化学化工英语文本unit1-1
化工专业英语第一到第八单元单词
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１．ａｌｋａｌｉ 碱 ｂｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇ 漂白 ｓｉｌｉｃａ 二氧化硅 ｓｏｄｉｕｍ 钠 ｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅ 碳酸盐，碳化 ｉｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃ 无机的 ｄｙｅｓｔｕｆｆ 燃料 ｍａｕｖｅ 苯胺紫 ｓｕｌｐｈｕｒｉｃ 硫的 ａｍｍｏｎｉａ 氨 ｓｔａｎｄ … ｉｎ ｇｏｏｄ ｓｔｅａｄ 很有用 ａｍｍｏｎｉｕｍ 胺基 ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ 肥料 ｎｉｔｒｉｃ 含氮的，硝酸根的 ｔｈｅ ｌｉｏｎ’ｓ ｓｈａｒｅ 较大部分 ｐｅｔｒｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ 石 油 化 学 的 ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒ 聚 合 体 ｐｏｌｙｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ 聚 乙 烯 ｐｏｌｙｐｒｏｐｙｌｅｎｅ 聚 丙 烯 ｐｏｌｙｅｓｔｅｒ 聚酯 ｅｐｏｘｙ 环氧树脂 ｒｅｓｉｎ 树脂 ｅｍｕｌｓｉｏｎ 乳化 ｐｏｌｙ 多 ｖｉｎｙｌ 乙烯基 ｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ 氯化 物，漂白剂 ａｃｅｔａｔｅ 醋酸盐 ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ 聚合 ｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ 配方，组成，公式化，列方程 式 ｉｎｇｒｅｄｉｅｎｔ 成分 ｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌ 药品，医药的 ｐａｒａｍｏｕｎｔ 最高的，优于 ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓ 磷 ｐｏｔａｓｓｉｕｍ 钾 ｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅ 农药 ｐｅｓｔ 虫 ｖｅｔｅｒｉｎａｒｙ 兽医 ｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋ 家畜 ａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ 抗生素 ｔｅｒｙｌｅｎｅ 涤纶 ｐｏｌｙａｍｉｄｅ 聚酰胺，尼龙 ｃｒｅａｓｅ 折缝 ｄｒｉｐ－ｄｒｙ 易快速晾干 ｈｕｅ 色彩 ｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ 频谱， 范围 ｇａｒｍｅｎｔ 衣服 ｕｒｅａ 尿素 ｆｏｒｍａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ 甲醛 ｕｒｅａ－ｆｏｒｍａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ ｒｅｓｉｎ 脲（甲）醛树脂 ｐｏｌｙｕｒｅｔｈａｎｅ 聚氨酯，聚氨基甲酸乙酯 ｒａｃｋｅｔ 球拍 ａｄｄｉｔｉｖｅ 添加剂，附 加的 ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ 抗氧化剂 ｖｉｓｃｏｓｉｔｙ 粘度 ｇｒｅａｓｅ 脂肪 ｏｖｅｒｈｅａｄ 塔顶馏出物 ｆｉｎｅ ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ 精细化学药品． ２．ｃｌｅａｒ－ｕｐ 明 确 的 ｏｖｅｒｌａｐ 重 迭 ｂｌｕｅ ｓｋｙ 纯 理 论 的 ， 价 值 极 微 的 ｉｎｔｒｉｎｓｉｃ 内 在 的 ｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｉｏｎ 监督 ｓｐｉｎ ｏｆｆ 有用的副产品 ｑｕａｎｔｕｍ 量子 ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎ 烃 ｅｎｃｏｍｐａｓｓ 包含， 围 绕，完成 ｍｕｌｔｉｔｕｄｅ 大批 ｔｅｆｌｏｎ 聚四氟乙烯 ｐｏｌｙｔｅｔｒａｆｌｕｏｒｏｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ 聚四氟乙烯 ｉｍｐａｒｔ 给予， 告诉 ｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘａｎｅ 环己烷 ｍｏｎｏｍｅｒ 单体 ｓｔｒａｉｎ 菌株， 品系 ｍｏｕｌｄ 霉菌， 模型 ｓｔｅｒｉｌｅ 无菌的 ｓｃａｌｅ－ｕｐ 放大，增加 ｆｅｒｍｅｎｔｅｒ 发酵罐 ｐｕｒｉｔｙ 纯度，纯净 ｓａｌｕｔａｒｙ 有益的 ｓｅｍｉ－ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ 半工业化的 ｐｉｌｏｔ－ｐｌａｎｔ 中间工厂 ｐｈｅｎｏｌ 苯酚 ｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｓｕｌｐｈｏｎｉｃ ａｃｉｄ 苯磺酸 ｓｕｌｐｈｉｔｅ 亚硫酸盐（酯） ｃｕｍｅｎｅ 异丙基苯 ａｃｅｔｏｎｅ 丙酮 ｄｏｗｎ ｔｉｍｅ 停车时间 ｏｐｔｉｍｉｚｅ 最优化 ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ 法规 ｓｅｌｆ－ｅｖｉｄｅｎｔ 不言而喻 ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖｅ 节省 ｐｒｅｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎ 急务 ｐｒｏｌｏｎｇ 延 伸 ＰＶＣ＝ｐｏｌｙ ｖｉｎｙｌ ｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ 聚 氯 乙 烯 ｇｕｔｔｅｒ 排 水 沟 ｌｉａｉｓｏｎ 联 络 ， 协 作 ＣＦＣ＝ｃｈｌｏｒｏｆｌｕｏｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎ 含氯氟烃 ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｎｔ 制冷剂 ｓｏｌｖｅｎｔ 溶剂 ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ 萃取 ｅｎｖｉｓａｇｅ 设想，重视 ｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｔｕｒｅ 支出，花费 ｃｈｌｏｒａｌｋａｌｉ 氯碱 ３．Ｄｉｓｔｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ 蒸馏，馏分 ｃｕｒｒｉｃｕｌｕｍ 课程 ｍｅｔａｌｌｕｒｇｉｃａｌ 冶金的 ｌｉｔｅｒａｌｌｙ 不加夸张地 ｔｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ 术语 ｔｒｉｃｋｙ 棘手的 ｅｎｄｅａｖｏｒ 努力 ｓｕｂｔｌｅ 维系的 ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔ 梯度，变化 率 ｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎ 结构 ｆｌｏｗ ｓｈｅｅｔ 工艺流程图 ｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙａｄ 用示意图 ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ 组 成 ｎｏｚｚｌｅ 喷嘴 ｖａｌｖｅ 阀 ｓｅｎｓｏｒ 传感器 ｒｕｐｔｕｒｅ 破裂 ｒｕｐｔｕｒｅ ｄｉｓｋ 安全膜 ｆｌａｒｅ ｌｉｎｅ 火舌管 ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｏｎ 准则 ｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎ 腐蚀 ｂｉｄ 出价，投标 ｖｅｎｄｏｒ 买主，自动贩卖机 ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｓ 后勤 ｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅ 混凝土 ｓｕｐｅｒｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ 上层建筑 ｓｋｅｔｃｈ 示意图 ｃｕｌｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ 定点，最高潮 ｆｉｚｚｌｅ 终于失败 ｓｔａｒｔｕｐ 运转 ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ 投产 ｒｏｕｎｄ－ｔｈｅ －ｃｌｏｃｋ 连 续一整天 ｓｈｉｆｔ 换班 ａｇｒｅｅ－ｕｐｏｎ 约定的， 同意的 ｓｐａｒｅ ｐａｒｔ 备件 ｓｉｍｉｌａｔｅ 模拟， 模型化． ５。
化工专业英语练习题 参考答案
练习一参考答案1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)A process is any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in asubstance or a mixture of substances .The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process,and that which leaves is called output or product.2)As a chemical engineer,you might be called on to design individual process units (such as reactors,distillation columns,heat exchangers),supervise the operation of a process,or modify a process design to accommodate a change in the feed or in the desired product characteristics.As a rule,to any of these things you must know the amounts,compositions,and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit,and if you are working with an existing units,you must be able to measure enough of these quantities to verify that the process is doing what it was designed to do.3)Founded in 1839from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products,B.Braun has grown steadilyinto a multinational company dealing with medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical and biotechnology.2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。
化学工程与工艺专业英语unit1精品文档
into them. The difficultly comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities, To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride)/poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer,
has made to meet and satisfy our needs? 4 . Is the chemical industry capital-or labor-intensive? Why?
1. Origins of the Chemical Industry
Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800,and developed to provide chemicals for use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.
化工英语第1章
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专业英语 教材：新编现代化工英语 教材： 李维屏 祝祖耀 编 华东理工大学出版社 化学工艺教研室 史 世 庄 教学方式：平时２０％＋期末８０％ 教学方式：平时２０％＋期末８０％ ２０％＋期末 考试方式： 考试方式：闭卷 要求： 买书、 要求： 买书、上课 林语堂不点名 不点名， 学林语堂不点名，但不给花生吃 考试，不相面打分。
考试，不相面打分。
Ｗｈｙ ｉｓ ａ ｒｉｖｅｒ ｒｉｃｈ？ Ｉｔ ｈａｓ ｔｗｏ ｂａｎｋｓ． 司马相如：一二三四五六七八九十百千万 司马相如： 卓文君： 别之后， 地相悬，说是三四 三四月 卓文君：一别之后，二地相悬，说是三四月，谁 五六年 弦琴无心弹， 行字无可传， 知五六年，七弦琴无心弹，八行字无可传，九 连环从中折断， 里长亭望眼欲穿， 思想， 连环从中折断，十里长亭望眼欲穿，百思想， 系念， 般无奈把郎怨。
言说不完， 千系念，万般无奈把郎怨。
万语千言说不完， 无聊赖十依栏， 重阳登高望孤雁， 百无聊赖十依栏，九重阳登高望孤雁，八月半 月园人不园，七夕晚秉烛烧香问苍天，六月伏 月园人不园， 夕晚秉烛烧香问苍天， 天人人摇扇我心寒， 月石榴红似火， 天人人摇扇我心寒，五月石榴红似火，偏遭阵 阵冷雨浇花端， 月枇杷尚未黄， 阵冷雨浇花端，四月枇杷尚未黄，我欲对镜心 意乱，忽匆匆， 月桃花随水转，飘零零二 意乱，忽匆匆，三月桃花随水转，飘零零二月 风筝马儿断， 郎啊郎，巴不得下一 风筝马儿断，噫，郎啊郎，巴不得下一世，你 为女来我做男。
为女来我做男。
科技英语翻译方法 第一章 概 论 １ 科技英语的概念 科技英语（ 简称ＥＳＴ）是一种用 科技英语（Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｆｏｒ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ简称 简称 ） 英语阐述科学技术中的理论、技术、实验和现象等的英语体系， 英语阐述科学技术中的理论、技术、实验和现象等的英语体系，它在词 语法和文体诸方面都有自己的特点，从而形成一门专门学科。
化学化工专业英语（课本内容）
化学化工专业英语（课本内容）第二章科技英语构词法词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。
科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。
2.1转化法（Conversion）由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。
例如：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干）slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车）square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)2.2派生法（Derivation）通过加前、后缀构成一新词。
派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。
例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。
若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。
依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。
常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。
下面通过表1举例说明。
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。
此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。
据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。
一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。
这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
化学化工专业英语电子版课本————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269 附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐♦☯❒♓/ ⏹ 陶器structural elements结构成分；property / ☐❒☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be vie wed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise / ♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓ ♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎ 含糊的，有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯♦❍/♎ 亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❒☯♦☐♓/ ♎微观的❍♋♍❒☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌ ❒☯✞♦☐♓/♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’ and ‘‘performance.’’ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire), which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.)We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/ ♎♓♐ ❍♏♓☞☯⏹/ ⏹变形deteriorative/♎♓♦♓☯❒♓☯❒♏♓♦♓❖/ ⏹破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❒♏⏹♑/ ⏹强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction/❒♓♐❒✌☞☯⏹/ ⏹折射率；reflectivity/ ❒♓♐●♏ ♦♓❖♓♦♓/ ⏹反射率processing/☐❒☯◆♦♏♦♓☠/ ⏹加工light transmittance) of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯/ ⏹蓝宝石transparent/♦❒✌⏹♦☐☪☯❒☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的；polycrystalline/ ☐●♓❒♓♦♦☯●♓⏹/ ⏹多晶体；translucent/♦❒✌⏹●✞♦⏹♦/♎ 半透明的；opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister,Materials science and engineering :anintroduction, Press:JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♦♏♓♦/ ❖ 决定trade off 权衡；折衷ductility♎✈♦♓●♓♦♓⏹延展性overriding/ ☯✞❖☯❒♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1．At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
化学化工专业英语课件
动词 up 提高 back倒车，后退 forward推进
（四）由动词转换为名词
动词
名词
Flow 流动 flow流量
eg：the flow of electricity 电量
Stand 站立 stand 支架，看台
（五）重音位置的变化引起词性转化
动词
名词
Combine [kəm`bain]联合 Combine[`kəmbain]联合收割机
asymmetry不对称的; asocial不好社交的
dis- disproportion 不成比例；disorder；
discontinue ？
im-
immaterial非物质的；impurity 不纯；
impossible
ir- irregular；irresistible；irresoluble ？
派生法就是通过加前、后缀构成一个新词。 这是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识50 个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道 近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词 汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量， 加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
例如，有机化学中，烷烃就是用前缀(如拉丁或希 腊前缀)表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾 构成的。若将词尾变成“-ene”、“-yne”、“-ol”、 “-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、 “醇”、“醛”、“基”等。依此类推，从而构 成千万种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许 多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，但若掌掌握这 种构词法，通过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合 在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过下表举例说明。
Contrast.[`kɔntræst]对比 Contrast[kən`træst]对比
化工专业英语Unit1
=Result from difficulty comes in deciding at是 particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere
Department oInf ACuhguesmt 20ic09al Engineering
Guiding questions
When did the modern chemical industry start ?
Can you give a definition for the chemical industry ?
vt．碳化，使化合成碳酸盐(脂) Inorganic a无机的，无机物的 Dyestuff n 染料，颜料，
a 染色剂 Mauve n 苯胺紫〔染料)
a 紫红色的，谈紫色的 Sulphuric a[含)硫的 Ammonia n 氨（水）
Stand……in good stead 对……很 有用（帮助）
What are the contributions which the chemical industry had made to meet and satisfy our needs?
Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?
要注意的是，值得一提的是
无机的，无机物的
glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.
有机化学工业
开发，开采， 剥削，利用
The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with exploitation
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教学重点
New words learning; chemistry basic knowledge of titrimetric analysis.
教学难点
Explanation of chemistry terms.
3) Check work. Ask the Ss to read out their new words in individuals. Make each of them read one or two words, if he or she makes any mistakes, ask the class to correct them.
Titration is the volumetric analysis of the concentration of an unknown solution (the titer) of a known reagent. A measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete. Titration is also known as "volumetric analysis," because the measurement of volume plays a key role in titration. The substance used in a reagent solution of precisely known concentration is called "titrant." A glass tube called a burette is used to deliver the measured quantities of solution that has been consumed.
教具
None
教学过程
时间分配
教学内容和教学组织Mins
10
mins
Step 1 Greeting
Greet the Ss with daily English and talk something about what they are concern recent days.
Step 2 Introduction
讲授法
说明：每次课应有教学小结
教学过程
时间
分配
教学内容及教学组织管理
教学方法
与手段
50
mins
12
Mins
3
mins
measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis.
A reagent, called the titrant or titrator is prepared as a standard solution. A known concentration and volume of titrant reacts with a solution of analyze or titrand to determine concentration.
广西石化高级技工学校
课堂教案（理论）
任课教师：潘玉梅科目：化学化工专业英语授课班级：2013化工工艺一班
授课时间：2013年9月23-29日（第5周星期四-五第12、56节）
章节内容
Unit 1 Titrimetric Analysis（1）
教学
目标
To learn about the principles and basic knowledge of titrimetric analysis,
Step 5 Homework
To practice the new words and expressions of Unit One and read through the text to learn about the main idea of the text.
讲授法
板书示例法
练习法
归纳法
4) Teach the Ss to read out the new words and expressions. Ask them to practice the new words in pairs or groups.
Step 4 Summary
To know the knowledge about titrimetric analysis is the basic to learn more of chemistry industry.
Step 3 New words and expressions
Spell the new words and expressions with the students; help them pronounce the words correctly.
1)Copy down a few new words with their English sounds on the Bb, and then teach the Ss how to pronounce the syllable and spell out the words correctly. Tell the Ss the proper and correct way of syllable spelling.
Brief introduction to titration.
Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of an identified analyze. Because volume
2)Get a few students to copy down the other words with their phonetics symbols on the Bb, and then practice pronouncing the new words and expressions.