(机械制造行业)机械英文翻译
机械铸造英语词汇及句法翻译
机械铸造英语词汇及句法翻译1. Foundry - 铸造厂2. Casting - 铸件3. Mold - 模具4. Sand casting - 砂型铸造5. Die casting - 压铸6. Investment casting - 精密铸造7. Foundry worker - 铸造工人8. Molding machine - 成型机9. Melting furnace - 熔炉10. Pouring - 浇注11. Core making - 芯制造12. Shakeout - 敲击13. Finishing - 修整14. Quality control - 质量控制15. Foundry equipment - 铸造设备16. Sand mixer - 砂浆搅拌机17. Shot blasting - 喷丸清理18. Grinding machine - 磨床19. Heat treatment - 热处理20. Smart foundry - 智能铸造以下是一些关于机械铸造的句子翻译：1. The foundry produces a wide range of castings for various industries. - 这家铸造厂生产了各种行业的铸件。
2. Sand casting is a common method used in foundries to produce metal castings. - 砂型铸造是铸造厂常用的一种方法，用于生产金属铸件。
3. The company has invested in state-of-the-art die casting machines to improve efficiency. - 公司已经投资购买了最先进的压铸机器，以提高效率。
4. Quality control is a crucial part of the foundry process to ensure the integrity of the castings. - 质量控制是铸造过程中至关重要的一部分，以确保铸件的完整性。
机械专业英文翻译
机械专业英文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】启动轴 starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear启动棘轮 starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧 restoring, pull back spring弹簧座 spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring推力垫圈 thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring下料 filling 切断 cut 滚齿机 gear-hobbing machine剪料机 material-shearingmachine车床 lathe 拉床broaching machine垂直度 verticality, verticalextent 平行度 parallelism同心度 homocentricity位置度 position拉伤 pulling damage碰伤 bumping damage缺陷 deficiency严重缺陷 severe deficiency摩擦力 friction 扭距 twist滑动 glide 滚动 roll打滑 skid 脱不开 can’t seperate不复位 can’t restore 直径 diameterM值 = 跨棒距 test rod span公法线 common normal line 弹性elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response 定位 allocation 机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting机床 machine tool刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance变形力 deforming force变形 deformation电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element拉孔 broaching装配 assembling加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead联轴器 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability机械制图Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source 门电路 gate circuit外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 directionof resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe镗削 bore集成电路 integrate circuit挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion 冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable LogicController PLC毛坯 rough桁架 truss轴线 axes逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts产品突出特点ProductHighlights特别优惠 special offersAssembly line组装线Layout布置图Conveyer流水线物料板Rivet table拉钉机Rivet gun拉钉枪Screw driver起子Electric screw driver电动起子Pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA开箱检查fit together组装在一起fasten锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet栈板barcode条码barcode scanner条码扫描器fuse together熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME制造工程师MT制造生技cosmetic inspect外观检查inner parts inspect内部检查thumb screw大头螺丝lbs. inch镑、英寸EMI gasket导电条front plate前板rear plate后板chassis 基座bezel panel面板power button电源按键reset button重置键Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts塑胶件SOP制造作业程序material check list物料检查表work cell工作间trolley台车carton纸箱sub-line支线left fork叉车personnel resource department人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |'plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床driller床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor 副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |'skrpid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |' ksi'dein|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓name of a department部门名称administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单screwdriver holder起子插座pedal踩踏板stopper阻挡器flow board流水板hydraulic handjack油压板车forklift叉车pallet栈板glove(s)手套glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套missing part漏件wrong part错件excessive defects过多的缺陷critical defect极严重缺陷major defect主要缺陷minor defect次要缺陷not up to standard不合规格dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小)cosmetic defect外观不良slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手speckle斑点mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉rust生锈deformation变形burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边poor staking铆合不良excesssive gap间隙过大grease/oil stains油污inclusion杂质qualified products, up-to-grade products良品defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品waste废料board看板feeder送料机sliding rack滑料架defective product box不良品箱die change 换模to fix a die装模to take apart a die拆模to repair a die修模packing material包材basket蝴蝶竺plastic basket胶筐isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板carton box纸箱to pull and stretch拉深to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料to impose lines压线to compress, compressing压缩character die字模to feed, feeding送料transportation运输(be)qualfied, up to grade合格not up to grade, not qualified不合格material change, stock change材料变更feature change 特性变更evaluation评估prepare for, make preparations for 准备parameters参数rotating speed, revolution转速manufacture management制造管理abnormal handling异常处理production unit生产单位lots of production生产批量steel plate钢板roll material卷料manufacture procedure制程vocabulary for stamping冲压常词汇stamping, press冲压punch press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架cylinder油缸robot机械手taker取料机conveyer belt输送带transmission rack输送架top stop上死点bottom stop下死点one stroke一行程inch寸动to continue, cont.连动to grip(material)吸料location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块reset复位smoothly顺利dent压痕scratch刮伤deformation变形filings铁削to draw holes抽孔inquiry, search for查寻to stock, storage, in stock库存receive领取approval examine and verify审核processing, to process加工delivery, to deliver 交货to return delivenry to.to send delinery backto retrn of goods退货registration登记registration card登记卡to control管制to put forward and hand in提报safe stock安全库存acceptance = receive验收to notice通知application form for purchase请购单consume, consumption消耗to fill in填写abrasion磨损die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号)shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块barreling 滚光加工 belling 压凸加工bending 弯曲加工 blanking 下料加工bulging 撑压加工 burring 冲缘加工cam die bending 凸轮弯曲加工caulking 合加工coining 压印加工 compressing 压缩加工compression bending 押弯曲加工crowning 凸面加工curl bending 卷边弯曲加工curling 卷曲加工cutting 切削加工 dinking 切断蕊骨double shearing 叠板裁断 drawing 引伸加工drawing with ironing 抽引光滑加工 embossing 浮花压制加工extrusion 挤制加工 filing 锉削加工fine blanking 精密下料加工 finish blanking 光制下料加工finishing 精整加工 flanging 凸缘加工folding 折边弯曲加工 folding 摺叠加工forming 成形加工 impact extrusion 冲击挤压加工indenting 压痕加工 ironing 引缩加工knurling 滚花 lock seaming 固定接合louvering 百叶窗板加工 marking 刻印加工necking 颈缩加工 notching 冲口加工parting 分断加工 piercing 冲孔加工progressive bending 连续弯曲加工 progressiveblanking 连续下料加工progressive drawing 连续引伸加工 progressiveforming 连续成形加工reaming 铰孔加工 restriking 二次精冲加工riveting 接加工 roll bending 滚筒弯曲加工roll finishing 滚压加工 rolling 压延加工roughing 粗加工 scrapless machining 无废料加工seaming 折弯重叠加工 shaving 缺口修整加工shearing 切断加工 sizing 精压加工/矫正加工slitting 割缝加工 spinning 卷边接staking 固 stamping 锻压加工swaging 挤锻压加工 trimming 整缘加工upsetting 锻粗加工 wiring 抽线加工冲压机械及周边关连用语back shaft 支撑轴 blank determination 胚料展开bottom slide press 下传动式压力机 board drophammer 板落锤brake 煞车 buckle 剥砂面camlachie cramp 铸包 casting on flat 合chamotte sand 烧磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗clearance 间隙 closed-die forging 合模锻造clump 夹紧 clutch 离合器clutch brake 离合器制动器 clutch boss 离合器轮壳clutch lining 离合器覆盖 coil car 带卷升降运输机coil cradle 卷材进料装置 coil reel stand 钢材卷料架column 圆柱 connection screw 连杆调节螺钉core compound 砂心黏结剂 counter blow hammer 对击锻锤cradle 送料架 crank 曲柄轴crankless 无曲柄式 cross crank 横向曲轴cushion 缓冲 depression 外缩凹孔dial feed 分度送料 die approach 模口角度die assembly 合模 die cushion 模具缓冲垫die height 冲压闭合高度 die life 模具寿命die opening 母模逃孔 die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床 draght angle 逃料倾斜角edging 边锻伸 embedded core 加装砂心feed length 送料长度 feed level 送料高度filling core 埋入砂心 filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹 fine blanking press 精密下料冲床forging roll 辊锻机 finishing slag 炼後熔渣fly wheel 飞轮 fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器foot press 脚踏冲床 formboard 进模口板frame 床身机架 friction 摩擦friction brake 摩擦煞车 gap shear 凹口剪床gear 齿轮 gib 滑块引导部gripper 夹具 gripper feed 夹持进料gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置 hammer 槌机hand press 手动冲床 hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床 hopper feed 料斗送料idle stage 空站 inching 微调尺寸isothermal forging 恒温锻造 key clutch 键槽离合器knockout 脱模装置 knuckle mechanic 转向机构land 模具直线刀面部 level 水平loader 供料器 unloader 卸料机loop controller 闭回路控制器 lower die 下模micro inching device 微寸动装置 microinching equipment 微动装置motor 马达 moving bolster 活动工作台notching press 冲缺口压力机 opening 排料逃孔overload protection device 防超载装置 pinch roll 导正滚轮pinion 小齿轮 pitch 节距pressfit 压入 progressive 连续送料pusher feed 推杆式送料 pusher feeder 料片押片装置quick die change system 快速换模系统 regrinding 再次研磨releasing 松释动作 reversedblanking 反转下料robot 机器人 roll formingmachine 辊轧成形roll forming machine 辊轧成形机roll release 脱辊roller feed 辊式送料 roller leveler辊式矫直机rotary bender 卷弯成形机 safetyguard 安全保护装置scrap cutter 废料切刀 scrap press废料冲床seamless forging 无缝锻造separate 分离shave 崩砂 shear angle 剪角sheet loader 薄板装料机 shot 单行程工作shrinkage fit 收缩配合 shutheight 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔 sintering of sand铸砂烧贴slide balancer 滑动平衡器 slughole 逃料孔spin forming machine 旋压成形机 spotting 合模stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机stickness 黏模性straight side frame 冲床侧板stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机strip feeder 料材送料装置stripping pressure 弹出压力stroke 冲程 take out device 取料装置toggle press 肘杆式压力机transfer 传送transfer feed 连续自动送料装置turrent punch press 转塔冲床two speed clutch 双速离合器uncoiler 闭卷送料机unloader 卸载机 vibration feeder振动送料机wiring press 嵌线卷边机业务与贸易关连用语accept order 接受订货 account 帐户after service 售后服务 amendment 修正annual sales 年销售额 at sight 见票即付balance 余额 bank draft 汇票bargain goods 廉价品 batch 批次bid 出价 bid sales 投标买卖bill of landing 提单 bills receivable 应收票据brand 品牌 bulk cargo 散装货business transaction 商业交易 buyer 买方carbon copy 打字副本 cargo collection 揽货carton 纸箱 cash in advance 预付现金catalogue 型录 cheque 支票CLF 运费保险费在内价格 claim 索赔clearance goods 清仓品 commision 佣金commission 批发商 complain 抱怨container 货柜 correspondence bank 往来银行cost 成本 cost and freight; C&F 含运费价格custom broker 报关行 customer 客户D/A 承兑交单 D/P 付款交单deferred payment 分期付款 deferred shipment 分期装运delivery on spot 当场交货 delivery time 交期delivery order 交货单 discount 折扣discount on draft 贴现 documentary draft 跟单汇票down payment 订金 enclosure 附件endorsement 背书 enquete 调查exhibition 展览会 export 出口factory visiy 工厂参观 favourable price 合宜价格foreign exchange 外汇 free on board 船上交货价idea price 希望价格 import 进口Japanese Industrial 日本工业规格 invoice 发票L/C 信用状 margin 利润market 市价 net weight 净重no payment 拒绝付款 odd item 零头offer 报价 open account 交互计算order 订单 over looked 疏漏packing 包装 pamphlet 小册子partial shipment 分批装船 patent 专利paying price 合算价格 payment method 付款方式port of destination 目地港 port of trans-shipment转口港price 价格 price decending 减价price rising 涨价 procurement 采办prompt delivery 即时交货 purchase 购入purchasing agent 采购代理商 quotation 报价单rebate 回扣 reference 查询remittance 汇款 repeat order 追加订货request letter 请求函 rumor 风评second hand goods 二手货 shipper 货主shipping 装船 shipping mark 麦头shipment 出货 sold out 卖完sole agent 总代理商 special discount 特别折扣specification 规格 sample order 指样订货standing 信用情形 storage charge 仓租subcontract 外包 subject to final confirmation 有待确认之报价supplier 供应商 T/T 电汇tie-in sale 搭售 trade fair 商展会trans-shipment 转运 transferred 已转运wharf 码头。
机械设计机械制造英语翻译术语英文翻译大全
轴向平面 axial plane
轴向游隙 axial internalclearance
轴向载荷 axial load
轴向载荷系数 axial loadfactor
肘形机构 togglemechanism
主动齿轮 driving gear
轴向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent axialload
轴向当量静载荷 static equivalent axialload
轴向分力 axial thrustload
轴向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic axialload rating
轴向基本额定静载荷 basic static axial loadrating
平面副 planar pair， flatpair
平面机构 planarmechanism
平面连杆机构 planarlinkage
平面凸轮 planar cam
平面凸轮机构 planar cammechanism
平面运动副 planar kinematicpair
平面轴斜齿轮 parallel helicalgears
曲柄存在条件 Grashoff`slaw
曲柄导杆机构 crank shaper （guide-bar）mechanism
曲柄滑块机构 slider-crank （orcrank-slider） mechanism
曲柄摇杆机构 crank-rockermechanism
曲齿锥齿轮 spiral bevelgear
少齿差行星传动 planetary drive withsmall teeth difference
关于各类工厂英文翻译
关于各类工厂英文翻译一、factory指一般的工厂、制造厂等，是最普通的用语，可指任何制造物品的地方。
例如：clothingfactory服装厂radiofactory收音机厂automobilefactory汽车制造厂foodproductfactory食品厂cientificintrumentfactory科学仪器厂二、work多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也可指化工厂，但有时名称往往依照习惯。
例如：ironwork炼铁厂glawork玻璃厂ironandteelwork/plant钢铁厂machinework机械厂gawork煤气厂cementwork水泥厂chemicalwork化工厂printing(houe)work印刷厂三、plant往往指电力、机械和制造方面的重工业的工厂。
例如：armplant兵工厂bicycleplant自行车厂ewingmachineplant缝纫机厂electricalplant电机厂electric-powerplant/apowerplant发电厂四、mill原意是磨坊，只有面粉厂仍保留原意，现在常用来指轻工业方面的工厂。
例如：flourmill面粉厂barmill小型轧钢厂cottonte某tilmill棉纺厂papermill/factory造纸厂timbermill木材加工厂woolente某tilemill毛纺织厂knittingmill针织厂五、workhop，hop除指工厂里的车间、工场之外，又可指工厂。
例如：carpenterhop木工场repairhop机修厂engineeringhop机械加工厂repairandparepartworkhop修配厂motormaker汽车制造厂watchmaker手表厂七、manufactory，manufacturer也可指工厂。
例如：glamanufactory玻璃厂machinemanufacturer机械制造厂八、动词词尾+ery或名词词尾+ery也可以表示工厂。
机械制造专业外文翻译-轴、联轴器和滚动轴承
外文原文：shafts、couplings and rolling contact bearingskey words: shafts、couplings、bearingsVirtually all machines contain shafts.The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow (hollow shafts can result in weight savings ).Rectangular shafts are sometimes used ,as in screwdriver blades,socket wrenches and control knob stems .A shaft must have adequate torsional strength to transmit torque and not be overstressed. It also be torsionally stiff enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft. Generally speaking ,the angle of twist should not exceed one degree in a shaft length equal to 20 diameters.Shafts are mounted inbearings and transmint power through such devices as gears, pullerys, cams and clutches. These devices introduce forces which attempt to bend the shaft; hence, the shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings. In general, the bending deflection of a shaft should not exceed 0.01 in. per ft of length between bearing supports.In addition, the shaft must be able to sustain a combination of bending and torsional loads. Thus an equivalent load must be consideredwhich takes into account both torsion and bending. Also, the allowable stress must contain a factor of safety which includes fatigue, since torsional and bending stress reversals occur.For diameters less than 3 in. , the usual shaft material is cold-rolled ateel containing about 0.4 percent carbon. Shafts are either cold-rolled or forged in sizes from 3 in. to 5 in. ,shafts are forged and machined to size .Pleastic shafts are widely used for light load applications. One advantage of using plastic is safety in electrical applications ,since plastic is a poor conductor of electricity.Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key .The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be prperly evaluated. For example ,stress concentrations occur in shafts due to keyways ,and the material removed to form the keyway further weakens the shaft.If shafts are run at cirtical speeds ,severe vibrations can occur which can seriously damage a machine. It is important to know the magnitude of these critical speeds so that they can be avoided. As a general rule of thumb,the difference between the operating speed and the critical speed should be at least 20 percent .Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings.A coupling is a device for connecting the eds of adjacent shafts. In machine construction, ouplings are used to effect a semipermanent connection between adjacent rotating shafts. The connection is permanent in the sense that it is not meant to be broken during the useful life of the machine, but it can be broken and restored in an emergency or when worn parts are replaced.There are several types of shaft couplings, their characteristics depend on the purpose for which they are used. If an exceptionally long shaft is required in a manufacturing plant or a propeller shaft on a ship, it is made in sections that are coupled together with rigid couplings. A common type of rigid coupling consists of two mating radial flanges(disks) that are cttached by key-driven hubs to the eds of adjacent shaft sections and bolted together through the flanges to form a rigid connection. Alignment of the connected shafts is usually effeted by means of a rabbet joint on the face of the flanges.In connecting shafts belonging to separate devices (such as an electric motor and a gearbox ),precise aligning of the shafts is difficult and a flexible coupling is used. This coupling connects theshafts in such a way as to minimize the harmful effects of shaft misalignment. Flexible couplings also permit the shafts to deflect under their separate systems of with one another. Flexible couplings can also serve to reduce the intensity of shock loads and vibrations transmitted from one shaft to another.Virtually all shafts contain rolling contact bearings.The concern of a machine designer with ball and roller bearings is fivefold as follows:(a) life in relation to load; (b) stiffness ,i.e. deflections under load; (c) friction;(d) wear; (e) noise. For moderate loads and speeds the correct selection of a standard bearing on the basis of load rating will usually secure satisfactory performance. The deflection of the bearing elements will become important where loads are high, although this is usuallyof less magnitude than that of the shafts or other components associated with the bearing. Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements become necessary which may increase frictional drag. Wear is primarily associated with the introduction of contaminants, and sealing arrangements must be chosen with regard the hostility of the environment.Because the high quality and low price of ball and roller bearings depends on quantity production, the task of the machine designer becomes one of selection rather than design. Rolling-contact bearings are generally made with ateel which is through-hardened toabout 900HV,although in many mechanisms special races are not provided and the interacting surfaces are hardened to about 600 HV. It is not surprising that, owing to the high stresses involved, a predominant form of failure should be metal fatigue, and a good deal of work is currently in progress intended to improve the reliability of this type of bearing. Design can bebased on accepted values of life and it is generral practice in the bearing industry to define the load capacity of the bearing as that value below which 90 lpercent of a batch will exceed a lift of ane million revolutions.Notwithstanding the fact that responsibility for the basic design of ball and roller bearings rests with the bearing manufacturer, the machine designer must form a correct appreciation of the duty to be performed by the bearing and be concerned not only with bearing selection but with the conditions for correct installation.The fit of the bearing races onto the shaft or onto the housings is of critical importance because of their combined effect on the internal clearance of the bearing as well as preserving the desired degree of interference fit. Inadequate interference can induce serious trouble from fretting corrosion. The inner race is frequently located axially by abutting against a shoulder. A radius at this point is essential for the avoidance of stress concentration and ball races are provides with a radius or chamfer to allow space for this .Where life is not the determining factor in design, it is usual to determine maximum loading by the amount towhich a bearing will deflect under load. Thus the concept of “static load-carrying capacity” is understood to mean the load that can be alpplied to a bearing, which is either stationary or subject to slight swiveling motions, without impairing its running qualities for subsequent rotational motion. This has beendetermined by practical experience as the load which when applied to a bearing results in a total deformation of the rolling element and raceway at any point of contact not exceeding 0.01 percent of the rolling-element diameter. This would correspond to a permanent deformation of 0.00025 mm for a ball 25mm in diameter.The successful functioning of many bearing depends upon providing them with adequate protection against their environment, and in some circumstances the enviroration of the bering surfaces. Achievement of the correct functioning of seals is an essential part of bearing design. Moreover, seals which are applied to moving parts for any purpose are of interest to tribologists because they are components of bearing systems and can only be designed satisfactorily on the basis of the approlpriate bearing theory. Notwithstanding their importance, the amount of research effort that has been devoted to the understanding of the understanding of the behavior of seals has been small when compared with that devoted to other aspects of bearing technology.References:1 Erickson.Belt and Application for Engineers.Marcel Dekker.Inc,19972 South,Mancuso.Mechanical Power Transmission Components.1994中文译文：轴、联轴器和滚动轴承关键词：轴、联轴器、轴承实际上，几乎所有的机器中都装有轴。
(机械制造行业)机械专业中英文对照翻译大全
（机械制造行业）机械专业中英文对照翻译大全机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center 车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine 拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics 流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism 串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment 公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design 共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturingsystem, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair 空间运动链spatial kinematic chain 空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action 隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon。
各种职业的英文表达
各种职业的英语表达国家公务员:national public servantofficial速记员:stenographer公证人:notary审计师:auditor花商:florist菜贩:greengrocer鱼贩:fish-monger鞋匠:cobbler机械师:mechanic药剂师:pharmacist地产中介:real estate agent 兽医:veterinarian焊接工:welder 1.doctor 医生2.teacher 教师3.nurse 护士4.host 主持人5.driver 司机6.farmer农民7.writer 作家8.waiter 男效劳员9.worker 工人10.singer 歌手11.cleaner 清洁工12.dancer 舞蹈家13.reporter 记者14.tailor 裁缝15.actor 演员16.treasurer 出纳17.postman〔男〕邮递员18.fireman 消防员19.dentist 牙医20.artist 艺术家21.scientist 科学家22.engineer工程师23.accountant 会计24.salesperson 销售员25.athlete 运发动26.director导演27.astronaut宇航员28.announcer 播音员29.officer 公务员30.president 总统行政词汇：首席执行官 Chief E*ecutiveOfficer部门经理 Branch Manager市场行政总监 E*ecutiveMarketing Director国际监管Controller(International)运营总监 Director ofOperations进出口经理 Import/E*portManager商店经理助理 AssistantStore Manager操作经理 OperationsManager房地产经理 Property Manager首席运营官 Chief Operations Officer生产经理 Production Manager效劳经理 Service Manager 零售店经理 Retail Store Manager产品经理 Product Manager 工程经理 Project Manager 总经理 General Manager区域经理 Regional Manager 管理参谋 Management Consultant仓库经理 Warehouse Manager运输经理 TransportationManager库存管理经理 InventoryControl Manager办公室经理 Office Manager助理 Staff Assistant办公室文员 General OfficeClerk接待员 Receptionist订单输入文员 Order EntryClerk副总裁 Vice-President行政主管 AdministrativeDirector行政副总裁 Vice-Presidentof Administration行政助理 E*ecutiveAssistant行政秘书 E*ecutiveSecretary票务代理 Ticket Agent保险协调员 InsuranceCoordinator档案管理员 File Clerk市场与销售:销售副总裁 Vice-Presidentof Sales市场副总裁 Vice-Presidentof Marketing高级客户经理 SeniorAccount Manager销售主管 SalesAdministrator地区销售经理 RegionalSales Manager地区客户经理 RegionalAccount Manager房地产评估师 Real EstateAppraiser采购经理 MerchandisingManager市场参谋 MarketingConsultant市场助理 Marketing Assistant市场与销售总监 Marketing and Sales Director市场调查分析员 Market Research Analyst厂家代表 Manufacturer's Representative分公司权利总监 Director of Subsidiary Rights复查代表 Callback Representative客户管理助理 Assistant Account E*ecutive广告经理 Advertising Manager广告协调员 AdvertisingCoordinator广告助理 AdvertisingAssistant客户代表 AccountRepresentative广告文撰写人 AdCopywriter(Direct Mail)批发采购员 Wholesale Buyer旅行代办员 Travel Agent销售总监 TelemarketingDirector销售员 Telemarketer调查员Tele-Interviewer销售员 Salesperson销售代表 SalesRepresentative销售经理 Sales Manager销售执行者 Sales E*ecutive销售助理 Sales Assistant零售采购员 Retail Buyer房地产经理 Real EstateManager房地产经纪人 Real EstateBroker采购代理 Purchasing Agent产品开发 Product Developer市场经理 Marketing Manager市场实习 Marketing Intern市场总监 MarketingDirector保险代理人 Insurance Agent客户经理 Account Manager计算机行业:应用软件程序员Applications Programmer电脑操作主管 puterOperations Supervisor电脑技术员 puterTechnician开发工程师 DevelopmentalEngineer信息效劳主管 Director ofInformation Services信息分析 Information Analyst局域网管理员 LAN Administrator网络管理经理 Manager of Network Administration产品支持经理 Product Support Manager承包商 Subcontractor (Programming)电脑操作员 puter Operator 硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer电脑部经理 MIS Manager 操作分析 OperationsAnalyst工程经理 Project Manager统计员 Statistician系统分析 Systems Analyst系统工程师 SystemsEngineer系统程序员 SystemsProgrammer技术工程师T TechnicalEngineer技术：技术讲解员 TechnicalIllustrator研究开展技术员 Researchand Development Technician质量管理检查员 QualityControl Inspector质量检测技术员 QA TestTechnician精细度检查员 PrecisionInspector技术支持专员 TechnicalSupport Specialist工程技术员 EngineeringTechnician电子设备维修员 ElectronicEquipment Repairer电信业参谋Telemunications Consultant技术指导讲师 TechnicalInstructor建筑师 Landscape Architect测量员 Surveyor草图设计员 Drafter房屋验收 BuildingInspector建筑师 Architect播送技术员 BroadcastTechnician工程词汇:制造业工程师Manufacturing Engineer工程参谋 Engineering Consultant环境工程师 Environmental Engineer设备工程师 Facilities Engineer工业工程师 Industrial Engineer电子工程师 Electronics Engineer电机工程师 Electrical Engineer机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer石油工程师 Petroleum Engineer陶器工程师 CeramicEngineer化学工程师 ChemicalEngineer土木工程师 Civil Engineer电力工程师 ElectricalEngineer施工工程师 Field Engineer航海工程师 Marine Engineer产品工程师 ProductEngineer品管工程师 Quality ControlEngineer助理工程师 AssistantEngineer技术员 Technician会计与财务:注册会计师 CertifiedPublic Accountant首席财务官 Chief FinancialOfficer收款负责人 CollectionsOfficer保险承销商 InsuranceUnderwriter保险经济人 InsuranceBroker银行事务管理员 BankAdministrator贷款管理员 LoanAdministrator管理会计 ManagementAccountant抵抻保险员 MortgageUnderwriter工资经理 Payroll Manager审计员 Staff Auditor股票经纪人 Stock Broker税务会计 Ta* Accountant税务检查员 Ta* Inspector财务行政副总裁Vice-President ofAdministration and Finance财务副总裁 Vice-President of Finance贷款效劳 Loan Services财务方案员 Financial Planner会计助理 Accounting Assistant会计经理 Accounting Manager会计文员 Accounting Clerk 高级会计 Senior Accountant 审计经理 Audit Manager保险分析员 Actuarial Analyst审计师 Auditor 初级会计 Junior Accountant资金调拨 Bank Treasurer票据文员 Billing Clerk票据管理员 BillingSupervisor档案管理 Bookkeeper档案管理助理 BookkeepingClerk预算分析 Budget Analyst信用分析 Credit Analyst信用管理经理 CreditManager财务分析 Financial Analyst财务参谋 FinancialConsultant财务经理 Financial Manager银行出纳 Bank Clerk出纳员 Cashier法律词汇:警员 Police Officer警官 Police Sergeant首席检察官助理 AssistantAttorney General合同管理员 ContractsManager反贪调查员 Ombudsman保安经理 Security Manager法律助理 Legal Assistant法律秘书 Legal Secretary律师 Attorney消防员 Fire Fighter法律职员 Law Clerk司法学生 Law Student律师专职助手 Paralegal法庭记者 Court Reporter法律参谋 Counselor传媒词汇:编辑助理 Assistant Editor播送制作人 BroadcastProducer编辑主任 EditorialDirector信息专员 InformationSupport Specialist执行编辑 Managing Editor 制作编辑 Production Editor 公共关系 Public Relations 公共关系助理 Public Relations Assistant电台播音员 Radio Announcer 播送节目总监 Radio Program Director研讨会协调员 Symposium Coordinator电视导演 Television Director电视制片人 Television Producer 电视制片工程师 TelevisionProduction Engineer节目部主任 ProgramDirector节目协调人 ProgramCoordinator助理编辑 Associate Editor作家 Author专栏作家 Columnist文件编辑 Copy Editor通讯记者 Correspondent编辑 Editor活动筹划 Events Planner新闻记者 Journalist校对 Proofreader广告员 Publicist记者 Reporter翻译员 Translator排字工人 Typesetter作者 Writer艺术类词汇:服装设计师 FashionDesigner电影摄制助理 FilmProduction Assistant画面设计师 GraphicDesigner装饰设计师 InteriorDesigner制片协调员 ProductionCoordinator男演员/女演员Actor/Actress艺术总监 Art Director舞蹈教练 Choreographer喜剧演员 edian舞蹈家 Dancer摄影师 Photographer视觉艺术家 Visual Artist效劳行业词汇:办案员 Case Worker城市规划者 Urban Planner临床医学家 Therapist社会工作者 Social Worker 心理学家 Psychologist客户效劳经理 Customer Service Manager客户效劳代表 Customer Service Representative**俱乐部经理 Health Club Manager宾馆门房 Hotel Concierge 食品检查员 Food Inspector 餐厅经理 Restaurant Manager空中效劳员 Flight Attendant厨师 Chef 美容师 Cosmetologist饭店经理 Hotel Manager饭店职员 Hotel Clerk发型师 Hairstylist空中小姐 Stewardess教育词汇:校长 Principal外语教师 Foreign LanguageTeacher第二外语教师 ESL Teacher图书管理员 Librarian大学教授 College Professor助理教师 Teacher Aide高级教师 Head Teacher心理咨询教师 SchoolPsychologist体育教师 PhysicalEducation Teacher计算机教师 puter Teacher艺术教师 Art Instructor案卷保管员 Archivist家教/辅导教师 Tutor教练员 Coach讲师 Instructor (Lecturer)助教 Assistant医学词汇:医疗主任 Clinical Director食疗技师 DietaryTechnician急诊技师 Emergency MedicalTechnician健美师 Fitness Instructor病历员 Medical RecordsClerk看护员 NursingAdministrator职业疗法 OccupationalTherapist药学师 Pharmacist药品技师 PharmacyTechnician理疗师 Physical Therapist助理医师 Physician'sAssistant有氧治疗师 Respiratory Therapist语言心理学家 Speech Pathologist脊椎指压治疗者Chiropractor牙科助理 Dental Assistant 牙科医生 Dentist牙科保健 Dental Hygienist 牙科技师 Dental Technician 整牙医生 Orthodontist家庭护理 Home Health Aide 实验技师 Lab Technician护士 Nurse 看护助手 Nursing Aide护士长 Nursing Supervisor眼科医生 Optician助理兽医 VeterinaryAssistant兽医 Veterinarian精神病医师 Psychiatrist外科医生 Surgeon内科医生 Physician儿科医生 Pediatrician住院医师 Resident Doctor中医师 Herb Doctor助产士 Accoucheuraccountant: 会计actor:男演员actress:女演员airline representative: 地勤人员anchor: 新闻主播announcer: 播送员architect:建筑师artist: 艺术家associate professor:副教授astronaut: 宇航员attendant:效劳员auditor:审计员auto mechanic: 汽车技工baker: 烘培师barber:理发师〔男〕baseball player: 棒球选手bell boy:门童bellhop: 旅馆的行李员binman: 清洁工，垃圾工blacksmith: 铁匠bo*er: 拳击手broker(agent): 经纪人budgeteer:预算编制者bus driver: 公车〔巴士〕司机butcher: 屠夫，肉商buyer: 采购员carpenter: 木匠cartoonist: 漫画家cashier:出纳员chef:厨师chemist: 化学师clerk: 店员clown: 小丑cobbler: 制〔补〕鞋匠puter programmer:程序员construction worker:建筑工人cook:厨师cowboy: 牛仔customs officer: 海关官员dancer: 舞者dentist:牙科医生designer: 设计师desk clerk: 接待员detective: 侦探doctor:医生door-to-door salesman: 推销员driver:司机dustman:清洁工editor: 编辑electrician: 电工engineer: 工程师farmer:农夫fashion designer: 时装设计师fireman (firefighter): 消防员fisherman: 渔夫florist: 花商flyer:飞行员Foreign minister: 外交部长gardener: 花匠(园丁)gas station attendant: 加油工geologist: 地质学家guard: 警卫guide:导游hiredresseer: 理发师，美容师(女)housekeeper: 管家housewife: 家庭主妇interpreter: 口译员janitor: 清洁工journalist:记者judge: 法官lawyer: 律师librarian:图书管理员life guard: 救生员magician: 魔术师masseur: 男按摩师masseuse: 女按摩师mathematician: 数学家mechanic: 机械师，机修工miner:矿工model: 模特儿monk: 和尚，教士movie director: 导演movie star: 电影明星musician: 音乐家nun: 尼姑nurse:护士office clerk: 职员office staff: 班族operator:接线员parachutist:跳伞人. pharmacist: 药剂师photographer: 摄影师pilot:飞行员planner: 方案员policeman:警察postal clerk:邮政人员postman: 邮差President: 总统priest: 牧师processfor:教授real estate agent: 房地产经纪人receptionist: 接待员repairman: 修理工人reporter: 记者sailor: 船员，水手salesman/selespeople/salesperson: 售货员scientist: 科学家seamstress: 女装裁缝师secretary:秘书singer: 歌手soldiery:士兵，军人statistician: 统计员surveyor: 测量技师tailor: 裁缝师ta*i driver: 计程车司机teacher:教师technician: 技术人员tour guide: 导游traffic warden:交通管理员.translator:翻译〔笔译〕TV producer: 电视制作人typist: 打字员vet:兽医veterinarian: 兽医waiter: 侍者(效劳生)waitress: 女侍者(效劳生)welder: 焊接工writer: 作家accountant: 会计actor: 男演员actress: 女演员airline representative: 地勤人员anchor: 新闻主播announcer: 播送员architect: 建筑师artist: 艺术家associate professor: 副教授astronaut: 宇航员.attendant: 效劳员auditor: 审计员auto mechanic : 汽车技工baker: 烘培师barber: 理发师 (男) baseball player: 棒球选手bell boy: 门童bellhop: 旅馆的行李员binman: 清洁工,垃圾工blacksmith: 铁匠bo*er: 拳击手broker (agent) : 经纪人budgeteer: 预算编制者bus driver: 公车(巴士)司机butcher: 屠夫,肉商buyer: 采购员carpenter:木匠cartoonist: 漫画家cashier: 出纳员chef: 厨师chemist : 化学师clerk : 店员clown :小丑cobbler: 制(补)鞋匠puter programmer : 程序员construction worker : 建筑工人cook: 厨师cowboy :牛仔customs officer :海关官员dancer : 舞者dentist: 牙科医生designer: 设计师desk clerk: 接待员detective 侦探doctor: 医生door-to-door salesman: 推销员driver: 司机dustman: 清洁工editor : 编辑electrician :电工engineer:工程师farmer: 农夫fashion designer: 时装设计师fireman (firefighter): 消防员fisherman: 渔夫florist: 花商flyer: 飞行员Foreign minister : 外交部长gardener花匠(园丁)gas station attendant : 加油工geologist : 地质学家guard :警卫guide: 导游hiredresseer: 理发师,美容师(女)housekeeper : 管家housewife : 家庭主妇interpreter :口译员janitor : 清洁工journalist: 记者judge 法官lawyer :律师librarian: 图书管理员. life guard :救生员magician :魔术师masseur : 男按摩师masseuse : 女按摩师mathematician : 数学家mechanic: 机械师 ,机修工miner: 矿工model: 模特儿monk : 和尚,教士movie director: 导演movie star : 电影明星musician : 音乐家nun : 尼姑nurse: 护士office clerk : 职员office staff 上班族operator: 接线员parachutist: 跳伞人.personnel 职员pharmacist药剂师photographer:摄影师pilot: 飞行员planner: 方案员policeman: 警察postal clerk: 邮政人员postman :邮差President: 总统priest: 牧师processfor: 教授real estate agent: 房地产经纪人receptionist :接待员repairman :修理工人reporter : 记者sailor: 船员，水手salesman/ selespeople/salesperson: 售货员scientist: 科学家seamstress 女装裁缝师secretary: 秘书singer: 歌手soldiery: 士兵,军人statistician : 统计员surveyor: 测量技师tailor: 裁缝师ta*i driver计程车司机teacher: 教师technician : 技术人员tour guide: 导游traffic warden: 交通管理员.translator: 翻译〔笔译〕TV producer: 电视制作人typist: 打字员vet: 兽医veterinarian兽医waiter: 侍者(效劳生) waitress: 女侍者(效劳生) welder : 焊接工writer: 作家。
机械制造专业外文翻译--切削,钻削
外文原文：.SawingSawing is the parting of material by using metal disks, blades, bands, or abrasive disks as the cutting tools. Sawing a piece from stock for further machining is called cutoff sawing, while shaping of forming a piece is referred to as contour sawing.Machine sawing of metal is performed by five types of saws or processes: hacksawing, babd sawing, cold sawing, friction sawing, and abrasive sawing.Hacksaws are used principally as cutoff tools. The toothed blade, held in tension,is reciprocated across the workpiece. A vise holds the stock in position. The blade is fed into the work by gravity or spring. Sometimes a mechanical or hydraulic feed is used. Automatic machines, handling bar-length stock, are used for continuous production.Band saws cut rapidly and are suited for either cutoff or contour sawing. The plane in which the blade operates classifies the machine as being either vertical or horizontal. Band saws are basically a flexible endless band of steel running overpulleys or wheels. The band has teeth on one side and is operated under tension. Guides keep it running true. The frame of the horizontal type is pivoted to allow positioningof the workpiece in the vise. Horizontal machines are used for either straight or angular cuts. A table that supports the workpiece and the wide throat between theupright portions of the blade makes the vertical band saw ideal for contour work. Band saws operating at high speed are frequently used as friction saws.Cold sawing is principally a cutoff operation. The blade is a circular disk with cutting teeth on its periphery. Blades range in size from a few inches to several feetin diameter. The cutting teeth may be cut into the periphery of the disk or they may be inserts of a harder material. The blade moves into the stock with a positive feed. Stock is positioned manually in some cold-sawing machines, while other models are equipped for automatic cycle sawing.Friction sawing is a rapid process used to cut steel as well as certain plastics. This process is not satisfactory for cast iron and nonferrous metals. Cutting is done as the high-speed blade wipes the metal from the kerf after softening it with frictional heat. Circular alloy-steel blades perform cutoff work, thile frictional band saws doboth cutoff and contour sawing. Circular blades are frequently cooled by water or air. Circular blades are adcanced into the work, thile thick work-pieces require power-table feed then friction-cut on a band saw.Abrasive sawing is a cutoff process using thin rubber or bakelite bonded abrasive disks. In addition to steel, other materials such as nonferrous metals, ceramics, glass, certain plastics, and hard rubber are cut by this method. Cutting is done by the abrasive action of the grit in the disk.Abrasive disks are operated either wet or dry. For heavy cutting a cooling agent is generally used. The workpiece is firmly held while the wheel traverses through it. Machines are made in manually operated and automatic models.DrillingHoles are one of the most common features in products manufactured today. There-fore, drilling and other related processes and tools are extremely important. Holes as small as 0.005in.may be drilled using special techniques. On the other hand , holes larger than 2 to 221in. in diameter are seldom drilled, because other processes and techniques are less expensive.The twist drill (shown in Fig.12-3) is the most common type of drill. The shank of the drill is held by the machine tool, which in turn imparts an rotary motion. This shank of the drill is held by the machine tool. Which in turn imparts a rotary motion. This shank may be straight or tapered. The body of the drill is typically made up of two spiral grooves known as flutes, which are defined by a helix angle that is generally about 30ºbut can vary depending on the material properties of the workpiece. The point of the drill (see Fig.12-3) generally form a 118ºangle and includes a 10 clearance angle and chisel edge. The chisel edge is flat with a web thickness of approximately 0.015 * drill diameter. This edge can cause problems in hole location owing to its ability to “walk ” on a surface before engaging the workpiece. In the case of brittle materials,drill point angles of less than 118º are used, while ductile materials use larger points angles and smaller clearance angles.Complex hole configurations may often be called for; these include multiple diameters, chamfers, countersinks, and combinations of these, as illustrated in Fig.12-4. In each of these cases in is possible to make special combination drills that can produce the configurations shown in a single operation. Although expensive, they can be economically justified for sufficient volume.The flat chisel edge, which can “walk” on the surface of the workpiece, and the long , slender shaft and body of the twist drill, which can deflect, make it difficultto machine holes to tight tolerances. A combination center drill and countersink can be used to accurately start a hole, owing to its small web thickness and its tendency to deflect only very small amounts (because of a relatively large diameter-to-lengthratio) . Truing of the hole to make it straight is accomplished by boring. Reaming the hole provides a better finish as well as more accurate sizing.The feed rate of a drill is normally proportional to its diameter, because it depends on the volume of chips the flutes can handle. However the feed is independent of thecutting speed, which is a function of the tool-work combination. A rule of thumb would give a feed rate as approximately d/65,so that a 3/4-in.-diameter drill would have afeed rate of about 0.012 in. /rev. Although the hole wall tends to support the drill when the hole depth exceeds three times the drill diameter, there is a tendency for buckling to occur and the feed rate should be reduced.Most drills are made from high –speed steel because of its relatively low cost and ease of manufacture. Some types of carbide drills are now available commercially. The demands of numerically controlled machine tools have led to the development of drills that will produce pore precise holes and that will originate a hole in line with the centerline of the drill-press spindle. Drills that have heavier webs, less stickout, double margins, and are ground with a spiral point help meet these new demands.ReamingReaming is a machining process for enlarging, smoothing and/ or accurately sizing existing holes by means of means of multiedge fluted cutting tools (reamers) . As thereamers and / or workpiece is rotated and advanced relative to each other, chips are produced to remove relatively small amounts of material from the hole wall. Reaming may be performed on the same type of machines used for drilling.Accuracy of the hole and quality of finish produced by reaming depends primarily upon the condition of the starting bole, rigidity of the machine and fixture, correct speeds and feeds, a suitable and properly applied cutting fluid, and precise resharpening of dull tools.Since stock removal is small and must be uniform in reaming , the starting holes (drilled or otherwise produced) must have relatively good roundness, straightness, and finish. Reamers tend to follow the existing centerline of the hole being reamed, and in limited instances it may be necessary to bore the holes prior to reaming to maintain required tolerances. With the proper conditions and operating parameters, reaming can produce close tolerances and smooth finishes.ReamersAreamer is a rotary cutting tool, generally of cylindrical or conical shape, intended for enlarging and finishing holes to accurate dimensions. It is usually equipped with two or more peripheral channels or flutes, either parallel to its axis or in a right– or left-hand helix as required. Those with helical flutes provide smooth shear cutting, are less subject to chatter, and produce a better finish. The flutes form cutting teeth and provide channels for removing the chips.Kinds of ReamersReamers are made in many different forms, including solid and inserted-blade types, adjustable and nonadjustable; they are available for either manual operation (hand reamers) or for machine use (chucking reamers). Materials from which cutting elements of most production reamers are made include high-speed steeland cemented carbides. of most production reamers are made include high-speed steel and cemented carbides.Carbide reamers These tools are being used increasingly because of their linger life, improved accuracy, and resistance.Bore reamers These tools combine boring and reaming in a single operation to minimize problems with respect to hole size, straightness, and finish. Single-point bore reamers, for use in applications for which guide bushings can be used, have a single-point cutting edge on the end of the tool, followed by a reaming section. Multipoint bore reamers are available for applications for applications for which bushings cannot be used.Coolant-fed reamers These tools, having means (usually internal passages) for directing coolant to the cutting edges, offer advantages for some applications, particularly when reaming blind holes. In such applications, reduced friction and temperatures at the reamer /workpiece interface decrease wear and lengthen tool life. Insome cases, feeds and speeds can be increased and improved accuracies and smoother finishes obtained. The initial cost of coolant-fed reamers is higher , but increased productivity and improved quality often make them economically desirable.Reamer Holders/ DriversReamers are commonly held and driven by three-jaw chucks, straight sleeves and setscrews, and, for taper shanks, sleeves or sockets. Reamers with adapters for quick-change chucks are used for production applications.When reamers must guide themselves into previously made holes, they require gloating holders to maintain alignment. There are several types of floating holders. Some permit angular float, others permit a parallel (axial) float, and still others permit both angular and parallel float.Floating holders have some limitations. If the reamer axis is vertical, floating reamer drives often do a good job of correcting for small amounts of misalignment. When the workpieces rotate, however, as is the case on screw machines, lathes, and some other machine tools, floating holders are sometimes inadequate. This is because relatively large amounts of misalignment are often found on these machines and because the weight of the reamer and holder tend to push the tool into an off-center position.Some full floating holders, which compensate for both angular and parallel misalignment, are equipped with springs or other components to counterbalance the mass of the holder. A floating holder cannot generally operate both vertically and horizontally and still correct for both angular and parallel misalignment. Application details (vertical or horizontal operation and rotating or stationary tool) should be specified when a floating holder is ordered.Workholding for ReamingJig design and the use of bushings for reaming are essentially the same as for drilling. Major functions of the jigs and bushings are accurate locating, supporting, and securing of the workpieces, and precise guiding of the tools. A difference for reaming is that closer tolerances are generally required on both the jigs and bushings.Operating Parameters for ReamingFactors that must be established for efficient and economical reaming include the proper cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting fluid to be used Other important considerations are resharpening the reamers and troubleshooting the operations.中文译文：锯削锯削是利用金属圆锯、锯条、带锯或砂轮作为切削工具将材料分开。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英文翻译机械设计一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。
机械设计是一项创造性的工作。
设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。
Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。
许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。
对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。
对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。
One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。
在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。
计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。
一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。
设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。
Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。
互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。
心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。
设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。
这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。
另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。
在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。
这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。
The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。
发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。
因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product.应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。
掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。
仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。
另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。
例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。
因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。
一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。
由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。
一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。