Research on Extraction and Purification Technology of Flavonoids from Quinoa(Cheuopodium q

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Extraction and Purification of Total Lipids from Animal Tissues

Feed Analysis and RuminentExtraction and Purificationfrom Animal TissuesREWIEW:Extraction and Purification of Total Lipids from Animal Tissues1.INTRODUCTIONLipid research is an old branch of organic chemistry.It was only in the 1950's with the work of Folch and coworkers , Sperry and Brand , and Bligh and Dyer that satisfactory extraction methods were developed. The existing methods were considered but none was entirely satisfactory. The methods of Folch et al. were too time-consuming for routine investigations and since the former method entailed heating and evaporation it was considered unsuitable for lipid composition studies. The modified method of Folch et al. was more rapid than their previous method but still had the disadvantage of employing large and inconvenient volumes of solvent. The method used by Dyer and Morton was rapid but extracted only a fraction of the total lipid.These methods, while extracting adequately the lipids from the tissues, did not yield an extract entirely free of non-lipid. It was only in the middle 1960's with the introduction of the dextran gel purification techniques developed by Wells and Dittmer , Siakotos and Rouser , and Wuthier , that it was possible to have confidence in both the extraction and purification of lipids from a wide variety of tissues and organisms.There summary is to describe the of the methods for lipid extraction and purification and their advantages and disadvantages.2.THE EXTRACTION OF TISSUE LIPIDS2.1 REAGENTSChloroform. Reagent grade .Methanol. Reagent grade. For use with tissues relatively poor in lipides, such as muscle or blood plasma, both the chloroform and methanolmust be redistilled.Chloroform-methanol mixture. 2:1 by volume.Pure solvents upper phase and pure solvents louer phase. Chloroform , methanol, and water arc mixed in a separatory funn el in the proportions 8 :4:3 by volume. When the mixture is allowed to stand, a biphasic system is obtained. The two phases are collected separately and stored in glass bottles. It has been found that the approximate proportions of chioro- 5' form, methanol, and water in the upper phase are 3:48:47 by volume , In the lower phase, the respective proportions are 86: 14: 1. Either of the phases may be prepared directly by making use of the above proportions.Pure solvents upper phase containing 0.02 per cent CaCl2 ,0.017 per cent MgCl2., 0 .29 per cent NaCl, or 0.37 per cent KCl. These solutions can be prepared in one of two ways. One is to shake the appropriate amount ofsalt with pure solvents upper phase in a glass-stoppered vessel until solution is complete . The other is to proceed as for the preparation of pure solvents .a upper and lower phases except that, instead of water, 0.04 per cent aqueous CaCl2., 0.034 per cent aqueous MgCl2, 0.58 per cent aqueous NaCl, or 0.74 per cent aqueous KCl is used.2.2 Outline of Extraction ProcedureThe following general scheme has proven successful with a wide variety of tissue samples:Step 1: The sample is rapidly excised or drawn from the experimental subject. Step 2: Sample then is homogenized in a blender or suitable tissue homogenizer with ca. 2S volume of 1:1 chloroform-methanol (v/v), for ca. IS seconds. Step 3: The extracting solvent and tissue residue then are transferred to medium grade sintered glass funnel or a fast grade (such as S&S sharkskin) filter paper, and the filtrate collected in a volumetric flask or graduated cylinder. Step 4: The tissue homogenizer and residue in the funnel are washed ca. 5 volumes of 1:1 chloroform-methanol and the filter then washed with an additional 2 volumes of the same solvent. Step 5: The filtrate then is brought to a final volume with chloroform so the proportions of chloroform and methanol are 2: I (v/v) and the ratio of solvent to tissue is 50: 12.3 Reextraction of ResidueThe extraction is now complete unless a reextraction of the insoluble residue is desired. If a reextraction is done, it is best to start at the homogenization (step 2) with the insoluble residue obtained in step 4 of the procedure listed above. Inspection of Tables I-IV gives examples of exhaustive extraction schemes, using acidified and basic solvents. For most purposes, reextraction is not necessary, and 95% or better of the total tissue lipids will be recovered in the first extraction, with considerably less nonlipid material contaminating the final extract.2.4 Solvent RemovalIgnoring for the moment the reextraction, we can proceed to the next step in the pro- cedure which is to reduce the volume of the extract to between 5 and 10 ml, while at the same time removing the water. This usually is done in a rotary evaporator (1 ,20,46,47) at 150 C or less. A temperature controlled water bath is a useful accessory; it prevents the temperature of the evaporation flask from falling unnecessarily low due to heat of vaporization loss and, consequently, a very slow rate of solvent removal . Temperatures above 25 0C should be avoided because autoxidation and degradation are promoted rapidly at higher temperatures. The efficiency and rapidity of the solvent removal also can be increased by passing a continuous stream of dry N2 over the solvents in the evaporation flask.3. PURIFICATION OF TISSUE LIPID EXTRACTS3.1 Aqueous Washing ProceduresThe disadvantages of the classical Folch and/or Bligh and Dyer extraction procedures, particularly in respect to their purification methods are that these methodds will remove most of the gangliosides and ceramide polyhexosides in the original extract (11,48-56). Not only are the carbohydrate containing lipids lost in a Folch wash, but, in varying proportions and depending upon the amount of water and inorganic salts present, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine are carried into the aqueous phase. Not only arc lipids lost into the aqueous phase but, as clearly stated in the original paper by Folch et al. , proteolipid remains in the organic phase.Furthermore, the Foleh wash medium can be pure H20 or 0.4% CaCI2, 0,034% MgCl2, 0.58% NaCI or 0.74% KCI, but whichever solution is chosen, the salt form of the polar lipids will be determined primarily by the wash medium. This will have significant effects upon the chromatographic properties of these compounds, a point worth remembering.3.2 Dextran Gel Column Purification MethodsThe crude lipid extract obtained as the final product of the evaporation of the solvent from chloroform-methanol extract can be purified essentially free of all nonlipid components by column chromatography on dextran gel columns (57). This is an improvement on the cellulose columnpurification technique (47,58), discovered somewhat accidentally by Lea and Rhodes (59). Wclls and Dittmer (17) were the first to publish a procedure for the purification of lipids using dextran gel columns. Their procedure, while a great improvement over existing methods, had limitations and was difficult to reproduce precisely. Later modifications on this method by Siakotos and Rouser and Wuthier yielded procedures which were able to give complete purification of lipid extracts, regardless of the extent of contamination by nonlipid impurities. This method, as described, is essentially the technique of Siakotos and Rouser with minor modifications .4. STORAGE OF PURIFIED LIPID EXTRACTSLipids are small molecules not subject to conformational changes that cause denaturation of protein molecules. Under strictly defined conditions, total lipid extracts and purified lipid fractions can be stored for long periods without significant deterioration, but they deteriorate rapidly if proper precautions are not observed . The storage of radioactive lipids presents a special problem, to be discussed later.Three basic precautions should be observed in the storage of all lipid samples: (A) They should be stored at as Iowa temperature as possible, but in any event at least -20 0C. (B) Oxygen should be excluded from the sample during storage, and during handling if possible. (C) The sample should be stored in the dark. If these rules are followed, samples can bestored for long periods.Additional precautions that greatly increase the lifetime of stored samples are: (A) The samples should be stored as solutions in organic solvents. For some reason, solid, dry lipids have short half-lives; it has been suggested that glass surfaces may catalyze lipid deterioration. (B) Antioxidants should be added to the lipid solution. The antioxidant prevents autoxidation during storage and, perhaps more usefully, during subsequent processing. This is particularly helpful in the storage of a stock solution from which aliquots are taken at various times. Oxygen is difficult to exclude, and the effects of repeated exposure become cumulative so that the final analysis may no longer represent the original sample. The storage container deserves5. NEW METHOD:5.1 Direct transesterification of lipids in a one-step reactionIn the year of 1986, Guy Lepage and Claude C. Roy report a technique that circumvents most of the preparative steps and consists of a one-step reaction. It leads to more complete recoveries of all classes of lipids which, during the transesterification procedure, are freed from biological specimens.Conventional techniques for the determination of fatty acid composition of lipids require solvent extraction, purification, hydrolysis,and derivatization procedures that are both lengthy and cumbersome. A 1-hr direct transesterification procedure carried out in methanol-benzene 4:l with acetyl chloride circumvented all these steps and was applicable for analysis of both simple (triglycerides) and complex lipids (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids; and sphingomyelin). Recoveries ( > 95 %) of standards unaffected by the presence of 5% water and 200 mg of silica suggested that the technique could be used for the quantitative analysis of total fatty acids as well as of fatty acids in classes of lipids separated on silica from biological samples. When compared to the Folch procedure, the technique led to a 20.1% increase in total fatty acids for plasma, 3.9% for feces, 7.4% for bile, and 9.7% for rat liver. This one-step direct transesterification procedure is superior to currently used methods, not only because of its simplicity and speed, but also because of its added precision.RERFERENCE:(1).Lepage, G., and C. C. Roy.. J. Lipid Res. 1986. 27: 114-120(1986).(2).Folch, J., t. Ascoli, M. Lees, I.A. Meath, and F.N. LeBaron, J. BioI. Chern. 191 :833 (1951).(3). Folch. I., M. Lees, and G.H. Sloane Stanley, Ibid. 226:497 (1957).(4). Sperry, W.M., and F.e. Brand, Ibid. 213:69 (1955).(5). Bligh, E.G., and W.J. Dyer, Can. Biochern. Physiol. 37:911 (1959).(6). Wells, M.A., and r.c, Dittmer, Biochemistry 2: I 259 (1963).(7). Siakotos, A.N., andG. Rouser, IAOCS 42:913 (1965).。

马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定

马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定张会敏1，邢岩2，仇润慷1，张丽梅2，倪贺3，赵雷1*（1.华南农业大学食品学院，广东广州 510642）（2.国珍健康科技（北京）有限公司，北京 100000)（3.华南师范大学生命科学学院，广东广州 510640）摘要：以活性物质示踪为导向，建立脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型对马齿苋中的抗炎物质进行跟踪，采用柱层析提取法、硅胶柱色谱分离法、制备液相色谱法及气相色谱-质谱联用技术对抗炎物质进行提取分离和结构鉴定。

结果表明，石油醚-乙醇、无水乙醇和纯水溶剂依次对马齿苋样品进行提取，三种粗提物将细胞中一氧化氮（Nitric Oxide，NO）的分泌量分别减少至33.13、25.83和20.53 μmol/L，其中石油醚相粗提物的抑制效果最强（P<0.05）。

对石油醚相进一步分离得到四个组分，Fr.1、Fr.2和Fr.3组分具有较强的抗炎效果，但Fr.1和Fr.2组分含有潜在的毒性成分，选择Fr.3组分继续分离。

Fr.3组分经硅胶柱分离得到三个组分，Fr.3.1组分表现出最强的抑制NO的分泌量效果（11.80 μmol/L）。

经制备液相色谱进一步纯化及气质分析，确定Fr.3.1组分的主要成分为硬脂酸（47.09%）、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯（13.21%）和其他成分。

该研究建立了一种从马齿苋中分离纯化出抗炎物质方法，为马齿苋的开发利用提供理论参考。

关键词：马齿苋；抗炎活性；提取分离；鉴定文章编号：1673-9078(2024)03-191-199 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.3.0324Extraction, Separation and Structural Identification of Anti-inflammatory Active Substances from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)ZHANG Huimin1, XING Y an2, QIU Runkang1, ZHAGN Limei2, NI He3, ZHAO Lei1*(1.College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)(2.Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100000, China)(3.College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510640, China)Abstract: To track the anti-inflammatory substances in purslane, the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model was established, which was guided by the tracer of active substances. The extraction, separation and structural identification of anti-inflammatory substances in purslane were performed by column chromatography (for extraction), silica gel column chromatography (for separation), and preparative high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (for analyses). The results showed that the three crude extracts obtained from purslane through sequential extractions with petroleum ether-ethanol, anhydrous ethanol and pure引文格式：张会敏,邢岩,仇润慷,等.马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定[J] .现代食品科技,2024,40(3):191-199.ZHANG Huimin, XING Yan, QIU Runkang, et al. Extraction, separation and structural identification of anti-inflammatory active substances from purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) [J] . Modern Food Science and Technology, 2024, 40(3): 191-199.收稿日期：2023-03-16基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（31771980）；广东省自然科学基金（2023A1515012599）作者简介：张会敏（1996-），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：活性物质分离提取，E-mail：；共同第一作者：邢岩（1981-），女，博士，助理研究员，研究方向：抗氧化与抗衰老，E-mail：通讯作者：赵雷（1982-），男，博士，教授，研究方向：天然产物绿色修饰及热带水果加工，E-mail：191water solvents reduced the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) in the cells to 33.13, 25.83 and 20.53 μmol/L, respectively, with the crude petroleum ether extract exhibiting the strongest inhibitory effect (P<0.05). The petroleum ether phase was further separated into four fractions, with the Fr.1, Fr.2 and Fr.3 fractions had stronger anti-inflammatory effects, though the Fr.1 and Fr.2 fractions contained potential toxic components. Therefore, the Fr.3 fraction was selected for further separation. The Fr.3 fraction was separated through a silica gel column to obtain three fractions. The Fr.3.1 subfraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against the NO secretion (11.80 μmol/L). The Fr.3.1 subfraction was further purified by the preparative liquid chromatography and GC-MS analysis, and the main components of the Fr.3.1 subfraction were identified as stearic acid (47.09%), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (13.21%) and other components. This study established a method for separating and purifying anti-inflammatory substances from purslane, and provides a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of purslane.Key words: Portulaca oleracea L.; anti-inflammatory activity; extraction and isolation; identification炎症是机体受到外部刺激时做出的一种保护性生理反应，能够及时清除体内受损或死亡的细胞，帮助机体恢复内部平衡[1] 。

樱桃番茄果脯中矮壮素检测方法的建立

樱桃番茄果脯中矮壮素检测方法的建立赵炳喃;韩悦;尹仁;张双灵【摘要】樱桃番茄果脯为我国的出口创汇产品,矮壮素残留逐渐成为制约其出口的瓶颈,研究建立一种矮壮素残留的检测方法.以樱桃番茄果脯为研究对象,通过甲醇提取矮壮素,对提取物采用强阳离子柱固相萃取(SPE)分离净化,采用高效液相色谱/质谱/质谱进行检测,并对检测方法的可靠性进行分析.结果表明,建立的检测方法检出限和定量下限分别为0.01 mg/kg和0.02 mg/kg,加标回收率在73.33%~90.60%之间,精密度在3.34%~7.87%之间.该检测方法为调查番茄加工品中矮壮素本底含量以及为后续降解矮壮素残留提供方法基础.%Cherry tomato preserves are agricultural products for export in China, and the residues of chlorme-quat chloride have become a bottleneck restricting its export, therefore, a detection method of the residues was established. The processed products of cherry tomato preserves were selected as the research object, the chlormequat chloride was extracted through the methanol, then the extraction was separated and purificated by strong cation solid-phase extraction (SPE) and detected by HPLC/MS/MS, the reliability of detection method was analyzed at the same time. The results showed that the detection and quantification limit of the method was 0.01 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg respectively, the recovery was 73.33%-90.60%and the precision was 3.34%-7.87%. The method provided a basis for the investigation of the content of chlormequat chloride in tomato and the degradation of chlormequat chloride residues.【期刊名称】《食品研究与开发》【年(卷),期】2017(038)022【总页数】4页(P183-186)【关键词】樱桃番茄;矮壮素;固相萃取(SPE);检测方法【作者】赵炳喃;韩悦;尹仁;张双灵【作者单位】青岛市城阳第一高级中学,山东青岛266109;青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛266109;青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛266109;青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛266109【正文语种】中文矮壮素（Chlormequat chloride）是2-氯乙基三甲铵氯化物的商品名称，因其抗倒伏、矮化农作物的作用而得名，在常温下是白色晶体，有鱼腥味，原药为淡黄色晶体，在中性和微酸性溶液中稳定，遇碱易分解[1-3]。

松针有效成分提取及药理活性研究进展

第46卷第13期2018年7月广　州　化　工Guangzhou Chemical IndustryVol.46No.13Jul.2018松针有效成分提取及药理活性研究进展*刘康柯,曹小燕(陕西理工大学化学与环境科学学院,陕西　汉中　723000)摘　要:综述了近年来松针提取的常用方法如水蒸气蒸馏法㊁超声波辅助法㊁超临界CO 2萃取法㊁微波辅助法和酶法;又介绍了松针中所含的挥发油㊁黄酮㊁多糖㊁木脂素㊁多酚㊁莽草酸等多种活性成分以及所具有的药理活性如抗氧化㊁抗癌㊁降糖㊁降血脂和护肝等功效㊂综合分析了目前对松针主要活性成分的提取和分析的方法,为松针资源的进一步研究开发提供一定的理论依据㊂关键词:松针;提取物;化学和药理作用　中图分类号:O629 　文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-9677(2018)13-0006-03*基金项目:陕西理工大学2017年大学生创新创业训练计划项目(No:2017101)㊂作者简介:刘康柯(1997-),男,本科生,从事天然产物提取和研究㊂曹小燕(1982-),女,讲师,主要从事药物合成及天然生物研究与开发㊂Research Progress on Extraction and Pharmacological Activity ofActive Constituents from Pine Needles *LIU Kang -ke ,CAO Xiao -yan(School of Chemical &Environmental Science,Shaanxi University of Technology,Shaanxi Hanzhong 723000,China)Abstract :The commonly used methods for extracting pine needles in recent years were systematically introduced from the methods of steam distillation,ultrasonic assisted method,supercritical CO 2extraction,microwave assisted methods and enzymatic method.Volatile oils,flavonoids,polysaccharides,lignans and polyphenols were described.The pine needles with a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti -oxidation,anti -cancer,hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and liver protection were also described.The extraction and analysis methods of the main active components in pine needles were analyzed,all of these provided an important theoretical basis for the further research and development of the pine needles.Key words :pine needles;extraction;chemical and pharmacological effects松树是裸子植物门松科属植物,全身可入药㊂松针作为松科植物的针状叶,多用于食品加工[1],松针也被用于饲料生产和医药行业,其含有丰富的松针黄酮,多糖㊁挥发油㊁木脂素㊁多酚㊁莽草酸等成分,其活性成分的多样性使其具有抗氧化㊁抑菌防腐㊁降糖降血脂㊁抗癌和护肝的功效㊂松针的广泛应用促使其受到了广泛的关注㊂本论文综述了松针的各类活性成分及提取方法,并对其药理活性进行概述,旨在为松针资源的研究开发提供参考㊂1　松针有效成分的提取方法1.1　水蒸气蒸馏水蒸气蒸馏[2]多用于天然产物挥发油的提取,通常将植物原料粉碎加入烧瓶,通过水蒸气蒸馏得到油水混合物,在进行萃取分离㊂其操作简便,广泛用于天然产物挥发油的提取㊂谢济运等[3]采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取了湿地松松针中的挥发油和莽草酸,在最佳工艺条件下莽草酸的得率为1.32%㊂王得道等[4]利用水蒸气法提取了黑皮油松松针的挥发油并分析其有效成分,得到挥发油中含有23种化合物㊂1.2　超声波辅助法超声波辅助法是利用超声波的高速㊁强烈的空化效应和机械作用,破坏植物的细胞壁,使溶剂渗透到植物细胞中缩短提取时间,提高提取率㊂超声波辅助法应用较广,常用来提取黄酮㊁多酚㊁多糖㊁鞣质等物质,且效果显著㊂张霞等[5]借助于超声波辅助法提取了油松松针的黄酮,并利用单因素和响应面法优化其提取工艺,得到的提取率可达3.66%㊂荀二娜等[6]与传统醇提法相比,超声作用可以使提取时间缩短3h,提取质量比达到了52.97mg /g㊂1.3　超临界CO 2萃取法超临界流体是一种新型高效的分离技术㊂超临界流体是介于气体和液体之间的流体,超临界流体具有良好的溶解能力,且超临界流体可以在较低的温度中操作,高效,对热敏性物质无影响,超临界流体很容易渗透到样品内部,大大缩短提取时第46卷第13期刘康柯,等:松针有效成分提取及药理活性研究进展7间㊂程满环等[7]利用超临界CO2萃取法和水蒸气法分别从松针中提取了几十种提取物,其中水蒸气分离鉴定得到了68种,占其挥发油总量的91.33%;超临界提取法分离鉴定得到了65种,占其挥发油总量的72.81%,两者共有成分29种,且最高的均为β-石竹烯㊂潘炘等[8]研究了不同提取工艺对马尾松松针提取物的抗氧化活性,分析了普通醇提法㊁外置超声辅助法㊁内置超声辅助法㊁超临界CO2萃取法四种提取方法制备马尾松松针提取物(EEP㊁OUEP㊁IUEP㊁SCDEP)中总酚和总黄酮的差异,同时研究了四中提取物的抗氧化活性,得出马尾松松针提取物中总酚及总黄酮含量与抗氧化性均具有明显的量效关系㊂1.4　微波辅助法微波辅助提取技术是利用微波来提取天然产物成分,能克服传统提取方法的不足,提取效率高,节省时间,同时微波提取不会引起产物结构的改变㊂谢清若等[9]采用微波辅助提取了松针多糖,在单因素实验的基础上采用3因素3水平的响应面分析,优化其提取工艺,得到松针多糖的提取率为6.258%㊂战英等[10]采用微波辅助法提取了红松总黄酮,通过正交实验得到其最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度80%㊁提取温度80℃㊁提取时间2h㊁料液比1︓20(g/mL)㊁微波功率600W㊁时间5min,得出总黄酮产率为3.37%㊂1.5　酶辅助法酶是以蛋白质形式存在的一类特殊的生物催化剂㊂可以在常温㊁常压和温和的酸碱条件下,将植物细胞壁水解或降解,减小细胞壁㊁细胞间质等物质对提取物的阻力,较大幅度提高天然植物中有效成分的提取率㊂张福维等[11]用纤维素酶提前预处理或未加酶对照,可提高挥发油的出油率达48%㊂刘晓庚等[12]报道了微波辅助离子液体酶法提取松针精油㊂微波辅助离子液体酶法的精油得率高达0.493%~0.530%,比水蒸气蒸馏法提高了48%~67%,比单用酶法提高了12.3%以上,离子液的回收率为98.5%~100%㊂2　松针的活性成分2.1　挥发油挥发油又称精油,是存在于植物中的一类具有芳香气味㊁可随水蒸气蒸馏的挥发性油状成分的总称,在常温下为无色或微黄色的透明液体,其组分较为复杂㊂挥发油富含萜类㊁芳香族和脂肪族及其含氧衍生物等活性成分㊂高治平[13]等以挥发油的得率为指标,通过L9(34)正交实验优化其提取工艺,在最优工艺条件下挥发油的得率为0.27%㊂王委等[14]在单因素实验的基础上结合正交实验得到挥发油得率为0.3608%㊂2.2　黄　酮黄酮化合物也称黄碱素,是一类植物中分布广泛的多酚类天然产物,具有抗氧化㊁清除自由基㊁降血脂等功能㊂迄今为止发现的黄酮类化合物总数超过9000个,它们在植物体内以游离态或糖苷的形式存在,黄酮类化合物对植物的生长发育,开花结果以及抵御异物入侵都起着重要作用㊂向福等[15]以总黄酮得率为响应值设计响应面优化试验优化了大别山野生松针中黄酮的提取工艺㊂在最优工艺条件下总黄酮得率可达3.01%,其中料液比对总黄酮得率的影响最为显著㊂刘东彦等[16]采用柱色谱法对醋酸乙酯萃取部位中黄酮类化学成分进行了分离和纯化,得到了五种黄酮类化合物,并发现了一类新的化合物雪松酮A㊂ 2.3　多　糖多糖广泛存在于自然界中的一类天然高分子化合物,具有抗氧化㊁抗肿瘤㊁抗菌㊁免疫调节㊁抗炎症等生物活性㊂近20年来多糖的研究发展迅速,研究范围涉及多糖结构的分离纯化㊁生物学活性㊁药理活性㊁临床应用等㊂徐丽珊等[17]比较了水㊁醇两种溶剂对3种松针多糖提取率的影响㊂结果表明在最佳工艺条件下,湿地松松针多糖得率为(4.024±0.017)%㊂葛霞[18]等利用正交法考察了提取时间㊁料液比㊁温度㊁pH对雪松多糖提取率的影响,得到雪松多糖的最优得率为4.907%㊂2.4　木脂素木脂素是一类由苯丙素双分子聚合而成的天然产物,通常为二聚物少数为三聚物或四聚物,广泛存在于植物的木质部或开始析出时成树脂状,故称木脂素㊂冯卫生等[19]研究了马尾松松针水煎液中的化学成分㊂从正丁醇萃取部位分离得到3个木脂素类化合物㊂雷艳萍等[20]采用普通醇提法提取了雪松中总木脂素,得到了总木脂素含量为99.2mg/g,与理论值100.49mg/g 接近,相对偏差为0.65%㊂2.5　多　酚植物多酚又称植物单宁,广泛存在于植物的皮㊁根㊁叶㊁果中的多元酚化合物,是植物的次生代谢产物,含量可达20%㊂多酚类化合物是一类优良的氢或电子的给予体㊂宁红霞等[21]优化了超声辅助提取雪松松针中总多酚的最佳工艺,得到总多酚提取率为5.460%㊂2.6　莽草酸莽草酸又名3,4,5-三羟-1-环己烯甲酸㊂广泛存在于裸子植物的细胞液中及乔木的叶和芽中㊂是合成芳香族氨基酸㊁香豆素和某些多酚化合物的前体,在芳香族化合物合成代谢中十分重要㊂丁雷涛等[22]考察了微波温度㊁料液比㊁微波功率㊁乙醇浓度和微波时间等因素对莽草酸提取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化其提取工艺,得到莽草酸的提取率可达11.31mg/g㊂刘东彦等[23]以雪松中莽草酸和多糖的含量为指标,以溶剂用量㊁提取时间和提取次数为考察因素优化了雪松松针中莽草酸和多糖的提取工艺㊂得到的最佳工艺为第一次加入13倍量的水,第二次加入10倍量的水,回流提取,每次2h,得到莽草酸的含量为41.225mg/g,多糖的含量为39.220mg/g㊂3　松针提取物的活性研究3.1　抗氧化人体与外界的持续接触,包括呼吸(氧化反应)㊁外界污染㊁放射线照射等因素不断的在人体体内产生自由基㊂科学研究表明,癌症㊁衰老或其它疾病大都与过量自由基的产生有关联㊂研究抗氧化可以有效克服其所带来的危害,因此广泛应用于食品㊁保健品㊁化妆品等行业㊂许小向等[24]在单因素实验基础上结合正交实验优化其提取工艺,得到松针多糖的提取率为2.1698%,松针多糖对DPPH㊁㊃OH㊁ABTS+㊃的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.291㊁1.793㊁0.617mg/mL㊂王昕等[25]测定了松针黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基㊁过氧化氢㊁羟基自由基㊁烷氧基㊁氮氧自由基等清除能力,其总体自由基清除活性良好㊂8　广　州　化　工2018年7月3.2　抑菌防腐常见的抑菌剂多数是一些合成的化学物质,我国常见的防腐剂有苯甲酸及其盐类或山梨酸及其盐类等,长期食用会对人体造成一定的伤害㊂天然防腐剂的研究㊁开发和利用将成为食品科学研究及应用的热点㊂曾维才等[26]通过平板抑菌试验,比较水提物和醇提物㊁老叶提取物和幼叶提取物以及混合提取物的抑菌作用,分析pH 值对提取物抑菌作用的影响,并比较了提取物与常用食品防腐剂抑菌作用的差异㊂得出松针水提物比醇提物的抑菌效果明显,幼叶比老叶提取物的抑菌活性强,对食品中常见腐败细菌的抑制活性较好,对真菌和酵母的抑制活性较弱;松针提取物得抑菌效果优于山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠,证明了松针提取物具有良好的抑菌活性㊂楼英彪等[27]研究了雪松松针不同溶剂提取物的抑菌效果和抑菌稳定性,得到50%乙醇提取物的抑菌活性最佳,为雪松松针资源在天然食品防腐剂等方面的开发提供参考㊂3.3　抗　癌汤红琴等[28]利用实体瘤小鼠模型,检测肿瘤组织中凋亡相关蛋白Bax,Bcl-2的表达,考察松针石油醚提取物的体内抗肿瘤作用机制㊂得出松针石油醚提取物具有一定的抗肿瘤活性,诱导凋亡是其抗癌活性机制之一㊂3.4　降糖降血脂王春梅等[29]通过给小鼠连续灌胃松针提取物,观察其对正常小鼠血糖以及对肾上腺素和四氧嘧啶引起的高血糖小鼠血糖的影响,松针提取物(200㊁400㊁800mg/kg)对正常小鼠的血糖水平无明显影响,但均可降低由肾上腺素和四氧嘧啶引起的高血糖小鼠的血糖,且呈现良好的剂量依赖性㊂刘红煜等[30]研究发现松针总黄酮可以使大鼠抗氧化酶(SOD㊁GSH-Px㊁CAT)活性上升,MDA含量下降,抑制脂质过氧化反应和自由基的产生,并能调节血脂代谢,对糖尿病㊁高血压㊁动脉硬化等一系列并发症具有较好的防治作用㊂3.5　护　肝李丽芬等[31]以四氯化碳和醋氨酚造成小鼠急性肝损伤模型,用赖氏法测定了小鼠血清SALT活力并观察醋氨酚中毒对小鼠生存率的影响㊂得到了松针提取液能降低小白鼠SALT水平并显著提高醋氨酚中毒的小鼠生存率㊂综上所述,松针具有较高的生理学研究价值,近年来许多科研工作者对松针的提取方法和活性产物做了较为系统的研究,方法也越来也成熟,可是对松针保健资源的应用研究还有待提高,为松针保健品和动能性食品的开发与利用提供参考㊂参考文献[1]　钱江,陈思,黄佳銮,等.松针抗氧化功能饮料的配方及加工工艺优化[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(22):5155-5157.[2]　李炳奇,马彦梅.天然产物化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2010:3.[3]　谢济运,陈小鹏,李志荣,等.水蒸汽蒸馏法提取湿地松松针中挥发油和莽草酸的研究[J].高校化学工程学报,2011,25(5):897-902.[4]　王得道,朱玉,刘洪章.水蒸气法提取黑皮油松松针挥发油及GC/MS分析[J].黑龙江农业科学,2013(5):96-98.[5]　张霞.油松松针黄酮的分离提纯及其抗氧化活性研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010:1-54.[6]　荀二娜,张春利,谢晓娜,等.超声波法辅助提取松针多酚[J].吉林大学学报(理学版),2012,50(1):147-152.[7]　程满环,兰艳素.超临界CO2流体萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取黄山松松针挥发油及其GC-MS分析[J].中药材,2016,39(10):2256-2259.[8]　潘炘,陈顺伟,庄晓伟.不同提取工艺马尾松松针提取物抗氧化性能的研究[J].生物质化学工程,2009,4(3):21-24.[9]　谢清若,郑立文,凌新龙,等.响应面法优化微波辅助提取松针多糖工艺研究[J].食品科技,2010,35(12):201-205. 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[21]宁红霞,沈薇,石晓峰,等.响应面法优化雪松松针中总多酚的超声提取工艺[J].中药材,2015,38(4):847-850.[22]丁雷涛,林华卫,马雄,等.微波辅助提取松针中莽草酸的工艺研究[J].化学工业与工程技术,2011,32(4):5-8.[23]刘东彦,张莉霞,石晓峰,等.雪松松针中莽草酸和多糖的提取工艺研究[J].中药材,2017,40(8):1914-1916.[24]许小向,洪艳平,胡捷敏,等.松针多糖微波提取工艺及抗氧化性研究[J].食品工业科技,2015,23:222-227.[25]王昕,周晓丹,何欣悦,等.松针中黄酮类化合物抗氧化性能的研究[J].吉林农业科学,2012,37(3):52-56.[26]曾维才,贾利.松针提取物抑菌作用的研究[J].食品科学,2009,30(7):87-90.[27]楼英彪,陈菲,高素华.雪松松针提取物抑菌活性及抑菌稳定性研究[J].中国药业,2013,22(8):39-40.[28]汤红琴,周薇宁,桃丽,等.松针石油醚提取物抗肿瘤及诱导凋亡作用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2010,16(11):177-179. [29]王春梅,王海莉,李贺,等.松针提取物降糖作用的实验研究[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,8(2):121-123. [30]刘红煜,刘树民,于栋华,等.松针总黄酮抗氧化调脂作用研究[J].中医药信息,2013,30(1):117-118.[31]李丽芬,刘斌焰.松针对小白鼠肝损伤保护作用研究[J].中药药理与临床,2007,23(5):147-148.。

窗纱英语怎么说

窗纱英语怎么说窗纱是以化纤为原料。

就是一种很薄的布。

一般跟窗帘布配套。

一层布。

一层纱。

一种糊在门窗上的纱网成为窗纱，窗纱是被广泛用于门窗、走廊上来防止小昆虫打扰的网状物。

那么，你知道窗纱的英文怎么说吗?窗纱的英文释义：window screening窗纱的英文例句：各种型号及各种规格的锁边窗纱。

Various models and various specifications lock side screens.我们的房子已经装上窗纱防止蚊子飞进。

We have screened our house against mosquitoes.他们在上面绷了一块窗纱。

They stretched mosquito netting across it.房屋已装上了纱窗纱门来防避蚊子。

The house has been screened against mosquitoes.而如果是窗帘窗纱，则会选择广东那边。

if it is a curtain window screen, Guangdong is selected over there.埃利奥特用窗纱和塑料管做了一张1.Elliott rigged up 1.5-meter nets made out of window bug-screens and plastic tubing窗纱涂剂Paint for window screen PW腹壁开窗纱垫填塞延迟抽出治疗严重肝破裂Abdominal wall fenestration, gauze packing and delayed extraction for severe hepatic rupture洁利33灭蚊蝇窗纱涂剂对蚊蝇的灭效研究Research on the Efficacy of Jieli 33 Embrocation on WindowScreening against Mosquitoes and Flies现有各类批发包窗纱硼硅玻璃烟斗抽烟.Available wholesale packs of various types of smoking pipe screens in pyrex test designs.精制的餐桌椅和飘逸的乳白窗纱，体现着对时尚的理解与追求。

不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响

李欣，华建新，罗杰洪，等. 不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（3）：83−97. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030289LI Xin, HUA Jianxin, LUO Jiehong, et al. Effects of Different Extraction Methods on the Composition and Properties of Jinggang Pomelo Peel Essential Oil[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(3): 83−97. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030289· 研究与探讨 ·不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响李　欣1，华建新1，罗杰洪1，王国庆2，陈　赣2，周爱梅1,*（1.华南农业大学食品学院，广东省功能食品活性重点实验室，广东广州 510642；2.吉安井冈农业生物科技有限公司，江西吉安 343016）摘　要：以井冈蜜柚皮精油（Jinggang pomelo peel essential oil ，JPPEO ）为研究对象，采用水蒸气蒸馏法、低温连续相变法两种方法进行提取，以精油得率为主要指标，研究了萃取温度、压力、时间等因素对井冈蜜柚皮精油得率的影响，并通过正交法进行低温连续相变法提取工艺优化，同时对精油的理化性质及化学组成进行分析。

研究表明，低温连续相变提取井冈蜜柚皮精油（Low-temperature continuous phase transition extraction essential oil ，L-JPPEO ）的最佳工艺为：颗粒度30目，萃取温度55 ℃，萃取压力0.6 MPa ，萃取时间60 min ，解析温度70 ℃，此时精油得率为10.99‰，比水蒸气蒸馏法提取的精油（Hydro distillation essential oil ，H-JPPEO ）得率高出了2.88倍；理化性质实验结果表明，低温连续相变萃取的井冈蜜柚皮精油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，游离脂肪酸含量较低，酯类成分含量较低；傅里叶衰减全反射中红外光谱法（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ，FTIR ）鉴定出L-JPPEO 和H-JPPEO 含萜烯类化合物、醇类、酚类、醛类以及含羰基化合物。

不同产地银柴胡黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性研究

中国食品添加剂China Food Additives试验研究不同产地银柴胡黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性研究冯娇，肖海鸿（东莞波顿香料有限公司，东莞 523000）摘要：主要探究了不同产地的银柴胡提取物的黄酮含量及其抗氧化性能。

采用紫外分光光度法检测宁夏、内蒙及陕西产地的银柴胡提取物的黄酮含量，通过ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子清除实验测定比较三种产地银柴胡提取物的体外抗氧化能力。

结果表明，宁夏产地的银柴胡提取物黄酮含量最高，为41mg/mL，陕西和内蒙产地的银柴胡提取物黄酮含量分别为33mg/mL，21mg/mL；银柴胡提取物对ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子具有明显的清除作用，宁夏、陕西、内蒙产地的银柴胡提取物对ABTS自由基半数清除浓度（IC50）分别为0.18mg/mL、0.22mg/mL、0.31mg/mL；对超氧阴离子半数清除浓度（IC50）分别为0.13mg/mL、0.24mg/mL、0.15mg/mL，清除能力与浓度呈现剂量依赖关系。

银柴胡提取物在体外具有很好的抗氧化能力，在食品中作为天然抗氧化剂具有较大的潜力。

关键词：银柴胡；黄酮；抗氧化；ABTS自由基；超氧阴离子中图分类号：TS201.4/TS202.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2513（2021）05-0008-05doi：10.19804/j.issn1006-2513.2021.05.002Study on the flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata cultivated from different areasFENG Jiao，XIAO Hai-hong（Dongguan Bonton Flavors&Fragrances Co.，Ltd.，Dongguan 523000）Abstract：This article mainly explored the ﬂavonoid content and antioxidant properties of Stellaria dichotoma var.lanceolate extracts from different areas. The study used ultraviolet spectrophotometry to detect the ﬂavonoid content of the Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata extracts from Ningxia，Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi provinces. Its in vitro antioxidant capacity was compared by ABTS radical test and superoxide anion radical scavenging experiments. The results showed that the ﬂavonoid contents of Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata from Ningxia area was the highest of 41 mg/mL，followed by Shaanxi’s and Inner Mongolia’s of 33mg/mL and 21mg/mL. Stellaria dichotoma var.lanceolata extract has obvious scavenging effect on ABTS radicals and superoxide anion radicals. The 50% scavenging concentration（IC50）of Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata from Ningxia，Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia for ABTS radicals was 0.18mg/mL，0.22mg，and 0.31mg/mL，respectively. IC50 of superoxide anion radical clearance is0.13mg/mL，0.24mg/mL，0.15mg/mL，respectively. The clearance capacity and concentration were dose-dependent.The conclusion is that Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata extract has excellent antioxidant capacity in vitro and has great potential as a natural antioxidant in food.Key words：Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata；flavonoids；antioxidation；ABTS radical；superoxide anion radical收稿日期：2021-01-21作者简介：冯娇（1995-），女，本科，助理工程师，研究方向：天然植物提取及化妆品功效研究。

羟基肉桂酸的高效提取

Highly effective extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids by hydrogen-bonding-functionalized ionicliquidsYunchang Fan a ,Xiaojing Li a ,Ping Shen b ,Hongxin Cai c ,⇑,Feifei Li a ,Yongxiang Wang d ,⇑aCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454003,China bSchool of Materials Science and Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454003,China cSchool of Physics and Electronic Information,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454003,China dHenan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Shangqiu Normal University,Shangqiu 476000,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 20October 2016Received in revised form 6January 2017Accepted 22January 2017Available online 25January 2017Keywords:Hydrogen-bonding-functionalized ionic liquids (HBFILs)Hydroxycinnamic acids ExtractionHydrogen-bonding interaction Hydrophobic interaction Steric hindrancea b s t r a c tIn this work,imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs)were used to extract hydroxycinnamic acids from water.Experimental results indicated that the ILs with CF 3SO 3Àanion had higher extraction ability for hydroxycinnamic acids because of the stronger hydrogen-bonding strength of CF 3SO 3À.The combination of cation and anion,both of which have strong hydrogen-bonding ability,generates a hydrogen-bonding-functionalized IL,1-butyl-3-(11-hydroxyundecyl)imidazolium triﬂuoromethanesulfonate ([C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3)which has strongest hydrogen-bonding ability and strongest extraction ability for hydroxycin-namic acids.Thermodynamic analysis suggested that hydrogen-bonding interaction was the major driv-ing force;meanwhile,the inﬂuence of hydrophobic interaction and steric hindrance between ILs and hydroxycinnamic acids should be considered when interpreting the extraction behavior of ILs.The extraction ability of the ILs was strongly inﬂuenced by the aqueous pH;it decreased with increasing pH in the range of pH >p K a (dissociation constant).The stronger extraction ability of ILs at lower pH val-ues could be interpreted by the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between ILs and the undissociated hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of the hydroxycinnamic acids.Preliminary results suggested that [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3may be applied to the process of the recovery of hydroxycinnamic acids from aque-ous media.Ó2017Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionHydroxycinnamic acids are a group of phenolic acids that are widespread in the plant kingdom with biological activities,such as antioxidant,anti-inﬂammatory,antimicrobial,anticancer and anti-anxiety activities [1–4]and have been widely used in the food,medicine and cosmetic industries [5].Fermentation [6,7],enzy-matic hydrolysis [8–10],acid hydrolysis [11,12]and alkaline hydrolysis [13,14]are the conventional technologies used to release hydroxycinnamic acids from plant resources.A separation process is generally required to recover hydroxycinnamic acids from fermentation broths and hydrolysates;liquid-liquid extrac-tion (LLE)is frequently used for this purpose [8,11–13,15].How-ever,traditional solvent extraction usually involves the use of volatile,irritant and ﬂammable organic solvents,such as ethyl acetate [8,11–13],diethyl ether [12,16]and chloroform [16,17].The development of environmentally-benign solvents to replace conventional organic solvents is thus of great importance.In the past two decades,ionic liquids (ILs)which are constituted exclusively of ions and are liquid at or close to room temperature,have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative to the volatile organic solvents due to their high thermal and chemical stability and non-volatile property [18,19].Recently,the applica-tions of ILs in the ﬁeld of separation processes have attracted much attention from the scientiﬁc community and three excellent reviews have summarized the related literature [20–22].Further-more,Yu and coworkers [23]have also reported the extraction of two hydroxycinnamic acids,ferulic acid (FA)and caffeic acid (CA)with ILs,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaﬂuorophosphate ([C 4mim][PF 6])and 1-hexyl-3-methylidazolium hexaﬂuorophos-phate ([C 6mim][PF 6]).The results indicated that the extraction efﬁ-ciencies of FA and CA were inﬂuenced by the pH of aqueous phase and phase volume ratio.After extraction,FA and CA in the extrac-tion phase could be retrieved quantitatively,and the ILs could be reused.Although interesting results have been obtained from Yu’s work,there are still two problems which need to be further/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.0571383-5866/Ó2017Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.⇑Corresponding authors.E-mail addresses:hongxincai2013@ (H.Cai),wangyx2006@ (Y.Wang).Separation and Puriﬁcation Technology 179(2017)126–134Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSeparation and Puriﬁcation Technologyj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s ep p urelucidated:(I)PF6Àis unstable and tends to release toxic and corro-sive HF gas when contacting with water[24,25].(II)Many works [23,26–28]have illustrated that the hydrogen-bonding interaction between ILs and organic acids played an important role in the extraction processes.The BF4À-based ILs were usually selected as the ideal extractants for the extraction of organic acids due to their stronger hydrogen-bonding strength[29–33].However,BF4Àis also unstable and prone to decomposition with the release of HF when being in contact with water[25].It is necessary to develop stable IL anions with strong hydrogen-bonding strength.As reported in literature,ClO4À[34,35]and CF3SO3À[36,37]are hydrolytically stable ions and their hydrogen-bonding strength is close to that of BF4À[38,39].This suggests that ClO4À-and CF3SO3À-based ILs are the ideal alternatives to BF4À-based ones.The most widely used CF3SO3À-based IL in separationﬁeld is1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triﬂuoromethanesulfonate([C4mim]CF3SO3) [40,41].However,[C4mim]CF3SO3is miscible with water and can only be used in aqueous biphasic systems which consume large quantities of ILs(25.08–40%(wt%)[40,41]),inorganic salts (16.18%(wt%)[40])or carbohydrates(25%(wt%)[41]).The use of hydrophobic ILs in separationﬁeld is preferable due to the low consumption of ILs[27].It is known that the solubilities of ILs decrease with the increase in the alkyl chain length of the IL cation [42],suggesting that the use of the IL cation being longer alkyl chain length may generate hydrophobic CF3SO3À-based ILs.Further-more,hydroxyl group has strong ability to form a hydrogen bond; the combination of hydroxyl functionalized cation and CF3SO3Àmay generate a new type of ILs with strong hydrogen-bonding ability. Based on this prediction,in this work,a series of hydrophobic CF3-SO3À-based ILs were synthesized and their extraction ability for CA, FA,p-coumaric acid(p-CA)and sinapic acid(SA)(these4acids are the representatives of hydroxycinnamic acids(Fig.1))was investigated.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsN-Butylimidazole(99%)and N-benzylimidazole(98%)were obtained from Alfa Chem.,Ltd.(Slough,Berkshire,UK).6-Chloro-1-hexanol(98%),lithium bis(triﬂuoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiNTf2,98%),triﬂuoromethanesulfonic acid(CF3SO3H,99%), sodium tetraﬂuoroborate(NaBF4,98%)and potassium hexaﬂuo-rophosphate(KPF6,99%)were obtained from Energy Chemical Co.(Shanghai,China).11-Bromo-1-undecanol(P99%)was pur-chased from Fluka(sigma-Aldrich Co.,St.Louis,MO,USA);1-bromobutane(99%),1-bromoheptane(98%),1-bromododecane (98%),CA(99%),FA(99%),p-CA(98%)and SA(98%)were obtained from Aladdin Reagent Co.(Shanghai,China).Chromatographic grade methanol was purchased from Fisher Scientiﬁc(Fair Lawn, NJ,USA).Reichardt’s dye(RD,90%)and4-nitroaniline(NA, P99%)were obtained from sigma-Aldrich Co.;N,N-diethyl-4-nitroaniline(DENA,97%)was purchased from Fluorochem Ltd., (Hadﬁeld,UK).Sodium perchlorate monohydrate(NaClO4ÁH2O, 99%)was obtained from Maya Reagent Co.,(Jiaxing,China).The ILs,[C4mim][PF6](99%)and[C6mim][PF6](99%)was obtained from Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Lanzhou,China).The ILs,1-butyl-3-(6-hydroxyhexyl)imidazolium bis(triﬂuoro methylsulfonyl)imide([C4C6OHim]NTf2),1-butyl-3-(6-hydroxy hexyl)imidazolium hexaﬂuorophosphate([C4C6OHim]PF6),1-butyl-3-heptylimidazolium hexaﬂuorophosphate([C4C7im]PF6), 1-butyl-3-heptylimidazolium tetraﬂuoroborate([C4C7im]BF4),1-butyl-3-heptylimidazolium bis(triﬂuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C7im]NTf2),1-butyl-3-benzylimidazolium bis(triﬂuoromethyl sulfonyl)imide([C4Bzim]NTf2),1-butyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bis (triﬂuoromethylsulfonyl)imide([C4C12im]NTf2),1-butyl-3-dodecylimidazolium tetraﬂuoroborate([C4C12im]BF4),1-butyl-3-dodecylimidazolium hexaﬂuorophosphate([C4C12im]PF6),1-buty l-3-(11-hydroxyundecyl)imidazolium tetraﬂuoroborate([C4C11-OHim]BF4),1-butyl-3-(11-hydroxyundecyl)imidazolium hexaﬂuo-rophosphate([C4C11OHim]PF6)and1-butyl-3-(11-hydroxyundecyl)imidazolium bis(triﬂuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C11OHim]NTf2)were synthesized as described in our previous work[43];the synthetic procedures and characterization of1-bu tyl-3-(6-hydroxyhexyl)imidazolium perchlorate([C4C6OHim] ClO4),1-butyl-3-(6-hydroxyhexyl)imidazolium triﬂuoromethane-sulfonate([C4C6OHim]CF3SO3),1-butyl-3-heptylimidazolium per-chlorate([C4C7im]ClO4),1-butyl-3-heptylimidazolium triﬂuoromethanesulfonate([C4C7im]CF3SO3),1-butyl-3-dodecylimidazolium perchlorate([C4C12im]ClO4),1-butyl-3-dodecylimidazolium triﬂuoromethanesulfonate([C4C12im]CF3SO3), 1-butyl-3-(11-hydroxyundecyl)imidazolium perchlorate([C4C11-OHim]ClO4)and1-butyl-3-(11-hydroxyundecyl)imidazolium tri-ﬂuoromethanesulfonate([C4C11OHim]CF3SO3)were shown in the Supplementary Information(SI).All the other reagents are of ana-lytical grade unless stated.Ultrapure water(18.2M XÁcm)pro-Fig.1.Chemical structures of FA,CA,p-CA,and SA.Y.Fan et al./Separation and Puriﬁcation Technology179(2017)126–134127duced by an Aquapro puriﬁcation system(Aquapro International Co.,Ltd.,Dover,USA)was used throughout the experiments.The pH values of the aqueous solutions were controlled by phosphate buffers(0.050mol LÀ1)and measured by a pHS-3B dig-ital pH-meter(Shanghai Leici Instrument Factory,Shanghai, China).2.2.Measurements of organic acidsThe concentrations of CA,FA,p-CA and SA in water phase were measured by a high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC, 1200model,Agilent Technologies,Santa Clara,CA,USA)equipped with a variable-wavelength detector(VWD)and an autosampler. The separation column was a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18column (4.6mmÂ50mm,1.8l m,Agilent Technologies)and the column temperature was set at303K.The mobile phase was the mixture of methanol and0.10%(V:V)acetic acid aqueous solution(23:77, V:V)with aﬂow rate of0.60mL minÀ1.The detection wavelength was set at310nm and the injection volume was10l L.2.3.Extraction procedureThe extraction of CA,FA,p-CA and SA was carried out at 298±1K.Generally,0.20mL of a speciﬁc IL was mixed with 3.0mL of the aqueous solution of the four acids(1.0Â10À2g LÀ1 for each acid)under stirring for10min which was the minimum time established by the preliminary experiments to achieve extrac-tion equilibrium.After extraction,the IL and water phases were separated by using a centrifuge.The extraction efﬁciency(E)is cal-culated by the equation:E¼1ÀC w C o wÂ100%ð1Þwhere C o w and C w are the concentrations of an organic acid in aque-ous phase before and after extraction,respectively.The distribution ratio(D)is deﬁned as:D¼C ILC wð2Þwhere C IL and C w are the concentrations of an organic acid in the IL and water phases,respectively.The concentration of a speciﬁc organic acid in water phase was measured by the aforementioned HPLC method;the concentration of a speciﬁc organic acid in the IL phase was calculated by mass balance.In order to accurately measuring D values,the IL and aqueous phases were mutually sat-urated with each other before extraction to reduce their volume changes.The relationship between E and D can be expressed by the following equation:E¼DDþV wV ILÂ100%ð3Þwhere V IL and V w are the volumes of the IL and water phases, respectively.2.4.Measurements of the hydrophobic parameters of ILsGenerally,the logarithmic value of n-octanol–water partition coefﬁcient(log P ow)is used as a measure of molecular hydropho-bicity.The log P ow values of the ILs used in this work were mea-sured via the method reported in our previous work[43]. Typically,the IL solutions(1.0Â10À4mol LÀ1for each)were pre-pared with water saturated by n-octanol;the n-octanol was also saturated by water before extraction to reduce the volume changes of water and n-octanol phases;10mL of a speciﬁc IL solution was mixed with10mL of n-octanol under stirring for30min at 298±1K;phase separation was achieved by centrifugation.The IL concentrations both in the n-octanol and water phases were measured by HPLC method.The chromatographic conditions were as follows:injection volume, 2.0l L;detection wavelength, 220nm;ﬂow rate,0.80mL minÀ1;mobile phase,the mixture of methanol and 2.0Â10À3mol LÀ1of aqueous sodium1-heptanesulfonate solution:95%(V:V)of methanol was adopted for the analysis of the[C4C12im]+-based ILs and75%of methanol was selected for the determination of all the remaining ILs.The P ow value is calculated by the following equation[43]:P ow¼C n-octanolC waterð4Þwhere C n-octanol and C water are the concentrations of a speciﬁc IL in the n-octanol and water phases,respectively.2.5.Measurements of the hydrogen-bonding parameters of the ILsThe hydrogen-bonding parameters,a(hydrogen bond donating ability),b(hydrogen bond accepting ability)of the ILs studied in this work were measured by using the three dyes,RD,DENA and NA as probes via the reported method[44].The concentrations of DENA and NA in the ILs were both2.5Â10À5mol LÀ1;the concen-trations of RD in ILs ranged from5.0Â10À4to4.0Â10À3mol LÀ1. The maximum absorption wavelengths(k max)of the three dyes were measured by a TU-1810ultraviolet–visible(UV–Vis)spec-trophotometer(Purkinje General Instrument Co.,Beijing,China). The hydrogen-bonding parameters(a and b)of ILs are calculated by the following equations[44]:mmaxðcmÀ1Þ¼104kðnmÞð5ÞE Tð30Þ¼28;592k maxðnm;RDÞð6ÞpÃ¼0:314Âð27:52Àm maxðDENAÞÞð7Þa¼0:0649ÂE Tð30ÞÀ2:03À0:72pÃð8Þb¼1:035Âm maxðDENAÞþ2:64Àm maxðNAÞ2:8ð9Þ2.6.Measurements of the solubilities of ILs in waterThe solubilities of ILs in water were measured at298±1K via the reported method[45].Typically,the IL and water phases were vigorously stirred for1h;and then the two phases were separated by centrifugation.The absorbance of the IL-saturated aqueous solutions at220nm was measured by the UV–Vis spectropho-tometer;the concentration(solubility)of a speciﬁc IL in water was then calculated by using the Lambert-Beer law.2.7.Determination of FÀin water phaseThe concentration of FÀin water was measured by an ion chro-matograph(IC-2001,Tosoh Corp.,Tokyo,Japan)equipped with a conductivity detector.The chromatographic conditions were as fol-lows:separation column,TSKgel SuperIC-AZ anion exchange col-umn(4.6mmÂ15.0cm,4l m,Tosoh Corp.,Tokyo,Japan); mobile phase,the aqueous solution containing6.3Â10À3mol LÀ1 of NaHCO3and 1.7Â10À3mol LÀ1of Na2CO3;ﬂow rate, 0.6mL minÀ1;injection volume,30l L;detection mode,sup-pressed conductivity.128Y.Fan et al./Separation and Puriﬁcation Technology179(2017)126–1342.8.Measurements of viscosities of the ILsThe viscosities of ILs were measured by a rotary viscometer (model:NDJ-8S,Changji Geological Instrument Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai,China)at 298±1K.All the above experiments were conducted in triplicate and the data presented in this work are the average values.3.Results and discussionThe ILs,[C 4C 6OHim]BF 4[43]and [C 4C 6OHim]CF 3SO 3(details are shown in the SI)are totally miscible with water and thus they were not used in this work.Additionally,the solubilities of the ILs used in this work in water were measured and the results are listed in Table S1in the SI .3.1.Inﬂuence of chemical structures of ILs on the distribution ratio For the sake of convenience of discussion,the ILs except [C 4-Bzim]NTf 2(this IL will be discussed separately below)were divided into four groups:(I)[C 4C 7im]PF 6,[C 4C 7im]BF 4,[C 4C 7im]NTf 2,[C 4C 7im]ClO 4and [C 4C 7im]CF 3SO 3;(II)[C 4C 6OHim]PF 6,[C 4C 6-OHim]NTf 2and [C 4C 6OHim]ClO 4;(III)[C 4C 12im]PF 6,[C 4C 12im]BF 4,[C 4C 12im]ClO 4,[C 4C 12im]NTf 2and [C 4C 12im]CF 3SO 3;(IV)[C 4C 11-OHim]PF 6,[C 4C 11OHim]BF 4,[C 4C 11OHim]ClO 4,[C 4C 11OHim]NTf 2and [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3.The ILs in the same group have the same cation.The extraction ability (D values)of the 19ILs used in this work for SA is shown in Fig.2.As can be seen,ﬁve interesting phe-nomena can be obtained:(I)for the ILs with the same cation,the inﬂuence of the IL anion on the extraction ability (D values)forSA follows the trend:PF 6À%NTf 2À<BF 4À%ClO 4À<CF 3SO 3À.Toméet al.suggested that hydrophobicity and hydrogen-bonding ability of the ILs are the main parameters governing the relative afﬁnity of the amino acids with the IL and water phases [46].Therefore,the hydrophobicity (log P ow )and hydrogen-bonding ability of ILs used in this work were determined.It should be noted that Lungwitz et al.suggested that the product of a and b (a b )was an ideal indi-cator of the hydrogen-bonding ability of ILs [38];this strategy was adopted in this work.The correlation between the hydrophobicity and the extraction ability of ILs for the extraction of SA is also shown in Fig.2.The hydrogen-bonding ability of ILs is listed in Table 1.As can be seen from Fig.2,the hydrophobicity of the ILs with the same cation but different anions follows the order:BF 4À<ClO 4À<PF 6À<CF 3SO 3À<NTf 2À(e.g.log P ow ([C 4C 7im]BF 4)<log P ow ([C 4C 7im]ClO 4)<log P ow ([C 4C 7im]PF 6)<log P ow ([C 4C 7im]CF 3SO 3)<log P ow ([C 4C 7im]NTf 2)),which is not consistent with the above mentioned order of the inﬂuence of the IL anion on the extraction ability,suggesting that hydrophobicity is not the major driving force underlying the extraction process.As shown in Table 1,the hydrogen-bonding ability of the ILs with the same cation butdifferent anions increases in the order:PF 6À%NTf 2À<BF 4À%ClO 4À<CF 3SO 3À,which is consistent with the above mentioned trend of the inﬂuence of the IL anion on the extraction ability,indi-cating that hydrogen-bonding interaction is the major driving force underlying the extraction process.(II)For the dialkylimidazolium-based ILs (ILs in group I and III),the increase in the alkyl chain length of the IL cation results in the decrease in the extraction ability (e.g.D ([C 4C 12im]BF 4<D ([C 4C 7im]BF 4)).This can be explained by the steric hindrance:SA bears large size group (aromatic ring);the increase in the alkyl chain length of the IL cation will hinder the interaction between ILs and SA [46,47].(III)For the hydroxyl functionalized ILs (groups II and IV),the increase in the alkyl chain length of the IL cation improves the extraction ability of the ILs (e.g.D ([C 4C 6OHim]PF 6)<D ([C 4C 11-OHim]PF 6)).As illustrated in Fig.2,the introduction of hydroxylgroup on the IL cation decreases the hydrophobicity (e.g.log P ow ([C 4C 6OHim]PF 6)<log P ow ([C 4C 7im]PF 6));the hydrophobicity of the ILs increases with prolonging the alkyl chain length of the IL cation.Higher hydrophobicity means stronger hydrophobic interaction between ILs and SA,enhancing the extraction ability of ILs accordingly.A long alkyl chain of the IL cation originates steric hindrance,consequently reducing the extraction ability of ILs.That is to say,there is a delicate balance between hydrophobic-ity and steric hindrance.For the hydroxyl functionalized ILs,the inﬂuence of hydrophobic interaction is more noticeable than that of steric hindrance.(IV)From the comparison of group I versus group II and group III versus group VI,it can be observed that the incorporation of hydroxyl on the IL cation improves the extrac-tion ability (e.g.D ([C 4C 11OHim]PF 6)>D ([C 4C 12im]PF 6))with the exception of [C 4C 6OHim]ClO 4(its extraction ability for SA is lower than that of [C 4C 7im]ClO 4).Two aspects should be considered to explain this phenomenon:the incorporation of hydroxyl group on the IL cation enhances the hydrogen-bonding strength (e.g.a b ([C 4C 11OHim]PF 6)>a b ([C 4C 12im]PF 6))(Table 1),improving the extraction ability accordingly;on the other hand,[C 4C 6OHim]ClO 4is the most hydrophilic IL (water solubility,65.5g L À1,Table S1in the SI ),which implies that the hydrophobic interactionFig. 2.Correlation of the extraction ability and hydrophobicity of ILs for SA (C SA =1.0Â10À2g L À1,V w :V IL =15:1,pH 2.0).Y.Fan et al./Separation and Puriﬁcation Technology 179(2017)126–134129between [C 4C 6OHim]ClO 4and SA is rather poor,resulting in the decrease of the extraction ability.(V)Many works have suggested that p –p stacking between ILs and solutes helps improve the extraction ability [40,46,48].However,as shown in Fig.2,[C 4-Bzim]NTf 2,owning stronger p –p stacking due to the introduction of benzyl group on the IL cation,has similar extraction ability to [C 4C 7im]NTf 2,indicating that the role of p –p stacking can be ignored.Additionally,the viscosity (g )of an extractant also inﬂuences the extraction efﬁciency;high viscous extractant is expected to decrease the mass transfer rates [49,50].Therefore,the viscosities of the ILs used in this work were measured.The results listed in Table 1indicate that the NTf 2À-based ILs have the lowest viscosi-ties;however,their extraction ability is lower than that of BF 4À,ClO 4Àand CF 3SO 3À-based ILs and close to that of PF 6À-based ILs (e.g.,g ([C 4C 11OHim]PF 6)>g ([C 4C 11OHim]BF 4)%g ([C 4C 11OHim]ClO 4)>g ([C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3)>g ([C 4C 11OHim]NTf 2);D ([C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3)>D ([C 4C 11OHim]BF 4)%D ([C 4C 11OHim]ClO 4)>D ([C 4C 11OHim]PF 6)%D ([C 4C 11OHim]NTf 2)).This suggests that vis-cosities are not the key parameter affecting the extraction ability of ILs.The extraction behavior of the 19ILs for FA,CA and p -CA is sim-ilar to SA and will not be discussed further here (Figs.S8–S10in the SI ).In view of the fact that [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3exhibits strongest extraction ability for the four hydroxycinnamic acids,it was then selected in the subsequent studies.3.2.Extraction stiochiometryOn the basis of the characteristics of liquid-liquid extraction,the stoichiometry of the extraction of the four acids from acidic aqueous solution with an IL (taking [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3for exam-ple)can be expressed by the following equation:OA ða ÞþC 4C 11OHim ½ CF 3SO 3ðÞo !K AOA ÁC 4C 11OHim ½ CF 3SO 3ðÞoð10Þwhere OA,‘‘a”,‘‘o”and K A represent an organic acid,aqueous phase,organic phase (the IL phase)and extraction constant (equilibrium constant),respectively.The extraction constant,K A ,can be calcu-lated as follows:K A ¼OA ÁC 4C 11OHim ½ CF 3SO 3½ o OA ½ a ¼C OA ðIL ÞC OA ða Þ¼Dð11Þthat is to say,K A is equal to D .As mentioned above,the D values of the ILs used in this work for the four acids are illustrated in Figs.2and S8–S10in the SI ,respectively.3.3.Stability of [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3It is known that PF 6Àand BF 4Àare unstable anions and prone to decomposition with the release of highly corrosive HF,especially in the presence water [24,25].To investigate the stability of [C 4C 11-OHim]CF 3SO 3against hydrolysis,additional experiments were conducted by contacting 0.10g of [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3with 10mL of water at 298K for 20days.It was found that no F Àwas detected in aqueous phase,suggesting that [C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 3is highly stable against hydrolysis.3.4.Thermodynamic analysisAs mentioned above,hydrogen-bonding interaction between ILs and hydroxycinnamic acids is the major driving force underly-ing the extraction process.To further conﬁrm this deduction,ther-modynamic analysis was then carried out.The Gibbs free energy change (D G )of the extraction process can be calculated by the equation [51]:D G ¼ÀRT ln D ð12Þwhere R and T are the gas constant and temperature,respectively.If enthalpy change (D H )and entropy change (D S )keep constant over the studied temperature range;their values can be calculated by using van’t Hoff equation [51]:ln D ¼ÀD H R T þD SRð13ÞThe graphs of ln D versus 1/T for the extraction of the fourhydroxycinnamic acids are shown in Figs.S11–S14in the SI .The resultant thermodynamic parameters (D G ,D H and D S )are listed in Table 2.Negative D G suggests that the extraction of the four hydroxycinnamic acids is a spontaneous process [51,52];D H <0and D S <0imply that hydrogen-bonding interaction is the major driving force underlying the extraction process [51–54].3.5.Inﬂuence of pHExperiments indicated that CA and SA are unstable in alkaline media;the inﬂuence of pH on the extraction efﬁciencies of CA and SA were therefore studied in the pH range of 2.0to 7.0.The inﬂuence of the pH of aqueous phase on the D values and extrac-tion efﬁciencies of FA is shown in Fig.3and the inﬂuence of pH on the D values and extraction efﬁciencies of p -CA,CA and SA is shown in Figs.S15–S17in the SI .As shown in these ﬁgures,the extraction efﬁciencies and D values of the four acids keep constant within the pH range of 2.0–4.0and decrease with further increase in pH.It is well known that an organic acid can exist in different forms depending on pH and its dissociation constant (p K a );the p K a values of CA (p K a1=4.38;p K a2=8.58;p K a3=11.50[55]),p -CA (p K a1=4.32;p K a2=8.97[56]),FA (p K a1=4.50;p K a2=8.92[55])and SA (p K a1=4.40;p K a2=9.21[57])have been reported.The four acids mainly exist in neutral forms in the pH range of 2.0–4.0,i.e.the undissociated carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are predominant.It will be expected that strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between ILs and the four acids is formed,resulting in higher extraction efﬁciencies accordingly.With further increase in pH,the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the four acids begin to dissociate,weakening the hydrogen-bonding interaction between ILs and the four acids,leading to the decrease in the extraction efﬁciencies.Based on these results,pH 4.0was regarded as the optimal pH value for the following experiments.Table 1The hydrogen-bonding parameters and viscosities of the ILs used in this work (average value,n =3).ILab a bViscosity (mPa Ás)[C 4C 7im]PF 60.530.250.13 5.5Â102[C 4C 7im]NTf 20.530.250.13 1.1Â102[C 4C 7im]BF 40.540.470.25 3.5Â102[C 4C 7im]ClO 40.540.420.23 4.8Â102[C 4C 7im]CF 3SO 30.530.570.30 2.7Â102[C 4Bzim]NTf 20.540.240.13 1.5Â102[C 4C 6OHim]PF 60.760.290.228.4Â102[C 4C 6OHim]NTf 20.760.320.24 1.8Â102[C 4C 6OHim]ClO 40.640.500.32 3.6Â102[C 4C 12im]PF 60.520.270.14 1.7Â103[C 4C 12im]NTf 20.510.260.13 2.3Â102[C 4C 12im]BF 40.540.480.26 1.2Â103[C 4C 12im]ClO 40.560.440.25 1.3Â103[C 4C 12im]CF 3SO 30.540.580.31 6.9Â102[C 4C 11OHim]PF 60.640.340.22 1.7Â103[C 4C 11OHim]NTf 20.590.400.24 6.6Â102[C 4C 11OHim]BF 40.660.480.32 1.4Â103[C 4C 11OHim]ClO 40.660.470.31 1.4Â103[C 4C 11OHim]CF 3SO 30.620.590.377.5Â102130Y.Fan et al./Separation and Puriﬁcation Technology 179(2017)126–134。

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Abstract % ObjecUves] This study was conducted to investigate the extraction process of quiona ( Cheuopodium quinoo) leaves. % Methods] Fidtly, singe factor experiments were carOed out with the volume fraction of eOanol, extraction time, extraction temperature and liquid-to-mateOal ratio as factors. Bied on the single factor expeOments, a response suOace test was desi/ed by the central composite desi/ method of Design - Expert softwie to esiblish a mathema-cl model. % ResclU] The optimal extaction conditions of quinoa lavonoiUs were obtained as follows: the ethanol volume fraction of 70% , the liquid-to-mateOal ratio at 30： 1 , the extraction time of 100 min and the extraction temperature at 60 =. % Cozclusiozs ] The results of the study arc stable with small deviation, and can proviUc ofeeencefoeeeaated peoceses. Key wods Quinoa leaf; Flavonoid; Extraction ； Response suOace methodology
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Cheuopofum quinoo Cheuopofium, Quinoa (
) , belonyny to
tuitieeayeefaectstheinfauenceofeach factoeon theeesponseeaa-
in Chenopodiaceae, hasapaantinghistoeyofmoeethan 5 000 ue?F eom the diag eams o feesponse su efa ce ana aysis obtained feom