托福199505

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美国托福要求

美国托福要求美国研究生托福成绩要求申请美国研究生不同专业及院校对托福成绩的要求有所不同：申请美国普通的大学：新托福考试成绩至少应达到80分以上;申请TOP30的美国高校：托福考试成绩则应达到100分以上。

多数专业，托福要求比较低的学校最低分数线一般在79分或者80分。

多数要求高的学校最低分数线会卡在100分，少数会要求比100分高，比如哥伦比亚大学的传媒专业。

如果能考到100以上，基本选择学校不会因为托福受到什么阻碍，其它条件都不错的情况下申请结果会比较理想。

文科类专业一般对托福要求比较高，比如传媒等专业，不仅前50的学校，50到100之间很多学校也要求达到100分的托福成绩。

如果托福低于90分，可能申请文科类排名靠前的学校就很有难度了。

商科类如果希望申请前50的学校，托福低于100成功的可能性很低，如果申请50到100的学校，最低要有90分左右比较好。

理工类要求可以稍微降低，一般其它条件都不错，托福在90分左右，申请到前50学校的把握就比较大。

有学生托福成绩在80分或更低一点，也可以申请到前100的学校。

美国留学托福考试的注意事项首先，托福报名前，考生须仔细阅读ETS发布的托福网考考生手册(中国版)并同意ETS关于托福网考考试实施、考试报名和成绩报告方面的所有条款，阅读教育部考试中心托福网考报名网站公布的报名程序、费用支付等方面的内容和重要提示及相关网上报名条款。

然后，在报名时，考生须确认所提交全部信息的真实性和准确性，否则将会导致您无法获得托福网考的考试信息和考试成绩。

考生须对本人所提交的错误信息造成的后果负责。

考生报名时，系统将为考生建立个人帐户，存放考生个人的报名信息和考试成绩。

该帐户由网站指定的NEEAID号码和考生本人设定的密码控制。

考生应妥善保管NEEAID和密码。

其次，便是证件上的要求了。

托福网考要求考生参加考试时须携带有本人签字的护照或同时携带两类证件，其中至少有一种是一类证件。

托福TPO5综合写作及材料「阅读和听力」

托福TPO5综合写作及材料「阅读和听力」托福TPO5综合写作范文及材料「阅读和听力」托福TPO5综合写作材料是讨论美国西南部墨西哥地区查科峡谷的巨屋的作用。

下面是店铺整理的托福TPO5综合写作范文和材料，希望能帮到大家!托福TPO5综合写作范文The author of the reading passage proposes three theories as likely explanations of the primary function of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structures built in the I2th century. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories.The lecturer argues that the modest number of fireplaces in these structures is in contradiction with the huge size of these houses, indicating that these structures could not have been used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons between the Chaco houses and other similar large Residential st ructures in support of the “Residential” theory.The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also rejected by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing maize would have many traces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the “food storage theory” is unlikely.Finally, regarding the third theory, the “ceremony theory”, the lecturer contends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this was a place for ceremonial activities. He argues that there are other materials such as pieces of construction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that these pots were probably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were discarded byconstruction workers upon completion of the great houses.托福TPO5综合写作阅读材料As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their “great houses,” massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.早在12世纪，美国西南部墨西哥地区查科峡谷的居民就以他们的“巨屋”而闻名。

老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文真题及答案99年10月[第五版]

老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案答案见隐藏文字1999.10Questions 1-10Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was 204 boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North America because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9. According to the passage, a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems for southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.Questions 11-21The Origination of BirdsKeywords: pterosaurs, Birds, wing, flight, fossilThe first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing.These were the the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger thanand probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. TheyBirds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason-in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well havebut in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of 206 feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, race their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds12. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.(C) They connected the front and back limbs.(D) They required fingers of equal length.(A) creating(B) meaning(C) related to(D) simplified14. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies(A) in the early Triassic period(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs(C) after the decline of pterosaurs(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils(A) powerful muscles(B) bodies(C) jaws(D) flying reptiles(A) of their limited wingspan(B) of their disproportionately large bodies(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power18. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs(B) an evolution from pterosaurs(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs(A) perfected(B) replaced(C) categorized(D) protected20. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaurs?(A) Its tail(B) Its teeth(C) The shape of its skull(D) Details of its bone structure21. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.Questions 22-31In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of theonce part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy massatmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live onrealization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.22. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9?(A) They were once combine in a larger body.(B) Some of them burned up before entering(C) Some of them are still orbiting Jupiter.(D) They have an unusual orbit.(A) respectively(B) popularly(C) also(D) together24. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet25. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists(A) had been unaware of its existence(B) had been tracking it for only a few months(C) had observed its breakup into twenty-odd fragments(D) had decided it would not collide with the planet26. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely(A) invisible(B) black(C) frozen(D) exploding27. Superheated fireballs were produced as soon as the fragments of comet shoemaker- Levy 9(A) hit the surface of Jupiter(B) were pulled into Jupiter's orbit the atmosphere of Jupiter.(C) were ejected back through the tunnel(D) entered the atmosphere of Jupiter(A) burned up(B) broke into smaller pieces(C) increased its speed(D) grew in size29. Which of the following is mentioned as evidence of the explosions that is still visible on Jupiter?(A) fireballs(B) ice masses(C) black marks(D) tunnels30. Paragraph 2 discusses the impact of the comet Shoemaker-levy 9 primarily in terms of(A) its importance as an event of-great scientific significance(B) its effect on public awareness of the possibility of damage to Earth(C) the changes it made to the surface of Jupiter(D) the effect it had on television broadcasting(A) Earth(B) Jupiter(C) the solar system(D) a cometQuestions 32-42The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition tofounded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the "Industry of All Nations" section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Societybuilding and returned to Falconer's studio, broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting inWater Color was published in New York City in 1856-the book was a improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a fewThe American Society of Painters in Water Colors.32. This passage is mainly about(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's33. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because(A) a group of artists established a watercolorpainting society(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published(A) locking(B) creating(C) constructing(D) acquiring35. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in Water Color EXCEPT:(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.36. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color was significant for which of the following reasons?(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.(A) time(B) group(C) building(D) studio38. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of artists.39. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it(A) received an important reward(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting(C) was much better than an earlier published(D) attracted the interest of art collectors(A) sensitive(B) great(C) thoughtful(D) planned41. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.(A) wealthy(B) local(C) famous(D) organizedQuestions 42-50Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrialand The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke, charcoal-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during war and peace-ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests tointo the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the 1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market.it became easier to ship parts made by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. Therestove". By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community(A) significance(B) motives(C) foundations(D) progress44. It can be inferred that the purpose of the legislation passed by England in 1750 was to(A) reduce the price of English-made iron goods sold in the colonies(B) prevent the outbreak of the War of Independence(C) require colonists to buy manufactured(D) keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials.45. The author compares iron furnaces to which of the following?(A) Cannons(B) Pyramids(C) Pots(D) Windows(A) reliable(B) fresh(C) appealing(D) rapid47. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area.(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby.(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood.(A) improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks(B) iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation(C) the transportation system of Pennsylvania was superior to that of other states.(D) Hopewell never became a major transportation center(A) links (B) parts (C) workers (D) sites(A) only(B) a maximum of(C) approximately(D) a variety of。

2005年10月托福阅读真题

0510作文题目166.People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answerSection Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common.But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.C. The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.D. The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.2. The author lists various animals in line 5 toA. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammalsB. describe the process by which mammals came to be definedC. emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own youngD. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning toA. sit onB. moveC. noticeD. care for4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?A. It is unknown among fish.B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.C. It is dangerous for the parents.D. It is most common among mammals.5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. supplyingB. preparingC. buildingD. expanding6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?A. By storing food near their young.B. By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.C. By searching for food some distance from their nest.D. By gathering food from a nearby water source.7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning toA. opportunityB. advantageC. purposeD. rest8. The word "it" in line 20 refers toA. FeedingB. momentC. young animalD. size9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless whenA. their parents are away searching for foodB. their parents have many young to feedC. they are only a few days oldD. they first become independent10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. raisedB. protectedC. hatchedD. valuedQuestion 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied sothat the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the entire communityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever thatby 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other inland communitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditionsexist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration"in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recentB. most commonC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.阅读答案ACDDA ABCDB CACBC ABBDA DCBAB CCACD BBDCC AADBC AAAAD BCBCC。

1995年8月托福听力文字-托福考试.doc

1995年8月托福听力文字-托福考试95年8月托福听力文字1. Do you want to go on a trip with us to Florida this spring?It will cost about $300 a person.What can be inferred about the man?2. My watch stopped again. And I just got a new battery.Why don't you take it to Smith's Jewelry. They can check it for you. And they're pretty reasonable.What does the man mean?3. We're going to change our meeting from Monday to Tuesday.It's all the same to me.What does the man mean?4. We plan to go to the beach after class. Want to come?I'd love to. But Prof. Jones want to speak with me.What will the woman probably do?5. Janet sounded worried about her grades.But she's getting As Bs, isn't she?What does the man imply about Janet?6. You look great since you've been taking those exercises classes.Thanks. I've never felt better in my life.What does the man imply?7. I had a hard time getting through this novel.I know how you feel. Who can remember the names of 35 different characters.What does the woman imply?8. That's a long line. Do you think there'll be any tickets left?I doubt it. Guess we'll wind up going to the second show.What does the woman mean?9. This course in much too hard for me.Sorry you decided to take it, huh?What does the man ask the woman?10. Are you going home for winter vacation?I'd agreed to stay on here as a research assistant.What can be inferred about the woman?11. Hello!Hello! This is Dr, Grey's office. We're calling to remind you of your 4:15 appointment for your annual checkup tomorrow.Oh, thanks. It's a good thing that you called. I thought it was 4:15 today.What does the man mean?12. How wonderful you won the scholarship. Can you believe it?No. It's almost too good to be true.What does the man mean?13. Excuse me. Prof. Davidson. But I was hoping to talk to you about my class project for economics.I have a class in a few minutes. Why don't you come to see me during office hours tomorrow?When will the woman discuss her project with Prof. Davidson?14. How are you feeling?The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped. But it's making me awfully drowsy.What does the woman mean?15. Bill Smith has volunteered to write a summary of the proposals we've agreed on.Will I have a chance to review it?What does the woman want to know?16. Why don't you wear that yellow shirt that your sister gave you for your birthday.I love that shirt. But it's missing two buttons.What does the man mean?17. How many classes do you have today?Just one. From 3 till 6.What does the man mean?18. Our football team didn't play very well.That's true. But at least we won the game.What does the man mean?19. This has been an unusually cool summer.Uh huh! I actually had to get out my wool sweaters in August.What does the woman imply?20. I got some bad news today. The store where I work in laying off staff.Are they going to let you go?What does the woman want to know?21. I'd like to pick this film up by 4 tomorrow afternoon.I can have it for you at 2 if you like.What does the woman say about the film?22. I talked to Philip today and he said he'd be coming to the party.Oh, so he can come after all.What can be inferred about Philip?23. Gary insists on buying the food for the picnic.That's pretty generous. But shouldn't we at least offer to share the expense?What does the woman suggest they do?1 2 3。

历史回顾：托福进入中国的30年历程

历史回顾：托福进入中国的30年历程2001年12月20日上午，南京大学外语培训中心门前排满了冒雨报名“托福”的考生。

托福进入中国，点燃了无数年轻人出国的梦想。

1981年5月，美国某大学的一间教室里，中国教育部学生司负责人与美国ETS副董事长在“托福入华”协议上签字，7个月后，中国首次托福考试举行。

右一为陆兆淞。

1979年，北京外国语学院(现北京外国语大学)英语系副主任刘承沛，第一次从学生那里听说“托福”。

直到几天前，这位86岁的老人回忆起往事，依旧不住地用手胡噜着花白的头发，眼睛睁得大大的：“我现在都不清楚，这个学生是在哪里考的试！”两年之后的1981年12月，中国内地的第一次托福考试(TOEFL)，在北京、上海和广州三地同时开考。

这次考试也创下了内地考试的诸多第一：第一次将美国标准化考试引入中国、第一次使用机读答题卡、英语考试第一次考听力……甚至后来，托福考试模式还为中国高考改革提供了参考。

“中国式托福”无奈收场1978年，中国鼓励公派出国留学———托福进入中国，离不开这个大的背景———出国选学校就要考托福。

考托福需要交美元报名。

最初，为了省下报名费，中国曾效仿托福经验组织“中国式托福”，并期待得到更多美国高校的认可，但事与愿违。

1980年，综合了托福和香港考试经验的EPT(英语水平考试)在内地开考，当时在国家教委(现教育部)学生司工作的杨学为称之为“出国前的预选”。

EPT在设计题目上把托福当做参照，难度也与之相当，但是“刚刚经历过‘文革’，一部分中青年学者几乎没有英语底子，”作为命题组成员之一的刘承沛说：“一考试，不及格者大有人在。

”蒋妙瑞是这场预选的负责人。

他任职于国家教委高教一司外语处，当时一统计成绩，他竟然发现，“如果按照EPT的成绩选拔，能达到出国分数线的人，甚至还不够中央要求的出国人数。

”当然也有考得不错的学生。

他们拿着成绩单去申请一些非中美政府间合作的美国大学时，却遭到了拒绝。

这显然又与设计EPT考试的初衷存在落差。

托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题

托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题1995年10月托福阅读全真试题Questions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, thesequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plantswas a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the livingcells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killedcan still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanationsfor the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom ofthe plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers,which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if itis not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, Howdoes it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation ofwater at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in anysample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes ofvery small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a columnof water compares with the strength of a steel wire ofthe same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns ofwater to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word "demonstrated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 7-9 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water(B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems5.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory.8. The word "there" in line 18 refers to(A) treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word "extend" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules in strong.(C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12.Why does the author mention steel wire in line 30?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of water(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13.Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A) Lines3-4(B) Lines5-7(C) Lines10-11(D) Lines12-13Question 14-22Mass transport[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题ation revised the social and economic fabricof the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses,and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, andelectric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre- modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those whocould afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery ofalmost every major city sparked an explosion of real estatedevelopment and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 newresidential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period,another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but withinthe metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of thepossibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirtyyears – lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was alwaysa huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicagoand other cities. These excesses underscore a feature ofresidential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased andprepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much asto respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process.Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster thanpopulation growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation.(B) Instability of urban life.(C) How supply and demand determine land use.(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts.(C) Changes in life in the inner city.(D) Increasing standards of living.16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities.(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to(A) people(B) lots(C) years(D) developers21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage ofresidential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation system.Question 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrencein the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering beforethey can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance ofbeing preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given t上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题hese factors,some areas have become a treasury of well-preservedichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present aninteresting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 millionyears ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered fromthese rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, butwhat is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaurfossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in asmall area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific sitewas used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly overtime. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop- ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that arebetween 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young atHolzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations havebeen carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration ofpregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other newborn marine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to give birth.24. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) skeletons(B) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of burial(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal.26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussedin the passage?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens(C) They are older than fossils found in other places(D) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word "outstanding" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word "site" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 26)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in theirdevelopment(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals.30. The word "they" in line 30 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the fossils(D) these factors31.The phrase "account for" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32.Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place while the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph.(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph.(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph.33.Where in the passage does the author mentions the variety of fossils found at Holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 12-13(D) Lines 19-21Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by PresidentJefferson, was the most important official examination of thehigh plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. ThePresident's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had beeninstructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with thewaters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the y上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题oungerbrother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to sharethe command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammothswandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent,the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Theirpoint of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, justacross the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group winterednear the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, themen worked their way along the Missouri to its source andthen crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho.Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where theystayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information,including the knowledge that the continent was wider thanoriginally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West – though not immediately published –were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A) The river systems of portions of North America.(B) Certain geological features to the North American continent.(C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government.(D) The discovery of natural resources in the United States.35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A) gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B) become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West.(C) investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West.(D) facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37.According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38.The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of thefollowing characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 23 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40.It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) underestimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer to the explorers' failure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines1-3(B) Lines7-8(C) Lines16-18(D) Lines21-24Questions 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of themost popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlikestring and wind instrument, the piano is completely self- sufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the favorite household instrument of thenineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord becamethe chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic andnever powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympa-thetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichordwith its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrumentfor supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not bevaried save by mechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth centuryby a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists pointout several previous instances of上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题the instrument). This instrumentwas called a piano e forte(soft and loud), to indicate itsdynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavierin the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, includingthe introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonaleffects from the most delicate harmonies to an almostorchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone toa sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words "a supremacy" in line 12 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46. The word "it" in line 15 refers to the(A) variety(B) music(C) harpsichord(D) clavichord47. According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48. Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 18-19(D) Lines 20-2549. According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads(D) The metal frame construction50. The word "myriad" in line 32 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual <br上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]。

2005年10月份托福阅读真题及答案

Question 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery,pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the entire communityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other inland communitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests tothe chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration" in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recent文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,有帮助欢迎下载支持.B. most commonC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about theeffects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.答案CACBC ABBDA DCBAB CCACD BBDCC AADBC AAAAD BCBCC1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.。

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5-5 95年5月TOFEL听力(Page300-304)A1. (A) Laura is used to trying hard.(B) Laura once had a red car.(C) Laura wants to buy a used car.(D) Laura uses her credit card often.2. (A) I wish I had gotten some gas.(B) I wasn't the only nervous student in class.(C) I wouldn't have paid for that tent.(D) I wish I had been a more attentive student.3. (A) I think Beth wrote her letter.(B) I didn't hear what Beth said about her letter.(C) Beth finally let her write what she wanted.(D) Beth used the correct address.4. (A) My pets react differently to the rain.(B) Because it's raining, I couldn't take my dog for a walk.(C) Both my pets enjoy spending time outside.(D) My dog doesn't get along with my cat.5. (A) He was too timid to speak.(B) He talked to the boy in the hall.(C) he wouldn't stop crying.(D) He stopped running in the hall.6. (A) Isn't Michael growing quickly?(B) Why does Michael complain so much?(C) What is Michael going to bring?(D) How is Michael's health?7. (A) That job doesn't seem suited to me.(B) It's impossible to find out about that job.(C) I can't wait to start my new job.(D) It's not a job that one person can do alone.8. (A) Diane is going to improve her swimming.(B) Diane is on her way to a swim meet.(C) Diane is going to meet her brother at the pool.(D) Diane practices more than any other swimmer.9. (A) My cousin doesn't like to watch documentaries.(B) My cousin failed his driving test.(C) My cousin left the documents in his car.(D) My cousin wasn't able to get his license.10. (A) The stereo had to be repaired, so Larry did it.(B) The electrician repaid the money to Larry.(C) The electrician fixed Larry's stereo.(D) The electricity in Larry's house was turned off.11. (A) Do you realize how expensive it is to go to that school?(B) You know about the increase in school expenses, don't you?(C) Are you aware that you can go to that school at a minimal cost?(D) How much did you pay for school fees?12. (A) How many things do you own?(B) Can you possibly do that?(C) What did you pay for that?(D) What could have made you do that?13. (A) I thought about getting a second workbook.(B) I'm sorry I didn't borrow the workbook as well.(C) I plan to finish the workbook tomorrow.(D) I don't know why I need two workbooks.14. (A) It took forever to resolve the problem with the account.(B) It was difficult to calculate the balance.(C) This math work is difficult and time-consuming.(D) It is hard to get help with these problems.15. (A) I never seem to be able to finish a project.(B) I prefer unfurnished places.(C) I would like to leave early, but I can't.(D) I must complete everything I begin.16. (A) I wasn't supposed to receive my bills in the mail.(B) I don't want to file all those letters.(C) I was expecting to find a pile of mail on my desk.(D) I ought to catch up with my correspondence.17. (A) Several bills were stapled together.(B) We paid the bill in cash.(C) The bill included an extra charge.(D) The cashier put the bill onto a charge card.18. (A) I think the architecture department is in that building.(B) I like modern buildings better than older ones.(C) I don't like any new buildings.(D) I don't' think modern and older architecture go together.19. (A) Warm weather is expected after the storm.(B) Forecasts have been wrong several times lately.(C) Weather conditions have improved since the last forecast.(D) We are expecting bad weather to come soon.20. (A) I don't want to be a veterinarian anymore.(B) Do you think it's a good idea to become a veterinarian?(C) I once met a very interesting veterinarian.(D) Will you become a veterinarian after college?21. (A) She thinks the time has passed quickly.(B) She thinks it's after midnight.(C) She doesn't believe the man.(D) She doesn't care what time it is.22. (A) She's sorry there's no cake left.(B) She'll stay for dessert.(C) The host asked her to leave.(D) She has to go.23. (A) He was wrong about the wedding date.(B) Car's wedding has been postponed till July.(C) He can't remember when Carl got married.(D) Carl has only been married since June.24. (A) If he earned more money, he'd be able to save more.(B) He didn't save much of his salary.(C) He spent his savings on summer housing.(D) His summer job didn't pay well.25. (A) He'll return the following week.(B) He'll be back immediately after the holiday.(C) He's coming back for the holiday.(D) He'll begin his vacation next week.26. (A) He may not answer the woman's question.(B) He doesn't know the answer to the woman's question.(C) He doesn't like to ask personal questions.(D) He's already promised to answer the question.27. (A) Catch a later flight.(B) Put the telephone near the bed.(C) Wake up as early as he can.(D) Ask the hotel staff for help.28. (A) He doesn't receive letters from Canada.(B) His roommate would like to trade stamps.(C) He can't give the woman the stamps.(D) The woman should ask her sister for extra stamps.29. (A) The meeting was announced today.(B) She'll make the call later.(C) There won't be a meeting tomorrow.(D) She was asked to reserve a room.30. (A) He eats too much when he plays chess.(B) He won't join the chess club.(C) Chess is his favorite game.(D) He doesn't enjoy chess as much as he used to.31. (A) The restaurant wasn't very crowded.(B) The meal was very expensive.(C) The magazine wasn't very interesting.(D) The food wasn't very good.32. (A) He hasn't read the newspapers yet.(B) He wants to save the papers for a while.(C) The woman should pick up the newspapers.(D) He wants the woman to read some interesting articles.33. (A) Nancy hasn't heard about Bill's new job.(B) Nancy won't be pleased by the news.(C) He doesn't think Bill got the job.(D) Nancy has also gotten a promotion.34. (A) She has already presented her research topic.(B) She's not prepared for class yet.(C) She won't be able to attend class tomorrow.(D) She's going to start looking for a research topic tomorrow.35. (A) It doesn't provide much shade.(B) It's taller than the apartment building.(C) It's not an oak tree.(D) It has an unusual name.36. (A) He drives too fast.(B) he plays his guitar too loudly.(C) His radio wakes her children up.(D) His friends are too noisy.37. (A) At midnight.(B) In the morning.(C) When the car is turned off.(D) When the neighbors' son leaves for work.38. (A) She doesn't want to make a bad first impression.(B) She is afraid of getting off the subject.(C) She is afraid they won't listen.(D) She knows that they can't do anything about it.39. (A) Nancy should call the neighbors to complain.(B) Nancy should introduce her children to the neighbors.(C) Nancy should ask the neighbors' son to babysit.(D) Nancy should bring the neighbors a gift.40. (A) The importance of eating a balanced breakfast.(B) The role of minerals in maintaining good health.(C) Calorie counting at meals.(D) Health problems associated with overeating.41. (A) One-half.(B) One-third.(C) One-fourth.(D) One-fifth.42. (A) Plenty of sleep.(B) A variety of foods.(C) occasional exercise.(D) Sufficient body fat.43. (A) How much it has improved in recent years.(B) How reliable long-range forecasts are.(C) How long it takes to become a meteorologist.(D) How the current forecast will affect the speakers.44. (A) The amount of cloud covering.(B) The wind conditions.(C) The amount of snow.(D) The temperature.45. (A) Some forecasting machines do not work well in hot weather.(B) The weather patterns are more changeable in the autumn.(C) Experts spend less time studying autumn.(D) The National Weather Service misplaced its spring and summer data.46. (A) He no longer believes short-range forecasts.(B) He is so fascinated that he decides to study meteorology.(C) he realizes that there is some value in long-range forecasting.(D) He decides to change his forecast.47. (A) Explaining the campus architecture to visitors.(B) Providing orientation for new campus employees.(C) Familiarizing new students with the campus.(D) Advising students about which classes to take.48. (A) Registration forms.(B) A library card.(C) A list of classes.(D) A campus map.49. (A) In the registrar's office.(B) In the library.(C) In the math building.(D) In the cafeteria.50. (A) Move into their dormitories.(B) Find their classrooms.(C) Memorize campus landmarks.(D) Complete their registration materials.95年5月TOFEL语法EXERCISE TWENTY-NINE (Page196-198)B1. _____ Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmersand clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.(A) How(B) Even(C) When(D) Despite2. The first president of Cornell University, Andrew White _____ the concept of a universityunaffiliated with any religious sect or political party.(A) develop(B) developing(C) develops(D) developed3. In order for information to be easily communicated, _____ must be organized in anunderstandable way.(B) and(C) it(D) how4. Because of record snowfalls in the mountains surrounding Utah's Great Salt Lake, there ismore water in the lake and its salt content is _____ it once was.(A) least as(B) much less than(C) the least what(D) less5. Home movies began to become popular as a hobby in the United States during the 1920's,_____ of low-cost film.(A) the invention followed(B) the invention to follow(C) following the invention(D) invention the following6. Mary Edmonia Lewis, a sculptor who studied at Oberlin College, was _____ by Hrrietffosmer.(A) tutored in the neoclassical aesthetic(B) the neoclassical aesthetic tutored in(C) aesthetic in the neoclassical tutored(D) the aesthetic neoclassical tutored in7. Even though rhubarb is a vegetable, _____ as a dessert.(A) popular also(B) it is popular(C) but it is popular(D) which is popular8. Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, _____ of Radeliffe College, had worked as both an educator and anaturalist.(A) the first president(B) was the first president(C) she was the first president(D) which she was the first president9. _____ ever developed was celluloid, a combination of natural camphor and cellulose nitrate.(A) The first plastic and(B) Being the first plastic(C) The first plastic(D) It was the first plastic10. Often the design of a scholarly investigation _____ by the question it is addressing.(A) to affect(B) affects(C) affected(D) will be affected11. Though once quite large, _____ population of the bald eagle across North America hasdrastically declined in the past forty years.(A) it is the(B) there is the(D) the12. Plywood was originally manufactured from logs _____ for other purposes.(A) were not suitable(B) that were not suitable(C) which they were not suitable(D) and suitable were not13. Aerobic exercises create a _____ oxygen in the body without seriously disrupting normalbody functions.(A) demand(B) demanding(C) demanding of(D) demand for14. A protagonist of a play is _____ in tragedy as the suffering main character.(A) what known(B) known as(C) what it is known(D) what is know15. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material _____ its home.(A) builds(B) it can builds(C) that it builds(D) with which to build16. The architect rural style of Mannerism used unbalanced proportions nor arbitraryA Barrangements of decoration.C D17. The theater is perhaps the most complex of the arts, requiring a number large of people for aA B C D play's performance.18. Some comets are visibly to the unaided eye, but only for several months, when they passA B C D closest to the Sun.19. Singer, comedienne, and creating of the radio character Baby Snooks, Fanny Buice had anA Bengaging personality that delighted audiences for nearly half a century.C D20. Saccharin is about 300 times as sweeter as table sugar but has no carbohydrates and no foodA B C D value.21. One of the keys to the survival of any animal is its ability adapts to changes in theA B C Denvironment.22. The element bromine is not found in nature in the free state because of their strong tendencyA B Cto take up electrons and form compounds.D23. During dives that may reach depths of almost 5,000 feet, an elephant seal can holds its breathA B C Dfor an hour or more.24. The development of the boiler is closely related to those of the steam engine, to which it is aA B Cnecessary adjunct.D25. The Rodeo Association of America, formed in 1929, set up a system points for determiningA B Cthe national rodeo champions.D26. As the late 1940's, Jackson Pollock's art has been considered the pivotal manifestation ofA BAbstract Expressionism, as his form of it is known.C D27. Stars differ fundamental from planets in that they are self-luminous whereas planets shine byA B C reflected light.D28. In 1973 and 1974 Dr. Sylvia Mead was selected chief scientist and aquanaut for divingA B projects involved the underwater laboratory Hydrolab.C D29. An electromagnet is a device which magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.A B C D30. Almost all human activity alters water quality somewhat, but not necessity as a result ofA B C Dpollution by human materials.31. During periods of heavy rains, a swamp can become a naturally flood controlling device ifA Bexcess runoff can be temporarily stored in its basin.C D32. With the advent of power-driven machinery, home industry began toward give way toA B Cproduction in mills and factories.D33. Liquefied natural gas is the most volatile chemistry explosive in common use today.A B C D34. Historian have been able to calculate the dates of events from long ago by tracing referencesA Bto eclipses that took place at the same time.C D35. In a small community, behavioral norms are more universally understood and accepted, andA Bare therefore more likely being homogeneous than in a large city.C D36. Anthropologists face complex problems of analysis and synthesis when they go about the taskA Bof description the culture of a group of people.C D37. The guilds of the Middle Ages began as associations in merchants established for the purposeA Bof regulating the rules of commerce.C D38. Booker T. Washington viewed as one of the ablest public speakers of his time.A B C D39. The Alaskan wilderness is filled of wildlife, including wolves, foxes ,and such waterfowl asA B Cwild geese.D40. Historically, no artists have presented clearer or the more complete records of theA B Cdevelopment of human culture than sculptors have.D95年5月TOFEL阅读EXERCISE TWENTY-NINE (Page252-256)CPassage 1Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church - connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher - scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing. in which the professor's own research was presented 'in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest eve: of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.1.The word "this" in line 13 refers to which of the following?(A)Creating and passing on knowledge(B)Drilling and learning by rote(C)Disciplining students(D)Developing moral principles2 According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to(A)discuss moral issues(B)study the classics, rhetoric, and music(C)study overseas(D)work more independently3. The word "constricted" in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the following"(A) Mandatory(B) Limited(A) Challenging(D) Competitive4.It can be inferred from the passage that before 1850, all of the following were characteristic of higher education EXCEPT(A)the elective system(B)drilling(C)strict discipline(D) rote learning5.Those who favored the new university would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?(A) Learning is best achieved through discipline and drill.(B) Shaping the moral character of students should be the primary goal(C) Higher education should prepare students to contribute to society.(D) Teachers should select their students' courses.6. Where does the author mention why many students decided to study abroad?(A) Lines 1-2(B) Lines 7-8(C)Lines 21-22(D) Lines 25-26Passage 2Most of our planet is covered by water. There is so much of it that if all the mountains of the world were leveled and their debris dumped into the oceans, the surface of the globe would be entirely submerged beneath water to a depth of several thousand meters. The great basins between the continents, in which all this water lies, are themselves more varied topographically than the surface of the land. The highest terrestrial mountain, Mount Everest, would fit into the deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, with its peak a kilometer beneath the surface. On the other hand, the biggest mountains of the sea are so huge that they rise above the surface of the water to form chains of islands. Mauna Kea, the highest of the Hawaiian volcanoes, measured from its base on the ocean floor, is more than 10,000 meters high and so can claim to be highest mountain on the planet.The seas first formed when the Earth began to cool soon after its birth and hot water vapor condensed on its surface. They wore further fed by water gushing through volcanic vents from the interior of the Earth. The water of these young seas was not pure, like rainwater, but contained significant quantities of chlorine, bromine, iodine, boron, and nitrogen, as well as traces of many rarer substances. Since then other ingredients have been added. As continental rocks weather and erode, they produce salts that are carried in solution down to the sea by rivers. So, over millennia, the sea has been getting saltier and saltier.Life first appeared in this chemically rich water some 3.5 billion years ago. We know from fossils that the first organisms were simple single - celled bacteria and algae. Organisms very like them still exist in the sea today. They are the basis of all marine life, indeed. Were it not for these algae, the seas would still be completely sterile and the land uninhabited.1. The word "debris" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)fragments(B)decay(C)composition(D)foundation2.The writer mentions Mount Everest in line 5 in order to(A) show how comparatively small underwater mountains are(B)reveal the proportions of the underwater terrain(C)explain how volcanoes are formed(D) identify the largest mountain on the planet3. The word "they" in line 16 refers to(A)ingredients(B)rocks(C)substances(D)salts4. According to the passage, which of the following has contributed to the sea becoming increasingly salty?(A)Water vapor condensing on the surface of the sea(B)Single- celled organisms decaying in the sea(C)Products of erosion being transported to the sea(D)Sterile rainwater falling into the sea5.Which of the following is mentioned as part of the foundation of all life in the sea?(A)Algae(B)Fossils(C)Seaweed(D)Rainwater6.Where in the passage does the author mention the processes that led to the creation of theseas on Earth?(A)Lines 1-3(B) L ines 5 - 7(C) L ines 11 - 13(D) L ines 15-17Passage 3The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibility of their social life, the lack of any rigid form of organization. It represents about as far a departure from the baboon type of organization as one can find among the higher primates, and serves to emphasize the great variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are more human than baboons, or rather they jibe better with the way we like to picture ourselves, as free - wheeling individuals who tend to be unpredictable, do not take readily to any form of regimentation, and are frequently charming. (Charm is relatively rare among baboons.)Two researchers have described what they found during more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in their natural habitat, the forest: "We were quite surprised to observe that there is no single distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is there no 'family' or 'harem' organization; neither is there a 'troop' organization-that is to say, no particular chimpanzees keep permanently together. On the contrary, individuals move about at will alone or in small groups best described as bands, which sometimes form into large aggregations. They leave their associates if they want to, and join up with new ones without conflict.The general practice is best described as "easy come, easy go," although there are certain group - forming tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees move about in one of four types of band: adult males only; mothers and offspring and occasionally a few other females; adults and adolescents of bothsexes, but no mothers with young; and representatives of all categories mixed together. The composition of bands may change a number of times during the course of a day as individuals wander off and groups split or combine with other groups. On the other hand, certain individuals prefer one another's company. One of the researchers observed that four males often roamed together over a four-month period, and mothers often associated with their older offspring.1. The author's main purpose is to explain(A) how chimpanzees mate(B) t he differences between baboons and chimpanzees(C) w hy chimpanzees live in the forest(D) the relationships among chimpanzees(E)2. The author implies that the social behavior of baboons is(A) predictable(B) p ractical(C) p olitical(D) primitive3. According to the passage, the researchers were surprised that chimpanzees had such(A) temporary associations(B) h umanlike families(C) v iolent conflicts(D)large harems4. In line 16, the phrase "easy come, easy go" could best be replaced by(A)immobile(B)nonchalant(C)functional(D)aggressive5. According to the passage, the membership of a chimpanzee band may change several times ina(A) day(B) week(C) month(D) year6. Where in the passage does the author concede that individual chimpanzees may have apreference for certain companions?(A) Lines 2-4(B) Lines 10-12(C) Lines 16-17(D) Lines 21-22Passage 4Perhaps no poet S career was more closely associated with the imagist movement than was that of H. D. (Hilda Doolittle). Her verse, with its precise, clear images, typified the imagists rebellion against what they perceived as the sentimentalism and careless techniques of nineteenth century poetryH. D. attended private schools in Philadelphia and then Bryn Maws College. The love of classical antiquity she acquired during these years later surfaced in the many references in her poetry to figures from Greek and Egyptian mythology and in her classical notions of beauty and form. While in Philadelphia she also began rewarding friendships with Ezra Pound. William Carlos Williams, and Harriet Monroe.In 1910.. H. D. sailed for Europe, where her career began. Soon after arriving in London, she renewed her friendship with Pound and met and married Richard Aldington, an imagist poet and novelist who also directly influenced the shape of her writing. She began writing short poems that so impressed Pound with their precise description and diction that he insisted she submit them to Harriet Monroe's Poetry magazine signed "H. D., Imagist." She persisted in using her initials for the remainder of her career, a career, a closely linked to the Imagist rebellion against more traditional poetry.The clear, spare, and energetic lyrics of H. D's early poems, with their classical images, later became fuller, freer, and more "pen" philosophic explorations of the world. By then, the destruction of the Second World War that she witnessed elicited deeper visions of the relationship of ancient truths to modern realities. That vision is expressed in such works as Trilogy (1946), Helen in Egypt (1961), and her last work9 Hermetic Definition (1961).H. D.'s industry and literary achievement are lust beginning to be recognized and appreciated. In addition to her poetry, she wrote several novels, including Palimpsest (1926), Hedyus (1928), and Bid Me to Live (1960). Many of her other poems, essays, and short stories have been published posthumously.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)H.D.'s early works(B)H. D. 's contributions to a literary movement(C)The influence of nineteenth century Poetry on H.D. 's work(D)The role of mythology in H. D. 's poetry2. According to the passage, the Imagists revolted against earlier poets' emphasis on(A)strict technique(B)the classics(C)beauty and form(D)emotion3. According to the passage, H. D. 's interest in the classics was inspired by(A) Imagist poetry(B) the Second World War(C) her travel experiences(D) her formal education4. H. D. was encouraged to submit her work to poetry magazine by which of the following?(A)Richard Adlington(B)Ezra Pound(C)Harriet Monroe(D)William Carlos Williams5. It can be inferred from the passage that H. D.'s work(A) d iscussed personal relationships(B) w as typical of nineteenth century work(C) w as difficult to understand(D) b ecame more widely known after her deathPassage 5Fully outfitted for work on the range, a cowboy, in the days of the western frontier, was covered from head to foot in a protective costume that identified him as distinctly as a knight's armor identified its owner. But every item of dress had a useful purpose, from the broad - brimmed hat that kept sun and rain off his head to the spurs fastened to the backs of his boots. Even the cowboy's ornamental - looking bandanna had various functions-as a mask to keep out trail dust, as insulation against the desert sun when wadded up and stuck in a hat crown, even as。