生化词汇1、2章
生化知识点整理(特别全)

生化知识点整理(特别全)Chapter 1: XXX)Proteins are composed of carbon。
hydrogen。
oxygen。
nitrogen。
sulfur (C。
H。
O。
N。
S)。
as well as phosphorus。
iron。
copper。
zinc。
iodine。
XXX 16%。
therefore。
the protein content can be XXX (XXX).Basic Building UnitsAmino acids are the basic building units of proteins。
It is XXX.1.Except for Pro。
all 20 amino acids are α-amino acids。
which means they have an amino group attached to the α-carbon atom that is linked to the carboxyl group.2.The R-side chain of each amino acid is different。
and it plays an XXX of the protein.3.Except for Gly。
the α-carbon atom of all other amino acids is an asymmetric carbon atom。
which can form different XXX.n of Amino AcidsAmino acids can be classified according to the structure and physicochemical properties of their R-side chain into nonpolar。
hydrophobic amino acids。
生化名词解释

1、酮体:是脂肪酸在肝内分解代谢生成的一类中间产物,包括乙酰乙酸、β—羟丁酸和丙酮。
酮体作为能源物质在肝外组织氧化利用。
2、D NA变性:双链DNA分子在热、酸或碱等因素作用下,氢键被破坏,成为单股螺旋的现象称为DNA变性,变性后其理化性质和生物活性均有改变。
3、D NA复性:DNA变性是可逆的。
当逐渐降温时,变性的DNA的二条链重新缔合形成原来的双螺旋结构并恢复其原有的理化性质和生物学活性,称为DNA复性或称退火。
4、尿素循环:即鸟氨酸循环,是将有毒的氨转变为无毒的尿素的循环。
肝脏是尿素循环的重要器官。
5、诱导契合学说:当酶分子与底物分子接近时,酶蛋白受底物分子的诱导,其构象发生有利于底物结合的变化,酶与底物在此基础上互补契合进行反应。
6、糖异生:指非糖物质(如:丙酮酸、乳酸、甘油、生糖氨基酸等)转变为葡萄糖或糖原的过程。
机体内只有肝、肾能通过糖异生补充血糖。
7、超二级结构:指二级结构单元β—折叠股和α—螺旋股,相互聚集形成有规律的更高一级的但又低于三级结构的结构,现在已知的超二级结构有3种基本的组合形式:αα,βαβ和ββ。
8、结构域:也指功能域,在较大的蛋白质分子或亚基中,多肽链往往有两个或两个以上相对独立的三维实体,缔合而成三级结构,三维实体之间靠松散的肽链链接,这种相对独立的三维实体称为结构域。
例如,免疫球蛋白含有12个结构域,每条重链上有四个结构域,每条轻链上有两个结构域。
9、E dman降解法:从多肽链游离的N末端测定氨基酸残基的序列的过程。
N末端氨基酸残基被苯异硫氰酸酯修饰,然后从多肽链上切下修饰的残基,再经层析鉴定,余下的多肽链(少了一个残基)被回收再进行下一轮降解循环。
10、酶的比活力:指每mg酶蛋白具有的酶活力单位。
一般用U/mg蛋白表示,或用Katal/mg蛋白表示。
11、端粒:真核生物线性染色体的两个末端具有的特殊结构。
12、三羧酸循环:简称TCA循环,是由碳原子的草酰乙酸与二碳原子的乙酰CoA缩合生成具有三个羧基的柠檬酸开始,经过一系列脱氢和脱羧反应又以草酰乙酸的再生成结束。
生化

Xeroderma pis
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 DNA Damage DNA Repair Significance of DNA Damans
1. What is the relationship between DNA correct replication and DNA mutation?
2.Why could DNA generate damage? 3. Pickled fish hot pot is delicious, but whether is it fit to be often eaten? Why is that?
Transition Replace of base
Transversion Deletion of base Insertion of base
Breakage off DNA damage 牛牛文档分享 牛牛文档分享
25
The common DNA damage repair ways
Repair ways
Photoactive repair
Base excision repair Nucleotide excision Mismatch repair Recombinant repair Translesion repair
21
DNA covalent linkage
DNA intrastrand cross-linking DNA interstrand cross-linking DNA-protein mage could cause the cases below
DNA damage caused by base analogue
大一生物化学第二、三、五、七、八、章知识点总结(word文档物超所值)

第二章:核酸化学①D-核糖①嘌呤:腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤(逆时针编号)1、戊糖2、碱基②D-2-脱氧核糖②嘧啶:胞嘧啶、尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶(顺时针编号)3、磷酸核糖核苷:腺苷、鸟苷、尿苷、4、核苷:一个戊糖和一个碱基结合形成核苷胞苷脱氧核糖核苷:脱氧腺苷、脱氧鸟苷、脱氧胸苷、脱氧胞苷①核糖核苷酸:(x苷-5’-单磷酸)5、核苷酸:(核酸是核苷的磷酸酯)腺苷酸(AMP)、尿苷酸(UMP) /(5’-AMP)一个戊糖、一个碱基和一个磷酸组成鸟苷酸(GMP)、胞苷酸(CMP)②脱氧核糖核苷酸:(脱氧x苷-5’-单磷酸)脱氧腺苷酸(dAMP)、脱氧鸟苷酸(dGMP) /(5’-dAMP)脱氧胞苷酸(dCMP)、脱氧胸苷酸(dTMP)①不游离核苷酸:作为核酸的结构单元1、多磷酸核苷酸:AMP/腺一磷、ADP/腺二磷、ATP/腺三磷、(CMP/CDP/CTP:胞苷x磷酸)(dCMP/dCDP/dCTP:脱氧胞苷x磷酸)2、环式单核苷酸:核苷酸核苷酸上的磷酸与核糖的3’,5’-二羟基②游离核苷酸/核苷酸衍生物:形成双酯环化而成。
它们是传递激素的媒介物,故被称为“二级信使”。
(cGMP:3’,5’- 环鸟苷酸)(cAMP:3’,5’- 环腺酸)3、辅酶类核苷酸:烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸/NAD烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸/NADP3’,5’磷酸二酯键6、核酸:以核苷酸为基本结构单元所构成的生物大分子。
①一级结构:脱氧核苷酸之间的连接方式和排列顺序1、脱氧核苷酸之间的连接方式:以3’,5’磷酸二酯键相连,DNA分子无分支侧链,只能成环状或线状左侧5’,右侧3’2、脱氧核苷酸之间的排列顺序:基因的遗传信息的物质基础就是4种碱基的精确排列顺序。
(1)碱基当量定律:A+G=C+T1、DNA的组成:Chargaff定律:(2)不对称比率:A+TC+G②二级结构:比值与物种有关DNA(1)DNA分子有两条反向平行的多聚核苷酸链组成,一条链的走向3’到5’,另一条5’到3’。
生化英文名词解释

名词解释Glossary第一章蛋白质的结构与功能Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Proteinpeptide bond(肽键):a covalent bond linking the α- amino group of one amino acid and theα-carboxyl group of another in a protein molecule.peptide(肽):a molecule containing two or more amino acids linked by peptide bond. primary structure of protein(蛋白质的一级结构):the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.secondary structure of protein(蛋白质的二级结构):the spatial arrangement of local portions of a polypeptide chain.tertiary structure of protein(蛋白质的三级结构):the spatial arrangement of all the atoms of a protein or a subunit.quaternary structure of protein(蛋白质的四级结构):the spatial arrangement of a protein that consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain or subunit.subunit(亚基):an individual polypeptide chain that associates with one or more separate chains to form a complete protein.motif(模序):a substructure formed with two or more secondary-structure peptide segments that are drawn close to each other.domain(结构域):a region within a protein, particularly within a large polypeptide, that functions in a semi-independent manner.positive cooperativity(正协同效应):an effect that the binding of one ligand to a protein facilitates the subsequent ligand binding.allosteric effect(变构效应):an effect that a small molecule, called an effector, noncovalently binds to a protein and alters its activity.isoelectric point(pI)of protein (蛋白质的等电点):the pH at which a protein has an equal number of positive and negative charges and hence bears no net charge. denaturation of protein(蛋白质变性): the disruption of the natively folded structure of a protein caused by exposure to heat, radiation, or chemicals, or change in pH, that leads to an alteration of chemical, physical and biological properties of the第二章核酸的结构与功能Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Aciddenaturation of DNA(DNA的变性):the disruption of the native conformation of DNA by separation of the DNA double helix into its two component strands, due to heat, chemicals, or change in pH, etc.hyperchromic effect(增色效应):the increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a DNA while the DNA is denatured.melting temperature(Tm, 融解温度):the temperature corresponding to half the maximal increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a thermally denatured DNA.annealing(退火):the process of returning a thermally denatured DNA to its original native structure when it is cooled gradually.第三章酶Chapter 3 Enzymessimple enzyme(单纯酶):an enzyme that consists of only polypeptide chain(s). conjugated enzyme(结合酶):an enzyme with its polypeptide portion(apoenzyme) linked to one or more substance other than amino acids, such as metals or small organic molecules.holoenzyme(全酶):a complete enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme portion plus the cofactor component.essential group(必需基团): a chemical group on the side chain of amino acid residue of an enzyme that is closely related to the activity of the enzyme.active center / active site(活性中心):the region of an enzyme molecule that contains the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s) into product(s).activation energy(活化能):the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction.absolute specificity(绝对特异性):the extreme selectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze only the reaction with a single substrate in the case of a monomolecular reaction, or the reaction with a single pair of substrates in the case of a bimolecularrelative specificity(相对特异性):the relative selectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze the reaction with one type of reactants or one type of chemical bond. stereospecificity(立体异构特异性):the selectivity of an enzyme for a particular stereoisomer.zymogen(酶原):the inactive precursor of an enzyme.zymogen activation(酶原激活):the process in which a zymogen is converted to an active enzyme by limited proteolysis and subsequently the active center of the enzyme is formed or exposed.isoenzyme(同工酶):multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ from one another in one or more of the properties, such as structural, physical, chemical and even immunological properties.第四章糖代谢Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolismglycolysis(糖酵解): the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrate whereby a molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of lactic acid.substrate-level phosphorylation(底物水平磷酸化):the synthesis of ATP from ADP by the phosphorylation of ADP coupled with exergonic breakdown of a high-energy organic substrate molecules.Pastuer effect(巴斯德效应):the phenomenon that the glycolytic pathway is inhibited under aerobic conditions.glycogen(糖原): a highly branched polymer of glucose residues primarily in 1,4 linkage but with 1,6 linkage at branchpoints.gluconeogenesis(糖异生): the synthesis of glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate molecules, i.e., lactic acid, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, etc.第五章脂类代谢Chapter 5 Lipid Metabolismessential fatty acids(必需脂肪酸): the fatty acids, including linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, which can not be synthesized in the mammalian body and must be obtained from diet.mobilization of fat(脂肪动员): a process of lipolysis in which the fat stored in adipose tissues is converted to free fatty acids and glycerol, which are consequently released into blood so that they can be used in other tissues.β-oxidation of fatty acid(脂肪酸的β-氧化): a process in which a fatty acid is degraded through a sequential removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl end and therefore acetyl CoA is formed as the bond between the α- and β-carbon atoms is broken.ketone bodies(酮体): a group of molecules, i.e., acetone, acetoacetate, and β–hydroxybutyrate, that are synthesized in the liver from acetyl CoA.第六章生物氧化Chapter 6 Biological Oxidationrespiratory chain (呼吸链)/ electron transfer chain(电子传递链): a series of electron carriers responsible for the transport of reducing equivalent from metabolite to molecular oxygen, with the net results of capturing energy for use in ATP synthesis, and of the reduction of oxygen to water.P/O ratio(P/O比值): the number of molecules of Pi consumed in ATP formation for each oxygen atom reduced to H2O.oxidative phosphorylation(氧化磷酸化): the process in which the phosphorylation of ADP to yield ATP is coupled to the electron transport through respiratory chain. uncoupler(解偶联剂): a molecule, such as dinitrophenol, that uncouples ATP synthesis from electron transport.第七章氨基酸代谢Chapter 7 Amino Acid Metabolismessential amino acids(必需氨基酸): the amino acids,including valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan methionine and lysine, that cannot be synthesized by animal body and must therefore be supplied by diet. transdeamination(联合脱氨基作用): the coupled action of an aminotransferase and a glutamate dehydrogenase involved in deamination of the majority of amino acids. transamination(转氨基作用): a reaction catalyzed by an aminotransferase, in which an amino group is transferred from an amino acid to a keto acid.ketogenic amino acids(生酮氨基酸): the amino acids that can be converted to ketone bodies, i.e., leucine and lysine.glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids(生糖兼生酮氨基酸): the amino acids, i.e., isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine and tryptophan, that can be converted to either ketone bodies or carbohydrates.one carbon units(一碳单位)/ one carbon groups(一碳基团): organic groups, including methyl(—CH3), methylene(—CH2—), methenyl(—CH=), formyl(—CHO) and formimino(—CH=NH) groups, each containing only one carbon atom generated through catabolisms of some amino acids.第八章核苷酸代谢Chapter 8 Nucleotide Metabolismthe de novo pathway of nucleotide synthesis(核苷酸的从头合成途径): a pathway through which nucleotides are synthesized by using simple molecules, such as ribose 5-phosphate, amino acids, one carbon units and carbon dioxide.the salvage pathway of nucleotide synthesis(核苷酸的补救合成途径): a pathway through which nucleotides are synthesized by using the existing nitrogenous bases or nucleosides.第九章物质代谢的联系与调节Chapter 9 Integration and Regulation of Metabolismkey enzyme(关键酶)/ pacemaker enzyme(限速酶)/ regulatory enzyme(调节酶):an enzyme that sets the rate for the entire biochemical pathway, usually catalyzes the slowest and irreversible step, and can be regulated by a number of metabolites and effectors in addition to its substrates.allosteric regulation(变构调节): a regulatory mechanism through which a specific low-molecular-weight molecule, called an effector or a modulator, noncovalently binds to a regulatory site outside the active center of a regulatory enzyme and alters the conformation and activity of the enzyme.chemical modification(化学修饰调节): a regulatory mechanism through which enzyme activities are regulated by means of reversible interconversion between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme resulted from enzyme-catalyzed covalent modificationto a specific amino acid residue.第十章 DNA的生物合成(复制)Chapter 10 Biosynthesis of DNA (Replication)replication(复制):a process in which an exact copy of parental DNA is synthesized by using each polynucleotide strand of the parental DNA as templates. semiconservative replication(半保留复制): duplication of DNA after which the daughter duplex carries one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.DNA polymerase(DNA聚合酶):any of various enzymes, with the full name of DNA dependent DNA polymerase, that catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of DNA using an existing strand of DNA as a template.point mutation(点突变):a mutation that causes the replacement of a single base pair with another, including nonsense mutation, missense mutation and silent mutation. frameshift mutation(框移突变):a mutation of insertion or deletion of a genetic material that leads to a shift in the translation of the reading frame, resulting in a completely different translation.reverse transcriptase(逆转录酶):any of various enzymes, with the full name of RNA dependent DNA polymerase, that catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of DNA using an existing strand of RNA as a template.telomeres(端粒): structures that occur at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that prevent the unraveling of DNA.第十一章 RNA的生物合成(转录)Chapter 11 Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription)RNA polymerase(RNA聚合酶):any of various enzymes, with the full name of DNA dependent RNA polymerase, that catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of RNA using an existing strand of DNA as a template.promoter(启动子): a DNA sequence immediately before a gene that is recognized by RNA polymerase and signals the start point of transcription.intron(内含子): a noncoding intervening sequence in a split or interrupted gene that is missing in the final RNA product.exon(外显子): the region in a split or interrupted gene that codes for RNA which endup in the final product (e.g., mRNA).ribozyme(核酶):ribonucleic acid with catalytic ability whose substrate is ribonucleic acid.第十二章蛋白质的生物合成(翻译)Chapter 12 Biosynthesis of Proteins (Translation)reading frame(阅读框): a group of three nonoverlapping nucleotides that is read asa codon during protein synthesis. The reading frame begins with the initiator codonAUG.molecular chaperon (分子伴侣):a sort of intracellular conservative protein, which can recognize the unnatural conformation of peptide and assist in the accurate folding of domains or the whole protein.signal peptide(信号肽): a sequence of amino acid residues located at the N-terminal portion of a nascent secretory protein, which marks the protein for translocation across the rough endoplasmic reticulum.第十三章细胞信息转导Chapter 13 Cell Signalingprimary messenger(第一信使): an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from the signaling cell and can regulate the physiological activity of the target cell.secondary messenger(第二信使): a small intracellular molecule, such as Ca2+,cAMP, cGMP, diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), ceramide, or arachidonic acid (AA), etc., that is formed at the inner surface of the plasma membrane in response to a primary messenger.receptor (受体): a molecular structure on the surface or interior of the target cell that specifically binds signaling molecule and initiates a response in the cell. ligand(配体): a biologically active molecule that can bind to its specific receptor.G protein (G蛋白)/ guanylate binding proteins (鸟苷酸结合蛋白):a trimeric guanylatebinding protein in the cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane that acts as a switch to turn activities on and off by interconversion between its monomeric GTPase andtrimeric GDP binding form.hormone response element (激素反应元件,HRE):a specific DNA sequence that binds hormone-receptor complex; The binding of a hormone-receptor complex either enhances or diminishes the transcription of a specific gene.第十四章血液的生物化学Chapter 14 Biochemical Aspects of Bloodnon-protein nitrogen(非蛋白氮):nitrogen contained in urea, creatine, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, and ammonia.acute phase protein(急性时相蛋白质):a protein whose plasma concentration can be altered when acute inflammation or a certain type of tissue damage occurs.2,3-bisphosphoglyerate shunt(2,3-二磷酸甘油支路):the pathway in erythrocyte glycolysis in which glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate(1,3-BPG) is isomerized to 2,3-bisphosphoglyerate(2,3-BPG) and the latter is consequently hydrolyzed to form 3-phosphoglycerate. The importance of 2,3-BPG in the erythrocyte lies in its ability to alter the extent to which hemoglobin binds with oxygen.第十五章肝的生物化学Chapter 15 Biochemical Aspects of the Liverbiotransformation(生物转化): a series of enzyme-catalyzed processes through which non-nutritional molecules, which are usually hydrophobic, are converted into more soluble metabolites.jaundice(黄疸): a clinical manifestation of hepatic disease, featuring yellow discolration of the plasma, skin, and mucous membranes, caused by bilirubin accumulation and staining.。
生化知识点

绪论一、什么是生物化学?生命的化学是研究生物体内化学分子与化学反应的基础生命科学,生物化学从分子水平探讨生命现象的本质。
二、生物化学研究的主要内容1. 生物分子的结构与功能2. 物质的代谢及其调节3. 基因信息传递及其调控第1章蛋白质的结构与功能一.蛋白质的分子组成1. 蛋白质的元素组成:主要元素:碳、氢、氧、氮其他元素:磷、铁、铜、锌、锰、钴、钼、碘,等等2. 蛋白质元素组成的特点各种蛋白质的含氮量很接近,平均值为16%。
3. 氨基酸的分类非极性脂肪族氨基酸极性中性氨基酸芳香族氨基酸酸性氨基酸碱性氨基酸4. 等电点在某一pH的溶液中,氨基酸解离成阳离子和阴离子的趋势及程度相等,成为兼性离子,呈电中性。
此时溶液的pH值称为该氨基酸的等电点。
5. 测定蛋白质溶液280nm的光吸收值是分析溶液中蛋白质含量的快速简便的方法6. 肽键是由一个氨基酸的α-羧基与另一个氨基酸的α-氨基脱水缩合而形成的化学键。
肽键化学本质是一个酰胺键。
7. 氨基酸通过肽键缩合而形成的化合物称为肽8. 肽链中的氨基酸分子因为脱水缩合而基团不全,被称为氨基酸残基二、蛋白质的分子结构1. 蛋白质的一级结构指在蛋白质分子从N-端至C-端的氨基酸排列顺序。
(稳定力:肽键)蛋白质一级结构是高级结构与功能的基础2. 蛋白质的二级结构:蛋白质分子中某一段肽链的局部空间结构,即该段肽链主链骨架原子的相对空间位置,并不涉及氨基酸残基侧链的构象。
蛋白质二级结构的主要有a-螺旋、b-折叠、b-转角、无规卷曲等四种类型。
(稳定力:氢键)a-螺旋的结构特点多肽链的主链围绕中心轴形成右手螺旋每3.6个氨基酸残基螺旋上升一圈,螺距为0.54nm 稳定力:氢键氨基酸残基的侧链在螺旋的外侧,并影响到a-螺旋的稳定性b-折叠的结构特点呈折纸状,即以每个肽单元的Ca为旋转点,依次折叠成锯齿状两条以上的肽链或一条肽链内的若干肽段的锯齿状结构可平行排列,走向可以相同,也可相反稳定力:氢键氨基酸残基的侧链基团交替地位于锯齿状结构的上下方,并影响到折叠的稳定性β-转角一般由四个氨基酸残基组成,并使肽链局部形成一个1800的回折。
生化词汇——精选推荐

氨基酸: Aminosaeren氨基: Aminoguppe羧基: Carboxylgruppe侧链: Seitenketten⾮极性氨基酸: apolare Aminosaeuren极性氨基酸 polare Aminosaeren芳⾹族氨基酸: die aromatischen Aminosaeuren含硫氨基酸: die schwefelhaeltigen Aminosaeuren⼆硫键: Disulfidbruecken羟基: Hydroxylgruppe巯基: Sulfhydrylgruppe肽键: Peptidbindung⾼度有序的空间结构: hochgeordernete raeumliche Stuktur蛋⽩质的变性: Denaturierung der Proteins⼀级结构: Primaerstuktur⼆级结构: Sekundaerstukturα-螺旋:α-Helixβ-折叠:β-Zuzammenklappen三级结构: Tertiaerstuktur⽣物催化剂: Biokatalysatoren活化能: Aktivierungsenergie酶-底物复合物: Enzym-Substrat-Komplex底物专⼀性: Substratspezifitaet活性中⼼: aktives Zentrum氢键: Wasserstoffbruecken-Bindungen核苷酸: Nucleotide (Phosphatgtuppe+Zuckerteil+ organischen Base)组蛋⽩: Histonen互补碱基: die komplementaeren Basen复制: Replikation转录: Transkription翻译: Translation微⽣物: Mikroorganismen显微镜: Mikroskop细菌: Bakterien放线菌: Actinomyceten真菌: Pilze藻类: Algen病毒: Viren分布: Verbreitung增殖: Vermehrung适应能⼒: Anpassungsfaehigkeit 能量来源: Energiequelle物质循环: Stoffkreislauf⾃养⽣物: Autotrophe Organismen 同化作⽤: Assimilation矿化作⽤: Mineralisation霉菌: Schimmelpilze分裂: Spaltung鞭⽑: Geisseln膜: Membran内⽣孢⼦: Endosporen发酵: Gaerung光合作⽤: Photosythese球菌: Kokken杆菌: Staebchen脂双层: Lipiddoppelschicht半透膜: semipermeable Membran 界: Reich (Regnum拉丁名)门: Abteilung(Divisio)纲: Klasse(Classis)⽬: Ordnung(Ordo)科: Familie(Familia)属: Gattung(Genus)种: Art(Species)分类: Klassifizierung单细胞的: einzellig多细胞的: vielzellig⽣长曲线: Wachstumskurve杆菌属: Bacillaceae营养细胞: vgetative Zelle⾰兰⽒染⾊: Gramfaebung结晶紫: Kristallviolet(含碘的溶液): Lugolscher Loesung酒精: Ethanol番红/沙黄: Safranin⾷品卫⽣⾷品卫⽣学: Hygienne von Lebensmitteln ⽣物污染: biologische Verunreinigung寄⽣⾍: Paraseten毒素: Toxine可传染的: uebertragbar引起: verursachen腹泻: Diarrohe发病率: Morbiditaet死亡率: Motalitaet沙门⽒菌: Salmonellosen胃肠炎: Gastroenteritiden重⾦属: Schwermetallspuren杀⾍剂: Pestizid砷酸铅: Bleiarsenat甲基汞: Methylquecksilber蓄积的: kumulative硝酸盐: Nitraten亚硝酸盐: Nitriten苯并芘: Benzpyren基础营养能量: Energie碳⽔合物: Kohlenhydrate脂肪: Fett蛋⽩质: Protein基础代谢: Umsatz激素: Hormone维⽣素: Vitamine酶: Enzyme必需氨基酸: essentielle Aminoseuren蛋⽩质的⽣物价: die Biologische Wertigkeit必需脂肪酸: die essentielle Fettsaeure每⽇推荐摄⼊量: die Empfehlung fuer die taegliche Zufuhr 多糖: Polysaccharide淀粉: Staerke纤维素: Cellulose单糖: Monosacharide⼆糖: Disaccharide龋齿: Karie糖尿病: Diabete/Zuckerkrankheit营养物质: Naehrstoffe钙: Calcium钾: Kaliun渗透压: osmotisch Druck钠: Natrium⾼⾎压: Bluthochdruck微量元素: Spurenelmente铁: Eisen贫⾎: Blutarmut/Anaemie碘: Jod甲状腺: Schilddruese甲亢: Schildddruesenueberfunktion。
生化各章题目及答案

生化各章题目及答案第一章蛋白质(一)名词解释1.两性离子(dipolarion)2.必需氨基酸(essential amino acid)3.等电点(isoelectric point,pI)4.稀有氨基酸(rare amino acid)5.非蛋白质氨基酸(nonprotein amino acid)6.构型(configuration)7.蛋白质的一级结构(protein primary structure)8.构象(conformation)9.蛋白质的二级结构(protein secondary structure)10.结构域(domain)11.蛋白质的三级结构(protein tertiary structure)12.氢键(hydrogen bond)13.蛋白质的四级结构(protein quaternary structure)14.离子键(ionic bond)15.超二级结构(super-secondary structure)16.疏水键(hydrophobic bond)17.范德华力( van der Waals force)18.盐析(salting out)19.盐溶(salting in)20.蛋白质的变性(denaturation)21.蛋白质的复性(renaturation)22.蛋白质的沉淀作用(precipitation)23.凝胶电泳(gel electrophoresis)24.层析(chromatography)(二) 填空题1.蛋白质多肽链中的肽键是通过一个氨基酸的_____基和另一氨基酸的_____基连接而形成的。
2.大多数蛋白质中氮的含量较恒定,平均为___%,如测得1克样品含氮量为10mg,则蛋白质含量为____%。
3.在20种氨基酸中,酸性氨基酸有_________和________2种,具有羟基的氨基酸是________和_________,能形成二硫键的氨基酸是__________.4.蛋白质中的_________、___________和__________3种氨基酸具有紫外吸收特性,因而使蛋白质在280nm处有最大吸收值。
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生物化学词汇
第一章 蛋白质结构与功能
1、 蛋白质(protein) 2、 生物大分子(biomacromolecule)
3、 氨基酸(amino acid)
4、 20种氨基酸三字符:
甘氨酸(Gly)丙氨酸(Ala)缬氨酸(Val)亮氨酸(Leu)异亮氨酸(Ile)
脯氨酸(Pro)丝氨酸(Ser)半胱氨酸(Cys)蛋氨酸(Met)天冬酰胺(Asn)
谷氨酰胺(Gln)苏氨酸(Thr)苯丙氨酸(Phe)色氨酸(Trp)酪氨酸(Tyr)
天冬氨酸(ASp)谷氨酸(Glu)赖氨酸(Lys)精氨酸(Arg)组氨酸(His)
5、 必需氨基酸(essential amino acid) 6、 非必需氨基酸(nonessential amino acid)
7、 等电点(pI,isoelectric point) 8、 茚三酮(ninhydrin)
9、 肽键(peptide bond) 10、 肽(peptide)
11、 寡肽(oligopeptide) 12、 多肽(polypeptide)
13、 氨基末端/N-端(amino terminal) 14、 羧基末端/C-端(carboxyl terminal)
15、 残基(residue) 16、 谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)
17、 神经肽(neuropeptide) 18、 构象(conformation)
19、 蛋白质一级结构(primary structure) 20、 氨基酸序列(amino acid sepuence)
生物化学词汇
21、 蛋白质二级结构(protein secondarystructure)
22、 氢键(hydrogen bond) 23、 二硫键(disulfide bond)
24、 α-螺旋(α-heliv) 25、 β-折叠(β- pleated sheet)
26、 β-转角(β-turn) 27、 无规卷曲(random coil)
28、 模体(motif) 29、 锌指结构(zinc finger)
30、 超二级结构(super-secondary structure)
31、 蛋白质三级结构(protein tertiary structure)
32、 结构域(domain) 33、 疏水相互作用(hydrophobic interaction)
34、 范德华力(van der Waals force) 35、 离子键/盐键(ionic/salt bond)
36、 蛋白质四级结构(protein quaternary structure)
37、 分子伴侣(chaperon) 38、 亚基(subunit)
39、 同二聚体(homodimer) 40、 异二聚体(heterodimer)
41、 转录组学(transcriptomics) 42、 蛋白组学(proteomics)
43、 同源蛋白质(homologous protein) 44、 血红素(heme)
45、 肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb) 46、 血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)
47、 镰刀型细胞贫血病(sickle-cell anemia) 48、 正协同效应(positive cooperativity)
生物化学词汇
49、 紧张态(tense state,T态) 50、 松弛态(relaxed state,R态)
51、 变构效应(allosteric effect) 52、 阮病毒蛋白(prion protein,PrP)
53、 蛋白质变性(denaturation) 54、 复性(renaturation)
55、 凝固作用(protein coagulation) 56、 茚三酮反应(ninhydrin reaction)
57、 双缩脲反应(biuret reaction) 58、 透析(dialysis)
59、 盐析(salt precipitation) 60、 电泳(gel electrophoresis)
61、 层析(chromatography) 62、 离子交换层析(ion-exchange column)
63、 凝胶过滤/分子筛层析(gel filtration) 64、 超速离心法(ultracentrifugation)
65、 沉降系数(sedimentation coefficient,S)
66、 圆二色光谱(circular dichroism) 67、 X射线衍射法(X-ray diffraction)
68、 核磁共振技术(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)
生物化学词汇
第二章 核酸的结构与功能
核苷酸(nucleotide) 脱氧核苷酸(deoxyribonucleotide)
核糖核苷酸(ribonucleotide) 碱基(base)
嘌呤(purine): 腺嘌呤(adenine,A) 鸟嘌呤(guanine,G)
嘧啶(pyrimidine): 尿嘧啶(uracil,U) 胸腺嘧啶(thymine,T) 胞嘧啶(cytosine,C)
核苷(碱基+核糖)(nucleoside) 脱氧核苷(碱基+核糖)(deoxynucleoside)
核苷一磷酸(nucleoside monophosphate,NMP) 核苷二磷酸(nucleoside diphosphate,NDP)
核苷三磷酸(nucleoside triphosphate,NTP) 戊糖(pentose)
3’,5’-磷酸二酯键(phosphodiester) 多聚脱氧核苷酸(polydeoxynucleotides)
核酸的一级结构(primary structure) 核苷酸序列(nucleotide sequence)
碱基序列(base sequence) DNA骨架(DNA backbone)
核酸的二级结构(secondary structure) 双螺旋结构(double helix)
反向平行(anti-paral-lel) 右手螺旋(right-handed helix)
大沟(major groove) 小沟(minor groove)
生物化学词汇
互补碱基对(complementary base pair)
互补链(complementary strand)
重叠(overlapping) 碱基堆积力(base stacking interacting)
左手螺旋(left-handed helix) 三链结构(triplex)
四链结构(tetraplex) 超螺旋结构(superhelix/supercoil)
正/负超螺旋(positive/negative supercoil) 类核(nucleoid)
染色质(chromatin) 染色体(chromosome)
核小体(nucleosome) 组蛋白(histone,H)
核心颗粒(core particle) 基因(gene)
基因组(genome) 信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)
不均一核RNA(heterogeneous nuclear RNA,hnRNA)
帽结构(cap sequence) 帽结合蛋白(cap binding protein,CBP)
多聚A尾(poly(A)-tail)
Poly(A)结合蛋白(poly(A)-binding protein,PABP)
密码子/三联密码(codon/triplet code) 开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)
内含子(intron) 外显子(exon)
生物化学词汇
转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)
稀有碱基(rare base)
双氢尿嘧啶(DHU) 假尿嘧啶核苷(pseudouridine,ψ)
颈环(stem-loop) 发夹(hairpin)
三叶草(cloverleaf) 接纳茎(acceptor stem)
密码环(anticodon loop) 核糖体RNA(ribosomal RNA,rRNA)
核糖体(ribosome) 大/小亚基(large/small subunit)
氨基酰位(amino-oyl site) 肽酰位(peptidylsite)
排除位(exit site) 小RNA(small non-messager RNA,snmRNA)
RNA组学(RNomics) 核酶(ribozyme)
催化性RNA(catalytic RNA) 吸光度(absorbance,A260)
增色效应(hyperchromic effect) 解链曲线(melting curve)
溶解温度(melting temperature,Tm) 复性(renaturation)
退火(annealing) 杂化双链(heteroduplex)
分子杂交(hybridization) DNA酶(deoxyribonuclease, DNase)
RNA酶(ribonuclease,RNase) 核酸外切酶(exonuclease)
生物化学词汇
核酸内切酶(endonuclease)
限制性核酸内切酶(restriction endonuclease)