Lecture-June 10
23级6月大学英语六级考试真题听力第一套
23级6月大学英语六级考试真题听力第一套全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: My Experience in the 23rd Level June College English Test (CET-6) Listening SectionHey guys, today I want to tell you about my experience in the College English Test (CET-6) listening section that I took in June. It was really exciting and nerve-wracking at the same time!First off, the test had four sections: conversations, talks, news reports, and discussions. The conversations were about everyday situations like ordering food at a restaurant or buying tickets for a movie. The talks were usually about academic topics like history or science. The news reports covered current events like climate change or technology trends. And the discussions were debates between two or more people on a controversial topic.I have to admit, some parts of the test were really challenging. The speakers talked really fast sometimes, and it was hard to catch all the details. There were also some tricky questions where you had to infer the speaker's opinion or guessthe meaning of a word from the context. But overall, I think I did pretty well!One tip I would give to anyone preparing for the CET-6 listening section is to practice a lot. Listen to English podcasts, watch English movies or TV shows, and try to have conversations in English as much as possible. The more you expose yourself to the language, the easier the test will be.In the end, I felt relieved when the listening section was over.I can't wait to see my scores and find out how I did. But no matter what, I'm proud of myself for taking on the challenge and giving it my best shot.So, that's my experience in the 23rd Level June CET-6 listening section. I hope this article inspires you to keep working hard and improving your English skills. Who knows, maybe one day you'll be taking the test too! Good luck, everyone!篇2Oh my gosh, guys, I just took the June 2023 College English Test Level 6 listening exam, and let me tell you, it was sooo tough! But don't worry, I'm gonna break it down for you all so you're ready when you take it.The first set of questions was about a university seminar on climate change. The professor talked about the causes and effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and extreme weather events. He also mentioned some possible solutions like reducing carbon emissions and planting trees. It was pretty heavy stuff, but I think I got most of the answers right.Next, we had a conversation between two students discussing a research project on biodiversity. They talked about the importance of preserving different species of animals and plants, and how human activities like deforestation and pollution are affecting ecosystems. They also mentioned the need for more conservation efforts and education programs. I had to really concentrate to catch all the details, but I think I did okay.The last part of the listening test was a lecture on renewable energy sources. The professor talked about solar power, wind power, and hydropower, and explained how they can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. He also mentioned some challenges, like the high costs of installing renewable energy systems. I tried my best to follow along, but it was a lot to take in.Overall, the listening exam was challenging, but I'm glad I studied hard and practiced a lot before the test. I hope you guysfind my tips helpful and ace the exam too! Good luck, everyone!篇3Oh my gosh, guys! I just took the June 2023 University English Proficiency Test (CET-6) and man was it tough! But guess what? I survived and I'm here to tell you all about it!So, the listening part was like super crazy. They played all these recordings of people talking and you had to answer questions about what they were saying. It was a real challenge to keep up with everything they were saying, but I did my best.The first set of questions was all about a guy who was traveling around the world. He talked about visiting different countries, trying new foods, and meeting interesting people. It was so cool to hear about all his adventures, although I have to admit, I did get a bit lost at times.Next up, they played some recordings of students talking about their favorite hobbies. There was a girl who loved painting, a guy who was into playing sports, and even someone who enjoyed baking. It made me realize how many different things people can be passionate about, and it was really inspiring.But the part that almost stumped me was the section on academic lectures. They played recordings of professors talking about different topics like history, psychology, and environmental science. Some of the terms they used were sooo hard to understand, but I just crossed my fingers and took my best guess.Overall, the listening test was definitely a challenge, but I'm proud of myself for giving it my all. Now all I have to do is wait for my results and hope for the best. Fingers crossed, guys!篇4Title: My Experience with the 23rd June CET-6 Listening TestHi guys, today I want to tell you about my experience with the 23rd June CET-6 Listening test. Oh boy, it was a rollercoaster of emotions!First of all, let me tell you how nervous I was before the test. I mean, I had been studying so hard for weeks, listening to English podcasts, watching English movies, and even talking to myself in English. But when the test day arrived, I was a bundle of nerves. The thought of listening to those fast-paced conversations and lectures was just too much to handle.But guess what? As soon as the test started, I found myself actually enjoying it! The topics were interesting, like a discussion about climate change and a conversation between a student and a professor about a research project. I found myself nodding along and even giggling at some of the jokes they made. It was like I was in my own little English bubble, and nothing else mattered.Of course, there were some tricky parts too. Like when they played a recording of two friends planning a trip, and I couldn't figure out where they were going. Or when a lecturer was talking about different theories in psychology, and I felt like my brain was about to explode. But you know what? I just took a deep breath, listened carefully, and tried to understand as much as I could.And you know what? When the test was finally over, I felt so proud of myself. I may not have understood every single word, but I tried my best and that's all that matters. Plus, I know that I'll keep improving my English skills and one day, I'll ace that CET-6 Listening test without breaking a sweat.So, to all my fellow students out there, don't stress too much about the CET-6 Listening test. Just relax, listen carefully, and believe in yourself. You got this! Good luck!篇5Oh my goodness, can you believe how hard the listening section of the 2023 June College English Test (CET) Level 6 was? It was like, super challenging, but I'm gonna share all the details with you!So, like, the first set of questions were all about this girl named Emily who was going on a trip to Australia. She was talking to her friend Mark about her travel plans, like how she was gonna visit the Great Barrier Reef and go scuba diving. It sounded so cool!Then there was this part about a lecture on climate change. The professor was talking about how human activities are causing global warming and how we need to take action to protect the environment. It was kinda scary but also important to know.Next up was a conversation between two students who were discussing their English class. They were talking about their favorite books and the different genres they liked to read. It was interesting to hear what they were into.Oh, and don't forget about the interview with a famous writer! He was talking about his new book and how he came upwith the idea for the story. It was so inspiring to hear about his creative process.Overall, the listening section was tough, but I learned a lot from it. I think it's important to practice listening to English as much as possible so we can improve our skills. Let's keep working hard and we'll ace the next CET Level 6 test for sure!篇6Title: My Experience of Listening to the 23rd June University English six-level examHey guys! I am so excited to tell you all about my experience of listening to the 23rd June University English six-level exam. It was really cool and I learned a lot from it.First of all, there were six sections in the exam, and each section had different types of questions. The first section was about a lecture on history, and I had to answer somemultiple-choice questions based on what I heard. It was a bit tricky, but I managed to answer most of them correctly.The second section was a conversation between two students talking about their future plans. I had to answer sometrue or false questions about what they said. I think I did pretty well in this section because I paid close attention to the details.The third section was a talk by a professor about science experiments. I had to fill in some gaps with missing words. This section was a bit challenging because I had to listen carefully to catch the missing words.In the fourth section, there was a discussion between a professor and a student about a research project. I had to answer some questions based on what they talked about. I think this section was the most difficult for me because I found the accents hard to understand.The fifth section was a lecture on environmental issues, and I had to answer some matching questions. I found this section quite interesting because I learned a lot about how we can help protect the environment.Lastly, the sixth section was a panel discussion on the importance of learning a second language. I had to answer some multiple-choice questions based on what the panelists said. I think this section was the easiest for me because I am already learning a second language.Overall, I had a great time listening to the University English six-level exam. I think I did pretty well, and I am looking forward to getting my results. I hope I will pass the exam and improve my English skills even further. Thank you for reading about my experience, and I hope you can all do well in your exams too! Bye for now!篇7On June 23, the first set of the College English Test Band 6 (CET-6) listening test was taken. Let me tell you all about it in a super fun, kid-friendly way!So, like, the test had four parts, and each part had like three or four different questions. The first part was about a girl named Sara who was planning a trip to Australia. She had to like listen carefully to a radio program and answer questions about the transportation and accommodation options in Australia. It was super cool!The second part was about a guy named Joe who was taking a photography class. He had to like listen to a conversation between him and his teacher, and then answer questions about the different types of cameras and lenses. It was so interesting!The third part was all about this girl named Lily who was volunteering at a wildlife sanctuary. She had to listen to a interview with one of the workers at the sanctuary and answer questions about the different animals they take care of. It was so cute!The fourth part was about a guy named Tom who was studying abroad in England. He had to listen to a lecture about the history of British literature and answer questions about the famous writers and their works. It was so fascinating!Overall, the listening test was like super fun and interesting. I learned so much about different places, people, and animals. I can't wait to see my score and find out how well I did. Yay!篇8Hey guys, today I want to talk about the listening part of the 23rd June CET-6 test. It's like super important and can be kinda tricky, but don't worry, I'll try to explain it to you in a simple way.So, in the listening part, there are a bunch of different sections. They might talk about anything from ordering food at a restaurant to giving directions on a map. You have to listen really carefully and pick the right answer from the choices given.One tip I have is to pay attention to the keywords in the questions. Like if they say "Where does the conversation take place?", you should listen for words like "place" or "location" in the dialogue. That way you'll know what to focus on.It's also important to practice listening to English as much as you can before the test. You can watch English movies or TV shows, listen to English songs, or even try talking toEnglish-speaking friends. The more you listen, the easier it'll be for you to understand.So yeah, that's the listening part of the CET-6 test. It might seem kinda hard at first, but if you practice and pay attention, you'll totally ace it. Good luck, guys!篇9Hey guys! Guess what? I just took the June 2023 College English Test Level 6 listening exam and I wanna tell you all about it!So, the exam had a bunch of different sections, like listening for main ideas, details, and inferences. There were also some listening tasks where you had to fill in the blanks, match speakers with topics, and answer questions about short talks. It was kind of challenging, but I think I did pretty good!One of the sections was about a student conversation, where they were talking about planning a class project. They mentioned a bunch of different ideas, like doing a presentation or making a poster. It was cool to listen to how they worked together to come up with a plan.There was also a part where they talked about climate change and how it's affecting the environment. They mentioned things like rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and changing weather patterns. It was kind of scary to think about, but it's important to know what's going on in the world.Overall, I think the listening exam was tough but fun. It was cool to test my English skills and see how much I could understand. I can't wait to see how I did on the exam! Have any of you guys taken the test before? Let me know how it went for you!篇10Hey guys, have you heard about the English Listening Test for the 23rd June College English Level 6 exam? It was super tough, but let me tell you all about it!First up, there were a lot of different sections in the test. The first part was all about listening to short conversations andanswering questions about them. They were talking about stuff like travel plans, shopping, and education. It was kinda tricky to catch all the details, but I did my best.Next, there was a section where we had to listen to a lecture and take notes. The lecturer was talking about Earth's atmosphere and climate change. It was really interesting, but I had to listen carefully to write down all the important points. Phew, that was a tough one!After that, there were more conversations to listen to, this time about things like job interviews, health issues, and environmental problems. I tried my best to answer the questions, but some of them were really tricky.Finally, there was a long lecture about the history of music. The speaker talked about different periods in music history and how music has evolved over time. It was so cool to learn about all the different styles of music!Overall, the test was pretty challenging, but I think I did okay.I just hope I can pass the exam and move on to the next level of my English studies. Wish me luck, guys!。
托福听力tpo66section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)译文 (11)Conversation1原文Student:How was that conference last weekend?Professor Miles.Professor:Great.I heard some really terrific presentations,refreshing topics too. About all these,you don't usually hear too much about.Student:why not?Professor:Oh,it's a funny thing about academia.It thinks scholars would do research about every topic imaginable.But actually,some authors,some genres aren't respective very much.So not very much is written them...gothic literature,detective novels.Student:But that's what the conference was about？Professor:Yeah,pretty much.It was kind of subversive,I guess.But there's a whole wealth of knowledge out there just waiting to be explored.I find that really exciting.Student:Sure.Professor:Yeah.Anyway,you wanted to ask me about the final paper?Student:Yeah，which I see now ties into the theme of that conference,since we're supposed to write about a book from one of those lesser genres.I was wondering what about science fiction?Professor:Sure.Though it's a genre that's actually getting more and more respect within academia.There was even a talk at the conference about Jack Vance.Student:He wrote planet of adventure,right?Professor:Yeah.He's a well-researched respected science fiction writer.If you're interested in science fiction,you could look them up.That leads you to lots of other authors and lots of possibilities for your paper.Student:Great.I'm relieved you think that,that's a good genre to study.I'll find a book that interests me and do the paper on that.It seems like most people assume that science fiction is kind of like,I don't know,junk literature.Professor:Yes,a lot of people do.Student:Yeah,but I've read somethings and I think that some of it is really well written and it takes so much imagination to write SCI-Fi.Professor:Well,careful,though,there is a difference between science fiction and Scifi.Student:What do you mean?Professor:SCI fi,that's what you tend to see in films.It has all the spaceships and robots,and it focuses on exotic technology you know factor like special effects，at the expense of a well written story.I think a lot of people don't realize this and tend not to make a distinction.Student:Okay.Professor:But true science fiction is much more intellectual than that. The story is very important,and even though it might take place in an imaginary world,it might have exotic gadgets.The focus is on the plot.Science fiction creates metaphors about our world.And well what it means to be human.It's meant to getpeople to think about real things like history and human behavior.That's worthy of your time,but not SCI fi.Student:Great.Well.Can I let you know next week which book I want write about?Professor:Sure.题目1.Why does the man go to see the professor?A.To find out what the assignment is for the final paperB.To discuss a conference that the professor attendedC.To get a topic area approved for a class assignmentD.To find out the difference between science fiction and sci-fi2.What was unusual about the conference that the professor attended?A.It included presentations by many scholars who were not well known to the professor.B.It included presentations by students.C.It focused on authors who are respected by most scholars.D.It focused mostly on less popular literary genres.3.Why does the professor mention Jack Vance?[Click on2answers.]A.To encourage the man to write a paper about Planet of AdventureB.To support her point that some authors should be researched moreC.To indicate a way for the man to begin looking for a suitable topicD.To demonstrate that science fiction is gaining attention from scholars4.What is the man’s attitude toward science fiction?A.He is confident that it will become more respected.B.He disagrees with a commonly held opinion about it.C.He understands why it is not well respected.D.He is impressed that it includes exotic technology.5.According to the professor,what is a key difference between sci-fi and science fiction?A.Sci-fi is intellectually more challenging than most science fiction.B.Science fiction stories are often made into films.C.Science fiction places more importance on plot than sci-fi does.D.Science fiction makes little use of exotic technology.答案C D CD B C译文1.学生：上周末的会议如何，Miles教授？2.教授：很好，我听到了很多非常精彩的演讲，以及令人耳目一新的话题，而且这些话题平时都没机会听到。
综合英语6 Lecture Notes 10
Unit 10 Sweet SeptemberIV. Structural AnalysisPart 1(Para 1) introduces the topicPart 2(Para 2-7) the arrival of autumnPart 3(Para 8-10) describe the few days around the Autumn EquinoxPart 4(Para 11-12) animals’ preparation for coming winterPart 5(Para 13-14) the end of the September seasonI. AnalysisParagraph 1 AnalysisNote that the opening statement “September is more than a month, really; it is a season, an achievement in itself ” is, in a sense, the topic sentence of the whole essay, wh ich will be beautifully developed in the following paragraphs. The readers will expect to see what distinguishing features it has and what kind of “achievement” it is in itself.Paragraph 2 AnalysisThis paragraph conveys a vision about the arrival of September. We can sense the almost imperceptible arrival of autumn in the first few days of September if we are sensitive enough.Paragraphs 3-4 AnalysisIn these two paragraphs the author describes the short period after the first few days of September “when it is comfortably cool but pulsing with life.” (Paragraph 3. Compare this clause with those in the preceding paragraph. It is already more than “a sense of autumn.”) He compares it with May and spring (Paragraphs 3 and 4): It is a “flowery month” with“less varied” flowers, and it has equally “abiding” wonder but this wonder is revealed in a subtler way.Paragraph 5 AnalysisIn this paragraph the author makes a prediction about what will take place with the arrival of autumn, that is, “... the leaves will be discarded, the grass will be sere,” but “the seed” will remain underground, which is “the germ of growth and renewal.”Paragraph 6 AnalysisThis paragraph is a fine description of what the spider does in September. One cannot but admire the “the persistence of life” represented by this tiny creature, for it has “traveled into the Arctic and almost to the summits of the Himalayas.”Paragraph 7 AnalysisThis paragraph describes what “the busy farmer” does in this harvest season.Paragraphs 8-10 AnalysisThese three paragraphs describe the few days around the Autumn Equinox(秋分), which occurs on September 22, 23, or 24, just a few days before the Mid-Autumn Day, “when the moon is near its fullness.” It should not be Frost’s Descent (霜降), which occurs on October 23 or 24. The trace of frost indicates the progression of time in the season. Notice that it is still in “early autumn.”Paragraphs 11-12 AnalysisThese two paragraphs describe how different animals prepare for the upcoming winter towards late September.Paragraphs 13-14 AnalysisThe last two paragraphs end the essay with the end of the September season. Having consolidated itself in this season with its wealth, nature begins to prepare for winter.II. Questions for ParagraphsParagraph 2 QuestionWhat is the author’s purpose of using “creeps in” and “tiptoes”?The author is trying to say that autumn is almost imperceptible when it first arrives.Paragraph 3 QuestionHow does the writer make the comparison between September and May in terms of flowers? September flowers may be less varied than those in May but they are more abundant and their colours range from pure white through all degrees of lavender to the royal New England purple.Paragraph 4 QuestionWhat difference does the author try to distinguish between September and spring?Both spring and September are miracle seasons. Spring signals the beginning of new life, while September marks its maturity (annual fruition); spring proclaims the persistence of life through opening bud and new leaf while September reveals the lasting wonder of life in a subtler way —through the seed and the root, and the egg and the pupa.Paragraph 10 QuestionHow do warm-blooded creatures and cold-blooded insects find the nights of September when “the frost walks the valleys”?Warm-blooded creatures find these early autumn nights more pleasant and refreshing (to them the nights are “crisp, cool”), whereas cold-blooded insects find that their time is running out because it is becoming too cold for them. Notice that the focus is on cool-blooded insects inParagraph 11 QuestionHow do the small creatures prepare for the upcoming winter?They hoard food.Paragraph 14 QuestionWhat is September’s last contribution to nature when it comes to its end?The last contribution of September to nature is its preparation (mulch, humus, root, bulb, seed, and egg, etc.) for the renewal of life in the next year.III. Language Work of ParagraphsParagraph 1“After summer’s heat and haste, the year consolidates itself.”Paraphrase: In summer, everything grows fast due to high temperatures. After that, the year makes its achievement more secure in September (i.e. it makes the plants and trees stop this kind of growth, bear fruit, and mature in September).consolidate vt. to make the power, position, or achievements you already have stronger or more effective so that they are likely to continuee.g. The success of their major product consolidated the firm’s position in the market.She hoped that marriage would consolidate their relationship.The company has been expanding rapidly and I feel it’s now time to consolidate.Paragraph 2“It creeps in on a misty dawn and vanishes in the hot afternoon.”Paraphrase: It arrives silently on a hazy dawn and fades away in the hot afternoon. (That is to say, we feel a slight autumn chill in the early hours of the morning but in the afternoon it is as hot as summer again.)creep vt. if someone creeps somewhere, they move there quietly and slowlye.g. One or two typing errors crept into the report.Doubts began to creep into my mind about the likely success of the project.vanish vi. to disappear in a sudden and mysterious waye.g. The child vanished while on her way home from school.Cheap rural housing is vanishing in the south of the country.“September is a changeling, busy as a squirrel in a hickory tree, idle as a languid brook.”Paraphrase: September is a changeable season, sometimes it is very active, like a busy squirrel ina hickory tree, sometimes it is still, like a peaceful stream.idle vi. runs slowly or does not produce any movemente.g. He’s a very diligent student. But his brother is an idle fellow.That factory has been idle for quite a few years and many of its workers have been laidoff.It’s crazy to have ￡7,000 sitting idle in the bank.We idled away the hours until the attack, drinking and playing cards.Paragraph 3“Goldenrod comes by mid-August, but rises to a peak of golden abundance in early September.”Paraphrase: Goldenrod begins to blossom by mid-August, and in early September, its color turns yellow and it is in full bloom.abundance n. a very large quantity of somethinge.g. There is abundant evidence that cars have a harmful effect on the environment.We had wine in abundance.You’ve made your fe elings abundantly clearParagraph 4“The plant commits its future to the seed and the root.”Paraphrase: The plant’s future is reliant on the seed and the root.commit vt. to give a definite opinion or make a definite decision; to agree to do something importante.g. L ike so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship.The government must commit itself to improving health care.I think I can come but I won’t commit myself till I know for sure.Paragraph 5“Soon the leaves will be discarded, the grass will be sere.”Paraphrase: Soon the leaves will be cast off and the grass will be withered.discard vt. to get rid of something that you no longer want or neede.g. Many international students who had just come to the US would use the furniture,especially mattresses and chairs, discarded by other people.In the time of reform such outdated ideas should be discarded.“... that is the seed itself.”Paraphrase: ... the seed itself is the promise of growth and renewal.Paragraph 6“Dawn shimmers with spider filaments ...”Paraphrase: Spider filaments sparkle in the early morning light ...shimmer vi. to reflect a gentle light that seems to shake slightlye.g. She could see her reflection in the water, shimmering in the moonlight.This week, the ballet company launches a shimmering new production of AMidsummer Night’s Dream.Paragraph 7“... the harvest moon is not hasty; it comes early and stays late.”Paraphrase: ... in autumn, the moon stays longer in the sky. It rises early and sets late.hasty adj. done in a hurry because you do not have much timee.g. He warned against making hasty decisions.Finding it was raining, we made a hasty retreat into the bar.His father had just died and he didn’t want to marry with indecent haste.It was an unfortunate decision and I hasten to say it had nothing to do with me.“... the kitchen harvest in all its variety, reaches its peak.”Paraphrase: “The kitchen harvest” refers to the crop processing such as canning, preserving and freezing.The sentence means that the processing of food in the kitchen is in full swing.Paragraph 8“... a clear, scant-starred night when the moon is near its fullness.”Paraphrase: ... a clear night with few stars when the moon is almost full.scant adj. not more than a small amount or numbere.g. H e pays scant attention to the needs of his children.He had scant regard for the truth.Add a scant half liter of milk to the mixture and stir well.“the glistening leaf, the gleaming stem”Explanation: Note that this is an alliteration.Paragraph 9“... the frost walks the valleys ...”Paraphrase: ... the frost walks through the valley...“... September shines through ...”Paraphrase: It refers to the mild autumn weather comforting the land after the brief frost, not the moon. The preceding paragraph also describes a cold to warm transition.Paragraph 10“But cold-blooded insects are at the mercy of the sun and now their clocks run down”Paraphrase: It refers to the mild autumn weather comforting the land after the brief frost, not the moon. The preceding paragraph also describes a cold to warm transition.mercy n. the act of forgiving someone or not treating them severely, especially someone who you have the authority to punishe.g. The little ant is drifting in an open boat, at the mercy of the elements.We are at the mercy of the weather.run down: if something such as a machine or clock runs down, or if you run it down, it gradually stops working because it has no powere.g. These batteries can be recharged when they run down.Since he took that extra job, he’s really run himself down.Paragraph 11“Now come the hoarding days.”Paraphrase: Now it is time to collect and store food for winter.hoard vi. to get and keep a large amount of something because it might be valuable or useful latere.g. During the siege people began hoarding food and supplies.There would be enough food on a daily basis if people were not hoarding it.We found a huge hoard of tinned food in the basement.“The chipmunk lines his winter bedroom ...”Paraphrase: The chipmunk fills his winter home with food...Paragraph 12“Now they are gregarious, with time for tribal gossip and community play.”Paraphrase: Now they like to be with other woodpeckers. They have time to chat and play with each other.gregarious adj. a gregarious person enjoys being with other people; gregarious animals or birds live in groupse.g. Emma’s a gregarious, outgoing sort of person.Pigeons are gregarious birds, but blackbirds tend to be solitary“Who knows but that they are discussing the trip ahead?”Paraphrase: Who knows whether perhaps they are discussing the trip ahead?NoteThe idiomatic phrase “who knows but that ...” is an informal colloquial expression meaning “who knows whether perhaps,” which indic ates a guess.e.g. W ho knows but that it is true?Who knows but that he may succeed?Paragraph 13By September’s end the treasure chest of autumn begins to “spill over” with wealth. Paraphrase: By the end of September, the fruitfulness of autumn is showing its best to us.spill over: to spread to other arease.g. The conflict threatens to spill over into neighboring regions.The talks between the two leaders look likely to spill over into the weekend. Paragraph 14“The year’s season in the sun has run its course.”Paraphrase: The year’s season has come to a natural end.run its course: to develop in the usual way and reach a natural ende.g. I had to accept that the relationship had run its course.They estimated that between 17,000 and 20,000 cows would die before the epidemichad run its course.IV. Chinese Translation of Paragraphs九月是夏天的尾声，秋天的序曲。
ACM(lecture_10)特殊的数
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26
Catalan number
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27
HDOJ_1134: Game of Connections
8 7 6
5
1 2 3
4
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28
Catalan Number
Catalan numbers (1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796, 58786, 208012, 742900, 2674440, 9694845, ...)
trees with n+1 nodes
3 nodes:
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37
4 nodes: 5 nodes:
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38
4. the number of paths of length 2n through an n-
by-n grid that do not rise above the main diagonal
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6
January
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7
February
2021/6/3
8
March
2021/6/3
9
April
2021/6/3
10
May、June…
???
2021/6/3
11
The number series is—— 1、1、2、3、5… This is fibonacci number！
Some other pictures
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12
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13
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14
新通用大学英语1(6-10课后答案) unit10
Items
1 2
bowl necklace camcorder
Prices
______ pesos 250 ______ pounds 30
1,200 euros ______
Comments on prices
pretty good price very cheap too expensive a deal
Agenda
Lesson 1 Lesson 2
UNIT GOALS
1.Ask for a recommendation
2.Bargain for a lower price 3.Discuss tipping customs 4.Talk about shopping habits 5.Write about a shopping experience
3
New Words Phrases and Expressions
3
Proper Names
Part 1 I’m Almost out of Cash.
Understanding meaning from context. Make the correct answer.
1. When Amy says, “_________________,” she means “It‟s a good It can‟t hurt to ask idea to ask.”
Part 2 In an Electronics Store.
Listen to the conversations and match the product people are talking about with the picture.
Conversation 1.___________ a camcorder Conversation 3.___________ a scanner
讲座的时间地点英语作文
讲座的时间地点英语作文The university campus was abuzz with activity as students hurried to their classes, eager to learn and expand their horizons. Among the various academic offerings, one particular event had captured the attention of the student body - a highly anticipated lecture on a cutting-edge topic. The time and location of this lecture were of utmost importance, as they would determine the accessibility and attendance of this educational opportunity.The lecture was scheduled to take place on a Thursday evening at 7 pm in the main auditorium of the university. This time slot was carefully chosen to accommodate the busy schedules of both students and faculty members. The evening hours allowed those with daytime commitments, such as classes or part-time jobs, to attend without conflicting with their other responsibilities. Additionally, the auditorium was a central location on campus, easily accessible from various dormitories and academic buildings.The choice of the auditorium as the venue for the lecture was strategic. This spacious and well-equipped facility could comfortablyaccommodate a large audience, ensuring that everyone interested in attending would have a seat. The auditorium was equipped with state-of-the-art audio-visual technology, allowing the speaker to effectively present their material and engage the audience. The room's excellent acoustics and ample seating made it an ideal setting for a lecture, where attendees could fully immerse themselves in the subject matter without distractions.To ensure that the lecture was well-attended, the university administration made a concerted effort to publicize the event. Posters were strategically placed around campus, highlighting the date, time, and location of the lecture. The university's website and social media channels were also utilized to spread the word, with detailed information about the speaker, the topic, and the importance of the lecture. This comprehensive marketing campaign ensured that the event was widely known among the student body and faculty, piquing their interest and encouraging them to attend.The choice of Thursday evening as the lecture time was particularly significant. Many students and faculty members found this time slot to be convenient, as it fell outside the typical class schedule. Thursday evenings often provided a respite from the academic demands of the week, allowing attendees to focus on the lecture without the pressure of impending assignments or exams. Additionally, the weekend was just around the corner, providing anopportunity for attendees to further explore the topic or engage in discussions with the speaker and their peers.The location of the auditorium was also a crucial factor in the success of the lecture. The university campus was designed with accessibility in mind, and the auditorium was situated in a central area, easily accessible from various parts of the campus. Students living in on-campus housing could easily walk to the venue, while those commuting could find convenient parking options nearby. The proximity of the auditorium to other academic buildings and student hubs also encouraged cross-pollination, as attendees from different disciplines and backgrounds could come together to learn and engage with the speaker.Furthermore, the auditorium's state-of-the-art facilities ensured that the lecture would be a high-quality and engaging experience for all attendees. The room's advanced audio-visual equipment allowed the speaker to utilize multimedia presentations, videos, and interactive elements to enhance the learning experience. The comfortable seating and ample lighting created an inviting atmosphere, where attendees could fully focus on the lecture without distractions or discomfort.In the days leading up to the event, the university administration worked tirelessly to ensure that all logistical details weremeticulously planned and executed. This included coordinating with the speaker to ensure their needs were met, arranging for any necessary equipment or resources, and ensuring that the auditorium was properly set up and ready to accommodate the expected audience.On the day of the lecture, the campus was abuzz with excitement and anticipation. Students and faculty members eagerly made their way to the auditorium, eager to learn from the distinguished speaker and engage in thought-provoking discussions. As the lecture began, the audience was captivated by the speaker's expertise, eloquence, and ability to connect the topic to real-world applications and current events.The lecture was a resounding success, with attendees leaving the auditorium feeling inspired, enlightened, and eager to continue exploring the subject matter. The strategic choice of time and location, coupled with the university's comprehensive marketing efforts and the high-quality facilities, had all contributed to the lecture's remarkable turnout and impact.In conclusion, the time and location of a lecture are crucial factors in determining its success and accessibility. By carefully considering the needs and schedules of the target audience, as well as the logistical requirements of the event, the university was able to create aneducational experience that was both engaging and widely accessible to the campus community. The lecture's success serves as a testament to the importance of thoughtful planning and execution in the realm of academic events and the lasting impact they can have on students and faculty alike.。
全新版大学英语综合教程(第二版)B1-Unit 1 (lecture notes)
Unit 1 Growing UpText A Writing for MyselfⅠ.Teaching ObjectivesStudents will be able to:1.grasp the main idea (the essence of writing is to write what one enjoys writing)and structure ofthe text (narration in chronological sequence):2.appreciate the narrative skills demonstrated in the text (selection of details, repetition,coherence):3.master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text:4.conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of theunit.Ⅱ. Before Reading1.English song Beautiful Boy vocal by John Lennon1). John LennonBrief introduction to John Lennon: John Lennon (1940~1980) was an English rockmusician and co-founder of The Beatles, the most lauded and influential rock group atall time.Questions about John Lennon:a)Who was John Lennon?b)Which country was he from?c)What was his profession?d)Do you know any songs by him?e)Can you tell us anything about Lennon?Chronology of John Lennon:--October 9, 1940Born John Winston Lennon, in Liverpool, England.--September 1957Enrolled at Liverpool College of Art.--August 23, 1962married college girlfriend Cynthia Powell (divorced 1968)--February 19, 1963Please Please Me reached Number One in the UK charts.--February 12, 1964The Beatles started their first US tour.--June 15, 1965The Beatles received MBEs (Member of the Order of the British Empire) from QueenElizabeth II.--March14, 1969Married Yoko one.--November 25, 1969Lennon returned his MRE in peace protest.--December 8, 1980Shot dead outside his apartment in the Dakota building in New York City. The Killerwas a crazed fan, Mark Chapman, who had recently obtained Lennon’s autograph.2). Beautiful Boy3). Questions about the Song and Textsa)In your opinion, what is the song Beautiful boy going to tell us?b)What does Lennon think of growing up? Is it easy of full of adventures?c)Can you guess what the texts in this unit are going to be about?2.Spaghetti1)Definition: spaghetti is the Italian-style thin noodle, cooked by boiling and servedwith sauce. Unlike some Chinese noodles, it is not served in soup and will never tastepulpy.2)Listen and practiceRead the words given below and then listen to the passage. After listening to thepassage one student is required to come up and show the right way of eating spaghettibefore the class.i.hold the fork in your hand as if to poke the spaghetti.ii.Scoop up a small amount of spaghetti on your fork and raise it about30 cm above your plate.iii.Make sure the spaghetti on your fork is completely disconnected fromthe remainder on your plate.iv.Put the prongs of the fork at an edge of the plate that is free of food.v.Quickly point the prongs of the fork straight down toward the plateand place the points on the plate.vi.Twirl the fork to gather the spaghetti around the prongs.vii.With a quick scooping movement, gather up the roll around theprongs and place it in your month.viii.Gently gather up any stray spaghetti ends that don’t make it all theway into your mouth.3.American education systemIn the U.S., education is the responsibility of individual states, not of the federalgovernment, so requirements may vary from one state to another. The following is ageneralization:Kindergarten: under 5 years oldElementary/primary school (grades 1-6): 6-11 years oldJunior high/middle school (grades7-8): 12-13 years oldSenior high school (grades9-12): 14-17 years oldCollege, institute, academy, universityⅢ. Global Reading1.ScanningScan Text A and find out all the time words, phrases and clauses.since my childhood in Belleville (LL.1-2)until my third year in high school (L.2)until then(L.3)when our classed was assigned to Mr. Fleagle for third-year English(L.7)late in the year (L.17)until the night before the essay was due. (LL20-21)when I finished (L.40)next morning (L.42)two days passed (L.42)when I saw him lift my paper from his desk…(L.45)when Mr. Fleagle finished (L.58)3.True or false1). Baker had never thought of becoming a writer until he was in the eleventh grade. (F)As a child in Belleville, he had thought of becoming a writer from time to time.2). Tea chers found it painful to read students’ long and lifeless essays. ( T ).3). Before Mr. Fleagle became the English teacher for Baker’s class, the English course hadbeen interesting. ( F ).From the words “another cheerless year” we can see the English course had been quite boring.4). In Baker’s opinion, Mr. Fleagle was really a formal, rigid and out-of-date teacher onlybecause of Fleagle’s manner of speaking. (F)Besides the manner of speaking, Fleagle’s appearance and dress also showed that he was a dull and rigid teacher.4.Multi-choice1) At first, Baker thought Mr. Fleagle’s English course was _b__.a)interestingb)dullc)hopefuld)attractive2) In Baker’s opinion, the title of the composition “What I did on My Summer Vacation”was _d__.a)dullb)unfruitfulc)difficultd)foolish and dull3) Baker liked to write a composition with the title “ The Art of Eating Spaghetti” because_c__.a)neither Baker nor Doris had ever eaten spaghetti before.b) they argued with each other at the supper.c) it remained him of the pleasure of that evening.d) spaghetti was from Italy and quite new then.4) Which of the following statements is TRUE? _a__.a)You’ll not write a good composition until you like the topic.b)When Baker wrote the essay, he thought his teacher would like it.c)Mr. Fleagle had like Baker’s compositions before.d)Baker succeeded in writing two compositions.5.Questions and answers1. As a student, Baker was long bored by writing compositions. Later, however, hisattitude changed completely. What do you think brought about this change?By reading the text, it seems that the assignment to write an essay led to the change. However, the assignment was still there as it used to be as well asMr. Fleagle. Nothing but his own understanding toward writing an essaychanged.2. Mr. Fleagle says “it’s of the very essence of the essay”, yet he gives no furtherexplanation. Think it over. What does he mean?After reading the class Baker’s essay, Mr. Flealge told the students “it’s of the very essence of the essay”. It was clear enough for the students tounderstand what the essence was. For they enjoued the essay so much thatthey should have got a clue of how to mke the essay. Just like what Baker haddone, to write as the things are and to write for your own joy, might be whatMr. Fleagle wants to illustrate.3. How do you understand the title” Writing for Myself”?To write for oneself may be a good way in making some certain articles such as essay pr poem and so on. For by reading such an essay, the readersexpect of nothing but of the author’s individual feelings toward certainmatters.Ⅳ. Detailed ReadingImportant words , phrase and difficult sentences:Part One (para.1-2)1)(para.1）off and on : or on and off: from time to time; now and again, irregularly断断续续地，有时---It has been raining on and off for a week. That’ why the clothes feel damp.---As her patient slept soundly during the night, Nurse Betty was able to doze off andon in a bedside chair.2)(para1）take hold: become established 生根，确立---The idea of one child only has taken hold in many Chinese families---老习惯总是很难摆脱的. 这就是为什么你要在习惯养成之前戒烟..---Old habits die hard. That’s why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.3)(para.1）bore : vt. Make sb. feel tired and lose interest 使人厌烦---The speaker went on and on, and the audience grew bored by his speech.---Tom Sawyer grew bored with painting the garden fence, so he thought of a way to make others paint for him.Collocation:A crashing bore 讨厌之极的人/事A frightful bore 讨厌得要命的家伙An insufferable bore 讨厌得让人无法忍受的人An utter bore 极惹人厌烦的事4)(para.1）)associate: vt. Join or connect together; connect or bring in the mind. 使联系起来，使联想--- 我们只是把埃及和金字塔联系起来.---We often associate Egypt with pyramids.---I can’t associate this gentle you ng woman with the radical political essays she has written,.---Jim wished to forget everything associated with his former life.*associate: n. partner, 合伙人---He is not a friend, he is a business associate.他不是我的朋友，而是我生意上的合伙人。
国际学术会议英语答案
国际学术会议英语答案1. Professor Eric will give us a series of wonderful _________（讲座）this Friday. [填空题] *空1答案：lectures2. However, he was not afraid of danger and continued conducting this ________ （实验）. [填空题] *空1答案：experiment3. After ________ （探索）the old part of the town , there is a guided tour of the church. [填空题] *空1答案：exploring4. He continued to pursue his _________ （目标） of becoming a professional footballer. [填空题] *空1答案：goal5. Please _______（修改）the draft to improve its content. [填空题] *空1答案：revise6. She has such a kind, friendly _________ （个性）. [填空题] *空1答案：personality7. The president will present the ____________（策略）tomorrow afternoon. [填空题] *空1答案：strategy8. Little Tony is always enjoying the _________（陪伴）of his parents. [填空题] *空1答案：company9. Everyone can greatly __________（改善）the quality of life. [填空题] *空1答案：improve10. It’s hard for the lawyer to guarantee their rights when there is no _____（正式的）contract. [填空题] *空1答案：formal11. To be honest, I_________ (frighten) by thunder just now. [填空题] *空1答案：was frightened12. What attracted people most were not only their ___________ (impress) sports skills but also the mental strength they showed in the competition. [填空题] *空1答案：impression13. The audience is waiting ___________ (anxious) to see which team will win. [填空题] *空1答案：anxiously14. By giving children a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s________ (confident). [填空题] *空1答案：confidence15. Cultural differences are not just about _________ (nation), races or beliefs. [填空题] *空1答案：nationality/nationalities16. The UN is an international ________ (organise) that helps countries to solve problems peacefully. [填空题] *空1答案：organization17. It is necessary for every student to take _______ (note) in class. [填空题] *空1答案：notes18. Your choice of clothes is a reflection of your __________ (personal). [填空题] *空1答案：personality19. Though your work is brilliant, there is still room for _________(improve). [填空题] *空1答案：improvement20. At the gate, she wrote only her name and phone number on the _____(register) form. [填空题] *空1答案：registration。
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From 1 to 2年月日星期五大学物理下2008613()12008613()2年月日星期五大学物理下1. 热力学过程当系统的状态随时间变化时，我们就说系统在经历一个热力学过程，简称过程。
§２０．３热力学第一定律非静态过程系统在过程中经历了一系列非平衡态，这种过程为非静态过程。
作为中间态的非平衡态通常不能用状态参量来描述。
准静态过程一个过程，如果任意时刻的中间态都无限接近于一个平衡态，则此过程为准静态过程系统的准静态变化过程可用图上的一条曲线表示，称之为过程曲线。
. P —V2008613()3年月日星期五大学物理下，2. 功无摩擦准静态过程，外界在准静态过程中对系统的作用力，可以用系统本身的状态参量来表示。
在无摩擦准静态过程中：系统体积由变为外界对系统作总功为：P eP e P e .A ._.V V W=_22V1V1PdVdw =dl = P e dV dw = -PdVV 1V 2∫当活塞移动微小位移ｄｌ时，外力所作的元功为：V 是系统体积2008613()4年月日星期五大学物理下功的图示：由积分意义可知，用式求出功的大小等于图上过程曲线下的面积。
比较下的面积可知，功的数值不仅与初态和末态有关，而且还依赖于所经历的中间状态，功与过程的路径有关。
功是过程量功是过程量( 2)P —V P=P(V)a , b （）（）W=_2V1PdV V ∫a ab b 122008613()5年月日星期五大学物理下绝热功与系统的内能3. R 热力学第一定律如果一个系统经过一个过程，其状态的变化完全是由于机械的或电磁的作用，则称此过程为绝热过程。
在绝热过程中外界对系统所作的功为绝热功。
著名的焦耳实验如图所示：电源焦耳实验结果表明：在热力学系统所经过的绝热过程（包括非静态的绝热过程）中，外界对系统所作的功仅取决于系统的初态和终态。
用各种不同的绝热过程使物体升高一定的温度，所需的功在实验误差范围内是相等的。
2008613()6U 12W a , 年月日星期五大学物理下定义内能：任何一个热力学系统都存在一个称为内能的状态参数，当这个系统由平衡态经过任意绝热过程达到另一平衡态时，内能增加等于过程中外界对系统所作的绝热功即：热量定义若系统由初态１经一非绝热过程达到终态２ ，在此过程中外界对系统所作的功不再等于过程前2 - 1 aU 2 -U1 = W a 21Q=U 2U 1W后状态函数内能的变化Ｕ２—Ｕ１，我们把二者之差定义为系统在过程中以热量Ｑ形式从外界吸取的能量，即：----2008613()7年月日星期五大学物理下对于初终平衡态相距很近的元过程，第一定律微分表达式为：热力学第一定律意义：系统终态和初态的内能之差等于在过程中外界对系统所作的功与系统从外界吸收的热量之和。
规定：外界对系统做功系统从外界吸热。
其中为全微分（为内状态函数）与仅表示元过程中的无限小改变量，不是全微分（功，热均为在过程中传递的能量，即过程量）将热量定义改写2 -1U 2 -U 1=W+Q 21W Q W>0Q>0dU U dQ dW dU=dQ+dW2008613()8年月日星期五大学物理下热容定义：热容定义：系统温度升高时，如果它吸收的热量为则系统的热容量定义为：因热量与过程有关，故同一系统，在不同过程中的热容量有不同的值。
§热力学第一定律的应用定容热容量：因为在等容过程中，外界对系统作功为零，则为所以dT Q,C=Q dTC=Q / dT 20.4:Q=dU Q=dU Cv=(Cv=(dT dT Q Q )v =()v =(T T U U )v )v d d d d d d d ¶¶¶¶注意：热力学第一定律系统在体积保持不变的过程中的热容量，Ｃｖ2008613()9年月日星期五大学物理下根据第一定律，在定压过程中定义焓为定义焓为在定压过程中根据定义知：焓是状态函数。
在定压过程中，系统从外界吸收的热量等于系统焓数量。
定压热容量：系统在压强保持不变的过程中的热容量，记为(Q)p =(dU)p -(dW)p =(dU)p -(PdV)p(Q)p =(dU)p -(dW)p =(dU)p -(PdV)p H=U+PVH=U+PV (dH)p=(dU)p+(PdV)p(dH)p=(dU)p+(PdV)p Cp=(Cp=(dT Q)p =()p =(T H)P)P C pd d d ¶¶：：2008613()10年月日星期五大学物理下2、理想气体的内能焦耳定律焦耳实验气体真空年焦耳用自由膨胀实验研究了气体的内能。
右图为其实验装置的示意图。
实验结果表明：水温不变说明：水和气体没有发生热交换。
，即气体自由膨胀是绝热过程。
气体向真空自由膨胀过程中不受外界阻力，所以外界不对气体作功，即。
A C C 1845!*Q=0 W=0B2008613()11年月日星期五大学物理下把热力学第一定律应用于此过程：因为所以即恒量即气体绝热自由膨胀过程是一个等内能过程。
体积改变，内能不变体积改变，温度不变焦耳实验结果气体的内能只是温度的函数，与体积无关。
Q=0 W=0U=0 U(T,V)=D }2008613()12年月日星期五大学物理下理想气体定义焦耳的结果只适用于理想气体。
只有在实际气体密度趋于零的极限情形下，气体的内能才只是温度的函数而与体积无关。
焦耳定律或（）严格遵守和二定律的气体。
理想气体内能和焓的表达式定容热容量定义（）理想气体的内能只是温度的函数l l U=U(T)T =oV U/PV=RT U=U(T)C V =U/ T VC V =dU/dT dU=C V dT¶¶n ¶¶+=ò0TT V U dT C U 02008613()13年月日星期五大学物理下定压热容量定义（）理想气体的焓也只是温度的函数证明：对于理想气体，有（）（）即一摩尔理想气体，有理想气体C P =H / T PC P =dH/dT dH=C P dTH T =U T +RT dH/dT=dU/dT + R C P -C V = R=1C mP -C mV = RC mP C mV = R ¶¶+=òn n n -0TT P H dT C H 02008613()14年月日星期五大学物理下图一２－６ 理想气体的热力学过程等温过程（过程方程：常量在图上，每一个等温过程对应一条双曲线（图一虚线），称为等温线。
内能：功和热量：由第一定律可得或l dT=0)PV=RT=P-V U=0Q= W W= Q12V V V V V V lnRT V dVRT PdV W 21212211V P V P 21P P lnRT W n D --n -=n -=-=òò=n -=\Q PV2008613()15年月日星期五大学物理下图二l 等容过程（）过程方程：常数在图上，等容线为一条垂直于轴的直线。
（图二虚线）功：内能与热量：由第一定律可得：理想气体内能表达式且假定常数，则有（）dV= 0V=P-V V W=0U=Q C V =C mV =U= C mV T 2-T 1dTC U 21T T V D n D n ò=D PV2008613()16年月日星期五大学物理下l 多方过程实际上，气体所进行的过程，常常既不是等温又不是绝热的，而是介于两者之间，可表示为常量（为多方指数）凡满足上式的过程称为多方过程。
等温过程绝热过程等压过程等容过程一般情况，多方过程可近似代表气体内进行的实际过程。
PV n =n n =1 ——n =——n= 0 ——n =——1n g ¥<<g2008613()17年月日星期五大学物理下与绝热过程功的计算类似，对于多方过程，有对状态方程和多方过程方程求微分，得再由第一定律可证明)V P V P (1n 1W 11220VdVn P dP RdT VdP PdV )PdV (dT C dT C mn mV 1n R C n 1n C C mV mV mn--==+g =+-+n =n --=÷øöçèæ--g =2008613()18年月日星期五大学物理下当时，。
说明气体在过程中对外界所作的功大于它从外界吸收的热量。
多作的功是由于消耗了本身的内能，故虽然吸热，但温度反而下降，产生负热容。
气体在多方过程中从外界吸的热量1n C mn 012v 12mV T T 1n R C T T C Q <<g <()()-÷øöçèæ-n -=-n =2008613()19年月日星期五大学物理下２．７ 循环过程历史上，热力学理论最初是在研究热机工作过程的基础上发展起来的。
若循环的每一阶段都是准静态过程，则此循环可用Ｐ－Ｖ图上的一条闭合曲线表示。
箭头表示过程进行的方向。
工质在整个循环过程中对外作的净功等于曲线所包围的面积。
沿顺时针方向进行的循环称为正循环或热循环。
沿反时针方向进行的循环称为逆循环或制冷循环。
P Vabc d2008613()20年月日星期五大学物理下泵正循环的特征：一次循环过程中要从高温热源吸热，对外作净功，又向低温热源放出热量。
而工质回到初态，内能不变。
工质经一循环实用上，用效率表示热机的效能以表示Q 1|W|Q 2|W|= Q 1-Q 21Q W h =h T 1 Q 1T 2 Q 2|W|气缸2008613()21V 1V 4V 2V 3年月日星期五大学物理下２－８ 卡诺循环１８２４年卡诺（法国工程师１７９６－１８３２）提出了一个能体现热机循环基本特征的理想循环。
后人称之为卡诺循环。
本节讨论以理想气体为工质的卡诺循环。
由４个准静态过程（两个等温、两个绝热）组成。
：与温度为的高温热源接触，不变，体积由膨胀到，从热源吸收热量为：绝热膨胀，体积由变到，吸热为零。
12T 1T 1V 1V 223V 2V 3PQ T 1T 2®®1211ln 0V V RT Q n =12342008613()22V 1V 4V 2V 3年月日星期五大学物理下34T 2T 2V 3V 441V 4V 1|W|= Q 1-Q 2 T 1T 2Q 1Q 2WP QT 1T 2®®：与温度为的低温热源接触，不变，体积由压缩到，从热源放热为：绝热压缩，体积由变到，吸热为零。
在一次循环中，气体对外作净功为（参见能流图）4322ln 0V V RT Q n =12342008613()23年月日星期五大学物理下理想气体卡诺循环的效率只与两热源的温度有关由例题结果知所以效率为2-61243V V V V 12T T 1121432121211V V ln T V V ln T 1Q Q 1Q Q Q Q W =-=h -=-=-==h2008613()24Q 1Q 2年月日星期五大学物理下逆向循环反映了制冷机的工作原理，其能流图如右图所示。