Choosing the Right Power-Supply IC for your Application

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深入研究DDR电源

深入研究DDR电源作者：飞思卡尔公司Norman KW Chan(营销经理)和WS Wong(系统工程师) 时间：2008-04-18 来源:电子产品世界浏览评论DDR存储器的发展历程由于几乎在所有要求快速处理大量数据(可能是计算机、服务器或游戏系统)的应用中都要求具有RAM(随机存储器)，因而DDR存储器也变得日益重要，其应用也更加广泛。

自问世以来，RAM就已经变得至关重要，主要因为它是一种能够保存易失性信息的存储器，并且可以以一种更快速、更直接的方式存取信息。

当在数据计算的世界里谈及系统速度和效率时，这一点显得尤为重要。

DDR SDRAM(双数据速率同步动态随机存储器)，其可以通过在时钟周期的上升和下降沿上分别提取数据而使数据率加倍，现在看来它正发展成为最先进的RAM芯片集。

这与以往的SDR SDRAM大不相同，因为后者仅能在时钟周期的一个边沿上提取数据。

从图1可以看出，DRAM正在向着速度和数据传输率都不断提高的方向发展。

近些年来，CPU时钟频率经历了指数增长，从而为RAM存储器的时钟频率增长提供了动力。

在1997年，SD RAM在市场亮相，它可以取代DRAM和SRAM两种存储器并提供更快的时钟速率。

这主要源于SDRAM具有更简捷的通信协议；所有指令、地址和数据都由一个单独的时钟信号控制并且工作在突发模式，可以在66MHz的时钟频率下突发一系列数据字。

在1998年，SD RAM频率已经增长到100MHz 的突发脉冲速率。

在1999年，英特尔和AMD间的企业竞争升级，在CPU时钟速度方面也不例外。

处理器行业的蓬勃发展进一步加大了CPU时钟速度与其它系统组件间的差距。

在此期间，尽管存储器总线速度已经全力达到了133MHz，但却仍然远远落后于CPU所能完成的速度，因此，总的来说，这也成为提高整体应用速度的瓶颈。

为了解决这个问题，DDR RAM(双数据速率传输)的设计应运而生。

DDR RAM允许分别在时钟的上升沿和下降沿上提取数据，从而加倍了时钟的有效传输速率。

供配电技术手册单培文

供配电技术手册单培文Electric power technology manual has always been a crucial resource for professionals in the electrical distribution industry. 供配电技术手册一直以来都是电力配电行业专业人士的重要资源。

It is a comprehensive guide that provides essential information on power systems, equipment, and best practices in the field. 这是一本全面指导书，提供有关电力系统、设备和最佳实践的必要信息。

From understanding basic concepts to troubleshooting complex issues, this manual serves as a go-to reference for anyone working in the industry. 从理解基本概念到解决复杂问题，这本手册为任何从业人员提供了必不可少的参考。

One of the key aspects covered in the electric power technology manual is the distribution system design. 电力技术手册中涵盖的一个关键方面是配电系统设计。

This involves planning and designing the layout of electrical distribution networks to ensure reliable power supply to consumers. 这涉及规划和设计电力配电网络的布局，以确保向用户可靠供电。

Factors such as load requirements, voltage levels, and safety considerations are taken into account during the design process. 设计过程中考虑了负载要求、电压水平和安全因素等因素。

lexmark 3300 Series 多功能一体机 3300 Series 多功能复合机说明书

22131注意：您可能需要另外单独购买USB 电缆。

Note:You may need to purchase a USB cable separately.N :i t USB ¹l C:USB .多功能一体机 / 3300 Series All-In-One / h / 3300 Series º从打印墨盒存储架中取出照片或黑色打印墨盒。

Remove the photo or black cartridge from the print cartridge storage unit.X x s X X X C .注意：请保留打印墨盒存储架，可以用来保护任何已打开包装但暂时不用的打印墨盒。

Note:Save the print cartridge storage unit to protect any open cartridges not in use.N :O d x s A Ow C : © Ä .请确认“电源”指示灯变亮。

Make sure the power light is on.T w O w C .当心：将电源线连接在电源适配器上。

CAUTION:Connect the power cord to the power supply.:N u s C: .打开多功能一体机的包装。

包装箱里的内容可能会因地区的不同而变化。

Unpack your All-In-One. Contents may vary based on geography.u h X v C e i a P t C .:.. ..安全信息当心：请不要在雷雨天气时安装此产品，或者进行任何的电线/电缆连接(电源线，电话线等)。

请只使用随同此产品提供的电源，或者使用经过厂家认证的电源作为替代。

将电源线连接在产品附近、使用方便、且正确接地的电源插座上。

有关操作说明书中未提及的其他服务或维修，请向专业的服务人员咨询。

Pioneer CD-R1000 CD Player 说明书

1 Choosing Power SupplyaConnect the AC power cord to the AC MAINS inlet and the wall socket.-OR-bOpen the battery door and insert 6x C batteries (not included).Quick Use Guide2 Listening to the RadioaPush the source selector to FM or AM to select your wave-band.b T urn TUNING to tune to astation.3 Playing a discThis CD player Audio Discs including CD-Recordables and CD-Rewritables.Do not try to play a MP3,CD-ROM,CD-1,CDV,VCD,DVD or computer CD.aAdjust the source selector to CD .b Open the disc door.c Insert a disc with the printed side facing up and close the door.d Press 2;to start playback.e T o stop disc playback,press 9.AZ1122AZ11233b 3e2a 3a 2bAC MAINSinlet for the AC power cord.Battery door38Press to start or pause disc playbackSource selector Slide to select function:CD,radio (FM/AM)VOLUMET urn to adjust volume level§ ,∞Briefly press to skip to the beginning of the current/previous/later disc track;During disc playback,press and hold to find a particular passage backward/forwardDisplayShows disc functions TUNINGT urn to tune to a stationPROGUse to program disc tracks and review a disc programT elescopic antenna Improves FM receptionOPEN•CLOSE Push to open the disc door9Press to stop disc playback or erase a disc programSHUFFLE Press to select SHUFFLE mode REPEATPress to select REPEAT mode3d 6 x R14 • UM-2 • C-CELLS1b1aR-14,UM-2 or C-cells (not included)。

塞米控应用笔记 IGBT测量和缓冲电容规格

Application Note Revision: Issue Date: Prepared by: 002008-03-17Joachim Lamp Key Words: IGBT module, snubber capacitor, peak voltage IGBT Peak Voltage Measurement and Snubber Capacitor SpecificationGeneral.................................................................................................................................................................1 Capacitor parameter.............................................................................................................................................2 DC voltage class...................................................................................................................................................2 Capacitance and series-inductance .....................................................................................................................2 Pulse handling......................................................................................................................................................3 RMS voltage and RMS current.............................................................................................................................3 Lifetime.................................................................................................................................................................3 Measurements and verification.............................................................................................................................3 Voltage stress of IGBT (V CEpeak )............................................................................................................................3 Measuring capacitor RMS current........................................................................................................................5 Temperature and self heating under operation....................................................................................................7 Symbols and terms used.. (7)This application note provides information on how to select and test snubber capacitors for IGBT modules in high power applications and how to test the effectiveness. This information should help to prevent failure of the IGBT module and snubber capacitor caused by electrical or thermal overstress. The information given in this application note contains tips on which parameter of the capacitor should be considered and how to carry out the necessary measurements.GeneralIf high currents are switched fast, then voltage overshoots occur, which can destroy the switching power semiconductor. The voltage overshoot is caused by the energy stored in the magnetic field of the current path (e.g. DC-link connections). It is linked by the value of the parasitic inductance or stray inductance L S (E=0,5*L S *i²). The voltage (V=LS *di/dt) may exceed the maximum blocking voltage of the power semiconductor (V CES , V RRM …) because it is added to the DC-link voltage. The first countermeasure is a good low inductive DC-link design to keep the voltage on the semiconductor low. This is done by means of a laminated bus bar system (sandwich of +DC, –DC metal sheets and an insulation layer between) and short connections between the voltage source (DC-link capacitor) and power semiconductor. In addition, snubber capacitors are recommended, which should be mounted directly on the DC-link terminals of each IGBT module. This snubber works as a low-pass filter and “takes over” the voltageovershoot. Fig. 1 shows typical designs. The waveform in Fig. 2 shows in comparison the voltage across an IGBT at turn-off with and without snubber capacitor. The effect of voltage spike reduction can be seen clearly. Fig. 3 shows an equivalent circuit with parasitic inductances.Fig. 1 Low inductance snubber capacitors for mounting on IGBT modulesApplication Note AN-7006In order to decide whether a snubber capacitor is necessary, the maximum collector-emitter voltage (V CEpeak ) of the IGBT has to be checked under worst case conditions to be sure that V CES will not be exceeded under any operating condition. If necessary, several aspects have to be considered when choosing the right snubber capacitor for the application:1. Capacitor DC-voltage class.2. Capacitance value and series inductance3. Pulse handling capability.4. RMS voltage and RMS current5. LifetimeFig. 3 Equivalent circuit diagram of IGBT module connected to DC-link and snubber capacitorCapacitor parameterDC voltage classThe maximum continuously applied DC voltage can be the rated DC voltage given in the data sheet to achieve the life expectancy. Semiconductors with 1200V blocking voltage are used with up to 900V DC-link voltage. For these applications, capacitors with a rated voltage of 1000V are recommended. For 1700V semiconductors, 1250V or 1600V capacitors are recommended, depending on the DC-link voltage.The peak voltage also has to be in the admissible values because otherwise the plastic film could be damaged.Permissible peak voltages are given in the data sheets or have to be requested. Consider also that the applied DC voltage has to be derated when the capacitor is operating at higher temperatures than the rated temperature.Capacitance and series-inductanceThe capacitance value has to be high enough to achieve sufficient voltage spike suppression during switching off. Typical values for these capacitors are from 0.1 μF to 1.0 μF. But not only is the capacitance value important for this. Also a low inductive design of the capacitor isV CE = 200V/dev 400ns/devV ccV 3V 1 Black line : Without snubber Brown line : With snubberT/2V 1V 2DC+L CL SnubberL DC+L ESR R ESRTOPApplication Note AN-7006important. The remaining inductance, caused by the loop between the terminals and the internal connections of the capacitors is responsible for the first voltage spike V2 seen in Fig. 2. A high capacitance value is no guaranteefor a low voltage spike if the self-inductance remains.A low self-inductance can be achieved by using capacitors with wide flat terminals that can be screwed directly onto the IGBT module terminals. The capacitor should be designed so that the terminals encircle as small an area as possible and that they are directly connected to the capacitor coil without having internal wires between (see Fig. 1).The choice of the correct snubber should be determinedby measurements. Furthermore, metallized polypropylene foil capacitors should be used with plastic case according to UL94V-0.Pulse handlingThe inner connections of the capacitor are capable of withstanding only a limited amount of energy at each switching event. The data sheets of the supplier specify limits for pulse operation as i²t or v²t values. These values can be calculated from the oscillating current or voltage waveform of the capacitor. This calculation can easily be carried out using modern digital oscilloscopes.A capacitor failure can occur only because of very high peak currents, even when the involved voltages are lower than the specified ones. In this situation the critical thing is the involved energy and normally there will be a loss of connection between metal spray and film metallization. Because of the very high energy involvedthe film metallization will be vaporized on the connection area to the metal spray. This will lead the capacitor to a high loss factor or even to a capacitance loss. The maximum dv/dt values are less critical because ofthe damped sinusoidal waveform.RMS voltage and RMS currentA damped oscillation occurs at each switching event (onor off = twice switching frequency of the IGBT) betweenthe snubber capacitor and the bus bar capacitance. The maximum magnitude, V3, for an undamped oscillation and the frequency can be calculated using the formulaein Fig. 3. This RMS current leads to self heating of the capacitor. The capacitor will stabilize at a certain temperature which also depends on the ambient temperature and on the mounting conditions (e.g. temperature of power module terminals).Data sheets give values for the permissible RMS current and RMS voltage depending on the frequency. The oscillating frequency depends on the DC-link stray inductance and the snubber capacitor value. Typical values are in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. The permissible RMS current decreases with the frequency because the losses increase.Please see chapter “Measuring capacitor RMS current” which gives tips for practical current measurement on the capacitor.LifetimeThe capacitor lifetime and failure rate is mainly affectedby the operating temperature and operating voltage. The failure criteria differ from supplier to supplier. Check the data sheet and application notes for lifetime and failure rate data. Self healingThe most important reliability feature of film capacitors is their property to self-heal that means to clear a defect in the dielectric. The capacitor can be used afterwards without any restrictions. This defect is caused when the dielectric breakdown field strength is exceeded locally at a weak point in the foil.Measurements and verificationVoltage stress of IGBT (V CEpeak)The maximum value of V CES must never be exceeded. Therefore, measurements have to be carried out to determine the maximum value of V CE (also written as V CEpeak) which can occur in the application. It should show that the module itself, the driver board (gate resistors), DC link and snubber capacitor perform well together with respect to V CEpeak. It is proposed to investigate the following 4 working conditions: •Maximum peak operating current of equipment; •Over current trip from highest to lowest short circuit (SC) inductance specified for the application;Note: Different SC can occur in the application, e.g.on the load, on the cables to the load or inside the equipment close to the IGBT module. Typical SC inductance values are L>10µH for load SC and L<1µH for appliance terminal SC. This is just a short cable or hard connection. Tests should be started from higher inductances going down to the lowest.The highest voltage overshoot typically occurs when the IGBT switches off just before desaturation occurs. This is at low short circuit inductances when the over current detection switches off the IGBT just before desaturation occurs. The test should be carried out at low junction temperature and high junction temperature.•Leg shot through (not applicable for SKiiP modules and drivers with interlock function);Note: TOP and BOT IGBT are switched on at thesame time. In this case, desaturation occurs, whichhas to be detected and cleared by the driver boardwithin the time stated on the IGBT data sheet.Different cases can be investigated:- TOP and BOT switch on at the same time- TOP is already switched on and conducting currentwhen BOT is switching on (and vice-versa).•Diode switch off;Note: Voltage spikes can occur at diode switch off,which can lead to high blocking voltage on the diodeand the parallel connected IGBT. The worst case ismostly at low current (<10%*I C) and low temperature.The voltage has to be measured on the diode whichis switching off or on the parallel connected IGBT.Sometimes the snubber capacitor is more necessaryfor the diode switch off than for the IGBT switch off.Short on times of diodes can also cause voltagespikes if the chip is not fully floated with carriers.The blocking voltage should be measured as close to the IGBT chip as possible. For SKiiP modules, the closest points are the module power terminals. For discrete power modules such as SEMiX and SEMITRANS auxiliary emitter contacts are available which are electrically closer to the chip. Voltages on internalApplication Note AN-7006module stray inductances between measurement point and IGBT chip have to be added to the measured value to obtain the actual blocking voltage at IGBT chip level.A practical approach for most applications is to carry out what is known as a “double pulse test” (see Fig. 6). With different values of the load inductance and the pulse length, each load condition from low load to overload can be adjusted. A single pulse test with limited pulse length should be used for a short circuit. In these tests, the driver board receives its input signal from a pulse generator instead of the control board.Measurement procedure•DC-link is fed by an insulated DC voltage source which is limited in output current. Normally a few 100 mA is enough. Set the DC-link voltage to the highest possible value in the application. This is usually the value of over voltage protection.•The short circuit is realized by thick cable from DC plus connection to AC for measuring BOT switch and from DC minus to AC for measuring on TOP switch.The inductance is given by the length of the wire;1µH corresponds to about 1m length. The short circuit can also be caused by connecting the wire between two AC terminals of two different legs of an inverter circuit. One IGBT (e.g. TOP Phase L1) has to be permanently switched on while the pulse is applied to the other IGBT (e.g. BOT Phase L2).• A pulse generator with adjustable pulse length is connected on the driver input. The pulse generatorcan be set to single pulse and double pulse.•If the over current protection (OCP) is carried out by the control board and not the driver, then the control board OCP error signal has to be monitored to find the point when the input signal would be set to off.This is not necessary for SKiiP modules because the OCP is implemented in the driver board.•Start with the highest inductance. Carry out a single pulse, increase the pulse length until the OCP switches off. Measure the maximum value of V CE. •Lower the inductance and repeat the test down to the lowest short circuit inductance specified for the application. Find the maximum value of V CEpeak. •Carry out leg shot through if the driver has no interlock function.•Apply a double pulse for investigation of IGBT switch on and diode switch off behaviour. The diode (e.g.BOT) is switched off when the complementary IGBT(e.g. TOP) is switching on while the diode isconducting current. This is when the second pulse isapplied.•Carry out measurements on each IGBT module.Highest values occur on the module which is farthestfrom the DC link capacitors.•Perform the test at low and high temperatures. A high temperature can be reached by heating the heatsink e.g. using a heating plate. The junction temperature is approximately the heat sink temperature because the temperature increase due to the single switching is negligible.Grounding and voltage probe connections:•Grounding the oscilloscope is necessary for safety and for taking accurate measurements. Thereforethe DC power source has to be isolated to prevent ashort circuit.•It is recommended to connect the negative polarity of the voltage probe to DC plus when measuring theV CE of the TOP IGBT because this potential doesnot change. This reduces common mode noise onthe measured signal. If the gate voltage of the TOPIGBT is also measured, the AC can be grounded(Fig. 5) and the minus polarity of the voltage probeshave to be connected to this AC.•Differential (isolated) voltage probes can be used for measurements when they have sufficient bandwidth. When starting the measurements it isrecommended to test the behaviour of the differential voltage probe e.g. by comparing thesignal at V CE measurement with a passive voltageprobe.•Common mode noise on the measured signals can also be reduced by putting appropriate ferritesacross the probes and across the oscilloscopemains cable.Application Note AN-7006Fig. 6 Typical double pulse waveformsMeasuring capacitor RMS currentAn alternating current is flowing in the capacitor after switching off IGBT and diode.When switching off IGBT, the current from the bus bar commutates into the snubber capacitor. This leads to a positive peak current at the switching moment. This is followed by a damped oscillation between snubber capacitor and DC-link capacitor (Fig. 7).When switching off the diode, the reverse recovery current will be “pulled out” of the snubber capacitor. This leads to a peak current in negative direction at the switching moment. Similar to switching off IGBT, a damped oscillation follows that can even be higher in amplitude than at IGBT switch off (Fig. 8).The frequency of the damped oscillation in both cases is determined by the bus bar parasitic inductance and the snubber capacitor value. Typically, the frequency is in the range of 100 kHz up to several MHzSnubberLink DC osc C *L **21T 1f −π==The oscillation leads to losses in the capacitor and consequently to self heating. The data sheet of the capacitor supplier gives the permissible load of the capacitor as RMS voltage or RMS current.Measurements and calculations must be carried out to check that the capacitor is not overloaded in the operating system.Measurement procedureCurrent measurement carried out, for example, by a Rogowsky current transducer surrounding the capacitor leg produces good results. An AC-voltage measurement can be less accurate because of its low value in comparison to the high DC-voltage.The RMS value can often not be calculated simply by using the “RMS measure” function of a modern digital oscilloscope over a whole period of inverter output frequency. The offset of the probes are too high in comparison to the low total RMS values to obtain accurate figures.A practical approach is to measure the RMS value within the oscillation time at switch off of “BOT”-diode (t1) and “TOP”-IGBT (t2) (see Fig.9). These two parts are set according to the switching period (T =1/f sw ) to calculate from this the total RMS value for the switching period. This has to be done for the whole sinusoidal waveform of a frequency converter. As a worst case consideration it can be done once at the maximum values of I RMS (t1) and I RMS (t2).Diodeswitch offIGBT switch offCh1 brown Vce 200V/dev Ch2 blue Ic 100A/dev Ch4 green driver input signalApplication Note AN-7006Tt *)t (I T t *)t (I I RMS RMSRMS 221122+=I RMS (t1) = RMS value within period t1I RMS (t2) = RMS value within period t2 T = switching period of the converter ω = angular frequency of oscillationThe RMS voltage can be calculated as follows:C*f **2I V osc RMSRMS π=Fig. 7 Switching off IGBT Fig. 8 Switching off diodebrown: V CE BOT IGBT 200V/Dev blue: I Snubber 500A/Dev red: V Snubber 200V/Devbrown: V CE BOT IGBT 200V/Devblue: I Snubber 500A/Dev red: V Snubber 200V/DevApplication Note AN-7006The measurements should be carried out at maximum thermal operating conditions. The corresponding highest diode junction temperature leads to the highest reverse recovery current. Maximum thermal operating conditions are the values of converter output current, switching frequency, ambient and heat sink temperature that gives the highest temperature. Short overloads in the second range are normally negligible. It should be taken into consideration that the permissible RMS voltage and current depend on the frequency of the oscillation. This is given in the data sheet of the capacitor.The snubber capacitor is also stressed by adjacent IGBT modules from other phases at the same DC-link. However, this load is often much lower because of the bus bar impedance between the IGBT modules. Temperature and self heating under operation Capacitor suppliers limit the admissible temperature of the capacitor during operation. The capacitor can fail immediately if this temperature is exceeded. Also the self heating temperature is limited, which is a measure for the capacitor load. In critical applications, it has to be checked under maximum thermal operating conditions that the temperatures are not exceeded. The capacitor is heated by the following:•AC current that heats the device up due tointernal losses (tan δ / ESR)•Environmental temperature•Heating by high bus bar temperature.The operating temperature is given by the ambient plus the temperature difference of the self-heating effect.T Operation = T a + dT self-heatingThe ambient temperature T a is the capacitor temperature when not in operation but mounted in original position. This temperature can be measured on a not connected dummy capacitor similar to the capacitor under test. This temperature may be higher than the cabin temperature because of the additional heating due to connected hot bus bars.The operating temperature can be measured by thermocouples which are placed inside the capacitor close to the hot spot but this requires specially prepared capacitors. A measurement of the body temperature is sufficient when the temperature gradient from the hot spot to the body is known (R th).T Operation = T body + R th*i²*R ESRSymbols and terms usedSymbol TermAC AC terminal of a power moduleBOT Lower IGBT in a bridge leg configurationC DC-Link Capacitance of the DC-link capacitorC Snubber Capacitance of the snubber capacitor-DC Negative potential (terminal) of a direct voltage source +DC Positive potential (terminal) of a direct voltage sourcedi/dt Rate of rise and fall of currentdv/dt Rate of rise and fall of voltageE Energyf osc Frequency of a resonant circuitf sw SwitchingfrequencyIGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar TransistorI AC AC terminal currentI C, i C Collector current of an IGBTL C Internalparasiticinductance of the collector terminalL DC+/DC-Bus bar parasitic inductanceL E Internalparasiticinductance of the emitter terminalL ESR Internal equivalent series inductance of DC link capacitor L S Parasitic inductance / stray inductanceL Snubber Internalparasiticinductance of the capacitorOCP Over current protectionR ESR Internal equivalent series resistance of DC link capacitorApplication Note AN-7006R th Thermal resistance between capacitor coil and bodySC ShortcircuitSKiiP Semikron integrated intelligent Power moduleT PeriodtimeT a AmbienttemperatureT body Body temperature of the capacitorTOP Upper IGBT in a bridge leg configurationT Operation OperationtemperatureV CC Collector-emittersupplyvoltageV CE Collector-emitter voltage of an IGBTV CES Maximum collector-emitter voltage of an IGBT with short circuited gateV CEpeak Peak value of collector-emitter voltage in applicationV RRM Repetitive maximum reverse voltage of a diodeDISCLAIMERSEMIKRON reserves the right to make changes without further notice herein to improve reliability, function or design. Information furnished in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed with respect to the accuracy or use of such information. SEMIKRON does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein. Furthermore, this technical information may not be considered as an assurance of component characteristics. No warranty or guarantee expressed or implied is made regarding delivery, performance or suitability. This document supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied and may be superseded by updates without further notice.SEMIKRON products are not authorised for use in life support appliances and systems without express written approval by SEMIKRON.SEMIKRON INTERNATIONAL GmbHP.O. Box 820251 • 90253 Nürnberg • Deutschland • Tel: +49 911-65 59-234 • Fax: +49 911-65 59-262sales.skd@ • 1 1 2 8 3 6 5 0 0 3 / 2 0 0 8。

三大从句习题

名词性从句练习题1.you have done might do harm to other people.A.ThatB. W hatC. WhichD. This2.They have no idea at all .A. where he has goneB. where did he goC. which place he has goneD. where he has been3.leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. AnyoneB. The personC. WhoeverD. Who4.Upon graduation he asked to be sent to .A. where he is most neededB. where he n eededC. where he is mostly neededD. where is he mostly needed5.The early years of the D.U company were characterized by a debate concerning or i ndividual form should have more power.A. whether the c ooperation formB. either the c ooperation formC. that cooperation formD.the cooperation form6.Can you make sure the gold ring?A. w here A lice h ad put C. where Alice has putB. w here h ad A lice p ut D. w here h as A lice p ut7.No one can b e sure in a million y ears.A. what man will look like C. man will look like whatB. what will man look like D. what look will man like8.the Games will be held in Beijing is not known.A. W heneverB. IfC. WhetherD. That9.It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey.A. whichB. thatC. ifD. for10.you don't like him is none of my business.A. WhatB. WhoC. T hatD. Whether11.he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.A. WhatB. T hatC. The factD. The m atter12.He asked for the violin.A. did I pay how muchB. I paid how muchC. how much did I payD. how much I paid13.—Do y ou remember he came?—Yes, I do, he came by car.A. howB. whenC. thatD. if14.is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.A. T hereB. ThisC. T hatD. It15.Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests.A. anyoneB. whomeverC. whoeverD. no m atter who16.we can't get seems b etter than we have.A. What; whatB. What; thatC. That; thatD. That; w hat17.we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. IfB. WhetherC. T hatD. Where18.It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever19.caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. WhatB. T hatC. HowD. Where20.It was a matter of would take the position.A. whoB. whoeverC. whomD. whomever21.—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.—Is that you had a few days off?A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where22.has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A. WhoB. The oneC. AnyoneD. Whoever23.These wild flowers are so special I would do I can to save them.A. thatB. whichC. whicheverD. whatever24.she couldn't understand was fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A. That; whatB. What; whyC. What; becauseD. Why; t hat25.What the d octors really doubt is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.A. whenB. howC. whetherD. why26.is no possibility Bob can win the first prize in the match.A. There; thatB. It; thatC. There; whetherD. It; whether27.It is obvious on more important t hings.A. which the money should we spend C.that we should spend the moneyB. what the money should we spend D.that the money should we spend28.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars road conditions need .A. that; to be improved C. where; improvingB. which; to be improved D. when; improving29.—Are you still thinking about yesterday's game?—Oh, that's .A. what makes me feel excited C. how I feel about itB. whatever I feel excited about D. when I feel excited30.We cannot f igure out quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.A. thatB. asC. whyD. when31.every magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field.A. It believes thatB. It believed thatC. It is believed thatD. It is believing t hat32.You can take room you prefer as your rest room of our negotiation meeting.A. to whatB. whicheverC. thatD. whose33.Parents are taught to understand important education is to their children's future.A. thatB. howC. suchD. so34.The road is covered with snow. I can't understand they insist on going by motor-bike.A. whyB. whetherC. whenD. how35.After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, our astronauts desire to d o is walk in space.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. how36.A story goes Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.A. whenB. whereC. whatD. that37.He asked me I intended to do after my resignation.A. that whatB. whatC. whichD. that38.Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether39.Mary wrote an article on the team had failed to win the game .A. whyB. whatC. whoD. that40.Bandy left word with m y secretary he would call again in the afternoon.A. whoB. thatC. asD. which41.The way he did it was different we were used to .A. in whichB. in whatC. from whatD. from which42.According to some big company, the goal of staff training is to help staffs learn what to know to live awell-adjusted and successful life in the company.A. do they needB. they needC. they are neededD.as t hey may need43.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased he was a man of action.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether44.We haven't settled the question of it is necessary for him to study abroad.A. ifB. whereC. whetherD. that45.makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.A. WhatB. WhoC. WhateverD. Whoever46.See the flags on top of the building? That was we did this m orning.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. what47.Please remind me he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.A. whereB. whenC. howD. what48.--- What did your parents think about your decision?--- They always let me do I think I s hould.A. whenB. thatC. howD. what49.Engines are to machines hearts are to a nimals.A. asB. thatC. whatD. which50.I just wonder that makes him so e xcited.A. why it doesB. what he doesC. how it isD. what it is51.One advantage of playing the guitar is it can give you a great deal of pleasure.A. howB. whyC. thatD. when52.He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning his teammates had done.A. whatB. whichC. whyD. while53.--- It's thirty years since we last met.--- But I still remember the story, believe it or not, we got lost on a rainy night.A.whichB. thatC. whatD. when54.There is much chance Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if55.Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class he had to meet his uncle at the airport.A. whyB. thatC. whereD. because56.These shoes look very good. I wonder .A. how much cost they are C. how much they costB. how much do they cost D. how much are they cost57.Doris' success lies in t he fact she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. why58.--- Could you do me a favor?--- It depends on it is.A. whichB. whicheverC. whatD. whatever59.After the accident, I opened my eyes slowly and realized I w as still alive.A. asB. whichC. whatD. that60.I doubt it is true.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether61.Choosing the right dictionary depends on you want to use it for.A. whatB. whyC. howD. whether62.parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.A.ThatB.WhichC.WhatD.As63.that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live l onger.A. The truthB. It is trueC. If trueD. To be true64.His success was d ue to he had been working hard .A. thatB. the fact whichC. the fact thatD. the fact of65.You can only be sure of you have at present; you cannot be sure of something you might get in the future. .A. that; whatB. what; /C. which; thatD. /; that66.It is none of y our business other people think about you. Believe yourself.A. howB. whatC. whichD. when67.matters most in learning English is enough practice.A. WhatB. W hyC. WhereD. Which68.was to return to our company.A. That really interested him C. Which really interested himB. What really interested him D. That interested him really69.The traditional view is we s leep because our brain is “programmed ” to make us do so.A. whenB. whyC. whetherD. that70.Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That's the best jobs a re.A. whereB. whatC. whenD. why答案1 ------ 5 BACAA 6 ------ 10 CACBC 11 ------ 15 ADADC 16 ------ 20 ABBAA 21 ----- 25 ADDBC 26 ------ 30 ACAAC 31 ------ 35 CBBAB 36 ----- 40 DBBAB 41 ------ 45 CBBCA 46 ------ 50 DBDCD 51 ----- 55 CABAB 56 ------ 60 CBCDD 61-------65 ACACB 66 ----- 70 BABDA形容词性从句练习1.Mary lives in the room, the door opens east.A. of itB. of whichC. of thatD. whose2.The engineer my father is talking has just come from abroad.A. with whomB. with whoC. with whichD. that3.He lives in a hotel, is only five minutes' walk from here.A. thatB. whichC. in whichD. where4.Is there anything I c an do for you?A. whichB. whoC. asD. that5.The speaker will tell us about some writers and their works are known to us.A. whichB. thatC. asD. who6.This is the reason they are all against the plan.A. whichB. thatC. whyD. what7.It was not until late in the evening the traveler found a h otel.A. whichB. thatC. asD. where8.I didn't like the way she spoke to me.A. whichB. thatC. howD. as9.This is I can do for you right now.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. as10.It was at o ur college library I borrowed the novel.A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. where11.I have s een trees, open at sunrise and close at sunset.A. which the leavesB. of which the leavesC. whose leavesD. its leaves12.All is needed is a supply of oil.A. the thingB. thatC. whatD. which13.The foreign guests, were scientists, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most o f whomB.most of themC. most of whichD. most of t hose14.I can still remember t he sitting-room my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where15.On the train I saw a student I thought was your sister.A. whoB. whomC. whichD. that16.Is the river through the town very long?A. flowsB. that flowsC. which flowD. the one flows17.Is this college they went to last y ear?A. thatB. whichC. the oneD. the one w hat18.Is this the university you visited last time?A. that oneB. whichC. the oneD. the one what19.It is the factory his father worked a few years ago.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what20.It is the factory his father wanted to go to.A. thatB. the oneC. whereD. what21.Egypt is a country is f amous for its pyramids.A. whereB. whichC. in whichD. at which22.China is the country he spent the best part of his life.A. whereB. whichC. in thatD. at which23.A s mall car arrived, came a man, a woman and five children of different ages.A. out of thatB. out of itC. out of whichD. whose car24.Can you suggest a time it will be convenient to meet?A. thatB. whichC. whenD. in which25.I'd like to tell you I saw in the exhibition.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. /26.Have you got anything belongs to me?A. whichB. thatC. of whichD. what27.I hope that t he little I have been able to do has been of some use.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. for which28.Who has common sense will do such a thing?A. whichB. that C .whose D. whom29 The bike and its rider had knocked down the boy were taken to the police.A. who B .that C. which D. whom30.My uncle had three sons, two of died during the last e arthquake.A. them B .which C. whom D. that31.Put the letter he can find it easily.A. in whichB. at whichC. whereD. which32.There is little time we can spare.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what33.Everything he said was of great importance.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what34..This is one of the presents he gave me.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what35.This is the very letter I am looking for .A. whichB. thatC. asD. what36.Tom didn't attend the meeting, we expected.A. whereB. thatC. asD. what37.I w ill give you such information will help you.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what38.She wears the same kind of clothes her sister does.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. as39.I have never seen such a clever boy you.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what40.Do you know the reason he was late?A. thatB. whichC. whatD. for which41 . the teacher has announced, school will be opened tomorrow.A. OnceB. BecauseC. AsD. Since42.The size of the audience, we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A. asB. whichC. whatD. because43.This is the best hotel in the city I know.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it44.The only problem troubled him has not been solved.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what45.Y ou c an t ake a ny b ooks you l ike.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what46.This is the b est novel I have ever r ead.A. whichB. whatC. asD. that47.This is the first play I have seen since I came here.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what48.The lady is a w oman scientist.A.whom you spokeB. with which you spokeC.whom you said toD.you spoke to49.The way you are doing it is completely crazy.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what50.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone family was poor.A .of whom B. whom C. of whose D. w hose51.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.A. theseB. thoseC. thatD. which52.This is the t hird week the dustmen haven't come for the rubbish.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. on which53.Is it that museum they'd like to visit during their trip to Japan?A. thatB. whichC. whereD. as54.He is the only one of the students the truth.A. who knowB. who knowsC. that knowD. who are k nowing55.Did they find they w ent back ?A. where had t hey beenB. where were theyC. where they had beenD. where they were56.To get the job started, I need is your permission.A. only whatB. all whatC. all thatD. only that57.The policemen were sure that the murderer was the man gun was found lying beside the dead body .A. who hadB. whoseC. whichD. of whom a58.Nearly all the food comes from animals and p lants.A. that eatB. is eatenC. we eatD. that eats59.Has all can be done ?A. what, doneB. that, been doneC. that, be doneD. what, already done60.It began to rain, was exactly what we w anted.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. it61.More and more young people like playing football, is an exciting g ame.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. because62.W ilma became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, madeher mother very proud.A. itB. thatC. whichD. this63.I'm going to visit t he factory your brother worked a few years ago.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. what64.We are going to visit the school you went to last time.A. whichB. where C .in which D. what65.The days we worked together cannot be easily forgotten.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. at which66.These days we spent together cannot be easily forgotten.A. thatB. whenC. on whichD. at which67.The buses, were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. most of themB. most of thatC. most of whichD. that68.My father bought me several books, but was interesting.A. most of themB. none of themC. none of whichD. neither of which69.China has thousands of islands, the largest is Taiwan.A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. of which70.Do you understand the theory ?A.that how the living things came into beingB.how did the living things come into beingC.of how the living things come into beingD.of how did the living things come into being71.They are flying to Hong Kong, they plan to visit for two or three days.A. whereB. whenC. thatD. which72.Great changes have taken place in the small town, the famous writer spent his childhood.A. whereB. whenC. thatD. in the t own73.Can you suggest a time we can meet?A. whichB. whenC. whereD. how74.That's the very point .A. t hat must be insistedB. which must be insistedC. that must be i nsisted onD. which must be insisted upon75.“Thirty-nine Steps ”is one of the most exciting films directed by Alfred H otchcock.A. which wasB. that wasC. that wereD. which were76.That's the only furniture we have.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. all77.All of the plants now raised on farms have been developed from the plants wild.A. once they grewB. they grew onceC. that once grewD. once grew78.The last place the foreign friends visited was the Summer Palace.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. in which79.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person she could turn for h elp.A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to w hom80.Those were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. whose81.Don't trust such men praise you to y our face.A. asB. whoC. thatD. which82.I've bought the same kind of electric fan you bought last time.A. whichB. thatC./D. as83.The house is just the same it used to b e.A. whichB. thatC. /D. as84.Mr. Smith isn't such a man he used to be.A. asB. whatC. thatD. who85.He must be f rom Shanghai, can be judged from his accent.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. as86.The young girl is not she used to be a few years ago.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. as87.The children themselves were c alm enough; the parents that got into a panic.A. in s pite ofB. those wereC. it wasD. however88.It was many years ago I met her in London.A. sinceB. whenC. thatD. which89.It is many years we met last in L ondon.A. sinceB. whenC. thatD. which90.He's from Shanghai, population is the largest of all cities in China.A. whoseB. itsC. whichD. that91.is known to all, the earth is round.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. Which92.Such signs we use in t he book Greek letters.A. as, isB. which, areC. as, areD. which, is93.She'll be on the same train I am on today.A. asB. likeC. withD. that94.When people talk about the cities of US, the first comes into mind is New Y ork.A. cityB. of themC. oneD. that95.Is there anyone in y our class family is in the c ity?A. whichB. whoseC. whatD. who96.There are 30 books on the desk, two are novels.A. of themB. of thatC. of whichD. of whom97.He hasn't got enough money with he can buy the computer.A. thatB. whichC. itD. whom98.Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. whose99.Do you know the reason she got so angry y esterday?A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. why100.Football, is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.A. thatB. whichC. itD. who1-5 BABDB 6-10 CBBCD 11-15 CBADA 16-20 BCBCA21-25 BACCC 26-30 BBBBC 31-35 CBBBB 36-40 CBDCD41-45 CABBB 46-50 DBDAD 51-55 DAABC 56-60 CBCBC61-65 BCBAB 66-70 ACBDC 71-75 DABCC 76-80 ACCDA81-85 ADDAA 86-90 CCCAA 91-95 BCADB 96-100 CBCDB副词性从句习题1.I won't call you, something unexpected happens.A. unlessB. whetherC. becauseD. while2.We all k now that, , the situation will get worse.A. not if dealt c arefully withB. if not carefully dealt withC. if d ealt not carefully withD. not if carefully dealt with3. he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.A. IfB. SinceC. ThoughD. When4.Pop music is such an important part of society it has even influenced our language.A. asB. thatC. whichD. where5.Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water they are not managed carefully.A. thoughB. beforeC. untilD. if6.I really don't like art, I find his work impressive.A.AsB.SinceC.IfD.While7.The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time we meet them a gain.A. afterB. beforeC. sinceD. when8.Leave your key with a neighbor you lock yourself out one day.A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case9.Tim is in good shape physically he doesn't get much exercise.A. ifB. even thoughC. unlessD. as long a s10.You will be successful in the interview you have c onfidence.A. beforeB. onceC. UntilD. though11.you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.A. However a serious problemB. What a serious problemC. H owever serious a problemD. What serious a problem12.He was told that it would be at least three more months he could recover and return to work.A. whenB. beforeC. sinceD. that13.there is a snowstorm or some other bad weather, the mail always comes on time.A.BecauseB.IfC.WhenD.Unless14.tomorrow, our ship will set sail for Macao.A.However the weather is likeB.However is the weather likeC.Whatever is the w eather likeD.Whatever the weather is l ike15.our manager objects to Tom's joining the club, we shall accept him as a member.A. UntilB. Unless C If D. After16.Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, they knew it to be valuable.A. as ifB. now thatC. even thoughD. so that17.My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house there is a power out.A. ifB.unlessC. in caseD. so that18.We had to wait half an hour we had already booked a table.A. sinceB. althoughC. untilD. before19.--- Where's that report? --- I brought it to you you were in Mr. Black's office yesterday.A. ifB. whenC. becauseD. before20.--- Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?--- I don't mind where w e go there's sun, sea and b each.A. as ifB. as long asC. now thatD. in order that21--- Do you have a minute? I've got something to tell you.--- Ok, you make it s hort.A. now thatB. if onlyC. so long asD. every t ime22.Nancy enjoyed herself so much she visited her friends in Sydney last year.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where23.John thinks it won't b e long he is ready for his new job.A. whenB. afterC. beforeD. since24.He found it increasingly difficult to read, his eyesight was beginning to fail.A. thoughB. forC. butD. so25.You'd better not leave the medicine kids can get it.A. even ifB. whichC. whereD. so that26.hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread.A. WhateverB. WheneverC. WhereverD. However27.I u sed to love that film I was a child, but I don't feel it that way any more.A. onceB. whenC. sinceD. although28.A small car is big enough for a family of three you need more space for baggage.A. onceB. becauseC. ifD. unless29.There were some chairs left over everyone had sat d own.A. whenB. untilC. thatD. where30.Don't promise anything you are one hundred percent sure.A. whetherB. afterC. howD. unless31.—Did you return Fred's call? —I d idn't need to I'll see him tomorrow.A. thoughB. unlessC. whenD. because32.I'm sorry you've been waiting so long, but it'll still be some time Brian get back.A. beforeB. sinceC. tillD. after33.We'll have a picnic in the park this Sunday it rains or it's very cold.A. sinceB. ifC.unlessD. until34.--- Are you ready for Spain?--- Yes, I want the girls to experience that they are y oung.A. whileB. untilC. ifD. before35.well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing.A. HoweverB. W hateverC. No matterD.Although36.She had just finished her homework her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.A. whenB. whileC. afterD. since37.My parents don't mind what job I do I a m happy.A. even thoughB. as soon asC. as long asD. as though38.You can' t borrow books from the school library you get your student card.A. beforeB. ifC. whileD. as39.Peter was so excited he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.A. whereB. thatC. whyD. when40.All the dishes in this menu, otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.A. asB. ifC. thoughD. unless41.Because of the heavy traffic, it was already time for lunch break she got to her office.A. sinceB. thatC. whenD. until42.The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair he wanted to sit next to his wife.A. althoughB. unlessC. becauseD. if43.You may use room as you like you clean it up afterwardsA. so far asB. so long asC. in caseD. even if44.Mary made coffee her guests were finishing their meal.A. so that B although C. while D. as if45.The little boy won't go to sleep his mother tells him a story.A. orB. unlessC. butD. whether46.Tom was about to close the windows his attention was caught by a bird.A. whenB. ifC. andD. till47.The engineer are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities, they have the i nterest.A. whereverB. WheneverC. even ifD. as if48.--- Our holiday cost a lot of money.--- Did it?---Well, that d oesn't matter you enjoyed y ourselves.A. as long asB. unlessC. as soon asD. though49.they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures.A. AsB. W hileC. UntilD. Once50.The girl had hardly rung the bell the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.A. beforeB. untilC. a sD. since答案1-5 ABAAD 6-10 DBDBB 11-15 CBDDB 16-20 CCBBB 21-25 CCCBC 26-30 DBDAD 31-35 DACAA 36-40 ACADD 41-45 CCBCB 46-50 ACADA。

Office Line 2 商品说明书

OFFICE LINEUSER MANUALUM_ENDate: 150525_02GENERAL (5)Introduction (5)General instructions (5)Warnings (5)Precautions (6)Intended use (6)TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (7)Leva (7)Accessories (7)Control/Pulser & Control/Pulser with grinder (8)Accessories (8)OVERVIEW OF COMPONENTS (9)Leva (9)Control/Pulser (10)Control/Pulser with grinder (11)DIMENSION SKETCH (12)Leva (12)Control/Pulser (12)Control/Pulser with grinder (13)TRANSPORT (14)Packaging (14)Delivery inspection (14)INSTALLATION (14)Positioning (14)Electrical installation (15)Electrical connection types (15)Water connection (16)Pressure and temperature (16)Hydraulic connection types (16)Filling the water tank (17)Connecting to the water mains (18)Starting the machine (18)The portafilter set (19)Inserting the portafilter in the group (19)OFFICE LINE CONTENTOPERATION (20)Espresso brewing (20)Steaming and frothing milk (21)ESPRESSO MACHINE WITH BUILT-IN GRINDER (22)Hot water dispensing (22)Before using the coffee grinder (22)Adjusting the grinder coarseness (23)Dispensing a ground coffee dose (23)CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE (24)Recharging the water softener (24)Coffee machine cleaning (25)Daily cleaning (25)Weekly cleaning (25)Cleaning the brewing group and portafilter (26)Cleaning the gasket and shower plate (27)Additional handling of the machine (28)STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF MACHINE (28)Storing the machine (28)Disposal of the machine (28)PROGRAMMING (29)Touchpad (29)Dosage programming of the drink buttons (Control models only). (29)Normal mode (30)Turning the thermostat and group boiler off/on (30)Adjusting the group boiler temperature (30)Reset temperature to factory default (31)Thermostat alarms (31)TROUBLESHOOTING (32)Quick Troubleshooting Guide (32)is determined by the following definitions. Always observe the warnings to ensure safety and prevent potential injury and product damage.Important:Alerts against unsafe practices. Observe Important notifications to ensure food safety, prevent possible minor personal injury, or damage to the machine.WARNING:Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if the WARNING is ignored, could result in serious injury or even death.DANGER:INDICATES A IMMINENTLY HAZARDOUS SITUATION WHICH, IF NOT AVOIDED, WILL LIKELY RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY AND EVEN DEATH.Note:Gives additional information which may be helpful during the operation, routine maintenance, and cleaning of the machine.IntroductionThank you for choosing an OFFICE LINE espresso machine from EXPOBAR.We hope you enjoy it !M achine installation and certain maintenance operations should only be performed by qualified service personnel. A ll safety instructions and warnings contained in this manual should be observed to ensure safe installation, use and maintenance. D o not attempt to open or repair the machine or access the interior. Repair should be performed by an authorised workshop, by a service centre, or by qualified service staff. D o not remove operational or protective parts requiring use of tools for removal. P urchasers are liable for ensuring that users have been trained to operate the machine and have been informed of the potential risks involved.T he installer will be held liable for all non-authorised modification of the machine. N on-authorised alteration or modification of the machine will exempt the manufacturer of all liability for damages and will invalidate the warranty. T his manual refers to the machine as at the time of sale. The commercial availability of subsequent versions featuring modifications, upgrades or adaptations does not oblige the manufacturer to apply the same to this machine, nor does it oblige it to update the documentation supplied. T he manufacturer reserves the right towithdraw currently available manuals whenever it considers appropriate and reasonable.General instructionsWarningsR ead this user manual carefully before starting to use the machine. T his manual contains important instructions regarding safe intended use of the machine.D o not discard this manual, it will be useful for future reference. If damaged or lost, request a copy from the manufacturer.I nstall the machine in a horizontal position and away from heat sources and flammable objects. T his machine should only be installed on a water-resistant work surface that is capable of adequately supporting the machine’s weight. P lace the machine in a location accessible only to personnel trained to operate it. K eep all hazardous packaging materials, such as plastic bags, styrofoam, and staples, out of reach of children. P lug the machine into a properly installed, earth grounded electrical outlet with line voltage that matches the specifications for the machine.Ensure that the power supply voltage does not fluctuate by more than 6%. P osition the power cable so that users cannottrip over it. Keep the power cable away fromsharp edges and heat sources. C hildren should never be allowed to play with the machine. T his appliance is not suitable for installation in an area where a pressure washer may be used.D o not use the machine outdoors, where it would be exposed to severe weather or extreme temperatures..I f the power cable is damaged, it may only be replaced by the manufacturer or its approved service technician. D o not remove or disable any of themechanical, electrical, or thermal protection safety equipment.Note: The manufacturer is not liable for damage to persons or property resulting from failure to follow the instructions and warnings listed below when installing and using this machine.PrecautionsIntended useextended period of time, disconnect the power. When disconnecting the power, pull the plug rather than the cable. W hen packed for storage, store the machine in a dry place with an ambient temperature above 5ºC. Boxes may be stacked up to threeempty the boiler and water system. (The machine’s boiler and water system is empty when delivered from the factory.) T o ensure fault-free machine operation, only use manufacturer-approved replacement parts and accessories.T he coffee machine has been designed and manufactured to make espresso coffee and other hot drinks (e.g., steaming and frothing milk). Do not use it for any other purpose.The machine is intended to be used by trained personnel for preparing foodstuffs.T his machine is not intended for use inindustrial kitchens, domestic kitchens, or similar locations.T he manufacturer will not be held liable for damage to persons or property due to incorrect, improper or negligent use by nonprofessional personnel.T o ensure optimal performance, install the machine in a location where these parameters will not be exceeded:- M aximum permissible inlet water pressure:600 KPa (6 Bar) - M inimum permissible inlet water pressure:200 KPa (2 Bar) - M aximum inlet water temperature: 40ºC - A mbient temp. maintained between:+10ºC / (min.) and +40ºC (max.).B efore performing maintenance and/or moving the machine, disconnect the machine from the power supply and wait for it to cool down. D o not place any liquids on the machine. T his appliance must not be cleaned with a pressure washer. N ever immerse the machine, plug or power cable in water, as there is a risk of electric shock. D o not touch the machine’s hot surfaces or dispensing equipment. D o not touch the machine if your hands or feet are wet. D o not operate the machine if any part except the dispensing equipment is wet.Place the machine out of reach of children.T his appliance can be used by children from age 8 and above and persons with reducedphysical, sensory, or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge if they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understandthe hazards involved. C hildren shall not play with the appliance. C leaning and user maintenance shall not be made by children without supervision. D o not use the machine if the power cable or plug is damaged, or the machine has been dropped. Contact a service technician for repairs or to ensure that it is safe for use. D o not block the vents with rags or other objects. D o not insert foreign objects into the vents. C heck the drain regularly to make sure that waste water is emptying properly.AccessoriesAccessoriesESPRESSO MACHINE WITH BUILT-IN GRINDER Before using the coffee grinderPlace the water softener unit in a container of 1% salt water solution (99% clean water + 1% plain table salt) for 10 minutes. The hose does not need to be disconnected.After recharging, remove the water softener unit and dry the outside with a clean cloth. The water inside the unit may remain.Replace the water softener unit in the water tank and make sure the water tank is filled to dilute any remaining salt water.Replace the top panel/cup warming tray and turn on the main power switch. The machine is now ready for use.Note :This section only applies to water tank models.machine.D o not use aggressive cleaning detergents, solvents or degreasers. These can damage thesurfaces, and plastic and rubber parts, and leave unwanted residue.Important:Each day, or 8 hours after dispensing the last coffee, the following cleaning tasks should beperformed to maintain the quality and performance of the water system:P ortafilter: Brew one espresso with the filter empty (around one minute) to flush it out(dispose of this water).S team Wand: Position the wand over the drip tray and open the steam lever for one minute to flush the wand.H ot Water Outlet: Place a container under the water outlet and dispense water for 10seconds (dispose of this water).Daily cleaningWeekly cleaningClean the brewing group and portafilter with professional cleaning powder (see page 26).C lean the water tank once per week with detergent and a bottle brush under running water to prevent bacteria build-up. Rinse thoroughly and dry the outside before refilling and replacing it in the machine.R inse the brewing group, shower plate, and portafilter with hot water for 15 seconds (page 27). Clean the external surfaces of the machine with a damp cloth, paying special attention to the stainless steel parts.C lean the steam wand and the water tap. Be sure that the nozzles are not clogged or partially blocked with milk or other residue. If it’s necessary to remove them for cleaning, be careful not to deform or damage any of the components during removal.C lean the dip tray and the stainless steel insert grid under running water with a brush.Clean the drain cup by slowly pouring one liter of warm water into it to dissolve and remove the coffee residue that accumulates inside the drain cup and hose.Fill the filter basket with professional cleaning powder for espresso coffee machines. Lock the portafilter into the group head.O ffice Control machines: To activate the auto-cleaning program turn off the machine’s main power switch. Then press and hold the 2 Short Espressos button then turn on the main power switch. Cleaning will start automatically. Release the 2 Short Espressos button. O ffice Pulser machines: To activate the auto-cleaning program simply cycle the Brew button onfor 5 intervals of 10 seconds each.L eva Pulser machines: To activate the auto-cleaning program simply raise the brew lever for 5 intervals of 10 seconds each.It’s available from yourdistributor. Part no: 1104162WARNING!Never try to open the portafilter while the machine is in operation! The pressurised hot water could cause scalding or serious injury. After cleaning has finished, wait about 3 seconds before removing the portafilter.Important:When the cleaning process is finished, remove the portafilter and run water through the group again to rinse out any residue. Repeat the cleaning process this time without cleaning powder to remove any remaining residue. Store the cleaning membrane in a convenient location for future use.Note:R inse the group and portafilter with hot water (using only the cleaning membrane andOFFICE LINEFor machines equipped with an electronic control panel (5 buttons per brewing group), the following controls are available:Volumetric control for four different espresso doses.Time-controlled hot water dosage (on customer’s request). Automatic filling and level control of the boiler.Automatic switch off of the heating element at low water level (on customer’s request). Brewing group auto-cleaning/descaling.The control panel is by default programmed with 4 standard drink doses (these can be re-programmed as desired) and one continuous brewing function. The four left-side buttons (1 short espresso – 1 long espresso – 2 short espressos – 2 long espressos) brew the programmed amount and then stop automatically; the right-side button brews continually until stopped manually by pressing again.T ouchpadDosage programming of the drink buttons (Control models only).PROGRAMMINGProgramming &Continuous DispensingP ress the Continuous Dispensing buttonfor 4 seconds, it will begin to flash.W ithin 5 seconds, press the button of the dispensing option that you want to program: 1 Short Espresso, 1 Long Espresso, 2 Short Espressos or 2 Long Espressos. The lights on the selected drink button and the Continuous button will remain on.T he group will start dispensing coffee. When the desired volume is reached in the cup, press theselected drink button again to stop dispensing. This volume setting will be saved and the button’s light will turn off. The Continuous button will remain illuminated.R epeat this process for all of the dispensing options that you wish to reprogram.If you only need to reprogram one of the dispensing options, follow the steps above and program just that option. All of the other dispensing options will remain unchanged.Important:Always use a portafilter filled with fresh coffee grounds for every new dose programmed.OFFICE LINE 31•Release the button when the system displays the “PrS” message.• T urn the machine off and on again at the power switch torestart the thermostat.If the temperature gauge in the group’s boiler has short-circuited, the system will display the “A1” error message. Call a service technician to replace or repair it.If the temperature gauge cable is disconnected, the system willdisplay the “A2” error message. Call a service technician to repairit.LEVA MULTIBOILER TEMPERATURE CONTROLThermostat alarmsa1a232Y our Dealer FOR SERVICEPlease contact your dealer For the warranty to be valid the conditions for maintenance must have been followed according to our instructions, proper precautions have been taken, and warranty claim has been issued without delay.The affected equipment shall not be used while awaiting service if there is any risk that the damage or defect could worsen.The warranty shall not cover consumable supplies such as glassware, or normal maintenance such as cleaning of filters. Additionally, damages of an external nature, such as contaminants in the water, limescaling, incorrect voltage or power surges, and water supply issues such as pressure changes or service disconnection are not covered by this warranty.The warranty will not cover damages or defects caused by incorrect handling or operation of the appliance.。

电机控制及驱动芯片手册

Eﬃ cient Semiconductor Solutions for Motor Control and Drives Applications]w /motorcontrol]ContentsSolutions for Motor Control and Drives 04Low-Voltage Applications 06High-Voltage Applications 08Choosing the right Microcontroller 10Product Families 12Low-Voltage Products 12High-Voltage Products 20Microcontrollers 26Sensors 27Support Tools 284REDUCE YOUR OVERHEAD by capitalizing on the integration capabilities and function-ality of Inﬁ neon’s motor control solutions. Our extensive portfolio covers a wide range of voltage and power classes, supporting a broad application spectrum across the industrial, consumer and automotive markets.This guide showcases the full range of products spanning, microcontrollers, gate drivers, MOSFETs, IGBTs, voltage regulators, sensors, integrated bridge driver ICs, integrated power modules and high-power modules.With our power products and microcontrollers, you can design eﬃ cient, robust and cost-eﬀ ective control units for virtually all types of motors, from brushless DC and permanent magnet synchronous motors, through induction and stepper motors to switched reluctance motors.We complement this vast product oﬀ ering with excellent customer support from our ap-plication experts, technical documentation and online education. We also deliver a variety of evaluation and application kits supporting all motor designs. Each application kit comes with a reference code and instructions, along with all the software you need to start and successfully complete your design as rapidly as possible.We hope you enjoy exploring the beneﬁ ts of our eﬃ cient semiconductor solutions for motor control and drives applications.Eﬃ cient Semiconductor Solutions for Motor Control and Drives Applications56Solutions for Low-Voltage ApplicationsStepper Driver(TLE 472xx)Servo Driver(TLE 420xx)Full-Bridges(TLE 520xx, TLE 720xx,TLE 82xx)Multi-Half-Bridges(TLE 841xx, TLE 6208xx,TLE 844xx, TLE 820xx)Full-Bridges Trilith IC(BTM 7xxx)Half-Bridges NovalithIC™ (BTN 7xxx)Driver ICs (TLE 628xx)OptiMOS™T3(30V – 250V)Driver ICs (TLE 718xx)EiceDRIVER™ (6ED003L06xx)OptiMOS™T3 (30V – 250V)Monolithic Driver ICs,Half-Bridges, Full-Bridges,Multi-Half-BridgesIntegrated Motor Driver ICs H-Bridge Driver + MOSFETs 3 Phase-Bridge Driver + MOSFETs 0,1A 5V - 48V DC Supply Voltage1A 10A100AM M M M 3~3~++Inﬁ neon’s solutions cover a broad range of target applications includingP umps (fuel, heating, water)F ans / blowersB attery-driven vehicles (e.g. ebike)A utomotive applicationsT ruck / transportationF orkliftS cootersW heelchairsI ndustrial drivesR obotics D oor openers P ower tools, cordless power tools G ardening tools S mall robots (cleaning robots) E lectric toys K itchen machines / food processors / coﬀ ee machinesLow-Voltage ApplicationsApplication Solutions for Motor Control and DrivesINFINEON IS THE PARTNER OF CHOICE when it comes to drive solutions for low-voltage motors. Across the full current range from 0.1 to 100A and across the entireapplication spectrum from steppers to 3-phase drivers, you can rely on us to provide the perfect ﬁ t.7Solutions for Low-Voltage ApplicationsInﬁ neon oﬀ ers products and solutions for the main parts of motor control applications. The block diagram shows an example of a 3-phase BLDC motor drive.M Driver StageCentral Control Unit Sense &MonitorAC/DC DCSupplyAF Discretes User Interface&Communication Power ManagementIntegratedMotor DriversTransceiversCAN TransceiverTLE 625xxxLIN TransceiverTLE 725xx Sensors Hall Switches TLE 49xxx, TLI 49xxx Linear Hall Sensors TLE 49xxx Microcontroller 8-bit XC866, XC886, XC888, XC87816-bitXE164, XE167Integrated Driver ICs / NovalithIC™s BTN793x, BTN796x, BTN797xCoolMOS™IPD xxx, IPB xxx, IPI xxxCoolSET™ICE xxxxDiodesIDD xxx, IDB xxx, IDP xxx Linear Voltage Regulator TLE 42xxx DC/DC Converter TLE 6389, TLE 8366, TLE 7388Gate Drivers 3-Phase Bridge Drivers TLE 7183x, TLE 7184x, TLE 7185x, TLE 7189x EiceDRIVER™6ED003L06x Power Stage LV MOSFETs (30V – 250V)Automotive MOSFETs (30V – 100V)8Solutions for High-Voltage Applications600V 1200V V o l t a g e R a t i n g50W 150W 500W 1kW 2kW 5kW xxMWPower DWRefryPumpFanRoom AC Washing machine Vacuum CleanerPFC Pac Door Tread Mill Industrial Drives Fan Industrial DrivesPublic AC Discrete IGBTs, EiceDRIVER ™s, CIPOS ™* and Modules* Transferred to LS Power Semitech Co., Ltd., a joint venture between Inﬁneon and LSvesInﬁ neon’s solutions cover a broad range of target applications includingP umpsF ans / blowersC ompressorsI ndustrial drivesR oboticsA ir conditioning W ashing machines D ish washers R efrigeration K itchen Hoods V acuum cleaners D oor openersWITH OUR GATE DRIVER ICs, discrete IGBTs, integrated modules and high-power modules Inﬁ neon covers the whole range of power classes for high-voltage drives. We oﬀ er optimized, cost-eﬀ ective solutions for each power class.High-Voltage ApplicationsApplication Solutions for Motor Control and Drives910MCU FeatureControl Scheme Load Behavior Application V ector computer(MDU + Cordic)1 x CCU61 x ADC S ensorless FOC T rapezoidal Hall T rapezoidal sensorlessV /FO pen loop L ow noise V ariable load V ariable speed K nown load dynamics (look-up table) H VAC fans D omestic heating pumps V alve control Washing machines e BikeMCU FeatureControl Scheme Load Behavior Application M AC unit2 x ADC4 x CCU6 D irect torque R esolver FOC Encoder FOCS ensorless FOC H ighest dynamic load response A ccurate positioningH igh speedD ynamic loadresponseS peed control G P inverters,Elevator, S pindle drives, T ransportation assembly lines, P LC, Servo, CNCXC800 (8-bit)XE166 (16-bit)XC800 familyR educed system costF lash from 4KB to 64KBP in c ounts from 20-TSSOP to 64-QFPC apCom6 (CCU6) – PWM generationT wo 16-bit timersC ontrol of three half-bridgesS pecial modes for motor control A DC hardware linked to PWM16-bit vector computer for FOC(vector) control-nested executionof CoRDIC & MDU F lexible interfaces, high-speed synchronous, communication (SPI compatible) U ARTs M ultiCAN T wo CAN n odes 32 message objects A DC 10-bit, 1.5 usec P WM sync. trigger M ultiple result registersE N/IEC60335-1 class B standardChoosing the Right Microcontroller Choosing the Right Microcontrollerneon Power Bond technology has improved600V TRENCHSTOP TM 600V RC-Drives 600V HS3 Family1200V TRENCHSTOP TM1200V HS3 Family756050403025201510864LIN STEPPER APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /LINStepper ]XC800 FOC APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /XC800FOC ]Key Features X C866 P WM unitF ast ADC with <200ns sample time S upporting 50 to 200mA stepper motor O n-board stepper gaugeS oftware package included to control the stepper motor and deploy your own design F ree toolchain including compiler and debuggerM iniWiggler for JTAG debug via USB interfaceR eady for LIN prototypingD AvE™-compatible software packages S uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPKey FeaturesX C886 with vector computer P WM unitF ast ADC with <200ns sample time D iscrete power inverter 24V, 1.2A 15W PMSM motor and plug-in power supply 24VS oftware package including source code for sensorless FOC of PMSMF ree toolchain including compiler and debuggerR eal-time monitoring tool (USB to CAN bridge)D AvE™-compatible software packages S uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPApplicationsI nstrumentation / gauges M ulti-axis positioning S urveillance equipmentC NC machining P rintersB usiness machinesApplications V alve controlsG ear motorsSupport ToolsSupport ToolsBLDC (BRUSHLESS DC) APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /BLDC ]DAVE™ DRIVE APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /DAvEdrive ]Key Features X C866 P WM unitF ast ADC with <200ns sample time P ower board 9V - 18V, 20A50W PMSM motor and plug-in power supply 12VU ses Inﬁ neon NovalithIC™ BTN 7960B and TLE 4264 LDOD AvE™ Drive auto-code generator (fully functional application code) forB lock switching with Hall sensors and sensorlessF ree toolchain including compiler and debuggerD igital isolated real-time monitoring tool (USB to JTAG and CAN bridge) T utorial videos showing how to use the kitS uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPKey FeaturesX C886 with vector computer P WM unitF ast ADC with <200ns sample time P ower Board 23V - 56V, 7.5A 15W PMSM motor and plug-in power supply 24VU ses Inﬁ neon 6ED003L06 gate driver, BSC196N10, MOSFETs, CoolSET™ICE3B0565 power supply and TLE 4264 LDOD AvE™ Drive auto-code generator (fully functional application code) for B lock switching with Hall sensors and sensorlessS ensorless FOC of PMSMF ree toolchain integrated in DAvE™ DriveF lexibly generates optimized code and is not based on static libraries C onﬁ gures Inﬁ neon’s powerful and ﬂ exible motor control peripherals C ompresses a detailed user manual into a few mouse clicksH elps designers to quickly and easily implement advanced motor control techniques on low-cost components D igital isolated real-time monitoring tool (USB to JTAG and CAN bridge) S uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPApplications W ater pumps F uel pumps F ansV alves P ower ToolsApplicationsI ndustrial motor controls T ransportation systemsC onsumer motor controls A ppliance motor controlsSupport ToolsFOC DRIVE APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /FOCdrive ]3-PHASE DRIVE APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /3phasedrive ]Key FeaturesX C878 with vector computer T wo independent PWM unitsF ast ADC with <200ns sample time X E164 real-time signal controller wit MAC unit T hree independent PWM unitsT wo independent fast ADCs with <200ns sample time P ower board 23V - 56V, 7.5A 15W PMSM motor and plug-in power supply 24VU ses Inﬁ neon 6ED003L06 gate driver, BSC196N10, MOSFETs, CoolSET™ICE3B0565 power supply and TLE 4264 LDOS oftware package including source code S ensorless FOC of PMSM with XE164S ensorless FOC of PMSM with XC878 F ree toolchain for XC878 and XE164 including compiler and debugger D igital isolated real-time monitoring tool (USB to JTAG and CAN bridge) D AvE™-compatible software packages S uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPKey FeaturesX C886 with vector computer P WM unitF ast ADC with <200ns sample time P ower board 110V - 230V AC, 3AI nverter with 375W – 750WU ses Inﬁ neon IKCS12F60 CIPoS™ 12A, CoolSET™ ICE 3B0565 power supply and TLE 4264 LDOS oftware package including source code S ensorless FOC of PMSM V /f control of ACIM for quick evaluationF ree toolchain including compiler and debugger D igital isolated real-time monitoring tool (USB to JTAG and CAN bridge) D AvE™-compatible software packages D AvE™ Drive-readyS uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPApplications I ndustrial drives F ans, blowersP umpsApplications H ome appliances W ashing machinesD ishwashersI ndustrial motor controls P umpsF ansSupport Tools3112V24V48V230VLIN StepperXC866200mAGaugesXC800 FOCXC8661.2AValves, Gear MotorsFOC Motor DriveXC878XE1647.5ADAvE™ DriveXC8867.5AIndustrial Drives, Pumps, Fans, Valves and Power ToolsDual FOC + PFCMotor DriveXC878/XE1647.8A + 0.8AAir conditioning 3-Phase-DriveXC8863AWhite GoodsBLDCXC86620APumps/BlowersBlock SwitchingField Oriented ControlDUAL MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATION KIT [www.inﬁ /2motordrive ]Key FeaturesX C878 with vector computer T wo independent PWM unitsF ast ADC with <200ns sample time X E164 real-time signal controller with MAC unit T hree independent PWM unitsT wo independent fast ADCs with <200ns sample time P ower Board 110V - 230V AC, 8A I nverter A with 900W – 1800W I nverter B with 100 - 200WB oost converter for Power Factor Correction (PFC)U ses Inﬁ neon IKCS17F60 CIPoS™ 17A, 6ED003L06 gate driver,SPD04N50C3 MOSFETs, IDT08S60 SiC diode, SPA15N60C3 MOSFETs, CoolSET™ ICE3B0565 power supply and TLE 4264 LDO S oftware package including source codeS imultaneous control of two PMSM with sensorless FOC & digital PFC with XE164S ensorless FOC & digital PFC with XC878V /f control of ACIM for quick evaluationF ree toolchain for XC878 and XE164 including compiler and debugger D igital isolated real-time monitoring tool (USB to JTAG and CAN bridge) DAvE™-compatible software packages S uitable for Windows 98/2000/XPApplications A ir conditioning I ndustrial drives F ans, blowersP umps W hite goodsSupport ToolsInfineon Technologies – innovative semiconductor solutions for energy efficiency, communications and security.Published byInfineon Technologies AG85579 Neubiberg, Germany© 2010 Infineon Technologies AG.All Rights Reserved.Visit us:Order Number: B158-H9357-G1-X-7600 Date: 11 / 2009Attention pleAse!The information given in this document shall in no eventbe regarded as a guarantee of conditions or characteristics(“Beschaffenheitsgarantie”). With respect to any examplesor hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device,Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warran-ties and liabilities of any kind, including without limita-tion warranties of non-infringement of intellectual propertyrights of any third party.informAtionFor further information on technology, delivery terms andconditions and prices please contact your nearest InfineonTechnologies Office ().WArningsDue to technical requirements components may containdangerous substances. For information on the types inquestion please contact your nearest Infineon TechnologiesOffice. Infineon Technologies Components may only beused in life-support devices or systems with the expresswritten approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure ofsuch components can reasonably be expected to causethe failure of that life-support device or system, or to affectthe safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Lifesupport devices or systems are intended to be implantedin the human body, or to support and/or maintain andsustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reason-able to assume that the health of the user or other personsmay be endangered.Ask infineon – infineon Hotline-service at your fingertips. Where you need it. When you need it.Infineon offers its toll-free 0800 service hotline as one central number, available 24 / 7 in English and German.Our global connection service goes way beyond standard operating and switchboard services by offering qualified support on the phone. Call us!Germany .........................0800 951 951 951USA ................................1866 951 9519International ...................00 800 951 951 951Direct access ..................+49 89 234 - 0 (interconnection fee)Where to BuyInfineon Distribution Partners and Sales OfficesPlease use our location finder to get in contact with your nearest Infineon distributor or sales office./WhereToBuy。

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Maxim > App Notes > Power-Supply CircuitsOct 28, 2009 Keywords: power supply, switching regulators, linear regulators, charge pumps, switched capacitor, voltageconverters, regulator ICs, inductorless voltage regulator, portable power, dc dc, DC-DC converters, step-up,step-down, buck, boost, inverter, isolated pAPPLICATION NOTE 737Choosing the Right Power-Supply IC for your ApplicationAbstract: This article discusses the process of choosing a power supply for a given application. It reviews the features of the three most common types of DC-DC converting power-supply ICs. It also provides links toother application notes and tutorials that discuss more advanced topics.Choosing a power-supply IC can be a daunting task for the inexperienced. This application note will help the novice engineer take the first step toward becoming a confident power-supply designer. This article discusses how to choose these ICs at the most fundamental level. First, it explains why power-supply ICs are necessary. It then shows how to choose among the three most common power-supply ICs powered with DC voltages: linear regulators, switching regulators, and charge pumps. Links to supportive application notes and tutorials will address more advanced power-supply topics.Why Power-Supply ICs?The chief purpose of most power-supply ICs is to regulate. These devices take an unregulated input voltage and provide a regulated output voltage. Restated most simply, these ICs provide an output voltage that remains steady despite varying input voltage or output current. This accounts for the names linear regulator and switching regulator. The exception to this simple definition is the charge pump. Depending on the specific device, a charge pump's output can be either regulated or unregulated.Sometimes regulators create a regulated output voltage from a regulated input voltage. In that case, the regulator's function is to change the input voltage to another voltage level, without necessarily improving the voltage regulation.You might be tempted to power a circuit without a regulator. In fact, in some cases you can be successful with this. You could, for example, power portable equipment directly from a battery. But this approach usually leads to problems. The circuitry within portable equipment typically operates correctly only within a certain narrow voltage range. This is especially true with microprocessors and memory, particularly if high speed is needed. For microprocessors, memory, and many other types of circuitry, the voltage range over which the battery operates could extend beyond acceptable levels. Therefore, adding a regulator ensures that your circuitry receives the appropriate voltage.The battery's internal resistance can also present a problem if a regulator is not used. This difficulty arises because circuitry within portable equipment often demands a varying level of supply current. This varying current, when drawn from the battery, creates a varying battery voltage due to the battery's internal resistance. Portions of the circuitry can "object" to these variations in battery voltage because the PSRR (power-supply rejection ratio) of the circuitry's various components might not be sufficient to reject these voltage variations. To combat this problem, a regulator maintains a steady output voltage despite these varying load currents. A regulator provides this steady voltage, because its active circuitry maintains an output resistance that is significantly lower than the battery's series resistance.Any attempt to design without a regulator challenges the necessity of the steady voltage that regulators provide, despite varying input voltage or output current. But there is even more to consider. In most cases switching and linear regulators, as with regulated and unregulated charge pumps, serve an additional purpose: they create a voltage with a different magnitude from the voltage that powers them. This explains for the name DC-DC converter. Technically speaking, all three types of power-supply ICs discussed here (e.g. linear regulators,switching regulators, and charge pumps) are DC-DC converters, However, the term is normally reserved for switching regulators.Somewhat limited when converting voltage levels, a linear regulator can only produce a voltage lower than the voltage supplying it. Much more versatile, a switching regulator can step up (boost), step down (buck), or invert (change the polarity of) its supply voltage. Charge pumps perform these same three operations, but with limited output-current capability.Please see application note 269, "Trading Performance for Cost in Portable Power Supplies."There are exceptions to the idea that power-supply ICs create voltages of a different magnitude than the voltages fed to them. The exceptions are most often found in transformer-coupled converters. It is not unusual to find a transformer-coupled converter whose output voltage equals its input voltage. See Figure 1. In most cases, the sole purpose of a converter configured this way is to provide isolation, which prevents a DC connection between the input voltage supplied to the converter and the output voltage created by the converter. See Figure 2. Isolation is often used for safety reasons. The power for circuitry connected to a patient through electrodes, for example, is isolated from the power derived from a wall socket to protect against the risk of shock. But you do not need to be in a hospital to require isolation. Nearly all consumer electronic products isolate the AC line from the operating circuitry.Figure 1. This transformer-coupled switching-regulator circuit isolates the input voltage from the output voltage. Power-supply designers often use an optocoupler to isolate the circuit's output from the regulator's feedback pin.Figure 2. Circuit has an isolated 5V to 5V at 400mA power supply. The MAX668 step-up controller is featured. See the Isolated-Power Supply Reference Guide. Maxim's application notes for isolated power supplies are categorized for convenient reference.The advantages and disadvantages of linear regulators, switching regulators, and charge pumps will now be explained.Linear RegulatorsLinear regulators are often the smallest, usually the least expensive, and always the least noisy of the various types of power-supply ICs. See Figure 3. Use a linear regulator if it is appropriate for your application, especially because a linear-regulator circuit is more likely to work correctly the first time than circuits built around other types of power-supply ICs.Figure 3. A linear regulator both steps down and regulates the voltage supplied to it with a minimal number of external components. Because these devices contain no switching elements, they generate little noise. Also, the circuit-board layout of linear regulators is less critical than for switching regulators and charge pumps.Why would you use any power-supply IC other than a linear regulator? There are two reasons. First, a linear regulator can only provide an output voltage that is smaller than its input voltage. As mentioned above, if you wanted to create a voltage that is higher than the input voltage or of opposite polarity, you have no choice but to use a switching regulator or a charge pump.The second reason is efficiency. Converting a voltage to another voltage always wastes power. In the ideal situation, a regulator wastes no power; its efficiency rating would be 100%. If half the power supplied to a regulator found its way to the regulator's load, its efficiency would be 50%.A linear regulator is usually, although not always, less efficient than a switching regulator. You can calculate a linear regulator's efficiency by dividing its output voltage by its input voltage. (This formula is sufficiently accurate if the current that powers the regulator, the regulator's supply, or quiescent current, is a small percentage of the current drawn from the regulator's output. In most cases, it is.) Thus, with LDOs (low dropout linear regulators), where the voltage of the source powering a linear regulator is near the regulator's output voltage, efficiency is high, In that case, an LDO might be a better choice than a switching regulator because the LDO has less noise. The MAX1725/MAX1726 are ultra-low supply current LDOs with a maximum 4.5µA quiescent current.A high-efficiency regulator provides a distinct advantage in portable equipment, as less wasted power results in longer battery life. You may need a high-efficiency regulator for another reason: wasted power is dissipated as heat. Thus, a high-efficiency power supply often suits wall-powered equipment as well as portable equipment. This power supply can reduce the temperature within an enclosure to a tolerable level in either case.In automotive applications, usually a higher input voltage and wider temperature range are required. For example, the MAX6765–MAX6774 operate from 4V to 72V over the -40°C to +125°C temperature range. These linear regulators feature control inputs which make them "automotive friendly."See low-dropout linear regulators.Switching RegulatorsSwitching regulators share none of the advantages of linear regulators. Switching regulators consume more board area (except, perhaps, when a linear regulator requires a heatsink to dissipate the power lost within it); cost more; and generate more noise than their linear counterparts. Yet, for years switching regulators have been enormously popular with power-supply designers. Why?Switching regulators remain popular because these devices boast excellent efficiency when subjected to many combinations of input voltage and load current. (The levels can be as high as 96% for both step-up and step-down switchers, although a step-down is typically more efficient, and up to 90% for an inverter). Also, if you need to step up, step down, or invert a voltage, switching regulators are the only devices capable of these operations for load currents above approximately 125mA. You can, admittedly, use charge pumps to perform these operations, but the load currents that these devices allow are limited. It is simply too expensive to integrate switches large enough to handle load currents above the 125mA level into charge pumps, although a few charge pumps do supply several hundred milliamps.Switching regulators are so named because they switch a power transistor, which, when used in conjunction with an inductor, efficiently converts one voltage to another. See Figure 4. When these power transistors switch, they do so very quickly, as fast transitions improve the regulator's efficiency. To understand why, first consider the power transistor's power dissipation when it is not transitioning. When the transistor is off, voltage appears across it, but no current flows through it. Thus, no power is lost. When the transistor is on, a small voltage appears across it while appreciable current may flow through it. Thus, typically, a small amount of power is lost. When the power transistor transitions from an OFF state to an ON state, or vice versa, voltage appears across the transistor while current flows through it. Therefore, appreciable power can be lost. Speeding up the switching process reduces these transition losses.To minimize the power loss associated with the rectifier diode in a switching power supply, a synchronous configuration can be used. In a synchronous configuration, the rectifier diode is replaced with a MOSFET switch. This approach increases the efficiency of the switching converters even further. The MAX15023 is an example of a synchronous buck controller.See application note 2031, "DC-DC Converter Tutorial."Figure 4. Switching regulators can (a) step down (buck), (b) step up (boost), or (c) step down/up and invert (buck boost) the voltage that powers them. The external transistor switches pictured for each of these three switching regulator types are often included within the switching regulator, usually when the device is specified for moderate-load currents. Occasionally, step-down and step-up switching-regulator ICs comprise the rectifier shown here.These fast transitions, along with the heavy currents that often flow in these circuits, make circuit-board layout critical. Switching-regulator circuits require a well-thought-out layout and the components external to the switching-regulator IC must be specified correctly. Considering the various types of power supplies, switching regulators require the most careful design.Fortunately, there is a way around these layout concerns. For applications with lower output-current requirements, switching regulators with integrated MOSFETs are offered. The MAX17083 is a step-down regulator with integrated switches and it supports continuous load current up to 5A. The internal switch facilitates the circuit-board layout significantly. However, this limits the output power to the power dissipation limits and design specifications of the IC.Maxim also supplies EV (evaluation) kits for most switching regulators. These kits demonstrate a working layout of the power supply, which in many cases can be adapted to a particular circuit board. Also, multiple sources for the various external components are usually listed in the regulator's data sheet. Deciding which external components to use is simply a matter of choosing from among several devices already specified, each of which is capable of working well with the particular switching-regulator IC.See application notes for power-supply circuits, and the Maxim's Power-Supply Cookbook.Maxim also provides an on-line simulation tool (EE-Sim) to design and simulate the power-supply circuits. Charge PumpsCharge pumps constitute the least understood category of power-supply ICs discussed here. These devices perform the same functions as switching regulators, but without an inductor. Instead, charge pumps use capacitors to step down, invert, or boost the voltages that power them. See Figure 5.Figure 5. Like switching regulators, charge pumps step down, step up, and invert voltages, but use capacitors instead of an inductor to perform these operations. In most cases, charge pumps handle lower output currents than switching regulators. Although the topologies vary somewhat, the circuit shown here is representative of both regulated and unregulated charge pumps, regardless of whether they step up, step down, or invert voltages. Charge pumps come with both unregulated and regulated outputs. Consider a circuit that is connected to an unregulated charge pump's output, As this circuit draws more and more current, its output voltage drops proportionately. The charge pump's output impedance is thus essentially a fixed resistance. When used in the inverting mode, unregulated charge pumps provide an output voltage equal to the voltage powering the device, but with opposite polarity (e.g., the MAX828). As load current increases, the magnitude of this voltage drops, as discussed above. When used in the doubling mode, these charge pumps precisely double the applied voltage (e.g., the MAX1682) and the output voltage also drops as load current increases.Regulated charge pumps can step up, step down, or invert the applied voltage. Unlike unregulated charge pumps, these devices provide output-voltage levels that are not strictly dependent on the voltage level fed to them. Thus, these devices could, for example, create a 5V output from a 3.3V input. Also, because they are regulated, as the output current increases, the output voltage remains essentially constant. As mentioned above, the amount of current that can be drawn from these devices, as well as from unregulated charge pumps, is limited. The upper limit is about 125mA (e.g., the MAX1595), although there are a few parts that handle several hundred milliamps (e.g., the MAX889). It is not economical to build charge pumps that supply large load currents. Instead, inductor-based switching regulators are well suited for this situation.A charge pump switches the capacitors connected to it, and thus creates noise. This noise is usually of smaller magnitude than a switching regulator's noise. There are three primary reasons for this. First, load currents are lighter. Second, because these circuits do not include an inductor, no magnetic noise is created. Finally, when a charge pump interrupts the current flowing through a capacitor connected to it, a voltage spike is not created. A switching regulator interrupting the current flowing through an inductor usually creates a voltage spike.Charge-pump data sheets provide you with the information needed to select the only external components needed when using a charge pump: namely, capacitors. Although EV kits are not as necessary and are, thus, less available for charge pumps, any available EV kit can furnish a quick way to determine whether or not the part is right for a particular application.See application notes for charge pumps.Related PartsMAX15023:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX1595:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX1682:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX17083:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data SheetMAX1725:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX1726:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6765:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6766:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6767:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6768:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6769:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6770:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6771:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6772:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6773:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX6774:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX828:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesMAX889:QuickView-- Full (PDF) Data Sheet-- Free SamplesAutomatic UpdatesWould you like to be automatically notified when new application notes are published in your areas of interest? 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