研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(七)
考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题模拟及答案
考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题及答案考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her newbook Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improvetheir lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to bedifferent, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenbergargues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via socialcommunication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plantrunning. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since , when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past . In , the state went a step further, requiring that anyextension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happennext. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of anunderground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year againstallowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the agreement is invalid because of the legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left tolose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promisesfrom Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny andacceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Littlereward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy.rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without sufferingmuch in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’spublic-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes frompublic-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute ofCalifornia points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies andmerit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions haverallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit thosewho want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets haveattracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much biggerproblem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector unionmembership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one fromthe list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the firstmedia machine that serves as the mode of production, meansof distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of productionremains, with a small number of people uploadingmaterial, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining contentto just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneselfof a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn ofthe millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world'smedia culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinianevolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such atheory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable tosuppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewilderingvariety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culturalbehavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies areality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution ofgrammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans areborn with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generativerules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children canlearn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases thatresult from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between themrepresent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language changethat are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergianuniversality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither ofthese patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Unionto1)extend your welcome and provide some suggestions for their campus life here.2)You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “LiMing”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解Section I Use of English1．【答案】B【解析】从空后信息能够看出，这句表示的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，因此应该选C, maintain“维持，保持”，其它显然语义不通。
研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(七)
offices, theaters, institutions, factories, airplanes, and
automobiles. The most familiar type of air conditioning is
In many industrial environments, air conditioning is
essential. Most print shops, for example, 13 constant humidity
in order to control paper shrinkage and 14 the 15 operation in
dramatize,show rather than tell,what happens.
Unlike the novel,short story,or play,however,film is not handy
to study;it cannot be effectively frozen on the printed
watching a performance on stage. This cannot be said of the
screenplay,for a film depends greatly on visual and other
nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
some processes. Libraries, especially ones with rare books,
研究生入学考试模拟试题
研究生入学考试模拟试题1. 阅读理解阅读下面的短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。
In recent years, there has been a growing trend of more and more college graduates choosing to pursue a master's degree. The reasons for this trend are varied, but one of the key factors is the increasing competitiveness of the job market. With a master's degree, graduates can often stand out from the crowd and have a better chance of landing their desired job.Another reason for the rising popularity of master's degrees is the desire for specialization. Many fields require advanced knowledge and skills that can only be obtained through further education. By pursuing a master's degree, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their chosen field and develop expertise that sets them apart.Furthermore, earning a master's degree can provide individuals with a higher earning potential. Many studies have shown that on average, individuals with a master's degree earn a higher salary compared to those with only a bachelor's degree. This financial incentive motivates many college graduates to continue their education and pursue a master's degree.However, there are also some drawbacks to pursuing a master's degree. One of the main concerns is the financial burden. Graduate school tuition fees can be expensive, and many students may need to take out loans to cover the costs. It is important for individuals considering a master's degree to carefully evaluate the financial implications and ensure that they will be able to manage the additional expenses.Another potential drawback is the time commitment required. Master's degree programs are typically more intensive and demanding compared to undergraduate programs. Students may need to balance their studies with part-time work or other responsibilities, which can be challenging and stressful. Time management skills and a strong commitment are crucial for success in a master's program.In conclusion, the increasing popularity of pursuing a master's degree is driven by factors such as job market competitiveness, desire for specialization, and higher earning potential. However, individuals should also consider the financial burden and time commitment before deciding to pursue a master's degree.2. 问题回答a) What are some reasons for the growing trend of pursuing a master's degree among college graduates? (150 words)The growing trend of pursuing a master's degree among college graduates can be attributed to several reasons. Firstly, the job market has become increasingly competitive, and having a master's degree can give graduates a competitive edge over their peers. With a master's degree, individuals are more likely to secure their desired job and have better career prospects.Secondly, many fields require advanced knowledge and specialized skills that can only be obtained through further education. By pursuing a master's degree, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their chosenfield and develop expertise, making them more valuable and marketable in the job market.Thirdly, studies have shown that individuals with a master's degree tend to earn a higher salary compared to those with only a bachelor's degree. This financial incentive motivates many college graduates to continue their education and pursue a master's degree.Overall, the increasing competitiveness of the job market, the desire for specialization, and the higher earning potential are some of the main reasons driving the growing trend of pursuing a master's degree among college graduates.b) What are some potential drawbacks of pursuing a master's degree? (150 words)While pursuing a master's degree offers various benefits, there are also potential drawbacks that individuals should consider before making the decision. Firstly, one of the main concerns is the financial burden. Graduate school tuition fees can be expensive, and many students may need to take out loans or seek financial aid to cover the costs. It is crucial for individuals to carefully evaluate the financial implications and ensure that they will be able to manage the additional expenses associated with pursuing a master's degree.Secondly, pursuing a master's degree requires a significant time commitment. The programs are often more intensive and demanding compared to undergraduate studies. Students may need to balance their studies with part-time work or other responsibilities, which can be achallenge and cause stress. Time management skills and a strong commitment are essential for success in a master's program.Additionally, pursuing a master's degree may delay entry into the job market. While individuals with a master's degree may have better career prospects, they also spend additional years in education compared to those who start working after completing their bachelor's degree.In summary, the potential drawbacks of pursuing a master's degree include the financial burden, time commitment, and delayed entry into the job market. Individuals should carefully consider these factors before deciding to pursue a master's degree.3. 综合素材阅读下面的文献摘录，然后回答问题。
研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(九)
unprecedented
3. A. stability B. instability C. permanency D. soundness
4. A. harmed B. infected C. infectious D. infectable
effective HIV vaccine, and I consider 13 strategies to
overcome these obstacles.
It is instructive to consider the circumstances that have 14
to past successes in vaccine development. The smallpox vaccine
with great 6 and high expectations. With the 7 of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS, it seemed
that a 8 would follow closely behind. But despite a large
of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An
astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll taken late
last year in France said they would like the law changed to
研究生入学考试英语科目题库
研究生入学考试英语科目题库一、单选题1. The conference will ________ for three days.A. take placeB. take chargeC. take partD. take time2. The problem is ________ difficult for me to solve.A. suchB. veryC. enoughD. so3. ________ twins are attending the party tonight.A. Jane's and Mary'sB. Jane and Mary'sC. Jane's and MaryD. Jane and Mary4. It's not too late, but he'd rather ________ to bed.A. goB. wentC. goesD. going5. I have ________ interest in this kind of movie.A. few B .many C. little D. much二、完形填空Passage 1I went to the supermarket one day to buy some food. I put the food in the basket, went to the till（收银台）and stood 1 the line to pay. There was a woman 2 me. She held a basket in her hand, too. I turned 3 and smiled at her. Suddenly, the woman held out her hand and took my wallet（钱包）from my bag. I 4 to run after her, but I was too slow as she jumped into ataxi（出租车）and 5 away. I went back to the supermarket and called the police. They 6 down all the information about me and the woman.After a few weeks of waiting, the police found the woman. They 7 arrested（逮捕）her and took me to the police station. There, they asked me to identify（辨认）her. I went into a small room where they had put many people. One person in the room looked 8 her, but I wasn't sure if 9 was her for sure. The woman saw me looking at her, and she laughed loudly. I knew it was her 10 her smile.6. A. on B. in C. from D. with7. A. surely B. fairly C. rarely D. nearly8. A. as B. to C. like D. after9. A. it B. he C. she D. they10. A. after B. before C. from D. with三、阅读理解Passage 1Water is very important for everyone. You need water every day. Your body is made up of about 65% water. Every day you lose some water from your body. You lose water by sweating（出汗）, breathing, and going to the toilet. So you need to drink water every day.Water is really important for your body. Why is it so important? Water is important because it helps you breathe. It also helps your blood carry food to different parts of your body. Water helps your body do many things. It helpskeep your body temperature（温度）normal. It also helps your body get rid of（去掉）things it does not need.How much water do you need? How much water a person needs is different. It is different because of how old you are, how much you exercise, where you live, how hot or cold it is, and if you have any illnesses.Many doctors say that you should drink at least 6 to 8 cups of water every day. That is about 1.5 liters of water. From the food you eat, you get about 1 liter of water. The other .5 liters you can drink. You can drink it from the tap（龙头）, in bottles, or from the different things you can drink, like juice and milk.11. What is the main ingredient（成分）in our body?A. Water.B. Blood.C. Sweat.D. Food.12. What does water help our body do according to the passage?A. Keep us warm.B. Help us sleep.C. Give us energy.D. Make us taller.13. How much water should people at least drink every day?A. 6 to 8 liters.B. 2 to 3 liters.C. 1 liter.D. 1.5 liters.14. From where can we get the other .5 liters of water?A. From the tap.B. From the juice.C. From the food we eat.D. From the bottles.15. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Our body is made up of about 65% water.B. We lose water from our bodies every day.C. Water helps our body breathe.D. We don't need to drink water every day.。
研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(四)
insects, birds’ eggs, and even small animals. Primates are
handfeeders, depending on their hands both to collect food
living in groups. Although human beings have come to have a
way of life very different from that of typical primates, the
basic primate adaptation provided prehumans with capabilities
16. A. comic B. boring C. solemn D. tiring
17. A. would B. should C. might D. could
18. A. inB. atC. on C. reviews D. rules
earliest days of development shielded within the mother’s body
and are then born alive, rather than hatching from eggs. In
addition, after birth they are nourished by milk provided by
step, he would be put to death18the spot. Fortunately, the
same rigid19that governed the lives of these people do not
研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题答案.doc
研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题答案Section I Use of English1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.A 23.D 24.B 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.D31.C 32.D 33.A 34.B 35.A 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.DPart B41.G 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.DPart C46）一百年前，运动仅仅局限于那些在后院或者农场中举行的活动。
那时候，恐怕没有人会想到它在二十世纪的今天所受到的关注程度。
47）虽然说现代社会是一个休闲社会有些言过其实，但是大多数人却比以前拥有更多的业余时间。
48）无论是体育迷还是参与者，运动都能使他们以某种方式表达来他们的感情（如愤怒和挫折感），而这种方式是社会所接受的，甚至是社会所鼓励的。
49）一般来说，下层劳动人民倾向于参与棒球和篮球这样的运动，因为这类运动只需要一块场地，一个球和几名球员而已。
50）虽然和美国社会的其他职业相比，从事职业运动中的有色人种获取高收入的机会大一些，这是事实；但是，几乎所有的经理或者运动队老板都是白人，这也是事实。
Section III WritingPart ASample answer:Dear Sir or Madam,I write in response to your invitation to students to propose ways for the improvement of the library.I am a fourth-year student majoring in educational psychology and I find that the level of student service is excellent. Indeed, every member of your staff is, without exception, extremely polite and helpful.However, I feel that our library is in need of more up-to-date publications as well as a full set of classical and reference works. In addition, if you could supply more computers in the library, the research needs of both the students and the teachers will be more fully satisfied.I am looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li MingPart BSample answer:As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a boy is contemplating the true meaning of happiness. It is indeed a tough question for him: what on earth is happiness? He is puzzled as to in which circumstance he will feel happy---when he makes money, or wins true love, or is in good health, or what?It is obvious that happiness is difficult to define. We all know people who have a relatively easy and comfortable life, and yet are essentially unhappy. And we may also have friends who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy. Therefore, happiness is actually of one's own making. If you have a positive attitude and are determined to find the little happiness of life, you are destined to be jolly, no matter what kind of situation you are in.Happiness is an attitude, not a condition. It lies in the struggle to be happy. People sometimes go to extremes and frantically pursue money, power, high social status, etc., which are all symbols of success—but never of happiness. Perhaps if they shifted their goal from ultimate success to unswerving efforts and to a confidence that they will be successful one day, they'd be a great deal happier.。
研究生入学考试英语（一）预测卷
研究⽣⼊学考试英语（⼀）预测卷1.考⽣必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
(1)考⽣在考试开考15分钟后不得⼊场。
(2)交卷出场时间不得早于考试结束前30分钟。
(3)交卷结束后，不得再进考场续考，也不得在考场附近逗留或交谈。
2.答题前，应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考⽣姓名”“报考单位”“考⽣编号”等信息。
3.答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
(1)填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求⽤2B铅笔完成。
如要改动，必须⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
(2)书写部分必须⽤(蓝)⿊⾊字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。
字迹要清楚。
4.考试结束后，将答题卡装⼊原试卷袋中，试卷交给监考⼈员。
2016 年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣考试英语(⼀)终极预测试卷 1Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In their quest to build profitable and more far-reaching digital audiences, publishers in the US and Europe have turned to the world’s largest 1 network for help. Nine media organisations, 2 the BBC through its youth-oriented Newsbeat service, the Guardian and the New York Times, have 3 a deal with Facebook to publish some of their 4 directly through the social network rather than 5 hosting it on their own sites as part of a trial.The 6 comes as increasing numbers of readers rely on the social network as the main site 7which they receive news. Facebook wants not only to 8 users to news sites 9 to be the place where they stay and consume it, too. Facebookalready 10 nearly 20 per c ent of the Guardian’s web traffic, excluding visits to its own apps, and about 15 per cent of 11 to the New York Times site.The Facebook deal follows complaints by some 12 that internet groups such as Google and Facebook 13 their own online businesses. Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp, 14 , a critic of Google and Facebook, is not participating. Othershave 15 concern that Facebook would have too much power 16 which stories appear and where they are placed.Facebook said the 17 would give publishers “control over their stories, brand experience and profit opportunities”, including 18 to some user data. Online sharing of news articles has already 19 some readers away from publishers’ 20 pages towards social media sites.1. [A] television2. [A] including [B] social[B] involving[C] data[C] revolving[D] shopping[D] referring3. [A] played4. [A] content5. [A]irregularly6. [A] system [B] found[B] quality[B] persistently[B] move[C] struck[C] theories[C] simply[C] mechanism[D] drawn[D] concepts[D] primarily[D] merger7. [A] by8. [A] turn [B] as[B] find[C] through[C] figure[D] towards[D] point9. [A] but10. [A] prepares for11. [A] traffic [B] thus[B] accounts for[B] space[C] even[C] piles on[C] revenue[D] then[D] brings about[D] staff12. [A] companies13. [A] underestimate14. [A] above all15. [A] confirmed16. [A] over [B] groups[B] undermine[B] on average[B] expressed[B] with[C] publishers[C] increase[C] in principle[C] cultivated[C] of[D] associations[D] strengthen[D] for example[D] offered[D] for17. [A] article18. [A] approach19. [A] prevented20. [A] introductory [B] game[B] access[B] kept[B] home[C] scheme[C] mode[C] made[C] yellow[D] agenda[D] manner[D] lured[D] technologicalSection Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1There were some consistent patterns among the heavier readers: For the younger children— ages 6 to 11—being read aloud to regularly and having restricted online time were correlated with frequent reading; for the older children—ages 12 to 17—one of the largest predictors was whether they had time to read on their own during the school day.The finding about reading aloud to children long after toddlerhood may come as a surprise to some parents who read books to children at bedtime when they were very young but then tapered off. Last summer, the American Academy of Pediatrics announced a new policy recommending that all parents read to their children from birth.“A lot of parents assume that once kids begin to read independently, that now that is the best thing for them to do,” said Maggie McGuire, the vice president for a website for parents operated by Scholastic. But reading aloud through elementary school seemed to be connected to a love of reading generally. According to the report, 41 percent of frequent readers ages 6 to 10 were read aloud to at home, while only 13 percent of infrequent readers were being read to.Of course, children who love to read are generally immersed in households with lots of books and parents who like to read. So while parents who read to their children later in elementary school may encourage those children to become frequent readers on t heir own, such behavior can also result from “a whole constellation of other things that goes on in those families,” said Timothy Shanahan, a past president of the International Reading Association.There is not yet strong research that connects reading aloud at older ages to improved readingcomprehension. But some literacy experts said that when parents or teachers read aloud to children even after they can read themselves, the children can hear more complex words or stories than they might tackle themselves.“It’s this idea of marinating children in higher-level vocabulary,” said Pam Allyn, founder of/doc/f115680299.html, a nonprofit group that works to increase literacy amongyoung people. “The read-aloud can really lift the child.” Other literacy experts say the real value of reading to children is helping to develop background knowledge in all kinds of topics as well as exposure to sophisticatedlanguage.21. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _______.[A] the younger children and the older children have the same reading patterns[B] for the younger children, being read aloud regularly is good to their school days[C] for the older children, having time to read independently is very important[D] for the older children, having restricted online time is good to develop reading habits22. The phrase “tapered off” (Para. 2) probably means_______.[A] stopped halfway[B] declined gradually[C] turned off[D] read occasionally23. The author mentions “ the report” in Paragr aph 3 to show that _______.[A] reading aloud through elementary school is related to children’s reading habits[B] Maggie McGuire’s viewpoint is wrong[C] many parents think that children read independently is the best thing[D] there is little difference between frequent readers and infrequent readers24. Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraphs 4-5?[A] Children who like to read are usually influenced by parents.[B] The family atmosphere is crucial to children’s reading b ehavior.[C] No obvious evidence proves reading aloud at older ages can strengthen reading comprehension.[D] Some literacy experts believe there is no significance to read aloud for older children.25. Pam Allyn argues that the advantage of read-aloud is that _______.[A] it can enlarge children’s vocabulary[B] it can really improve children’s reading ability[C] it’s helpful to enrich children’s knowledge[D] it’s beneficial for children to understand sophisticated languageText 2Women have been driving yellow cabs in New York since the 1940s, but 99% of drivers are male. Even among drivers of cars booked by phone or online, only 4% are women. That may change with the launch of SheTaxis, an app that lets female passengers insist on female drivers, and vice versa.It will be available in New York City, Westchester and Long Island, and the firm plans toexpand to other cities. Stella Mateo, the founder, is betting that quite a few women are nervous and weary of getting into cars driven by men. The service may also appeal to those whose religious beliefs forbid them to travel with unrelated men. Each driver wears a pink pashmina. Men who ask for a ride will be directed to another car service.Similar services thrive in India, South Africa and several Middle Eastern cities. Japan has had women-only railway carriages on and off since 1912. Known as hana densha (flower trains), they offer shelter from the gropers who make rush hour in Tokyo so disagreeable.But SheTaxis faces two speed bumps. One is practical. Demand has been so great that the firm has had to decelerate its launch until it can recruit 500 drivers. The other obstacle is legal. By employing only female drivers, SheTaxis is obviously discriminating against men. Since anti-discrimination law is not always applied with common sense, that may be illegal. And there is no shortage of potential litigants. Yellow cabbies are furious at the growth of online taxi firms such as Uber. “It’s not hard to imagine a guy ... filing suit,” says Sylvia Law of New York Un iversity Law School. “SheTaxis’ defence would probably be that its drivers are all independent contractors.”Because the firm caters only to women, it is discriminating against male customers, too. Is that legal? Angela Cornell of Cornell Law School thinks there could be a loophole. New York’s Human Rights Commission could make an exemption on the ground that SheTaxi offers a service that is in the public interest: women feel safer not getting into cars with strange men. Women-only colleges are allowed, so why not women-only cabs? The snag is that some men may also feel safer getting into cabs with female drivers. A study in 2010 found that 80% of crashes in New York City that killor seriously injure pedestrians involve male drivers. Women drivers are simply better.26. We can learn from the first paragraph that SheTaxis _______.[A] will increase women driving yellow cabs[B] will change the market of booking taxis online[C] allows female drivers to only choose female passengers[D] lets male passengers insist on male drivers27. It can be inferred that the service of SheTaxis may appeal to_______.[A] women who are nervous about taxi drivers[B] women with certain religious beliefs[C] women who are tired of taking taxis[D] men who ask for a ride28. The word “gropers” (Para. 3) probably refers to_______.[A] people who cause a traffic jam[B] men who make sexual harassment to women[C] men who cause the rush hour in Tokyo[D] people who make taking trains disagreeable29. If SheTaxis is accused of discriminating against men, it may_______.[A] decelerate its launch as an online taxi firm[B] employ both male and female drivers[C] make anti-discrimination law not applicable[D] spring to the defence of its drivers30. SheTaxis may be exempt from illegality by New York ’s Human Rights Commission because_______.[A] its service provided is based on the public interest[B] it discriminates against male passengers[C] it provides service also for male passengers[D] it decreases crashes caused by male driversText 3Psychologists have known for a century that individuals vary in their cognitive ability. But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others? In order to answer that question. we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams of two to five members. Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks, which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world. One task involved logical analysis, another brainstorming; others emphasized coordination, planning and moral reasoning.Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality: People with good vocabularies, for instance, also tend to have good math skills, even though we often think of those abilities as distinct. The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general intelligence also exists for teams. On average, the groups that did well on one task did well on the others, too. In other words, some teams were simply smarter than others.We found the smartest teams were distinguished by three characteristics. First, their members contributed more equally to the team’s discussions, rather than letting one or two people dominate the group. Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible. Finally, teams with more women outperformed teams with more men. This last effect, however, was partly explained by the fact that women, on average, were better at “mindreading” than men.In a new study, we replicated these earlier findings. We randomly assigned each of 68 teams to complete our collective intelligence test in one of two conditions. Half of the teams worked face to face. The other half worked online, with no ability to see any of their teammates. We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, and whether social ability would matter as much when people communicated purely by typing messages into a browser.And they did. Online and off, some teams consistently worked smarter than others. More surprisingly, the most important ingredients for a smart team remained constant regardless of its mode of interaction: members who communicated a lot, participated equally and possessed good emotion-reading skills.31. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that________ .[A] some groups are really smarter than others[B] the 697 volunteer participants need to complete a series of short tasks together[C] the selected short tasks must have practical significance[D] logical analysis and brainstorming are important in each task32. According to psychologists, individual intelligence________ .[A] is characterized by generality [B] is related to math skills[C] is not related to teams [D] is key to smarter teams33. According to the author, the characteristics of smarter teams include all the following EX-CEPT________ .[A] The members have relatively equal contribution to the team’s discussions[B] The members have a higher IQ[C] The members have a stronger ability of reading complex facial expressions[D] There are more female members than other teams34. In a new study, the other half of people work online because________ .[A] it’s necessary to ensure the accuracy of the experiment[B] online collaboration is becoming more and more important[C] the experimenters want to see whether collective intelligence will be showed[D] the experimenters want to prove social ability is vital to every team35. The best title for the passage may be________ .[A] How to Develop a Smarter Team[B] Why Some Teams Are Smarter Than Others[C] The Characteristics of Smarter Team[D] What Factors can Affect a TeamText 4Over the weeken d, NASA’s newest Mars rover, the Curiosity, which landed early on Aug. 6 after an eight-month flight, started sending back a 360-degreehigh-resolution panorama of its surroundings.At a news conference on Wednesday, John P. Grotzinger, a professor of geology at the Califor- nia Institute of Technology who serves as the mission’s project scientist, compared the view with a place just a few hours’ drive from Pasadena, Calif, and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the rover’s birthplace. “You would really be forgiven for thinking that NASA was trying to pull a fast one on you,” he said, “and we actually put a rover out in the Mojave Desert and took a picture—a little L.A. (Los Angeles) smog coming in there.” He added, “To a certain extent, the first impression you get is how Earth-like it seems.”Where the Curiosity actually sits is a 96-mile-wide crater named Gale near the Martian equator. To the north, the images show part of the crater rim that is believed to have been eroded by flowing water. To the south is a 3.4-mile-high peak that the scientists call Mount Sharp, which Curiosity is meant to reach and to climb. By investigating the layers of sedimentary rock on Mount Sharp, mis-sion scientists hope to reconstruct the climate and environment of early Mars and tell whether it could have been once been habitable for life.The photos also show marks that Curiosity has made at the landing site. As Curiosity was lowered to the surface of Mars, blasts from the descent-stage engines created indentations in the nearby soil, exposing the bedrock below. This exposed bedrock is likely to be one of the first areas of scientific exploration on the rover’s planned two-year journey.After the flawless landing, the first week of operations of the rover on the ground also proceeded almost perfectly, too, as engineers started checking out the rover’s system, deployed the high-gain antenna, and raised the mast that holds the cameras.So far, no significant trouble has arisen. The weather instrument experienced a probl em that engineers figured out a day later. The rover’s internal temperatures are slightly warmer than expected, possibly because the crater is warmer than predicted or because NASA’s computer models of Curiosity were not quite right. Worries about overheating could put constraints on when certain instruments can be used. But the heat is also a boon, reducing the energy Curiosity needs towarm up its joints and wheels before moving.36. The phrase “pull a fast” (Para. 2) most probably means ________.[A] hasten [B] conceal [C] deceive [D] beautify37. Where is the rover Curiosity’s real location?[A] In the middle Mojave Desert near its birthplace in the US.[B] To the south of crater Gale that is near the Martian equator.[C] Near the Martian equator which is eroded by flowing water.[D] On top of a 3.4-mile-high peak which used to be habitable.38. It can be inferred from the passage that the rover’s investigation________ .[A] is likely to start with the study of the rocks on Mars[B] is determined on the reconstruction of the climate on Mars[C] started immediately after the rover’s perfect landing[D] can only b egin after a week’s preparation on the ground39. What caused the rover’s unexpected warmer internal temperature?[A] A minor problem of the weather instrument.[B] Problems of NASA’s computer models of Curiosity.[C] The impact on the rover during landing.[D] Overheating of certain instrument in the rover.40. What is the main idea of the passage?[A] How earthlike the surface of Mars is. [B] The success landing of Curiosity.[C] NASA’s achievement in investigating Mars. [D] How far the mi ssion of Curiosity has gone.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] All in all, the numbers suggest that aging is simply different in the active.[B] As it turned out, the cyclists did not show their age. On almost all measures, their physical functioning remained fairly stable across the decades and was much closer to that of young adults than of people their age. As a group, even the oldest cyclists had younger people's levels of balance, reflexes, metabolic health and memory ability.[C] Active older people resemble much younger people physiologically, according to a new study of the effects of exercise on aging. The findings suggest that many of our expectations about the inevitability of physical decline with advancing years may be incorrect and that how we age is, to a large degree, up to us. Aging remains a surprisingly mysterious process. A wealth of past scientific research has shown that many bodily and cellular processes change in undesirable ways as we grow older. But science has not been able to establish definitively whether such changes result primarily from the passage of time or result at least in part from lifestyle.[D] This conundrum is particularly true in terms of inactivity. Older people tend to be quite sedentary nowadays, and being sedentary affects health, making it difficult to separate the effects of not moving from those of getting older. In the new study, which was published this week in The Journal of Physiology, scientists at King's College London and the University of Birmingham in England decided to use a different approach. They removed inactivity as a factor in their study of aging by looking at the health of older people who move quite a bit.[E] The scientists then ran each volunteer through a large array of physical and cognitive tests. The scientists determined each cyclist's endurance capacity, muscular mass and strength, pedaling power, metabolic health, balance, memory function, bone density and reflexes. The researchers compared the results of cyclists in the studyagainst each other and also against standard benchmarks of supposedly normal aging. If a particular test's numbers were similar among the cyclists of all ages, the researchers considered, then that measure would seem to be more dependent on activity than on age.[F] To accomplish that goal, the scientists recruited 85 men and 41 women aged between 55 and 79 who bicycle regularly. The volunteers were all serious recreational riders but not competitive athletes. The men had to be able to ride at least 62 miles in six and a half hours and the women 37 miles in five and a half hours, benchmarks typical of a high degree of fitness in older people.[G] Some aspects of aging did, however, prove to be ineluctable. The oldest cyclists had less muscular power and mass than those in their 50s and early 60s and considerably lower overall aerobic capacities. Age does seem to reduce our endurance and strength to some extent, Dr.Harridge said, even if we exercise. But even so, both of those measures were higher among the oldest cyclists than would be considered average among people aged 70 or above.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Suppose you accept the persuasive data that inequality has been rising in the United States and most advanced nations in recent decades. But suppose you don’t want to fight inequality through politically polarizing steps like higher taxes on the wealthy or a more generous social welfare system.(46) There remains a plausible solution to rising inequality that avoids those polarizing ideas: strengthening education so that more Americans can benefit from the advances of the 21st-century economy. This is a solution that conservatives, centrists and liberals alike can comfortably get behind. After all, who doesn’t favor a stronger educational system. But a new paper shows why the math just doesn’t add up, at least if the goal is addressing the gap between the very rich and everyone else.Brad Hershbein, Melissa Kearney and Lawrence Summers offer a simple little simulation that shows the limits of education as an inequality-fighter. In short, moreeducation would be great news for middle and lower-income Americans, increasing their pay and economic security. (47) It just isn’t up to the task of meaningfully reducing inequality, which is being driven by the sharp upward movement of the very top of the income distribution.It is all the more interesting that the research comes from Mr. Summers, a former Treasury secretary who is hardly known as a soak-the-rich class warrior. (48) It is published by the Hamilton Project, a centrist research group operating with Wall Street funding and seeking to find third-way-style solutions to America’s pr oblems that can unite left and right.(49) In their simulation, they assume that 10 percent of non-college-educated men of prime working age suddenly obtained a college degree or higher, which would be an unprecedented rise in the proportion of the work force with advanced education. They assume that these more educated men go from their current pay levels to pay that is in line with current college graduates, minus an adjustment for the fact that more college grads in the work force could depress their wages a bit. (50) “Increasing the edu cational attainment of men without a college degree will increase their average earnings and their likelihood of being employed,” the authors write. And even if it doesn’t do much to reduce overall inequality, they find it does reduce inequality within the bottom half of the income distribution, by increasing the earnings of those near the 25th percentile of earnings.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to recommend your friend, Zhang Ying, who is applying for a job to teach Chinese in America.You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016 年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣考试英语(⼀)终极预测试卷参考答案及详解SectionⅠUseof English总体分析本⽂共有四段。
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研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(七)研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(七)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )One reason human beings can thrive in all kinds of climatesis that they can control the qualities of the air in the enclosed spaces in which they live. Air conditioning is the use of mechanical systems to 1 that control in such places2 homes, offices, theaters, institutions, factories, airplanes, and automobiles. The most familiar type of air conditioning is summertime cooling. Although important,this is 3 one of several aspects of air conditioning. Other applications 4 the control of the humidity (or air moisture), cleanliness, circulation of the air, and heating. Tests have 5 that people generally feel best 6 certain temperature, humidity, and air velocity conditions. Temperatures can 7 from 21.5° C with 70 percent relativehumidity to 28° C with 30 percent relative humidity. Relative humidity is the 8 of moisture in the air 9 a specific temperature compared 10 the amount it could holdat that temperature. 11 air velocities range from 4.5 to 10.5 meters per minute. It is also desirable that an air conditioner 12 dust, pollen, smoke, and odors from the air. In many industrial environments, air conditioning is essential. Most print shops, for example, 13 constant humidity in order to control paper shrinkage and 14 the 15 operation in some processes. Libraries, especially oneswith rare books, require air control to 16 the physical quality of their collections. Bakeries and the tobacco and cotton industries require high humidity 17 their products, and perishables such as fruits must be stored in cool, dry rooms. Some electronic components, drugs, and chemicals must be manufactured 18 the air is as free as possible 19 dust and other particles. Air conditioning is 20 in hospitals, especially in operating rooms.1. A. achieve B. avail C. amount to D. assign2. A. like B. as C. for D. to3. A. but B. like C. as to D. mere4. A. include B. contain C. consist D. comprise5. A. determined B. caused C. maintained D. achieved6. A. at B. around C. within D. under7. A. alter B. range C. differ D. move8. A. qualityB. sum C. amount D. number9. A. under B. inside C. on D. at10. A. to B. with C. against D. at11. A. Agreeable B. Appreciable C. Amenable D. Available12. A. remove B. to remove C. removes D. removing13. A. ask B. demand C. request D. require14. A. ensures B. ensure C. ensuringD. to ensure15. A. unique B. uniform C. universal D. united16. A. preserve B. conserve C. reserve D. retain17. A. about B. as C. for D. to18. A. what B. where C. that D. which19. A. of B. against C. at D. without20. A. virtual B. viable C. vibrant D. vitalSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions beloweach text by choosing A, B, C or D�� Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1��(40 points)Text 1Film has properties that set it apart frompainting,sculpture,novels,and plays.It is also,in its most popular and powerful form,a story�瞭elling medium that shares many elements with the short story and the novel.And since film presents its stories in dramatic form,it has even more in common with the stage play:Both plays and movies act out or dramatize,show rather than tell,what happens.Unlike the novel,short story,or play,however,film is not handy to study;it cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page.The novel and short story are relatively easy to study because they are written to be read.The stage play is slightly more difficult to study because it is written to be performed.But plays are printed,and because they rely heavily on the spoken word,imaginative readers can conjure up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay,for a film depends greatly on visualand other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in writing.The screenplay requires s o much“filling in”by our imagination that we cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay,and reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film.Thus,most screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.Still,film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort.And the fact that we do not generally “read”films does not mean we should ignore the principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see afilm.Literature and films do share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways.Perceptive film analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films,we will be far ahead of those who do not. Therefore,before we turn to the unique elements of film,we need to look into the elements thatfilm shares with any good story.Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial process,for the elements of any artform never exist in isolation,It is impossible,for example,to isolate plot from character:Events influence people,and people influence events;the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional,dramatic,or cinematic work.Nevertheless,the analytical method uses such a fragmenting technique for ease and convenience.But it does so with the assumption that we can study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or their relationship to the whole.21�盬hat is mainly discussed in the text?A�盩he uniqueness of film.B�盩he importance of film analysis.C�盚ow to identify the techniques a film uses.D�盩he relationship between film analysis and literary analysis.22�盬hy is it not handy to study film?A�盉ecause screenplay is not as well written as literary works.B�盉ecause a film cannot be effectively represented by a printed screenplay.C�盉ecause a film is too complicated.D�盉ecause publishers prefer to publish literary works. 23�盕rom the third paragraph we learn that.A�眛he means by which we analyze a literary work cannot be applied to the analysis of the filmB�盿 good film and a good story have many elements in commonC�眞e should not pay extra effort to study filmsD�眜sing the principles of literary analysis makes no difference in film analysis24�盬hy can’t we divide film into various elements for analysis?A�盉ecause these elements are interwoven with each other and cannot keep be separated without failing to appreciate a film as a whole.B�盉ecause films cannot be written down and it is inconvenient to analyse them.C�盉ecause films elements are too complicated.D�盉ecause films need not to be analysed in detail.25�盬hat does the word “it” refer to in the last sentence of the passage?A�盩he analytical method.B�盩he fragmentingtechnique.C�盓ase.D�盋onvenience.Text 2High�瞫peed Internet provider At Home Corp. is buying Excite Inc. , one of the leading destinations on the World Wide Web, for about $ 6.7 billion in stock in one of the largest Internet company deals. The deal announced today would surpass America Online Inc.’s $ 4.2 billion acquisition of Netscape Communications Corp. last year. Based on closing stock prices Friday, Excite is worth about $ 3.4 billion, which would mean that At Home would be paying a huge premium. The deal could eventually give telecommunications giant AT&T Corp. control of one of the highly sought�瞐fter portals that serve as entry points onto the Internet.At Home is owned by Tele�睠ommunications Inc., Cox Communications and several other investors. TCI is in the process of merging with AT&T Corp. in a $ 39 billion deal that is expected to be completed by spring. AT&T Corp.chief executive Michael Armstrong has stated he wants to use At Home as a conduit for delivering a wide range of communications services, including electronic commerce.Control over Excite, which has a search engine and links to several online shopping sites, would certainly enhance that goal. Excite, which has lagged behind other Web�瞫ite companies, such as Yahoo!, has been looking for a larger partner in the rapidly consolidating Internet portal market, especially in wake of the AOL�睳etscape deal. Severalother companies had been rumored to be interested in Excite, including Yahoo! Inc. and Microsoft Corp. Negotiations between Yahoo! and Excite broke off this weekend, according to published reports.Excite, eager to extend its reach and market power, was attracted by an alliance with AT&T and TCI. Excite’s shareholders are expected to own about 30 percent of the combined company, which would be known as At Home Networks. Excite chief executive George Bell would take a position on the new company’s executive board, reporting to At Home chief executive Tom Jermoluk. At Home, which delivershigh�瞫peed Internet service over cable TV lines, hasmore than 330 000 customers. The deal would give it accessto Excite’s more than 20 million registered users and to the company’s content�瞕evelopment capabilities. Bothcompanies are located in Redwood City, Calif. At Home, whose stock has risen nearly 300 percent over the past year, has the money to make a deal, Michael Harris, president of Kinetic Strategies Inc. told MSNBC. “With At Home’s existing stock valuation (of about $11.7 billion), it’s been surprising they haven’t done more deals. They’ve certainly got a huge war chest built up.”Neither company has yet made a profit. In the three months ended Sep. 30, Excite lost $ 6.8 million on revenue of $ 44 million, including acquisition and amortization expenses.In the same period, At Home lost $ 9.7 million.26.Why does At Home want to buy Excite?A.Because Tom Jermoluk wants to control his strongest competitor.B.Because it wants to expand its business through Excite’s present resources.C.Because both companies are based in Redwood city, California.D.Because it has lost $ 9.7 million in the last three months.27.Before the At Home�睧xcite deal, Excite had attempteda deal with .A.TCIB.AT&TC.AOLD.Yahoo!28.How does AT&T fit into the picture of the At Home�睧xcite deal?A.Excite has been dealing with AT&T for some time.B.AT&T and At Home has been running At Home Networksjointly.C.AT&T is about to ally with TCI, the owner of At Home.D.AT&T runs Internet, of which Excite is an important user.29.Excite is eager to join such powerful companies as AT&T and TCI because .A.it is at a competitive disadvantage in the InternetmarketB.it expects to expand its shareholding over AT&T and TCIC.it wishes to expand its coverage of online shopping sitesD.it is about to go bankrupt and has to sell itself30.From what he said at the end of the third paragraph, we can conclude that Michael Harris .A.was surprised at the At Home�睧xcite dealB.was not satisfied with the At Home�睧xcite dealC.accused At Home of accumulating its wealth from warsD.considered the At Home�睧xcite deal desirable to At HomeText 3The film is not without its drawbacks. Disappointment, failure, self�瞕oubt, regrets over opportunities, missed or misused�瞭hese are always the lot of the person in motion, which is why we must never forget the natural human bond that holds us all together and puts each grief into a common store of experience. For those in motion, these grieves are the inevitable consequence of ambition, particularly in a competitive society such as ours.Many of us today are rather ambivalent about the virtues of a competitive society, particularly one that celebrates material success and celebrity status. In view of these questionable virtues, we have tried to substitute security and reassurance for the loss of self�瞖steem that comes from not getting an A, not getting a promotion, not getting a Mercedes or a Porsche, not getting an appearance on the Johnny Carson show. As a result I am tempted to assuage your disappointment by changing your grade, thereby brightening your life�瞐t least temporarily.Such a change, I’m afraid, might do far more harm thangood in the long run. In my experience, unmerited approval carries with it the risk of seriously distorting a young person’s percep tion of reality: seeing the world as a far more benign place than it actually is, and seeing the self as more able, more competent, than is truly the case. This kind of distortion can be very crippling for the person in motion, giving a false picture of accomplishment that makes the inevitable jolts later on bruising and injurious.I know your B comes as a jolt. Not enough to make you break your stride, I hope. I also hope our perceptions of the course mesh well enough so that the grade seems fair to you. Most of all, I hope that what I’ve said helps you to understand the limitations of any grade as a measure of who you are and what you can do. It’s a symbol, a mark on a piece of paper. Nothing more.Years ago, our high school principal wrote, as was customary then, a short message to the graduating class for the school yearbook. She was a formidable woman: white�瞙aired, gimleteyed, quiet and precise in her manner. Her message to us was: I believe the class of 1994 will goforward, and as they go forward, achieve.Not a bad message, I’ve always felt. Hopeful, encouraging; but qualified just enough to let us know we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously (the “I believe” is certainly less fulsome than “I am sure”). A good way of wishing us all luck in the years to come. May you have your fair share of it as you move along. And may you find strength somewhere to endure whatever disappointments come yourway�瞫ymbolic and actual.31. “The natural human bond” in (Para. 1) refers to .A.drawbacksB. lotC.grievesD. ambition32.According to the author, which of the following is not the virtues of the current seciety?A.Material suess.B.Celebrity status.C.Security and reassurance.D.Academic success.33.According to the author, changing a student’s grade from B to A ultimately .A.brighten his lifeB.assuages his disappointmentC.attains academic successD.distorts his outlook34.The high school principle’s message to the 1994 graduating class is .A.like the principle herself, formidableB.plimentaryC.appropriate and encouragingD.symbolic35.The word“ambivalent”(Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .A.ambitiousB.at a lossC.criticalD.madText 4It is because of his plays that Shakespeare is now considered the greatest English writer in history.The era in which he lived,Elizabethan England,was a time in which broad interests and creativity could flourish.Elizabeth, the queen, was beloved by her subjects and proved to be a powerful and able ruler.Under the reign ofElizabeth,England changed from an island kingdom to an expanding empire.England grew rich throughtrade.Sixteenth�瞔entury Englishmen traveled to the New World and to Africa.Music,dance,poetry,painting,and architecture flourished; but the art form in whichElizabethan England distingusihed the rest of Europe was the theater.The theater,which had practically disappeared from Europe was,at this time,received as a part of the churchter,no longer as a part of theservice,the“mystery plays”responded to popular taste by adding more and more comic elements.In England,they were sponsored by various trade guilds and presented on stage wagons that went from place to place.When the mystery plays began to lose their appeal,they were replacedby“morality”plays which always taught a moral.In Renaissance England,writers were particularly interested in classical texts such as Latin and Greek plays.Schools and universities began to produce comedies and tragedies by Platus,Terence,and Seneca.Shakespeare was well acquainted with classical humanities and classical tragedies and comedies often served as models in his own drama.A Renaissance man,Shakespeare�餾 interest went beyond book learning to practical knowledge of militarystrategy,seafaring,business affairs,and the new geographical discoveries,all evident in his plays.Companies of“strolling plays”which had specialized in morality plays responded to the change by staging new plays.Professional actors,who had been viewed by English society as little better than vagrants orcriminals,gradually came under the protection of the nobility.Licensed theater companies were formed;Shakespeare belonged to one of those,where in addition to hiswriting,he acquired a wide experience in acting and theater management.The theater grew in popularity and public theaters were built,not inside the city limits but just outside,along with other places of entertainment.Theaters in Elizabethan England were patronized by all social classes.The Globe Theater,built in 1599,where many of Shakespeare�餾 plays were performed,had a platform stage jutting out into a central courtyard.The audience stay around three sides of this platform—the lower�瞔lass who each paid a penny in the pit and the wealthier spectators in the galleries above.The orchestra was on stage,as music was usually a significant part of the production.Indeed,thecostumes,scenery,singing,playing,and dancing,as well asacting was essential to the total show.There was no lighting,however,plays were performed in theafternoon.Shakespeare knew his audience:his theater is addressed not just to the educated but to all classes of society.36�盬hich of the following is not true about the Elizabethan England?A�盉road interests and creativity flourished.B�盓nglish people began to travel to the Continent.C�盩he theater was the most prominent art form.D�盓ngland was no longer an island kingdom.37�盇ccording to the passage,the theater .A�眆irst appeared in England B�県ad various typesC�眞ere only sponsored by the nobility D�眆ollows two classical rules38�盬hich of the following statements may not be the reason for Shakespeare�餾 success?A�盚e lived in the Elizabethan Age.B�盚e was quite wealthy.C�盚e had broad interest.D�盚e was experienced in acting and theater management.39�薄癟heaters in Elizabethan England were patronized by all social classes.”“patronized”means .A�眅njoyed B�眘ponsoredC�眅ncouraged D�眕romoted40�盨hakespeare�餾 plays .A�眞ere enjoyable to all the classes of society B�眞ere performed all day longC�眞ere presented on stage wagons D�眂opied the Latin and Greek playsPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numberedblank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Dr. Mortimer J. Adler, a noted philosopher, author, editor, lecturer, and teacher, Dr. Adler has throughout his long and distinguished career been a proponent of the great books of western civilization that comprise a liberal education and support a free society. He is chairman of theBoard of Editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., director of the Institute for Philosophical Research in Chicago, chairman of the Paideia Project, and honorary trustee of the Aspen Institute.There is no end to the making of books. Nor does there seem to be any end to the making of lists of "great books." There have always been more books than anyone could read. And as they have multiplied through the centuries, more and more blue�瞨ibbon lists have had to be made.No matter how long your life, you will, at best, be able to read only a few books of all that have been written, andthe few you do read should include the best. You canrejoice in the fact that the number of such is relatively small.The listing of the best books is as old as reading and writing. The teachers and librarians of ancient Alexandria did it. Quintilian did it for Roman education, selecting,as he said, both ancient and modern classics. In the Renaissance, such leaders of the revival of learning as Montaigne and Erasmus made lists of the books they read. 41)________________________________________________________.Yet there is a surprising uniformity in the lists which represent the best choices of any period. In every age, the list makers include both ancient and modern books in their selections, and they always wonder whether the moderns are up to the great books of the past.What are the signs by which we may recognize a great book? The six I will mention may not be all there are, but they are the ones I ve found most useful in explaining my choices over the years.42)______________________________________________. GONE WITH THE WIND has had relatively few readers compared to the plays of Shakespeare or DON QUIXOTE. It would be reasonable to estimate that Homer sliad has been read by at least 25,000,000 people in the last 3000 years.43)________________________________________________________ _. The astronomer Kepler, whose work on the planetary motions is now a classic, is reported to have said of his book that "it may wait a century for a reader, as God has waited 6000 years for an observer."44)_____________________________________. They are not written by specialists about specialties for specialists.Whether they be philosophy or science, or history or poetry, they treat of human, not academic problems. They arewritten for men, not professors. To read a textbook for advanced students, you have to read an elementary textbook first. But the great books can be considered elementary in the sense that they treat the elements of any subject matter. They are not related to one another as a series of textbooks, graded in difficulty or in the technicality ofthe problems with which they deal.45)__________________________________________________. Let me illustrate this point by taking Euclid s elements of Geometry and Newton s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Euclid requires no prior study of mathematics. His book is generally an introduction to geometry, and to basic arithmetic as well. The same cannot be said for Newton, because Newton uses mathematics in the solution of physical problems. His style shows how deeply he was influenced by Euclid s treatment of ration and proportions. His book is, therefore, not readily intelligible, even to scientists, unless Euclid has been read before.［A］There is one kind of prior reading, however, whichdoes help you to read a great book, and that is the other great books the author himself read.［B］A great book need not even be a best seller in its own day. It may take time for it to accumulate its ultimate audience.［C］Great books are probably the most widely read. They are not best sellers for a year or two. They are enduring best sellers.［D］I am not saying that great scientific books can be read without effort.［E］It is to be expected that the selections will change will the times.［F］Great books are popular, not pedantic.［G］Great books are always contemporary.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)46)On a scale of one to 100 for the causes of stress,the death of a spouse scores the maximum points and divorce 73.Holidays and Christmas also score double�瞕igit figures. 47)Recognized as the health hazard of modern life, stresscan contribute, directly or indirectly, to heart disease cancer and strokes, as well as a number of psychological problems.Children are as likely to suffer from it as adults. No one, regardless of how calm their personality, is immune.“It is not only a problem for ‘ young urban professionals’ (yuppies) ,” said Mark Greener, author of a new bookcalled “Managing Stress”.48)“In fact,it is often people who have little or nocontrol over certain aspects of their lives�瞫uch asthose in routine jobs or the unemployed — who suffer particularly badly.” added Greener, a pharmacologist and medical journalist.Up to half of sickness absence from work is due to work�瞨elated stress and depression, costing an estimated 7billion pounds ( $11 billion) in lost revenue in Britain alone each year.Most people can cope with, and even need a certain amountof stress to perform to the best of their ability. But whendemands for dealing with stress are greater than resources, strength or time it becomes dangerous.“Stress is a response to change in the environment.Anything that leads to change can cause stress, even ifit’s enjoyable,” explained Greener.Britain’s Trade Union Co ngress, concerned after a surveyof workers revealed that stress was the biggest healthhazard they faced, have launched a nationwide campaign to combat what it called the “new industrial epidemic”.Stress is not a new problem. It has existed since cavemen foraged for food and hunted wild animals. But people are alot better now at recognizing it and there is an increasing awareness among doctors that is causes many diseases.Many believed the computer age and the women’s movement (resulting in more equality between men and women) would improve lifestyles and give men and women more free time.But Greener says people are now working longer hours, have more information to cope with and are feeling more insecure. “There is a great deal of uncertainty in the workplace.The old ideal of having a job for lief is gone,” he said. 49) Greener attributes juggling the demands of home,children and jobs, plus the prejudice they face in the workplace, as the main causes of stress for women.“For men it is changing (sexual) roles and the lack of security they tend to rely on,” he explained.Managers are also complaining of being stressed by information overload. “Having too much information can be as dangerous as having too little,” said psychologist David Lewis.50)“What this report makes as clear as crystal is that finding ways of dealing with the information burden is now one of the most urgent world�瞱ide challenges facing business.”Studies have confirmed that certain personality types are better at coping with stress. Type A personalities who are very competitive, impatient, aggressive and restless tend to suffer while the unhurried, relaxed and more passive B types don’t.“Everyone is stressed. It is a fact of life,” said Greener. “What we have to do is to try to manage it.” Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:You are about to go for shopping. Leave a note to your roommate Mary. There are three affairs in the note:1)you are going to shopping and would buy something for her in passing2)tell her someone rang her when she was away3)tell her that the washing machine was just broken down You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use "Jane" instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning2)give your comment on the phenomenon3)give your suggestionYou should write about 200 words neatly.参考答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1. A. achieveAir conditioning is the use of mechanical systems toachieve that control in such places as homes, offices, theaters, institutions, factories, airplanes, and automobiles.空调系统是通过使用机械装置来实现对诸如家庭，办公室，剧院，学校，工厂，飞机，和汽车等环境的控制。