Persuasive Presentations
商务英语读书笔记范文
商务英语读书笔记范文Engaging in the world of business often requires amastery of language that transcends mere communication—it calls for a nuanced understanding of the cultural andstrategic nuances inherent in business interactions. Myrecent dive into "Business 英文版:The book opens with a compelling narrative on the importance of effective communication in the corporate sphere, setting the stage for a journey through the intricacies of business language. It weaves a tapestry of examples and case studies that illustrate the power of well-crafted emails, persuasive presentations, and the subtle art of negotiation.One of the most impactful sections of the book is its exploration of business writing. It emphasizes the need for clarity, brevity, and the strategic use of language to convey messages with precision. The author's guidance on structuring emails and reports is particularly useful, providingtemplates that can be adapted to various business scenarios.The book also delves into the realm of spoken communication, highlighting the importance of non-verbal cues and the art of active listening. It offers practical tips on how to engage in cross-cultural dialogues, a skill that is increasingly vital in our globalized business environment.Moreover, the book provides a comprehensive overview ofthe language used in different business settings, from formal meetings to casual networking events. It discusses the nuances of professional jargon and the importance of adapting one's language to the audience and context.What sets this book apart is its approach to language as a tool for strategic advantage. It encourages readers tothink critically about their word choices and to use language as a means to build relationships, negotiate deals, and lead effectively.In conclusion, "Business English: A Comprehensive Guide" is an indispensable resource for anyone looking to enhance their business communication skills. It's a book that not only educates but also empowers, equipping readers with the linguistic prowess to navigate the complex landscape of business with confidence and finesse.。
大学思辨英语教材答案
大学思辨英语教材答案Unit 1: Critical Thinking and ArgumentationSection 1: Introduction to Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is a crucial skill that every university student should possess. It involves analyzing and evaluating information, ideas, and arguments in a systematic and logical manner. In this section, we will explore the basics of critical thinking and how it can be applied in various contexts.Section 2: Critical Reading and WritingIn this section, we will delve into the importance of critical reading and writing skills. We will learn how to identify and analyze arguments in texts, as well as how to effectively present our own arguments through writing. Through practice exercises and examples, students will enhance their ability to critically engage with texts and express their thoughts clearly.Section 3: Logical ReasoningLogical reasoning is an essential component of critical thinking. It involves identifying and evaluating the structure of arguments, detecting fallacies, and drawing valid conclusions. In this section, we will explore different types of logical reasoning, such as deductive and inductive reasoning, and how to apply them in real-life situations.Section 4: Analyzing and Evaluating ArgumentsBeing able to analyze and evaluate arguments is a fundamental aspect of critical thinking. In this section, students will learn how to identify the mainclaims, supporting evidence, and underlying assumptions in arguments. They will also develop skills in assessing the credibility and relevance of sources, as well as identifying bias and logical flaws.Unit 2: Persuasive CommunicationSection 1: Introduction to PersuasionEffective persuasion involves the skillful use of language and rhetorical techniques to influence others' opinions or actions. In this section, students will learn about the principles of persuasive communication, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, and how to construct persuasive arguments.Section 2: Understanding AudienceTo effectively persuade others, it is important to understand the needs, values, and beliefs of the target audience. In this section, students will learn how to analyze their audience and tailor their arguments and language accordingly. They will also develop strategies for addressing counterarguments and objections.Section 3: Oral PersuasionOral persuasion plays a significant role in various contexts, such as public speaking and debates. In this section, students will learn how to deliver persuasive speeches, structure arguments effectively, and use rhetorical devices to engage and convince their audience. They will also develop critical listening skills to evaluate and respond to others' persuasive presentations.Section 4: Written PersuasionWritten persuasion is another important aspect of persuasive communication. In this section, students will learn how to craft persuasive essays and opinion pieces. They will explore different organizational patterns and persuasive techniques, such as using evidence and examples, to support their claims. Additionally, students will develop skills in editing and revising their written work for clarity and coherence.Unit 3: Critical Thinking in Everyday LifeSection 1: Critical Thinking in Decision MakingCritical thinking is essential in making informed decisions in our daily lives. In this section, students will learn how to apply critical thinking skills to various decision-making scenarios, such as choosing a major, evaluating job offers, or making ethical choices. They will explore different decision-making models and strategies to enhance their critical thinking ability.Section 2: Media LiteracyIn the era of information overload, media literacy is crucial for effectively navigating and evaluating media messages. In this section, students will learn how to critically assess media content, identify bias and propaganda techniques, and differentiate between reliable and unreliable sources. They will also explore the ethical implications of media consumption and production.Section 3: Problem SolvingCritical thinking is closely linked to problem-solving skills. In this section, students will learn different problem-solving techniques, such as brainstorming, analyzing alternatives, and evaluating potential solutions.They will also develop skills in collaborative problem-solving and decision-making, recognizing the importance of diverse perspectives.Section 4: Ethical ReasoningEthical reasoning requires critical thinking skills to evaluate moral issues and make ethical decisions. In this section, students will explore ethical theories and frameworks, such as utilitarianism and deontology, and apply them to real-life ethical dilemmas. They will develop their ability to critically analyze the consequences and ethical implications of different actions.ConclusionThe university-level critical thinking and argumentation course provides students with the necessary skills to think critically, analyze arguments, and effectively communicate their ideas. By mastering these skills, students will be equipped to succeed not only academically but also in their personal and professional lives.。
剑桥商务英语高级10
Business proposal
Rules of writing: P103
Module 11 The economy
Nov. 3rd, 2012
The economy
What comes to your mind when talking about economy?
The economy
How to write a proposal
Proposal is often sent to readers or a review committee outside the writer’s organization to solve a problem, find answers to questions, or conduct research on a topic of mutual interest. Basically, proposals are persuasive presentations.
Business cycle (or economic cycle) refers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years.
The economy
A-B Decline B-C Depression C-D Recovery D-E Boom
Business proposal
Methods:
Get as much information about the client as possible---annual report, company periodicals, publicity. And the one who is involved in drafting the request for the proposals. Proposals are evaluated by a range of readers, from top managers to technical evaluators to budget analyzers. They will focus on different sections of the proposal. But they should be able to read the first or last section of the proposal, which is a summary of the proposal. Don’t rely on standard format since no company sees itself as being like any other. Create new ideas to fit the needs of a particular clients, thus do not recycle old solutions.
英语外研版m1到m6作文
英语外研版m1到m6作文The English Learning Journey: From M1 to M6Learning a new language can be a challenging yet rewarding experience. As a student of English, I have had the opportunity to explore the language through the various modules of the English Exploration series, from M1 to M6. Each module has presented its own unique set of challenges and opportunities, allowing me to grow and develop my language skills.In M1, the focus was on building a strong foundation in the basics of the English language. We covered essential vocabulary, grammar structures, and conversational skills. The lessons were designed to help us communicate effectively in everyday situations, such as introducing ourselves, asking for directions, and engaging in simple dialogues. The activities and exercises were engaging and interactive, encouraging us to practice our newfound knowledge.As I progressed to M2, the level of complexity increased. We delved deeper into the language, exploring more advanced grammar concepts, such as verb tenses, sentence structures, and the use of prepositions. The reading and writing tasks became moredemanding, challenging us to compose longer and more sophisticated pieces of writing. The listening and speaking activities also became more nuanced, requiring us to comprehend and respond to more complex conversations and presentations.Moving on to M3, the focus shifted to developing our critical thinking and analytical skills. We were introduced to various text types, from informative articles to persuasive essays, and learned how to extract key information, identify the main ideas, and formulate thoughtful responses. The writing tasks became more extensive, requiring us to organize our ideas coherently and support our arguments with relevant evidence.In M4, we explored the world of literature, delving into the rich tapestry of English-language fiction, poetry, and drama. We studied the techniques and devices used by authors to convey their messages and evoke emotions. The discussions and analyses of literary works challenged us to think deeply about the themes, characters, and the cultural contexts that shaped the stories.As I reached M5, the emphasis shifted to the application of English in professional and academic settings. We learned how to write effective business letters, craft persuasive presentations, and navigate the intricacies of academic writing. The focus on research skills, citation formats, and the structuring of complex essaysprepared us for the demands of higher education and the workplace.Finally, in M6, we were tasked with exploring the global nature of the English language. We examined the variations in English dialects, the influence of different cultures, and the role of English as an international language of communication. The discussions on language policies, language rights, and the preservation of linguistic diversity broadened our perspectives and encouraged us to consider the sociopolitical implications of language use.Throughout this journey, I have not only gained a deeper understanding of the English language but also developed valuable critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. The modules have challenged me to step out of my comfort zone, think creatively, and engage in meaningful discussions with my peers and instructors.Beyond the classroom, the knowledge and skills I have acquired have also opened up new opportunities for me. I have been able to participate in international exchange programs, engage in cross-cultural dialogues, and even secure internships and job opportunities that require proficiency in English.As I reflect on my experience, I am grateful for the comprehensive and well-structured curriculum of the English Exploration series. Eachmodule has built upon the previous one, creating a seamless learning progression that has allowed me to develop my language skills steadily and effectively.In conclusion, the journey from M1 to M6 has been a transformative experience. It has not only equipped me with a strong foundation in the English language but has also fostered my critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication abilities. As I continue to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of language learning, I am confident that the skills and knowledge I have gained will continue to serve me well in my academic and professional pursuits.。
剑桥商务英语 How to write a proposal
Introduction to Proposal Writing
Basically, proposals are persuasive presentations.
Purpose: to solve a problem, alter a procedure, find answers to questions, or conduct research on a topic of mutual interest.
Providing reasons / Comparing pros and cons
On the one hand…but on the other… One advantage / disadvantage is that… One other thing to consider is…
Balancing and concluding
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Dear Mr. Rice Thank you for your order by fax. Further to your request for office space for twelve months. I’d like to mention that I can also offer you a 10% discount for bookings of an eighteen-month period. You enquired about availability at the Virginia Walk Centre and offices are still vacant. However, please note that there is limited parking and some offices are on different floors. As an interesting alternative, you might wish to consider a new premises called Dockside (about one mile down the riverside from Virginia Walk). It has the following features: • a first-floor open-plan office space (75m2) with wonderful views of the old harbour. • a convenient three-minute walk from the station and ideal for cyclists with a path along the riverside • suitable parking facilities for over twenty staff. Please consider this possibility and note the discount would still apply. A visit to this premises can be arranged, although I would suggest a prompt decision on this second option. I look forward to hearing from you in the very near future. Yours sincerely
大学英语新视野第二版第一册Unit_4_How_to_make_a_good_impression
Unit4
BOOK1
导入
预习
小结
写作
Back
Text Reading
How to Make a Good Impression
Para. 1 Research shows we make up our minds about people through unspoken communication within seven seconds of meeting them. Consciously or unconsciously, we show our true feelings with our eyes, faces, bodies and attitudes, causing a chain of reactions, ranging from comfort to fear.
Send A Thank You Note—Very Important!
Note may be on personal stationary and may be hand delivered.
Text Study
1 2 3
New
Words
Text
Reading
Main Ideas & Structure
How to make a good impression on girls
Do you think you can make a good impression on girls?
How can you make a good impression on girls?
Now let’s watch a video clip and
meet at the first time ?
演讲比赛组织提案英语作文
演讲比赛组织提案英语作文Title: Proposal for Organizing a Speech Competition。
Introduction:In today's dynamic world, where effective communication skills are paramount, organizing a speech competition can be an enriching experience for both participants and organizers alike. Through this proposal, we aim to outline the key components and strategies required for hosting a successful speech competition.Objectives:The primary objective of organizing a speech competition is to provide a platform for individuals to showcase their oratory skills, fostering confidence,critical thinking, and public speaking abilities. Additionally, such events promote cultural exchange, encourage intellectual discourse, and nurture leadershipqualities among participants.Key Components:1. Theme Selection:The selection of an appropriate theme sets the tone for the competition and guides participants in crafting their speeches. The theme should be relevant, thought-provoking, and inclusive to cater to a diverse range of interests and perspectives.2. Participant Recruitment:Efforts should be made to attract a diverse pool of participants from various backgrounds, age groups, and expertise levels. Outreach activities, including social media campaigns, posters, and direct invitations to educational institutions and community organizations, can help garner interest and maximize participation.3. Judging Criteria:Clear and transparent judging criteria must be established to ensure fairness and impartiality. Criteria may include content, delivery, clarity, persuasiveness, and adherence to time limits. A panel of experienced judges, comprising experts in communication or related fields, should be recruited to evaluate speeches objectively.4. Speech Format:The competition can feature different speech formats, such as prepared speeches, impromptu speeches, debates, or persuasive presentations. Providing participants with flexibility in choosing their preferred format enhances engagement and caters to diverse speaking styles.5. Training and Workshops:To support participants in honing their speaking skills, pre-competition training sessions and workshops can be organized. These sessions may cover topics such as speech writing, delivery techniques, body language, and managingstage fright. Experienced speakers or communication professionals can serve as mentors and facilitators.6. Logistics and Venue:A suitable venue equipped with audiovisual facilities and seating arrangements should be secured well in advance. Logistics, including registration, scheduling, audiovisual support, and refreshments, must be meticulously planned to ensure a seamless event experience for participants and attendees.7. Promotion and Publicity:Effective promotion and publicity are essential for attracting participants and generating audience interest. Utilizing various channels, such as social media, press releases, newsletters, and community networks, can help reach a broader audience and create buzz around the event.8. Awards and Recognition:Recognizing outstanding performances through awards and certificates motivates participants and adds prestige to the competition. Categories may include Best Speaker, Best Debater, Most Persuasive Speech, and Audience Choice Award. Sponsors can be approached to provide prizes or financial support for the event.Conclusion:Organizing a speech competition presents an opportunity to foster communication skills, intellectual growth, and cultural exchange among participants. By adhering to the outlined components and strategies, organizers can ensure a rewarding and memorable experience for all involved. Let us embark on this journey of eloquence and empowerment, inspiring the next generation of confident and articulate communicators.。
跨文化交际复习题
跨文化商务交际复习资料Unit 1一、匹配1.culture：The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.munication：A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols,signs,or behavior,or the exchange of thoughts,messages,or information,as by speech,signals,writing,or behavior.3.ethnocentrism：The belief that your own cultural background including ways of an analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal.communication, is superior.4.horizontal communication：The communication at the same level in an organization.5.intercultural communication：The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.6.business communication：The communication is within business and administration,aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.二、判断T：1.Culture is all men’s medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.2.The terms of intercultural communication and international communication can be used interchangeably.3.Culture cannot be known without a study of communication, and communication can only be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.4.Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products of limited, lazy, and misguided perceptions.F：1.When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “life way of a population” in its broad sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.The culture shown in an onion consists of two levels: a level of norms and values, or an invisible level, and a visible level of resultant behavior or artifacts of some form.3.With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.4.In the global village, neighbors communicate free of troubles and difficulties.三、SummaryCulture and Communication①Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.②Only the outward symbols of a culture, 10 percent, are easily visible. The most important aspects of culture, 90 percent, its norms and values, are far more difficult to grasp. These moreprofound cultural differences can cause problems when communicating with someone from another culture.③Culture has six major characteristics: shared, learned, symbolic, integrated,dynamic, and ethnocentric.④ Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing,or behavior.⑤ There are three business communication patterns in terms of direction: upward communication, downward communication, and lateral communication⑥Culture and communication are inseparably linked. Culture gives meaning and provides the context for communication. Besides, meaning is in the person, not in the word.Intercultural Communication①Intercultural communication is the communication between persons of different cultures, or different cultural backgrounds.②There are five barriers in intercultural communication: language differences,nonverbal communication, stereotypes, cultural bias on judgments, and high level of stress.③ Technology has broken down cultural boundaries, and the world is becoming a global village, in which neighbors speak different languages, have different values and different lifestyles Understanding is a measure of communicative success in the global village.四、重点1.culture 文化的广义和侠义in the broad sense:It is estimated that there are more than 164 definitions of culture.In the narrow sense:meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.metaphors of culture 文化的比喻（1）the culture iceberg（文化冰山）① Culture above the waterline. ② Culture below the waterline.（2）the culture onion（文化洋葱）① Culture in the outer layer.② Culture in the middle layer.③ Culture in the inner nucleus layer.3.characteristics of culture（文化的特点）① Culture is shared. ② Culture is learned. ③ Culture is symbolic.④ Culture is integrated. ⑤ Culture is dynamic. ⑥ Culture is ethnocentric.munication（交际的4个特点）① dynamic ② symbolic ③ transactional ④ contextual5.patterns of communication（沟通方式）①Upward communication.Upward communication is the communication flowing from subordinates to superiors usually concerning employees’ comments about themselves, their reactions about others,their reactions to practices and policies,and their thoughts about their work.② Downward communication.Downward communication is the communication flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy,telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued(policy).③Lateral communication (or horizontal communication).Lateral,communication or horizontal communication refers to the communication at the same level in an organization.6.barriers in intercultural communication（跨文化交际障碍）① Language differences.② Nonverbal communication.③ Stereotypes.Stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.④ Cultural bias on judgments.⑤ High level of stress.Unit 2一、匹配1.pragmatics：It is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.nguage：It is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols and rules that are used and understood by a large community of people.3.Semantics：It is the study of the meaning of words,a system that relates words to meaning.4.Verbal communication：It is carried out either in oral or in written form with use of words.5.memo：It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization,usually short.二、判断T：nguage is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge and information as well as to transmit experience and so on.nguage and culture are closely related, reflecting, influencing and shapingeach other.3.Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols,either printed or handwritten.F：1.Verbal communication is the transferring of thoughts between individuals only via spoken messages.2.Verbal communication is not as clarified and efficient as other ways of communication, e.g. written communication.三、SummaryVerbal Communication① Verbal communication includes oral communication and written communication.②Verbal communication can express all kinds of ideas we want to express. It can keep and disseminate information, and can be clearer and more efficient than other ways.③ Semantics is a system that relates words to meaning,It is the study of the meaning of words. Frequently the same word can be misunderstood by i people.from two countries because of their different cultural backgrounds.④ Pragmatics is the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers use the language to effect successful communication.⑤Language is the cornerstone of a culture. Language is part of culture. Language.and culture interact and interplay.Oral and Written Communication① Generally.y there are three basic communication goals for giving oral presentations in business communication:to inform, to persuade,and to build goodwill.② Making calls is efficient and convenient for business people to send and receive information in their intercultural communication Most foreign business people have a habit of using telephones for what they are going to do before or after business, most frequently for making appointments.③Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols,either printed or handwritten. Letters, memorandums, and reports are the primary means of exchanging written information in business.④Letter writing is a very important activity in day-to-day business and personal life. A good business letter is brief, straightforward and polite.⑤ A memo is a hard-copy document. It is used for communicating inside an organization, usually short. A memo contains To," "From," Date." Subject Heading and Message" sections.⑥ In a report, we re supposed to report, not embroider or influence. Just state the facts, nothing but the facts. The best reports are written in a style that is clear with a logical structure which is easy to follow, and is concise and comes to the point.四、重点1.verbal communication’s attributes:（言语交际的特点）① Verbal communication can express all kinds of ideas we want to express.② Verbal communication can keep and disseminate information.③ Verbal communication can be clearer and more efficient than other ways.2.skillful and effective verbal communication（有效的言语交际的四个因素）① logical and emotional effects ② objective and subjective factors③ the needs of the message sender ④ cultural factors3.Words have two major dimensions of meaning, their denotation and connotation.4.（中美文化交际的不同点）① How to address people. ② Different perceptions of titles.③ How to show gratitude. ④ Conversation topics. ⑤ Being modest.5.Generally, there are three basic communication goals fou giving oral presentations business communication: to inform-to provide others with new information, to persuade-to modify attitudes and behaviors or to reinforce already-existing attitudes and behaviors, and to build goodwill.① Informative Presentations. ② Persuasive Presentations. ③ Goodwill Presentations.6.how to make an effective oral presentation① Analyze your audience.② Reduce your residual message.③ Restrict your main points to three.④ Design your introduction.⑤ Your pattern of organization must be absolutely clear to your audience.⑥ Conclude the business presentation with a call to action.⑦ Deliver your presentation confidently from beginning to end.7.（打电话目的）Most foreign business people have a habit of using telephones for what they are going to do before or after business. Most frequently for making appointments.8.written communication（书面交际方式）① business letters ② business memos ③ business report9.Memos should have the following sections and content：① A “To” ② A “From” ③ A “Date” ④ Subject heading. ⑤ The message.Unit 3一、匹配1.nonverbal communication：The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.2.kinesics：The nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.plementing：It means that nonverbal behavior can support, but could not replace the verbal message in communication4.proxemics：The study of peoples perception and use of space.5.personal territory：It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.二、判断T：1.Nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.2.As many movements are carried out at a subconscious or at least low-awareness level, kinesic movements carry a significant risk of being misinterpreted in an intercultural communication situation.3.A simple eye gesture might be interpreted in a diversity of meanings across cultures.4.Personal territory can be large or small, which is much related to certain elements such as place, sex, age and character.F：1.Nonverbal codes play an important part in communication or intercultural communication. But it is not as important as verbal codes.2.We put the index finger and mid finger apart with palm against the receiver to mean "OK," which was first used by Winston Churchill.3.Postures send same messages to all people,e,g. when you stand in an upright position, you impress others as being energetic.4.The British, like Americans, believe that looking someone directly in the eye is a mark of rudeness until a more intimate relationship is established.5.Eyes looking sideways can show one 's coldness and superciliousness.It is impolite to move your head side to side while you are communicating with people, e.g. in India or Pakistan.6.How closely people position themselves to one another during a discussion or talk cannot communicate what type of relationship exists between them.三、Summary1.Nonverbal Communication① Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used. Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words.② Nonverbal communication plays an important part in intercultural communication, even more important than verbal communication.③There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general:accenting, complementing, contradicting,regulating,repeating and substituting.2.Kinesics① Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or of the body as a whole.② Facial expressions are important in human communication; the meanings people attach to the same expression differ from culture to culture.③The same gesture may send different messages to those who have different cultural backgrounds.④Posture often goes unnoticed to many people, because it follows one' s natural habits, and therefore, it is subconscious in nature.3.Space and Distance① There are four types of distances. They are intimate distance, personal distance. social distance and public distance.② Private space refers to the space that people have for their own activities. The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.③The Chinese value togetherness in their nonverbal communication, while people from English-speaking countries value apartness.四、重点1.（非言语交际的功能）There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general. They are accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating and substituting.2.（体距）Generally speaking, there are four categories of distances.intimate distance 0-45cm personal distance 45-120cmsocial distance 1.3meters to 3 meters work together or doing business together 1.3-2 meters public distance beyond 3 metersUnit 4一、匹配1.power distance：The degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.2.values：A learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.3.uncertainty avoidance：The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.4.masculinity：The degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.5.individualism：The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.二、判断T：1.Where power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-defined order of inequality in which everyone has a rightful place.2.Individualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to their interdependent roles and obligations to the group.3.In high masculinity societies, sex roles are clearly differentiated and men are dominant.4.In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege, etc. are related to ability.5.Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree of uncertainty and is open to the unknown.6.Where uncertainty avoidance is high, the society is concerned with certainty and security.F：rge power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland,and Denmark hold that inequality in society should be minimized.2.Where individualism is high, the society emphasizes the role of the group.n, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high in individualism but low in collectivism.4.In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially unequal.三、Summary1.Cultural Values① A value system represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden.It is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.② Cultural differences between the West and the East can be highlighted in cognition, relationship with nature, and the concept of truth.③ The Chinese are collectivist.. placing high value on group cooperation and individual modesty. Americans are individualist placing high value on self-reliance and freedom from externally imposed constraints.2.Cultural Dimensions① Power distance is the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.②Individualism is the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.③ Masculinity is the degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.④Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.四、重点parison Between Chinese Values and American Values （中美价值观比较）① Differences in friendship. ② Differences in time consciousness.③ Differences in conception of the self. ④ Differences in approaches to tasks.⑤ Differences in social relationships.2.cultural dimensions（文化维度）① power distance ② individualism/collectivism③ masculinity/femininity ④ uncertainty avoidanceUnit 5一、匹配1. culture shock：This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.2. reverse culture shock：It refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one.3. recovery shock：A stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.4. low-context culture：It refers to groups of cultures that value individual orientation and overt communication codes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.5. repression：A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we pretend that everything is acceptable and nothing bothers us.6. honeymoon stage：A stage of culture shock, in which the new arrivals may feeleuphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.7.rejection：A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we don’t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.8.high-context culture：It refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covert communication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with high cultural demand characteristics.二、判断T：1.People of different cultural backgrounds usually behave and respond in different ways in the same context.2.The term, culture shock, was introduced to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment, especially when a person arrives in a new country where he is confronted with a new cultural environment.3.For some multinational firms, they can alleviate culture shock by selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal and professional qualifications.4.In high-context communication the list ener is already “contexted” and so does not need to be given much background information.5.The French culture is a high-context culture; American culture is a low-context one.F：1.The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the easier it is to readjust to home culture.2.In high-context culture, that of North America, for example, a large portion of the message is left unspecified and accessed through the context.3.In low-context cultures, people judge what someone is talking about not only by what he is saying but also by the context in which the message occurs.三、Summary1.Culture Shock① Culture shock expresses the lack of direction,the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.② Five stages of culture shock can be identified as: honeymoon stage, hostility stage, recovery stage, adjustment stage and biculturality stage.③ The symptoms of culture shock include two aspects: physical and psychological.④ People can suffer from the symptoms of culture shock in a new place and in their own country as well.⑤ There are some mechanisms against culture shock, such as repression, regression, isolation and rejection. Culture shock can be alleviated, or minimized.2.High-context Culture and Low-context Culture① Members of high-context cultures use the context to communicate the message, as both senders and receivers understand the context of the message well.②Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They tend to think that if thoughts are not solidified in words, they will not be understood correctly or completely.四、重点1.feelings of culture shock（文化休克的感受）① Familiar signs and symbols are lost.② Familiar cues are removed.③ All cultures are not exactly the same.2.stages of culture shock（文化休克的阶段）① the honeymoon stage② the hostility stage③ the recovery stage④ the adjustment stage⑤ the biculturality stage3.two aspects of culture shock（文化休克的两个方面）① Physical symptoms of culture shock. Some of the physical symptoms of culture shock include: too much sleep or too little sleep, eating too much or having no appetite, frequent minor illnesses, upset stomachaches or headaches, and a general feelings of uneasiness.②Psychological symptoms of culture shock. Some of the psychological symptoms of culture shock include: loneliness or boredom, homesickness, idealizing home, feeling helpless and dependent, irritability and even hostility, social withdrawal, excessive concern for health or security, rebellion against rules and authority, feeling like you have no control over your life, feeling unimportant and being a foreigner, crying, negative stereotyping of people in the host country.4.It may be that an inverse relationship exists between ease of adjustment to an unfamiliar culture and degree of reverse culture shock: The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the harder it is to readjust to home culture.5.defense mechanisms against culture shock（文化休克的防御机制）① Repression. The first coping mechanism is called “repression.”This happens when we pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers us.② Regression. The second one is called “regression.”This occurs when we start to act as if we are younger than we actually are. We act like a child. We forget everything and sometimes we become careless and irresponsible.③I solation. The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation.” We would rather be home alone, and we don't want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, we try to avoid the effects of culture shock. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms we can use because it separates us from those things that could really help us.④Rejection. The last type of defense mechanism is called "rejection." With this coping mechanism, we thin k we don’t need anybody. We feel we are coping fine alone, so we don’t try to ask for help.6.alleviating culture shock（减缓文化休克）① Learning throughout your stay. ② Get involved.③ Master simple tasks. ④ Try to understand.⑤ Learn to live with ambiguity. ⑥ Be empathetic.⑦ Be flexible and resourceful. ⑧ Be humorous.Unit 6一、匹配1.introduction：The formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know each other and establish relationships with each other.2.etiquette：It refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.3.superstitions：Beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.4.customs：They are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.5.taboos：Practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable.二、判断T：1.Shaking hands at different time will leave different impressions upon the person you are addressing.2.In Europe and North America, business cards are far less formalized and are used merely to keep track of who's who during a hectic meeting schedule.3.It is rude to season without tasting and this may actually reflect negatively on your character by implying that you are prone to making hasty decisions before checking out the facts.4.In Europe, people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand throughout a meal.5.In the United States, a businessman who is invited for dinner to the private home of a business contact is expected to write a thank-you note shortly after the event.6.Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.F：1.Nonverbal greetings include shaking hands, kissing. bowing and making introductions.2.Clothes make the man or the woman and the reality is that how you look goes a long way toward leaving a great first impression.3.The goal at a cocktail party is to meet as many people as possible. Everyone expects to get into deep discussions.4.Some businesspersons maintain that American humor is helpful to export and appreciate.三、Summary1.Introductions and Greetings①An introduction is the formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know each other and establish relationships with each other.②Proper greetings can make you appear polite and sociable in intercultural business communication.2.Handshaking and Exchanging Business Cards① Shaking hands is an expression of mutual trust and respect, and it is a way to send greetings in business situation.② Presenting a card with two hands conveys respect and an appreciation of the importance of the ritual in most Asian cultures.3. Dressing and Dining① People communicate through what they wear, their hair style, and the polish of their shoes and even the look of their fingernails.②Though each culture has its own peculiarities when it comes to dining customs,some basic dining etiquette tips are workable in most countries.4.Social Customs①Customs are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.② Attitudes toward time and punctuality vary in different cultures.③ The way people from different cultures send invitations and express appreciation for hospitality differs.5.Gift Giving and ReceivingIn many cultures it is appropriate to bring smalll gifs when one is invited to enjoy hospitality, though what kind of gifts is suitable and when to open gifts varies across cultures.6.Humor, Superstition and Taboos① While humor is a universal human characteristic, what is perceived as humorous varies from culture to culture.② Superstitions are beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.③Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.四、重点1.social customs（社会习俗的不同点）Customs vary not only country but also by region or location within a country.① punctuality② invitations③ meeting people at a cocktail in the U.S.2.An invitation specifies a time, a date, and a place.。
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In an informative speech, the speaker conveys facts and details. In a persuasive speech, the speaker tries to shape/influence the listeners' ideas, beliefs, attitudes, or behavior.
Persuasive Presentations
Monroe's motivated sequence
Attention Need: make the audience feel a need for change by stating the problem clearly with support materials. Satisfaction: satisfy the need by providing a solution Visualization: visualize the benefits of your plan Action: call for action
--issues of fact + value judgments (judgments based on a person's belief about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair) Should adult children take care of their elderly parents? Is capital punishment ethical and fair?
Should adult children who do not take care of their elderly parents be punished? Should death penalty be abolished?
Persuasive Presentations
There are two types of persuasive presentations on questions of policy. Speeches to gain passive agreement - disposable products should be banned. Speeches to gain immediate action -- to persuade my audience to stop using disposable products.
Persuasive Presentations
Types of persuasive presentations
Persuasive presentations on questions of fact --questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion
Persuasive Presentations
MP: I. Plastic bags have caused serious environmental problems. A. Plastic bags lead to visual pollution. B. Plastic bags lead to environmental pollution. C. Plastic bags pose a threat to marine life. II. Actions need to be taken to stop the use of plastic bags by both government and individuals. A. Government should make strict laws and raise public awareness of the harm of plastic bags. B. Individuals should use paper bags and cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
Persuasive Presentations
Persuasive presentations on questions of policy --specific courses of action (The speaker argues that something should or should not be done.)
Is there a god in the world? Is the water price too low? You give your personal viewpoint on the issue and justify it.
Persuasive Presentations
Persuasive presentations on questions of value
Persuasive Presentations
Providing evidence
Choose evidence from reliable, reputable sources. Provide a variety of evidence. According to an interview conducted by me with 20 students, 60% of the people are against the independent enrollment.
Persuasive Presentations
Persuasive presentation
the kind of presentation where you use reasoning, emotional appeals or your credibility to convince the listeners to agree with you or to inspire them to action
Persuasive Presentations
Topical Order (statement of reasons) Should death penalty be continued or abolished?
Persuasive Presentations
Problem-solution order (most commonly used in speeches on questions of policy) SP: to persuade my audience that actions need to be taken to stop the use of plastic bags.
Persuasive Presentations
Problem-Cause-Solution Order How to change the above example into problem-cause-solution order?
Persuasive Presentations
Comparative advantage order SP: To persuade my audience that nuclear power is better than solar power to solve the problem of energy crisis. TS: Nuclear power is more reliable and less costly than solar energy. MP: I. Nuclear power is more reliable than solar power. II. Nuclear power is less costly than solar power.
Persuasive Presentations
Show common ground with your audience. I'm for/against the independent enrollment, and I know a lot of you are not with me. I ask only that you hear me out and see if my arguments have any merit whatsoever. Though we may disagree on this subject, you and I have at least one thing in common: We want to make our university enrollment system a fair one.
Persuasive Presentations
Watch the introductory part of the following video clip and identify the main points. /Video/PersuasiveSpeech-Euthanasia-169099756
Persuasive Presentations
14.2 Organizational patterns for persuasive presentations
Topical order Problem-solution order: speeches on questions of policy Problem-cause-solution order Comparative advantage order
Persuasive Presentations
1) need or problem – what is wrong with the present situation (What is wrong with so many disposable products around us) 2) plan – what is your plan to solve the problem (Consumers say no to disposable products) 3) practicality – the practicality of your plan