研究生综合英语unit3课文译文
研究生英语综合教程UNIT3课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)PDF版
UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value —their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。
研究生综合英语3 unit 1, 2,3,7,8 原文+译文+重点【辛辛苦苦总结的期末资料】
1.Unit OneA Question of Degree对学位的质疑Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of American life that a college degree is necessary(and perhaps even a sufficient) precondition for success.I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education.I want only to expose its false god:the four-year, all-purpose,degree-granting college,aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to“meaningful”and “better”jobs.What is wrong with the current college/work cycle can be seen in the following anomalies:we are selling college to the youth of American as a take-off pad for the material good life.College is literally advertised and packaged as a means for getting more money through“better”jobs at the same time that Harvard graduates are taking jobs as taxi drivers.This situation is perversion of the true spirit of a university，a perversion of a humane social ethic and，at bottom，a patent fraud.To take the last point first,the economy simply is not geared to guaranteeing these presumptive “better”jobs;the colleges are not geared to training for such jobs;and the ethical propriety of the entire enterprise is very questionable.We are by definition(rather than by analysis)establishing two kinds of work:work labeled“better”because it has a degree requirement tagged to it and nondegree work,which,through this logic, becomes automatically“low level”.This process is also destroying our universities.The“practical curriculum”must become paramount;the students must become servants of big business and big government.Under these conditions the university can no longer be an independent source of scientific and philosophic truth-seeking and moral criticism.Finally,and most important，we are destroying the spirit of youth by making college compulsory at adolescence,when it may be least congruent with emotional and physical needs;and we are denying college as an optional and continuing experience later in life,when it might be most congruent with intellectual and recreational needs.Let me propose an important step to reverse these trends and thus help restore freedom and dignity to both our colleges and our workplaces.We should outlaw employment discrimination based on college degrees.This would simply be another facet of our“equal-opportunity”policy and would add college degrees to sex,age, race,religion and ethnic group as inherently unfair bases for employment selection.People would，wherever possible，demonstrate their capacities on the job.Where that proved impractical，outside tests could still serve.The medical boards，bar exams，mechanical，mathematical and verbal aptitude tests might still be used by various enterprises.The burden of proof of their legitimacy，however，would remain with the using agencies.So too would the costs.Where the colleges were best equipped to impart a necessary skill they would do so，but only where it would be natural to the main thrust of a university endeavor.The need for this rethinking and for this type of legislation may best be illustrated by a case study.Joe V.is a typical liberal-arts graduate，fired by imagination art and literature.He took a job with a large New York City Bank，where he had the opportunity to enter the“assistant manager training program”.The trainees rotated among different bank departments to gain technical know-how and experience and also received classroom instruction，including some sessions on“how to write a business letter.”The program was virtually restricted to college graduates. At the end of the line，the trainees became assistant bank managers：a position consisting largely of giving simple advice to bank customers and a modest amount of supervision of employees.Joe searched for some connection between the job and the training program，on the one hand，and his college-whetted appetites and skills on the other.He found nothing.In giving Joe preference for the training program,the bank had bypassed a few enthusiastic aspirants already dedicated to a banking career and daily demonstrating their competence in closely related jobs.After questioning his superiors about the system,Joe could only conclude that the“top brass”had some very diffuse and not-too-well–researched or even well-thought-out conceptions about college men. The executives admitted that a college degree did not of itself ensure the motivation or the verbal or social skills needed.Nor were they about what skills were most desirable for their increasing diverse branches.Yet they clung to the college prerequisite.Business allows the colleges to act as recruiting,screening and training agencies for them because it saves money and time.Why colleges allow themselves to act as servicing agents may not be as apparent.One reason may be that colleges are increasingly becoming conventional bureaucracies.It is inevitable,therefore,that they should respond to the first and unchallenged law of bureaucracy:expand!The more that college’s can persuade outside institutions to restrict employment in favor of theirclientele,the stronger is the college’s hold and attraction.This rational becomes even clearer when we understand that the budgets of public universities hang on the number of students“serviced”.Seen from this perspective,then,it is perhaps easier to understand why such matters as“university independence”or“the propriety”of using the public bankroll to support enterprises that are expected to make private profits, can be dismissed.Conflict of interest is difficult to discern when the interests involved are your own.What is equally questionable is whether a college degree,as such,is proper evidence that new skills that are truly needed will be delivered.A friend who works for Manpower Training Program feels that there is a clear divide between actual job needs and college-degree requirements.One of her chief frustration is the knowledge that many persons with ability to do paraprofessional mental-health work are lost to jobs they could hold with pleasure and profit because the training program also require a two-year associate art degree.Obviously,society can and does manipulate job status.I hope that we can manipulate it in favor of the greatest number of people.More energy should be spent in trying to upgrade the dignity of all socially useful work and to eliminate the use of human beings for any work that proves to be truly destructive of the human spirit. Outlawing the use of degrees as prerequisites for virtually every job that our media portray as“better”should carry us a long step toward a healthier society.Among other things,there is far more evidence that work can make college meaningful than that college can make work meaningful.My concern about this degree/work cycle might be far less acute;however,if everyone caught up in the system were having a good time.But we seem to be generating a college population that oscillates between apathy and hostility.One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.They have bought the media message about better jobs,and so they do their time.But the promised land of“better”job is, on the one hand,not materializing,and on the other hand the students is by now socialized to find such“better”jobs distasteful even if they were to materialize.One of the major improvements that could result from the proposed legislation against degree requirements for employments would be a new stocktaking on the part of all our educational pulsory schools,for example,would understand that the basic skills for work and family life in our society would have to be compressed into those years of schooling.Colleges and universities,on the other hand,might be encouraged to be unrestricted,as continuous and as open as possible.They would be released from the pressures of ensuring economic survival through a practical curriculum.They might best be modeled after museums.Hours would be extensive，fees minimal，and services available to anyone ready to comply with course-by-course demands.College under these circumstances would have a clearly understood focus，which might well be the traditional one of serving as gathering place for those persons who want to search for philosophic and scientific“truths”.This proposal should help our universities rid themselves of some strange and gratuitous practices.For example，the university would no longer have to organize itself into hierarchical levels：B.A.,M.A.,PH.D.There would simply be courses of greater and lesser complexity in each of the disciplines.In this way graduate education might be more rationally understood and accepted for what it is——more education.The new freedom might also relieve colleges of the growing practice of instituting extensive“work programs,”“internships”and“independence study”programs.The very names of these enterprises are tacit admissions that the campus itself is not necessary for many genuinely educational experiences.But,along with “external degree”programs,they seem to pronounce that whatever one has learned in life by whatever diverse and interesting routes cannot be recognized as increasing one’s dignity,worth,usefulness or self-enjoyment until it is converted into degree credits.The legislation I propose would offer a more rational order of priorities.It would help recapture the genuine and variegated dignity of workplace along with the genuine and more specialized dignity of the university.It would help restore to people of all ages and inclinations a sense of their own basic worth and offer them as many roads as possible to reach Rome.Vocabulary1.What look like generous hire-purchase terms are fundamentally just encouragement to the customer to spend his very last penny.【at bottom】2.A lot of viewers complain that there is too much crime and needless sex and violence on TV.【gratuitous无端的】3.I read a brief extract of Erving Goffman's new detective novel on the train and it has rather aroused my appetite for mysteries.【whetted引起】4.The article simply records the political changes of the last year,but it doesn't offer an honest appraisal of the government's achievements.【stocktaking评价估量】st week the city government warned that it would consider legislation to forbid smoking in public places.【outlaw不合法】6.Is it not something of an oddity to have a President of one political persuasion and a Prime Minister of another.【anomaly异常】7.These bigger companies have the money,but they don't always have the expertise to get the job done right.【know-how技能】8.As a member of the club,you must abide by its rules and regulations,otherwise you'll be punished severely.【comply with遵照，遵守】9.Asked whether she would like to work with Jack in my office，Mary replied"No" with obvious distaste.【patent显然的】10.There are many priorities,but reducing the budget deficit as soon as possible is more important than anything else.【paramount最高的】1.What monstrous perversion扭曲of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children2.His writing is so diffuse冗长，obscure and overwrought that it is difficult to make out what it is he is trying to say3.We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass忽略Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic there.4.The office director insisted that there was no question as to the propriety合适ofhow the benevolent funds were raised.5.Hector has been trying to get his job upgraded升级for years,but management won't because they'd have to pay him more.6.As a moody young adolescent,Mandy oscillates波动between joyous enthusiasm and melodramatic despair,most especially when it comes to boys.7·How successful they were would hang on坚持下去the speed with which the product could be distributed to the shops.8.Judging by the books sold，this young writer seems to have a strong hold over the reading public.9.If I were you,I would never allow my daughter to attend a such apathy冷漠exists among both the students and teachers.10.She rose,came up to me and said:“Could you provide me with a clear rationale 解释for taking this course of action"2.Unit Two The Middle Class中产阶级The middle class is distinguishable more by its earnestness and psychic insecurity than by its middle income.I have known some very rich people who remain stubbornly middle-class,which is to say they remain terrified at what others think of them,and to avoid criticism are obsessed with doing everything right.The middle class is the place where table manners assume an awful importance...The middle class,always anxious about offending,is the main market for"mouthwashes," and if it disappeared the whole"deodorant"business would fall to the ground.中产阶级有另别于其他阶级的特征是他们一本正经的生活态度和缺乏安全感的精神状态，而不是他们的中等收入。
综合英语教程第三册课文翻译
Unit1 My FatherI don't really know my father. He isn't easy to get on with. He's quite self-centred, and a little bit vain, I think, and in some ways quite unapproachable. The public must think he's very easy-going, but at home he keeps himself to himself.He can't have been at home much when I was a child, because I don't remember much about him. He's always been slightly out of touch with family life. His work always came first, and he was always off somewhere acting or rehearsing. He loves being asked for his autograph, he loves to be recognised. He has won several awards, and he's very proud of that. He was made a Member of the British Empire, and we had to go to Buckingham Palace to get the medal. It was incredibly boring. There were hundreds of other people getting the same awards, and you had to sit there for hours. He shows off his awards to whoever comes to the house.I went to public school, and because of my total lack of interest and non-attendance I was asked to leave. I didn't want to go there in the first place. I was taken away from all my friends. He must have been very pleased to get me into the school, but in the end it was a complete waste of money. I let him down quite badly, I suppose. I tried several jobs but I couldn't settle down in them. Then I realised that what I really wanted to do was live in the country and look after animals, so that's what I now do.As a family, we're not that close, either emotionally or geographically. We don't see much of each other these days. My father and I are totally different, like chalk and cheese. My interests have always been the country, but he's into books, music and above all, opera, which I hate. If they do come to see us, they're in completely the wrong clothes for the country-mink coats, nice little leather shoes, not exactly ideal for long walks across the fields.He was totally opposed to me getting married. He was hoping we would break up. Gerald's too humble, I suppose. He must have wanted me to marry someone famous, but I didn't, and that's all there is to it. We don't want children, but my father keeps on and on talking about wanting grandchildren. You can't make someone have children just because you want grandchildren.I never watch him on television. I'm not that interested, and anyway he usually forgets to tell me when he's on.我实在不了解我的父亲，与他相处很难。
研究生综合英语unit3课文译文
U8 Further Reading论工作伯特兰·罗素工作会带来幸福, 还是招致不幸, 这是一个值得讨论的问题。
当然，有惹人烦恼的工作，而且过量的工作总是让人头疼的。
但是，在我看来，只要工作不超量，对大多数人来说，无所事事比最乏味的工作更让人痛苦。
工作可以分为不同类别，有的工作纯粹是为了解除烦闷，有的工作可以带来最大的乐趣，这都因工作性质和工作者的能力而异。
大部分人不得不做的大部分工作本身并没有什么意思，即便如此，此类工作仍有很大好处。
首先，这些工作占用了一天中的大量时间，因此不必为决定自己这天该干什么发愁。
如果可以自由安排自己的时间，大部分人会心中茫然，找不到什么令自己愉悦的事情去做。
并且一旦决定做某件事情，他们心里总觉得可能有别的事情会让自己更舒心。
当今的文明并未达到使人们能非常聪明地安排闲暇时间的程度，目前还很少有人能做到这一点。
除了那些有着超常创造力的人，大部分人都乐意在一天中的每个时段都有人指点自己该做什么，只要这种指点不要过分地让人不愉快。
很多闲得无聊的富人，虽然从繁忙的工作中解放了出来，然而付出的代价却是要承受难以言传的沉闷乏味，有时，他们去非洲狩猎，或者周游世界，来寻找解脱，但这种刺激是有限的，特别是当你不再年轻时。
所以更加明智的富有男人像穷人一样卖力地工作，但贵妇将大多数时间都消磨于数不清的鸡毛蒜皮的小事上，自己还以为在是在做什么惊天动地的大事。
所以人还是需要工作的，首先工作可以摒除沉闷, 因为一个人在做单调却有必要的事情时尽管会感到乏味，但这同整日无所事事的无聊相比根本算不了什么。
工作还带来另一种好处, 即当节假日到来时，会感到特别惬意。
假如一个人没有因工作过于劳累以致损耗精力,那么他在闲暇时会比一般人有更高的热情。
大部分有偿工作和一些无偿工作的第二个好处是：可以提供成功的机会以实现自己的理想。
在大部分工作中, 成功与否是以收入来衡量的。
尽管我们所处的资本社会在不断发展,这仍是不可避免的。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT3课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)Word版
UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value — their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上Unit-3
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Starting out
Task 1 Work in groups to interpret and comment on the quotations about leisure on Page 64.
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Starting out—Task 1
1. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization. —Arnold Toynbee
Interpretation: One can derive the true meaning of life from pleasure and happiness. But what makes a person who he is depends on how he spends his leisure time.
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Starting outT源自uly Madly Deeply:
Because she loves him so much that Alan Rickman comes back to Juliet Stevenson. She’s just one of the great _c_r_y_in_g__s_c_e_n_e_s _ of all time. One of the things I love about this is in pairing these two together is that in fact Alan Rickman and _h_i_s_g_h_o_s_t_f_r_ie_n_d_s_ sit around watching Brief Encounter on television—perfect little connection. It’s just wonderful and in fact she does learn to _m__o_v_e_o_n_____ and _f_in_d__a_n_e_w__l_o_v_e_ly__m_a_n__ in her life
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上下册Unit原文加翻译
上unit1——TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS关键员工的特征1.What exactly is a key player?A“Key Player"is aphrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted.I asked a client——a hiring manager involved in a recent search—to define it for me."Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.On my team of seven process engineers and biologists,I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,”he said."Key players are essential to my organization.And when we hire your company to recruit for us,we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just that:the staff that another manager will not want to see leave.We recruit only key players.”关键员工到底是什么?在我进行的每一次搜索中，我都会从雇主那里听到“关键员工”这个词。
综合英语教程3课后翻译中英互译unit
综合英语教程3课后翻译中英互译u n i t(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--1.她似乎与新同学相处得不好She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates.2.我与玛丽失去联系多年I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reachher by phone yesterday.3.那老兵喜欢对每一位来访者炫耀他的勋章The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visitshim.4. 她丈夫似乎非常反对他出国He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad.5. 因为托马斯不安心工作他父母很担忧As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were veryworried.6. 我口袋里总装着各种各样的小东西I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets.7. 她母亲通过一些私人关系是他进入商界Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the businesscircle.8. 我希望这些菜合你们的口味I hope the food is to your liking.9.那些男孩太吵我把他们骂了一顿__I told the boys off for making so much noise.1. 他决定立即着手这项复杂的工程He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately.2. 他们看见对面的老人被对面驶来的汽车撞倒They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the oppositedirection.3. 他在黑暗中摇摇晃晃搜索着电灯开关He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for thelight-switch.4. 病了三个月后她几乎站不稳了After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to hisfeet again.5. 由于人手不足无法按期完成任务Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled onschedule.6. 在经济萧条期公司遭遇财政困难During the period of depression, the company was running intofinancial difficulties.7. 那盲女上了公车乘客们给他让出了地方When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers maderoom for her.8.他终于抓住了悬崖的岩石止住了下滑__He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from1. 母亲立刻派汤姆去叫医生Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor.2. 由于糖用完了他没做成蛋糕She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar.3. 我知道您现在忙极了I know how desperately busy you are now.4. 汤姆说错了话惹得全班同学哄堂大笑The whole class roared with l aughter at Tom’s slip of the tongue.5. 针剪刀这类东西必须放在小孩子够不到的地方Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children.6. 战士在烈日地下被晒得大汗淋漓The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat.7. 他最后终于回到了他的祖国__He returned to his own country / motherland in theend_____________________________1. 我显然是高估了自己的方向感下次一定要记着带地图Obviously I overestimated my sense of direction. Net time, I will remember to bring along a map with me.2. 母亲对他那个自私不孝的儿子彻底失望了The mother is not thoroughly disillusioned with her selfishunfilial son.3. 她很不善于见什么人说什么话She has no knack for saying the right thing at the right time.4. 从一开始他就和足球结下了不解之缘He and football were meant for each other from the start.5.老板指派我在第一个月里做秘书My boss assigned me the secretarial work for the first month.6. 驾驶员违反交通规则出了罚款外还有别的处罚办法么？If a driver breaks traffic rules, are there any alternatives to a fire?7. 他老是笨手笨脚因而常遭他人嘲笑__Being a clumsy person, he often subjects himself to1. 那天晚上james和你一起吃完饭了么？Did James have supper with you on the night in question?2. 教练对比赛的最终结果表示感谢The coach was satisfied with the ultimate victory of the match. 3. 为了排除各国人民交往的语言障碍许多语言学家都在研究新的世界语To remove the linguistic barriers in communication among the people of the world, linguists have embarked on the study of a new universal language.4. 合资企业的出现是我们有了更多接触外国人的机会The emergence of joint-venture enterprises has increased our opportunities to have contact with foreigners.5.妈妈嘱咐他收拾起桌上零碎的东西并放在抽屉里Mother asked him to gather up the bits and pieces of his belongings from the desk and put them in the drawer.6. 因为一句玩笑他们发生了争吵Their argument arose out of a small joke.7. 照片不清楚我认不出其中的女孩The picture is too blurred for me to identify the girl in it.8. 如果有人说他自己能和鬼神交流你会信么？__If someone claims to have the ability to communicate with ghosts, would you believe it?__1.毕业后他先做工程师然后当了厂长After graduation, he became an engineer to start with, then the director of a plant.2. 我想我还是接受他的邀请为好因为你不能老是拒绝别人I think I may as well accept his invitation, for you can't keep saying no to people.3. 为了安全起见每个人都必须系上安全带Everyone in the car must wear a seat belt for the sake of safety.4. 把温度降到零度水会变成冰Reduce the temperature to zero degree centigrade and water will freeze / turn into ice.5. 他被指控犯盗窃罪事实上他是无辜的He was accused of theft. But actually he was innocent.6. 出了女主角的表演有点过火外这是一部优秀的影片The heroine's performance is a little exaggerated, but otherwise it is an excellent movie.7. 有时大人也会上小孩的当Sometimes even adults will fall for children's tricks.8. 如果她和你分手那是你活该谁让你老是对她撒谎呢?__You lied to her again and again. So if she leaves you, it serves you right________________1. 我没按父亲的意愿去做生意他很生气My father was very cross at my not learning business from him. 2.这些孩子虽然现在很调皮但长大后他们会明白做坏事是要受到惩罚的Although these kids are very naughty now, they will grow up one day understanding that creating trouble for others would not get away with impunity.3. 她请人把东西用蓝布包好装进箱子She had her things wrapped in a piece of blue cloth and put into the suitcase.4. 我下个月回家度假I'll be home on leave next month.5. 我们费了九牛二虎之力把门弄开We had a terrible job to open the door.6. 他们不知道她就在附近Unknown to them, she was nearby.7. 这个罪犯被剥夺了一切政治权利The criminal was deprived of all political rights.8. 对不起是我错了__I’m sorry, I'm in the1. 春天和秋天我都喜欢但我更喜欢春天I prefer to spring to autumn though I love both seasons.2. 我相信电子汽车有一天会取代汽油汽车I believe that electric cars will one day supplant petrol-driven ones.3. 他们提醒他攀登喜马拉雅山很危险可他不听They warned him of the danger of climbing the Himalayas, but he wouldn’t listen.4. 老师告诉学生他们的前途取决于教育The teacher told his students that their future prospects hinged on their education.5. 她获得了最佳演员奖大家都觉得她当之无愧Everybody thinks that she deserved the award Best Actress of the Year.6.这个孩子每次碰到困难都去找妈妈而不是自己想办法Every time the girl came across a problem, she would turn to her mother for a solution, rather than trying to solve it herself.7. 丈夫去世后他一如既往培养3个女儿After her husband died, she continued to nurture her three daughters.8. 现在人们学英语似乎不是在学习一门有实用价值的语言而是在学一种语法It seemed that a lot of people learn English less as a practical language than its grammar.。
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U8 Further Reading
论工作
伯特兰·罗素
工作会带来幸福, 还是招致不幸, 这是一个值得讨论的问题。
当然，有惹人烦恼的工作，而且过量的工作总是让人头疼的。
但是，在我看来，只要工作不超量，对大多数人来说，无所事事比最乏味的工作更让人痛苦。
工作可以分为不同类别，有的工作纯粹是为了解除烦闷，有的工作可以带来最大的乐趣，这都因工作性质和工作者的能力而异。
大部分人不得不做的大部分工作本身并没有什么意思，即便如此，此类工作仍有很大好处。
首先，这些工作占用了一天中的大量时间，因此不必为决定自己这天该干什么发愁。
如果可以自由安排自己的时间，大部分人会心中茫然，找不到什么令自己愉悦的事情去做。
并且一旦决定做某件事情，他们心里总觉得可能有别的事情会让自己更舒心。
当今的文明并未达到使人们能非常聪明地安排闲暇时间的程度，目前还很少有人能做到这一点。
除了那些有着超常创造力的人，大部分人都乐意在一天中的每个时段都有人指点自己该做什么，只要这种指点不要过分地让人不愉快。
很多闲得无聊的富人，虽然从繁忙的工作中解放了出来，然而付出的代价却是要承受难以言传的沉闷乏味，
有时，他们去非洲狩猎，或者周游世界，来寻找解脱，但这种刺激是有限的，特别是当你不再年轻时。
所以更加明智的富有男人像穷人一样卖力地工作，但贵妇将大多数时间都消磨于数不清的鸡毛蒜皮的小事上，自己还以为在是在做什么惊天动地的大事。
所以人还是需要工作的，首先工作可以摒除沉闷, 因为一个人在做单调却有必要的事情时尽管会感到乏味，但这同整日无所事事的无聊相比根本算不了什么。
工作还带来另一种好处, 即当节假日到来时，会感到特别惬意。
假如一个人没有因工作过于劳累以致损耗精力,那么他在闲暇时会比一般人有更高的热情。
大部分有偿工作和一些无偿工作的第二个好处是：可以提供成功的机会以实现自己的理想。
在大部分工作中, 成功与否是以收入来衡量的。
尽管我们所处的资本社会在不断发展,这仍是不可避免的。
只有在衡量最好的工作时, 人们才不会套用这个合乎常情的标准了。
人们渴望增加收入, 渴望成功, 也渴望得到高收入所能带来的舒适享受。
不管工作多么无聊，只要它能够树立声望，不管是举世闻名，还是仅在自己小圈子里，人们都愿意忍受。
从长远来看，锲而不舍是幸福的最主要因素之一，而大多数人是通过工作获得幸福的。
就这方面来讲，那些终日忙碌于家务事的女人比男人更不幸，也比那些在外面工作的女人不幸，因为家庭主妇没有工资，不能自我完善，丈夫又不把她的辛苦当成一回事（她所做的一切他都不放在眼里）。
他并不因为她做家务活而欣赏她，而是因为其他的品质。
当然，那些生活宽裕、把房子和花园装扮得很漂亮、受邻人艳羡的女人就不同了。
但这类女人数量相对来说太少。
对于大多数人来说，家务活所能带来的成就感是不能与男人和职业女性所做的工作带来的成就感同日而语的。
大多数工作都能够消磨时光，能够提供实现抱负的途经。
这足以使一个干沉闷工作的人比无所事事的人更有成就感。
但是，做有意思的工作比纯粹解除烦恼的工作所提供的满意度要大得多。
按照有意思的程度, 工作可以分成不同类别，小到略有趣味的工作，大到那些足以使一位伟人投入全部精力的工作。
下面我将分别说明。
使工作变得有趣的因素主要有两个:一、技能的运用；二、工作的建设性。
任何人在掌握特殊技能后都渴望将其加以运用，直到技能变得平淡无奇，或者他不能再进一步提高自己为止。
这种行为动机其实早在孩童时代就有了：一个男孩学会手足倒立后会很不愿意用脚站立。
做大量的工作带来的愉悦感，如同技巧类游戏带来的一样。
律师或政治家工作时感受到的愉悦同打桥牌是一样的，甚至还要愉快。
当然，这不仅仅是因为技巧的运用，还因为同对手斗智斗勇，并打败对手。
即使在没有竞争的情况下，做一些高难度工作也能令人愉悦。
一个人如能够做飞行特技，他会冒生命危险以获取那种愉悦感。
我可以想象，一位医术高明的外科医生，在做复杂精密的手术时会获得极大满足感，尽管许多情况下他做的工作很累人。
做大量低层次工作也会获得同样的满足感，尽管没有那么强烈。
如果所需技能并非一成不变并有很大的提高余地，那么所有技巧性工作都能带来愉悦。
但如果没有了这两个条件，并且工作者已经把技能发挥到最大限度，那么工作就不再有意思了。
一个三英里跑运动员如果已经过了能够打破自己最高纪录的年龄，就很能再从中发现乐趣。
幸运的是，相当多的工作在新情况下都需要新的技能，因此从业者能继续提高自己，直到他进入中年。
在一些技能性工作中，比如政治，从业者似乎在六十岁到七十岁时才进入事业的黄金时期，原因是此类职业需要人的广泛阅历。
因此，成功的政治家在七十岁时比同年龄的其他人都更加幸福。
唯一能与他们相比的是大公司的老板。
然而，最好的工作还包含另一要素，即工作的建设性，它比技能的运用，更能带来幸福感。
一些工作（当然并非大部分）完成后会留下纪念碑式的成果。
我们可用以下标准来区分建设性工作和破坏工作：
建设性工作的初始状态相对来说是没有规律的，而完成后就达到了预定目的。
破坏性工作恰好相反：初始状态带有目的性，完工后没有规律，也就是说，破坏者最终要达到的目的不是预先设计好的的结果。
这个标准应用于最如实最明显的个例是：建造和破坏建筑物。
建设一栋大楼时是在执行预先制定的计划，而破坏一栋大楼时则并没有计划好大楼倒塌后废料该堆放在什么位置。
当然在很多情况下，破坏工作是前期准备工作，为随后的建设工作做准备，在此情况下，破坏就是整个建设工作的一部分。
但是很常见的情况是，一个人工作的目的只是为了破坏，根本不考虑随后的建设工作。
但他常把这一点隐藏起来，自认为是在清除旧物，以便从头新建。
如果他刻意伪装，我们一般能够轻易戳穿，即问他计划在破坏后如何进行重建工作。
对这个问题他会含糊应对，毫无热情，而对于初期破坏阶段他则描述精确，充满激情。
这种情况可见于许多革命者、军国主义者和暴力拥护者。
他们被心中的仇恨所驱使，并且通常自己感觉不到：他们的真实目的是破坏自己所憎恨的东西，而对于破坏之后该怎样做则漠不关心。
当然我不能否认，从事破坏性工作同从事建设性工作一样也带来快意，
这是一种更残酷的快意，有时还更强烈，但这种满足感不够强烈持久，因为破坏工作结束后，获得的满足感很少。
你杀死了自己的敌人，他死后你的工作也就结束了，你从胜利中获得的满足感很快就消失了。
但另一方面，建设性工作完成后的思考却是令人愉悦的，而且这种工作永远不会完满到再无事可做的地步。
目的达到后的满足感把人从一个成功引到下一个成功，而且永远不会陷入死胡同。
从这个意义上讲，建设能比破坏带来更大的快乐。
或者这样说更恰当：喜好建设的人从建设中得到的乐趣，要比热衷于破坏的人从破坏中得到的满足要多，因为一旦你心中充满仇恨，就会比其他人更难从建设性工作中得到乐趣。