In fact, there is no such thing as the dividend from the point of view of both of two years, and therefore, there can be no such thing as a change in its distribution.This, however, is a point of words rather than of substance. What I mean when I say that the distribution of the dividend has changed in favor of the poor is that, the general productive power of the community being given, poor people are getting more of the things they want at the expense of rich people getting less of the things they want. It might be thought at first sight that the only way in which this could happen would be through a transference of purchasing power from the rich to the poor. That, however, is not so. It is possible for the poor to be advantaged and the rich damaged, even though the quantity of purchasing power, i. e. of command over productive resources, held by both groups remains unaltered. This might happen if the technical methods of producing something predominatingly consumed by the poor were improved and at the same time those of producing something predominatingly consumed by the rich were worsened, and if the net result was to leave the size of the national dividend as defined in Chapter V. unchanged. It might also happen if, by a system of rationing or some other device, the rich were forced to transfer their demand away from things which are important to the poor and which are produced under such conditions that diminished demand leads to lowered prices. Per contra—and this point will be seen in Part Ⅳ. To be very important practically—the share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the country"s productive resources held by the poor may be increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain. Thus a change in distribution favorable to the poor may be brought about otherwise than by a transference of purchasing power, or command over productive resources, to them, and it does not mean a transference of these things to them. None the less, this sort of transference is the most important, and may be regarded as the typical, means by which changes in distribution favorable to the poor come about.（分数：3.00）(1).The method in which the writer believes is most effective for the poor benefiting from the rich is ______.（分数：1.00）A.amassing all products from the last two years and reallocating themB.ensuring the majority of products available are more useful to the poorC.offering low priced stock that the poor could affordD.by limiting the buying of the rich(2).Why does the author use the term "the dividend" even though he has acknowledged that in fact it does not exist?（分数：1.00）A.He is attempting to describe a transmittal circumstance.B.He is articulating a metaphysical theory.C.He is clarifying a situation.D.He is devising an econometric formula.(3).Does the author believe that transference of purchasing power is effective in benefiting the poor?（分数：1.00）A.No, he believes evenly distributing all resources is best.B.No, he believes rationing of the rich is eminent.C.Yes, he believes it is possible to limit the rich and make products for the poor more accessible.D.Yes, distribution is influenced by transference and as a result the poor prosper.十、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Reforming the Social Security retirement program is an issue of enormous practical importance. Yet it remains the missing piece in American policy analysis. At a time when the Congress and the Administration are considering ways to reform welfare, Medicare, Medicaid, and the income tax, elected officials are still unwilling to confront the serious problems of our Social Security system. Eventually, however, its deteriorating financial condition will force major reforms. Whether those reforms are good or bad, whether they deal with the basic economic problems of the system or merely protect the solvency of existing institutional arrangements will depend in part on whether we, as economists, provide the appropriate intellectual framework for analyzing reform alternatives.Major policy changes that affect the public at large can only happen in our democracy, when there is widespread public support for the new direction of policy. In the field of economics, the views of the media, of other private-sector opinion leaders, and of politicians and their advisers, depend very much on their perception of what economists believe feasible and correct. Fundamental policy reforms in a complex area like social security also require the development of technical expertise, both in and out of government, about the options for change and their likely consequences. Fortunately, an expanding group of economists is now thinking and writing about social security reform. My remarks today greatly benefit from what they have written and from my conversations with many of them.I began to do my research on the effects of Social Security reform nearly 25 years ago (Feldstein, 1974, 1975). A central concept in my analysis of Social Security has been the notion of "Social Security wealth" which I defined as the present actuarial value of the Social Security benefits to which the current adult population will be entitled at age 65 (or are already entitled to if they are older than 65) minus the present actuarial value of the Social Security taxes that they will pay before reaching that age. Social Security wealth has now grown to about $11 trillion or more than 1.5 times GDP. Since this is equivalent to more than $50,000 for every adult in the country, the value of Social Security wealth substantially exceeds all other assets for the vast majority of American households. In the aggregate, Social Security wealth exceeds three-fourth of all private financial wealth, as conventionally measured.Social Security wealth is of course not real wealth but only a claim on current and future taxpayers. Instead of labeling this key magnitude "Social Security wealth", I could have called it the nation"s "Social Security liability". Like ordinary government debt, Social Security wealth has the power to crowd out private capital accumulation, and Social Security wealth will continue to grow as long as our current system remains unchanged, displacing an ever larger stock of capital. The $11 trillion Social Security liability is three times as large as the official national debt. Although I certainly welcome the current political efforts to shrink future budget deficits, itis worth noting that, even if the traditional deficit is eliminated in the year 2002, so that the national debt is then no longer increasing, the national debt in the form of the Social Security liability is likely to increase that year by about $300 billion.Looking further into the future, the aggregate Social Security liability will grow as the population expands, as it becomes relatively older, and as income rises. Government actuaries predict that, under existing law, the tax rate required to pay each year"s Social Security benefit will rise over the next 50 years from the present level of slightly less than 12 percent to more than 18 percent, and perhaps to as much as 23 percent.（分数：5.00）(1).The deterioration financial condition referred to was caused by ______.（分数：1.00）A.a poor economic approach to the Social Security retirement programB.the reform of welfare in the Social Security retirement programC.major policy changes in the Social Security retirement programernment debt in the Social Security retirement program(2).In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the word "alternatives" refers to ______.（分数：1.00）A.coursesB.thoughtsC.peopleD.occasions(3).According to the author, major policy changes can only happen in ______.（分数：1.00）A.social security wealth in the United StatesB.democratic countriesC.a country where and when opinion upholds changeD.all of the above(4).In paragraph three, the name and the dates between parentheses ______.（分数：1.00）A.are a question of personal styleB.represent vital new informationC.identify the authorD.refer to a different author(5).The definition of Social Security wealth ______.（分数：1.00）A.applies to the benefits payable before age 65B.does not apply to benefits after age 65C.includes the present actuarial value paid before age 65D.was formulated two and a half decade ago十一、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Sofia Coppola"s "Lost in Translation" is a funny, bittersweet movie that uses cultural dislocation as a metaphor for people who have gotten lost in their own lives. The movie contains priceless slapstick from Bill Murray, finely tuned performances by Murray and the beautiful Scarlett Johansson and a visual and aural design that cultivates a romantic though melancholy mood. In only her second feature, Coppola has made a poised, intelligent film that nicely balances laughs with a poignancy rarely seen in American movies. If Focus Features markets "Lost in Translation" carefully, this most original comedy could win audiences well beyond art houses.Bob Harris (Murray) is a grumpy movie star in town to shoot a whiskey commercial. He is not only plagued by jet lag and gloom over a deteriorating marriage of many years, he is also in the midst of a midlife crisis that dampens his spirits but not his wit.Charlotte (Johansson), the neglected wife of a photographer, experiences a similarair-conditioned nightmare. Married two years, she already feels lost in the relationship, unable to participate in her husband"s career or pinpoint what she wants out of life. When she ventures into the city, she is confronted by a distorted version of western modernity.These two people discover each other late at night at the bar. Neither one can sleep. A friendship evolves in their mutual isolation.Coppola sees in Tokyo"s crowded, neon-lit urban landscape a society estranged from its own culture. The night is filled with pleasure-seekers obsessed by games, toys and American pop culture. Only when Charlotte takes a train to Kyoto is she able to experience the old Japan of ancient temples and gardens, tea houses and kimono-clad figures. This role fits Murray like his own skin. A middle-aged burnout who sees no challenges on his horizon gradually changes into a man revitalized by another alienated soul. His comic touch enriches the character with a self-deprecating wit and in a few sequences, a rubbery physicality that earns sustained laughs. Johansson makes Charlotte"s loneliness and disillusionment palpable as the woman is cut off from life in ways she never imagined.Using high-speed film stock, cinematographer Lance Acord gives the glaring neon and numbingly sleek interiors a kind of romantic sheen. The score produced by Brian Reitzell created out of Japanese musical themes and "Tokyo dream-pop" adds to the sense of an Eastern city that has succumbed in large measure to Western culture.（分数：6.00）(1)."Lost in translation" is a movie about ______.（分数：1.00）A.a couple who sought happiness in a foreign countryB.some westerners keen on learning the oriental cultureC.the funny experiences of some film-making crew in JapanD.people whose lives got disrupted in an alien culture(2).The boldfaced word "poignancy" in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.（分数：1.00）A.happinessB.clarityC.clevernessD.sadness(3).Which of the following is NOT true about Bob Harris?（分数：1.00）A.He is a bad-tempered movie star.B.He is sad because of his unhappy marriage.C.He is a bit slow as he is in a midlife crisis.D.He is one of Charlotte"s friends.(4).Charlotte sees no hope in life because ______.（分数：1.00）A.she feels alienated from her busy husbandB.she feels unable to stand the hardships in JapanC.she has been abandoned by her husbandD.she has had a recurring nightmare about her death(5).The two characters in the film can be described as ______.（分数：1.00）A.exhausted but happyB.energetic but indifferentC.enthusiastic and romanticD.emotionally tired and lonely(6).It can be learned that "Tokyo dream-pop" ______.（分数：1.00）A.was adapted to the music of the filmB.was composed by Brian ReitzellC.must be a theme song sung in the movieD.must be about Tokyo"s Westernization十二、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：6.00)"Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in 1985 to 10.6 million in 1998," according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy"s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund 9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free, energy-efficient refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed."Market transformation," Fridley explains, "is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy-efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient produce." "Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufactures interested in developing CFC-free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk," Fridley says.In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. "It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s," says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an advisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. "The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.""The Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants," adds Levine.（分数：6.00）(1).The main idea of this passage is ______.（分数：1.00）A.about refrigerator production in ChinaB.about the energy-efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UNC.about the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protectionD.about the tremendous increase of China"s refrigerator production(2).From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that ______.（分数：1.00）A.the American experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed with China"s refrigerator productionB.the American researchers are particularly worried about China"s over-emission of CFC into the airC.the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in ChinaD.the American experts sees China as the best place to increase their export of refrigera tor technology(3).According to Fridley, "market transformation" means ______.（分数：1.00）A.giving a practical guide to the consumers" needs as which products are betterB.strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish right products from the fake onesC.producing high-quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protectionD.trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively(4).The following statements about Berkeley Lab are true EXCEPT ______.（分数：1.00）A.it began a project with the government of China in 1989 to assist in the development of CFC-free, efficient refrigeratorsB.it provided technical assistance and training for Chinese refrigerator manufacturersC.it helped to develop a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agenciesD.it cooperated with the government of China on several refrigerator projects(5).The pronoun "it" in the sentence "It is not widely known in the United States" (Para. 5) may refer to ______.（分数：1.00）A.an International Climate Protection AwardB.the EPA, that is, the U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyC.the refrigerator project mentioned in the passageD.the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies(6).The reason why the Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project is important to China"s further development is that ______.（分数：1.00）A.the project will have a direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissionsB.the Chinese government is eager to improve its people"s living conditionsC.the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrial pollutionD.the Chinese government is eager to up-to-date the production of its electronic industry 十三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)A. Build Your Kid"s Work SkillsB. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesC. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisD. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesE. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job"s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult"s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call "work-life unread ness".1You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.2Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying "I have no idea." They can change their minds 200 times, but having onlya foggy view of the future is of little good.3Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should e responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting4Paying video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.5They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must fell that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.（分数：5.00）十四、Part Ⅳ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 1 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 2 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such cases is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 3 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate of medical opinion is shifting in favor of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 4 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 5 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work so the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 6 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before taking up vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 7 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America anyone over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 8 , and ECGs (心电图) are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 9 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 10 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.（分数：10.00）A.ThenB.ThoughC.SinceD.EvenA.whyB.howC.ifD.whatA.initiation。
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages ofadvertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opin ion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providinginformation[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to takerisks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow t o adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs be come complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influen ce dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. Theability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indee d, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’sadaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured orpredicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)。
1995考研英语一真题(含答案解析)
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personalitydeclare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiv e—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then wecease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homesand/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that__.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indee d, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory thatassume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that__.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅣWriting (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion。
1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案PartⅠSection A:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind todayA. existsB. existC. existingD. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. EverybodyB. AnybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. AttendingC. to attendD. have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one.A. rather thanB. Other thanC. better thanD. less than8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A. WhatB. ThatC. ItD. As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A. byB. withC. atD. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. the same asC. so isD. and so isSection B(改错):ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.A BC D12. In debating one must conect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, unless relevant , is sufficient.A B C D13 . We are not conscious of the extent of which provides the psychological satisfaction that canmake the difference between a full and an empty life.A B C D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that manwas Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.A B C D15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science arecareful in checking the accuracy of their reports.A B C D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyfor the people to have affected.A B CD17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth andhappiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.A B C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth topublic assistance and health than the United States does.A B C D19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projects willaccount for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect our diminishing resources.A B C D20. If individuals are awakend each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely tobecome irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.A B C DSection C:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthandB. schemeC. scheduleD. sketch23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.A. spaciousB. sophisticatedC. substantialD. steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care.A. entitled toB. involved inC. associated withD. assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at____.A. dangerB. stakeC. lossD. threat27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A. fatiguedB. tiredC. exhaustedD. bored28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___.A. wrongB. troubleC. faultD. difficulty29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step into31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatenedwith a likely flood.A. parallel toB. level inC. flat onD. flush with32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learningpurposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A. adaptedB. acknowledgedC. assembledD. appointed34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignmentbefore supper.A. let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.A. missingB. losing C dropping D. leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field isclimbing.A. engagingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about hisplan.A. at handB. in turnC. in conclusionD. at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state.A. stableB. rationalC. legalD. crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep .For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems——the self-protecting mechanism against disease——had crashed.41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each (D)Any42 . (A) intended ( B)required (C) assumed (D) inferred43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue(C)with the exception (D)for the purpose46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of(C)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on49 . (A) develop (B)produce (C)stimulate (D)induce50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if onlyPart ⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive——advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C) advertising costs money like everything else(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A) Securing greater fame.(B) Providing more jobs.(C) Enhancing living standards.(D) Reducing newspaper cost.53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinton,__.(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world(B) a new way of taking risks(C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances(B) promptness in self-adaptation(C) open-mindedness to new experiences(D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent——A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! 'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.(A) impatient (B) considerate (C) aggressive (D) agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A) the pressure is too great on the students(B) some students are bound to fail(C) failure rates are too high(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A) candidates' sensitivity(B) academic acbievements(C) competitive spirit(D) surer values66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.(A) he would survive best(B) he would have a lot of trouble(C) his ability to learn would be enhanced(D) the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that__.(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencingPart ⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅤWrlting (15 points)DIRECTIONS :A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit : 40 minutesC. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization ofour country " .E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1. Present sluation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion参考答案：1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A 10.C11. A, renect 12. D, if13. B, to which 14. D, being15. C, writing about 或who write about 16. D, affected17. C, whose 18. C, as19. C, do much 20. B, each time21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. A31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. B71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
1995年考研英语真题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart A:Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?[A] attended[B] Attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personalone.[A] rather than[B] Other than[C] better than[D] less than8. ________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at[D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.[A] as it is[B] the same as[C] so is[D] and so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting [A] not so much a leisurely [B] lifestyle asa busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are [C] too valuable to be wasted [D].12. In debating one mu st correct the opponent’s [A] facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that [B] what [C] he presents as proof, unless [D] relevant, is sufficient.13. We are not conscious of [A] the extent of which [B] provides the psychological satisfaction that [C] can make the difference [D] between a full and an empty life.14. The Portuguese give [A] a great deal of credit to one man [B] for having promoted [C] sea travel, that man was [D] Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.15. Accounts of [A] scientific experiments are generally correct for [B] those write about [C] science are careful in checking [D] the accuracy of their reports.16. whenever we hear of [A] a natural disaster, even [B] in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy [C] for the people to have affected [D].17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say [A] that we shall soon be trusting [B] our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whom [C] very names the general public are [D] unfamiliar.18. The speaker claimed that no other [A] modern nation devotes so small [B] a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than [C] the United States does [D].19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked [A] research projectswill account for [B] an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much [C] to protect our diminishing [D] resources.20. If individuals are awakened [A] each time as [B] they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though [C] their total amount of sleep has been [D] sufficient.Part C:Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired[B] regarded[C] expected[D] worshipped22. [A] ________ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. [A] man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred years.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ________.[A] danger[B] stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.[B] tired[C] exhausted[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________.[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D] difficulty29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.[A] answer for[B] run into[C] abide by[D] step into31. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.[A] parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced[B] anticipated[C] resolved[D] assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dished if he could finish his assignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.[A] urgent[B] hasty[C] instant[D] prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the dictionary.[A] missing[B] losing[C] dropping[D] leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ________ this field is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________, but he gave us an idea about his plan.[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity[D] permission40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a furious state.[A] stable[B] rational[C] legal[D] credibleSection II: Close TestFor each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. __41__ kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is __42__ to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments, such as these __44__ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep __46__ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, __47__examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now __48__ the mystery of why the animals die. The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood, __50__ their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if onlySection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[C] Enhancing living standards.[B] Providing more jobs.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opinion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then o ur sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[B] a new way of taking risks[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except ________.[A] curiosity about more chances[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[B] promptness in self-adaptation[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly comp etitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his pos sible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an ind ividual’s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV: English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown。
1995年同等学力英语阅读真题解析及译文(阅读手册)学苑教育
阅读分册补充内容阅读理解部分做题方法要领一、概述阅读理解部分主要测试考生的阅读能力，要求考生能综合运用英语知识和阅读技能来理解英语书面材料。
考生在阅读过程中应做到：1.抓住所读短文的中心大意，领会作者的基本观点和态度；2.理解关键词、短语和单个句子的意思；3.掌握文中重要的事实、数字等细节；4.理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；5.根据短文内容作出一定的判断、推理和引申。
根据《同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试大纲》的要求，阅读理解部分共有5-6篇短文，每篇300-400词，共设25-30题，每题1分。
考试时间为45-50分钟。
大纲并未讲到这部分短文的内容。
根据1999、2000年两年的阅读材料分析，12篇短文的内容主要分布在社会生活、科普知识、媒体和环保等方面。
具体情况是：内容方面篇数具体内容科普知识 5 迂回思维、睡眠、科学的性质、航空研究、网上购物社会生活 3 交通、教育、死刑媒体 2 媒体影响、媒体公司的收购环保 2 全球气候变暖、空气污染二、阅读理解应试技巧阅读理解的主要目的是测试考生在词语、句子和语篇三个层次上运用语言知识理解英语文章的能力。
短文中也许会有超纲词，但每篇一般不超过3个。
这就要求考生掌握大纲上的词汇、动词词组、习惯搭配和常见前缀、后缀。
考生还应具备较扎实的英语语法知识、较宽的知识面和较强的逻辑思维能力。
阅读理解部分的题目大致可分两类：一类是局部性问题，主要测试考生对某个句子或词语的理解。
从以往的考题看，这类问题居多。
回答这类问题，关键是找到有关的段落、句子和词语，并能懂其意思。
另一类是综合性问题。
这是整篇的综合问题，如问文章的主题，或作者写本文的目的，或问文章是关于哪一方面的，或选择一个合适的标题。
有一类综合性问题是在4句话中选择哪一句是对的或错的，这种题目或测试对某一段内容的理解，或测试对分散在各段的4句话的理解。
综合性题目可放在最后做，因做这一类题需要对全文的内容有较好的把握。
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19951. He was _____ enough to understand my questions from the gestures I made. (A)A. intelligentB. efficientC. proficientD. diligent2. Does it _____ to let little children play with fireworks? (D)A. make clearB. make sureC. make outD. make sense3. All parts of this sewing machine are _____ so that it is very simple to get replacements forthem. (D)A. mechanizedB. minimizedC. modernizedD. standardized4. Have you a funny _____ or unusual experience that you would like to share? (B)A. amusementB. incidentC. accidentD. section5. As a salesman, he works on a (n) _____ basis, taking 10% of everything he sells. (B)A. incomeB. commissionC. salaryD. pension6. Cut off by the storm, they were forced to ______ food for several days. (C)A. go in forB. go overC. go withoutD. go out7. China Daily never loses sight of the fact that each day all of us ______ a tough, challengingworld. (D)A. encounterB. acquaintC. presideD. confront8 While shopping in a department store, I ______ left my purse lying on a counter of handbags.(D)A. initiallyB. fortunatelyC. frustratedlyD. accidentally9 He pointed out that the living standard of urban and ______ people continued to improve. (C)A. remoteB. municipalC. ruralD. provincial10. Why does a vegetarian restaurant make its dishes resemble meat in every way except ______?(A)A. ingredientsB. elementsC. componentsD. compounds11. ______ the impact of the ideas introduced to Europe by soldiers returning from the east, theWest was greatly changed. (A)A. Because ofB. By means ofC. In addition toD. In spite of12. For the past two years, Audi cars have _____ Germany’s Touring Car Championship. (A)A. dominatedB. conqueredC. determinedD. contested13. If you push hard on the world, the world will push back on you; if you touch the world gently,the world will touch you gently ______. (A)A. in returnB. in the long runC. in turnD. in place14. Rejecting the urging of his physician father to study medicine, Hawking chose to ______ onmath and theoretical physics. (D)A. imposeB. centerC. overworkD. concentrate15. The concerns with the origins of the earth ______ their study. (A)A. motivatedB. advisedC. excitedD. imposed16. The cashier was asked to ______ every penny of the money that he took care of. (D)A. account toB. use upC. amount toD. account for17. By the end of 1994, - 558 kinds of products had been ______ green food. (D)A. named D. restricted C. classified D. labeled18. At a press conference after the award ceremony, the 18-year-old girl spoke in a barely ______voice. (A)A. audibleB. optionalC. legibleD. identical19. A neat letter improves your chances of a favorable _______. (D)A. circumstanceB. requestC. receptionD. response20. Our readers are comfortable with our clear, ______ words that inform and entertain them. (B)A. conventionalB. conciseC. creativeD. crucialPassage One“High tech” and “state of the art” are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system of device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering.What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980’s. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, etc.“State of the art” is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is “state of the art” is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.“State of the art” is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years to describe the best and most modern way of doing something.Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970’s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art”.Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. The expression “state of the art” became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “state of the art”.1. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell how “high tech” and “state of the art” have developed.B. To give examples of high tech.C. To tell what “high tech” and “state of the art areD. To describe very modern technology.2. What can we infer from the passage?A. American stores could provide new kinds of products to the people.B. High tech describes a technology that is not traditional.C. “State of the art” is not as popular as “high tech”.D. A wooden plough pulled by oxen is “state of the art”.3. All the following examples are high tech EXCEFT _____.A. a microwave ovenB. a home computerC. a hand pumpD. a satellite4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Since the computer revolution, the expression “state of the art” has become popular.B. “State of the art” means some thing that -is the best one can buyC. With the rapid development of computer technology, a state of the art computer may easilybecome out of date.D. All kinds of products are “state of the art” nowadays.5. The best title for the passage is ______.A. Computer TechnologyB. High Tech and State of the ArtC. Most Advanced TechnologyD. Two New ExpressionsKey: C, B, C, D, DPassage TwoIn the Arctic Circle, it is not that Eskimos lack ability or industry, but the surroundings restrict constructive effort to the barest necessities of existence. This retards progress to higher development.Agriculture is impossible all along the thousands of miles of the north shore. The only wood is such as drifts in. Other than this driftwood, the only available building materials are snow, ice, stone, and bones of animals. All of these have been used for habitations and storage, places, differing in various tribes according to the requirements and skill of the workers.The lack of necessary timbers to build walls and span wide spaces is probably one reason why they construct their houses at least partly beneath the surface of the ground. This device also makes the houses more impervious (不能渗透的) to the cold.Most of us are inclined to think that the Eskimo lives always in an igloo or snow house. This is not entirely true. After the long cold winter, the family is very likely to move, when the weather permits, into a tent of sealskin. The actual construction of such a tent is similar to that used by other, more southerly tribes and will be described later.The snow house, however, is an interesting and unique habitation. Our summer campers will not build, with snow, but the delicate art is worth recording and some of our winter camps mountains might try to make snow houses.1. Eskimos’ efforts to build houses ______.A. result in various buildingsB. are limited by a hostile environmentC. are restricted by their abilityD. retard progress to higher development2. Which of the following about the construction of houses is true?A. Building materials differ from tribe to tribe.B. Building materials are the same for all the houses.C. Building materials are selected according to weather.D. Building materials are decided by skilled workers.3. Why do Eskimos build their houses partly under the ground?A. They like to live under the ground.B. They are short of essential materials for walls and roofs.C. They want their houses less affected by the cold.D. Both B and C.4. In the long winter, Eskimos commonly live in ______.A. a snow houseB. a stone houseC. a storage placeD. a tent of sealskin5. What does the author think of snow houses?A. Interesting.B. Artistic.C. Unique.D. All of the above.Key: B, A, D, A, DPassage ThreeIf Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa, they know better now. After four years of below-normal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average), vast areas of France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Britain and Ireland are dry and barren. Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekends. Oyster growers in Brittany report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breeding. In southeastern England , the rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from Wales. In Portugal, farmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rain-so far, in vainGovernments in drought-plagued countries are taking drastic measures. Authorities in hard -hit areas of France have banned washing cars and watering lawns. In Britain, water will soon be m etered, like gas and electricity. “The English have always taken water for granted,” says Graham Warren, a spokesman of Britain’s National Rivers Authority. “Now they’re putting a price on it.” Even a sudden end to the drought would not end the misery in some areas. It will take several years of unusually heavy winter rain, the experts say, just to bring existing water reserves up totheir normal levels.1. What does the author mean by saying they know better now”?A. They know more about the causes.B. They have a better understanding of the drought in Africa.C. They have realized that the drought in Europe is the most serious one.D. They have realized that droughts hit not only Africa but also Europe.2. The drought in Europe has brought about all the following problems EXCEPT _____.A. below-normal rainfallB. difficult navigationC. a sharp drop in oyster harvestD. bone-dry hills3. The British government intends to ______.A. forbid the car-washing serviceB. increase the price of the water usedC. end the misery caused by the droughtD. pipe in water4. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Germany is the only country free from the drought.B. Water reserves are at their lowest level in years due to the drought.C. The drought is more serious in Britain than in France.D. Europe will not have heavy rain until several years later.5. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Europe in MiseryB. Drought Attacks EuropeC. Be Economical with WaterD. Europe, a Would-be AfricaKey: D, A, D, B, BPassage FourIn some ways the employment interview is like a persuasive speech because the applicant (interviewee) seeks to persuade the employer (interviewer) to employ him or her.A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First, the applicant know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It is important that the applicant be able state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company. Second, the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company. Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans for expansion, and company philosophy, information about most major corporations available in reference books and periodicals.After gathering information concerning the company, the applicant is ready for the interview. The interviewer’s first impression comes from the interviewee’s appearance. For most interviews, appropriate dress for man is a conservative (保守的) dark colored suit with a long sleeve white or light blue shirt. For women a conservative, tailored suit or dress is appropriate. Both men and women should have neat, conservative length of hair.Although hairstyle and dress are matters of personal taste, many personnel directors form initial impressions from these characteristics. For example, one recent college graduate, who felt himself qualified, interviewed for a public relations job. However, the personnel manager considered this young man’s long hair, sloppy dress, and overly casual manner unsuited for this particular position.1. For whom is the passage most likely written?A. An employee.B. An employer.C. An interviewee.D. An interviewer.2. As the author suggests, what the applicant should know before the interview is _____.A. the type of work and his career expectationB. his career objective a particular company will decideC. the reasons a particular company has to employ himD. All of the above.3. Before the interview, the applicant should obtain some information about ______.A. most major corporationsB. the company be wants to work forC. reference books and periodicalsD. business and philosophy4. What the applicant wears, as the author suggests, can make him look _____.A. personalB. persuasiveC. informativeD. conservative5. What is the author trying to tell us through the example in the last paragraph?A. The importance of personal taste.B. The importance of public relations.C. The importance of self-confidence.D. The importance of first impression.Key: C, A, B, D, DPassage FiveIN THE BEDROOM1) Don’t smoke in bed ─ it causes 1,000 fires a year, many with fatal results.2) Don’t overload your electrical points: the ideal is “one appliance, one socket”.3) Don’t use an electric underblanket over you or an overblanket under you. An underblanket,unless of the low-voltage type, MUST be switched off before you get into bed.4) Never let furniture or clothing get close to a lighted fire. Make sure that there is a suitableguard for the room heater.5) Keep aerosol-type containers (喷雾器) away from heat and NEVER burn or puncture (刺)them.6) Don’t dim a table by covering it: buy a low-wattage bulb.7) Pajamas and nightdresses, especially for children and elderly people, should be made fromflame-resistant material.IF CUT OFF BY FIRE8) Close the door of the room and any fanlight or other opening and block up any cracks withbedding, etc.9) Go to the window and try to attract attention.10) If the room fills with smoke, lean out of the window unless prevented by smoke and flamecoming from a room below or nearby. If you cann6t lean out of the window, lie close to the floor where the air is clearer until you hear the fire brigade.11) If you have to escape before the fire brigade arrives, make a rope by knotting together sheetsor similar materials and tie it to a bed or another heavy piece of furniture.12) If you cannot make a rope and the situation becomes intolerable. Drop cushions or beddingfrom the window to break your fall, get through the window feet first, lower yourself to the full extent of your arms and drop.13) If possible drop from a position above soft earth. If above the first floor, drop only as a last1. According to the instructions, fires in the bedroom can be caused by _____.A. one appliance, one socketB. smoking in bedC. underblankets of the low-voltage typeD. all of the above-mentioned points2. In the bedroom, you are told _____.A. not to use an electric underblanket or an electric overblanketB. to use an underblanket of the low-voltage typeC. to switch off an underblanket of the low-voltage typeD. not to use an electric underblanket over you3. You should keep furniture or clothes away from a lighted fire because _____.A. the fire is too lowB. furniture or clothes block lightC. there is no guard in the roomD. furniture or clothes catch fire easily4. If you are cut off by fire, you should first _____.A. try to stop smoke from coming into the roomB. lie down and wait for the fire brigadeC. escape by jumping immediately out of the windowD. close the window and call for help5. You can escape a fire by _____.A. tying a rope to sheets and throwing it out of the windowB. tying a sheet to a heavy piece of furniture and throwing it out of the windowC. tying a rope to a bed and throwing it out of the windowD. dropping with cushions and bedding from the windowKey: B, D, D, A. CPassage SixA person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work. He may have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not unde rstand how to make the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person’s mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won’t go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, “Isn’t it too bad that Alfred can’t do arithmetic?” He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that is was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn’t do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His new found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one’s ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as is the result of lack ability.1. According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?A. A child may accept another person’s underestimate of his ability.B. He may think that he is too young to make the most of his mental faculties.C. A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.D. Some old people do n’t believe that they are capable of learning anything new.2. A person who believes in his incompetence will _____.A. make no real effortsB. fail to go at a jobC. show a complete lack of confidenceD. All of the above.3. As a boy, Alfred Adler was poor at arithmetic because ______.A. he lost his self-confidenceB. he was mentally retardedC. his teacher had no confidence in herselfD. his parents expected too much of him4. Which of the following is the most important factor to Adler’s success?A. Spirit and experience.B. Interest.C. Confidence and determination.D. Purpose and knowledge.5. Adler’s experience made him realize that ______.A. people are not as capable as they thinkB. people can be more capable than they thinkC. lack of knowledge leads to failureD. lack of ability results in lack of determination Key: B, D, A, C, BWe know the kiss as a form of expressing affection. But long before it became 1 , it was the custom in many parts of the world to use the kiss as a (n) 2 of respect.In many African tribes the natives 3 the ground over which a chief has walked. Kissing the hand and foot has been a mark of respect from the 4 times.The early Romans kissed the mouth or eyes 5 a form of dignified greeting. One Roman emperor allowed his important nobles to kiss his lips, but the 6 important ones had to kiss his hands, and the 7 important ones were 8 allowed to kiss his feet!It is quite probable that the kiss as a form of affection can be traced back to primitive times when a mother 9 fondle (爱抚) her child, just as a mother 10 today. It only remained for society to 11 this as a custom for expressing affection between adults;We have evidence that this was already the 12 by the time of the sixth century; but we can only assume it was 13 long before that. The first 14 where the kiss became accepted in courtship and love was in France. When dancing became popular, almost every dance figure ended 15 a kiss.From France the kiss spread rapidly all over Europe. Russia, which loved to 16 the customs of France, adopted the kiss and it spread there through all the upper 17 . A kiss from the Tsar became 18 of the highest forms of recognition from the Crown.In time, the kiss became a part of courtship. 19 marriage customs developed, the kiss became a part of the wedding ceremony. Today, of course, we regard the kiss as an expression of love and tenderness. But there are still many places in the world where the kiss is 20 of formal ceremonies and is intended to convey respect.1. A. it B. one C. this D. itself2. A. custom B. tradition C. affection D. expression3. A. watch B. kiss C. touch D. greet4. A. latest B. earliest C. longest D. eldest5. A. of B. in C. for D. as6. A. of B. less C. little D. least7. A. last B. less C. most D. least8. A. too B. only C. also D. ever9. A. could B. would C. should D. will10. A. does B. has C. doing D. would11. A. accept B. allow C. kiss D. express12. A. history B. event C. case D. evidence13. A. expressed B. discovered C. kissed D. practiced14. A. city B. tribe C. country D. society15. A. by B. without C. in D. with16. A. copy B. allow C. spread D. quote17. A. governments B. countries C. cities D. classes18. A. it B. one C. this D. that19. A. As B. Once C. While D. Since20. A. bit B. some C. part D. anyKey: C, D,, B, B, D, B, D, B, B, A, A, C, D, A, D, A D, B, A, CError Detection and Correction1. To the best of my knowledge, the climate in Arizona is better Year-round than any other state.A B C DKey: D that of any other state2. So great was the influence of Thomas Paine on his own time that John Adams suggested thatA B Cthe era was called "The Age of Paine".DKey: D should be called3. At school he found that he hated eating in the dining-room, studied for his chemistry class,A B C Dand doing his laundry.Key: C studying4. In spite of the ever-increasing exploitation of natural resources, that has now reachedA Bdangerous proportion, little has been done on a world-wide scale to slow down or stop thisC Dprocess.Key: B which5. On each side of the highway was hundreds of billboards advertising everything from modernA B Cmotels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit and bedspreads.DKey: B were6. Clearly, Japan is still not very well understood in the West; what Westerners do knowA Bseems to be either extremely negative nor extremely positive.C DKey: D or7. Annoying at the long check-out lines, the shopper began to sigh loudly, tap his foot, andA B Cglance at his watch.DKey: A annoyed8. If you want a real effective stereo that plays music clearly, you' d better buy a graphicA B C Dequalizer.Key: B really9. The new tenant in the apartment was obviously both suspicious and interested in hisA B C Dneighbors.Key: C suspicious of10. You will almost always find Caroline playing a video game because she enjoysA B Cto be challenged.DKey: D being challengedWritingDirections: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition with On Automobiles as its title. Your composition should contain the three key points given below with a length of 100 words or so. Please remember to write clearly.Key Points:1. The benefits the car has brought us2. The problems it has caused3. Possible solutionsOn AutomobilesIn a modern society, people are very dependant on automobiles. It is easily seen that the car has brought us many benefits. First, with a car, we can save a lot time, because it is very fast. Fort example, from Beijing to Tianjing, it takes two hours by car. But if one walks that distance, it would take at least two days. Second, it is comfortable to travel in a car, and you don’t have to worry about heavy rain or strong wind. Third, it is convenient and efficient to drive a car.Automobiles have also brought about some problems such as traffic accidents, and air pollution. They have also made the city streets very crowded. And they are very noisy something.So some necessary steps should be taken to solve the problems caused by automobiles. We can make a law to prevent automobiles from polluting the air. We can carry out education on drivers so that they will not break the traffic rules and the number of the accidents will be reduced and the noise will be lessened.C-E当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济、提高人民生活水平。