北京大学CCER-中级微观经济学-尼克尔森教材课后习题答案 综述
中级微观经济学习题答案
第一部分 消费者理论1. 当11xx 时，加数量税t,画出预算集并写出预算线预算集：).....(. (1)12211x x m x p x p).........(..........)(1112211x x x t m x p x t p2. 如果同样多的钱可以买（4，6）或（12，2），写出预算线。
mx p x p 2211 则有mp p 2164，mp p 21212不妨假设12 p ，则可解得：8,211 m p 。
预算线为82121 x x 3．(1)0.4100x y(2)0.2100.............300.4106.............30x y if x x y if x(3)0.4106x y4. 证明：设两条无差异曲线对应的效用分别为21,uu ，由曲线的单调性假设，若21uu ，则实为一条曲线。
若21uu ，假设两曲线相交，设交点为x，则21)(,)(ux u u x u ，可推出21uu ，存在矛盾，不可能相交。
5. -5(把一元纸币放在纵轴上)或者-1/5(把一元纸币放在横轴上),6. 中性商品是指消费者不关心它的多少有无的商品商品2 如果也是中性商品那么该题就无所谓无差异曲线,也无所谓边际替代率了. 商品2如果不是中性商品:边际替代率是0(把中性商品放在横轴上)或者 (把中性商品放在纵轴上)7. (1)x1 is indefinitely the substitution of x2, and five units of x1 can bring the same utility as that one unit of x2 can do. With the most simple form of the utilityfunction,125u x x x , and assume that the prices of those two goods are p1 and p2 respectively and the total wealth of the consumer is m, the problem can be writtenas121112max ,..u x xst p x p x m③ Because 5p1=p2, any bundle 12,x x which satisfies the budget constraint, is thesolution of such problem.(2) A cup of coffee is absolutely the complement of two spoons of sugar. Let x1 and x2 represent these two kinds of goods, then we can write the utility function as12121,min ,2u x x x xThe problem of the consumer is121112max ,..u x xst p x p x mAny solution should satisfies the rule that 1212x x , and the budget constraint.So replace x1 with (1/2)(x2) in the budget constraint and we can get 1122mx p p,and 21222mx p p.8. (1) Because the preference is Cobb-Douglas utility, we can simplify thecomputation by the formula that the standardized parameter of one commodity means its share of total expenditure.So directly, the answer is 1123m x p , 213mx p.（详细方法见8(2)）. （2）库恩-塔克定理。
中级微观经济学习题解答最终版5资料讲解
2、假设某消费者的效用函数为U XY =，X 和Y 表示两种商品，当效用为20单位、X 商品的消费量为5时，Y 商品的消费量是多少？这一商品消费组合对应的边际替代率是多少？如果这时的组合是达到消费者均衡的组合，那么X 和Y 两种商品的价格之比应为多少？① ∵U XY =当U=20时，由X=5得：y=80。
② 边际替代率Y X MU MU11221=2X MU X Y -③ 达到均衡时，故：. 3、已知效用函数为1U X Y αα-=，求商品的边际替代率MRS XY 和MRS YX ，并求当X 和Y 的数量分别为4和12时的边际替代率。
解：11113(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)3X XY Y Y YX X MU X Y Y MRS MU X Y X MU X Y X MRS MU X Y Y αααααααααααααααααααα------====------====4、假设某消费者的效用函数为22(,)U U X Y X Y ==，消费者的预算线是X Y I P X P Y =+，试求该约束条件下的最优化问题，并推导出消费者均衡的一阶条件，再推导出用参数表示的X 和Y 的需求函数。
解：22max ..X Y U X Y s t I P X P Y ⎧=⎨=+⎩ 22()X Y L X Y I P X P Y λ=+--220X L XY P Xλ∂=-=∂……（1） 220Y L X Y P Yλ∂=-=∂……（2） 0X Y L I P X P Y λ∂=--=∂……（3） （1）除于（2）可得：X YP Y X P =……（4） 由（4）得：X YP Y X P =……（5） 将（5）代入（3）得：2XI X P =……（6） 将（6）代入（5）得： 2Y I Y P =……（7） 答：（4）式为一阶条件，（6）、（7）式为需求函数。
5、一个消费者每期收入为192元，他有两种商品可以选择：商品A 和B ，他对两种商品的效用函数为U AB =，PA 为12元，PB 为8元。
(完整版)中级微观经济学第七次习题参考答案最终版
《中级微观经济学》第七次习题参考答案1. 请判断下列说法的对错，并简要说明理由。
(1)在囚徒困境中，如果每一个囚犯都相信另一个囚犯会抵赖，那么两个人都会抵赖。
【答案】错误，在单期博弈中，无论另一个囚犯招供不招供，这个囚犯都会招供，招供是其占优策略。
在无限重复博弈中，所有个体理性点都可能构成纳什均衡。
（2）因为零和博弈中博弈方之间的关系都是竞争性的、对立的，因此零和博弈就是非合作博弈。
【答案】错误。
非合作博弈是指各个成员单独进行决策，“零和博弈中博弈方之间的关系都是竞争性的、对立的”与“零和博弈是非合作博弈”并无直接因果关系，即便是零和博弈也可能存在合作博弈的可能。
（3）囚徒的困境博弈中两个囚徒之所以会处于困境，无法得到较理想的结果，是因为两囚徒都不在乎坐牢时间长短本身，只在乎不能比对方坐牢的时间更长。
【答案】错误。
囚徒困境里的参与者均是从自身利益出发，尽量使自身收益最大化，而不去考虑是否让对方收益最小化。
因为理想的结果在单次博弈中不是纳什均衡。
(4)有限次重复博弈的子博弈完美纳什均衡的最后一次重复必定是单次博弈的一个纳什均衡。
【答案】正确，最后一次博弈的条件和原博弈的条件是一致的，因此有限次重复博弈的子博弈完美纳什均衡的最后一次重复必定是原博弈的一个纳什均衡。
(5)触发策略所构成的均衡都是子博弈完美纳什均衡。
【答案】错误，在无限次重复博弈中，触发策略所构成的均衡是否是子博弈完美纳什均衡要受到贴现因子的影响。
只有当触发策略有更高的预期收益时，参与者才会选择触发策略，不然参与者直接选择非合作。
2. 考虑如下图所示的博弈得益矩阵（1）如果(T,L)为一占优策略均衡，那么a,b,c,d,e,f,,g,h必须满足什么不等式条件？（2）如果(T,L)为一纳什均衡，那么(1)中的不等式中哪一个条件必须满足？（3）如果(T,L)为一占优策略均衡，那么它必然是一个纳什均衡吗、【答案】（1）a>e, c>g T是占优策略；b>d, f>h L是占优策略（2）对纳什均衡, 如果A选T，则有a>=e；如果B选L，则b>=d。
尼科尔森微观经济学第11版笔记和课后习题答案
尼科尔森《微观经济理论——基本原理与扩展》（第11版）笔记和课后习题详解内容简介尼科尔森著作的《微观经济理论基本原理与扩展》(第11版)是世界上最受欢迎的中级微观经济学教材之一,被国内部分院校(如北京大学、中国人民大学、南京大学等)列为考研考博重要参考书目。
为了帮助学员更好地学习这本教材,我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书(手机端及电脑端均可同步使用):1.尼科尔森《微观经济理论——基本原与扩展》(第11版)笔记和课后习题详解2.尼科尔森《微观经济理论—基本原理与扩展》(第11版)课后习题详解3.尼科尔森《微观经济理论基本原理与扩展》(第11版)配套题库【课后习题章节题库(含名校考研真题)+模拟试题】本书是尼科尔森《微观经济理论基本原理与扩展》(第11版)教材的配套电子书,严格按照教材内容编写,共分19章,主要包括以下内容(1)整理复习笔记,浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以尼科尔森《微观经济理论基本原理与扩展》(第11版)为主,并结合其他微观经济学经典教材对各章的重难点进行了整理,因此,本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
(2)解析课后习题,提供详尽答案。
本书参考大量相关辅导资料对尼科尔森著作的《微观经济理论基本原理与扩展》(11版)的课后习题进行了详细的分析和解答,并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
目录第一篇引言第1章经济模型1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解第2章微观经济学中的数学工具2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解第二篇选择与需求第3章偏好与效用3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解第4章效用最大化与选择4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解第5章收入效应与替代效应5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解第6章商品间的需求关系6.1 复习笔记6.2. 课后习题详解第三篇不确定性与策略第7章不确定性7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解第8章博弈论8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解第四篇生产与供给第9章生产函数9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解第10章成本函数10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解第11章利润最大化11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解第五篇竞争性市场第12章竞争性价格决定的局部均衡模型12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解第13章一般均衡和福利13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解第六篇市场势力第14章垄断14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解第15章不完全竞争15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解第七篇要素市场定价第16章劳动力市场16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解第17章资本和时间17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解第八篇市场失灵第18章不对称信息18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解第19章外部性与公共品19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解第二章微观经济学中的数学工具1.已知U(x,y)=4x2+3y2。
中级微观经济学习题及答案
中级微观经济学习题及答案ANSWERS1 The Market1. Suppose that there were 25 people who had a reservation price of $500, and the 26th person had a reservation price of $200. What would the demand curve look like?1.1. It would be constant at $500 for 25 apartments and then drop to $200.2. In the above example, what would the equilibrium price be if there were 24 apartments to rent? What if there were 26 apartments to rent?What if there were 25 apartments to rent?1.2. In the ?rst case, $500, and in the second case, $200. In the third case, the equilibrium price would be any price between $200 and $500.3. If people have di?erent reservation prices, why does the market demand curve slope down?1.3. Because if we want to rent one more apartment, we have to o?er a lower price. The number of people who have reservation prices greater than p must always increase as p decreases.4. In the text we assumed that the condominium purchasers came from the inner-ring people—people who were already rentingapartments. What would happen to the price of inner-ring apartments if all of the condominium purchasers were outer-ring people—the people who were not currently renting apartments in the inner ring? 1.4. The price of apartments in the inner ring would go up since demand for apartments would not change but supply would decrease.5. Suppose now that the condominium purchasers were all inner-ring people, but that each condominium was constructed from two apartments. What would happen to the price of apartments?1.5. The price of apartments in the inner ring would rise.6. What do you suppose the e?ect of a tax would be on the number of apartments that would be built in the long run?1.6. A tax would undoubtedly reduce the number of apartments supplied in the long run.7. Suppose the demand curve is D(p) = 100?2p. What price would the monopolist set if he had 60 apartments? How many would he rent? What price would he set if he had 40 apartments? How many would he rent?1.7. He would set a price of 25 and rent 50 apartments. In the second case he would rent all 40 apartments at the maximum price the marketwould bear. This would be given by the solution to D(p) = 100?2p = 40, which is p? = 30.8. If our model of rent control allowed for unrestricted subletting, who would end up getting apartments in the inner circle? Would the outcome be Pareto e?cient?1.8. Everyone who had a reservation price higher than the equilibrium price in the competitive market, so that the ?nal outcome would be Pareto e?cient.(Of course in the long run there would probably be fewer new apartments built, which would lead to another kind of ine?ciency.)2 Budget Constraint1. Originally the consumer faces the budget line p1x1 + p2x2 = m. Then the price of good 1 doubles, the price of good 2 becomes 8 times larger, and income becomes 4 times larger. Write down an equation for the new budget line in terms of the original prices and income.2.1. The new budget line is given by 2p1x1 +8p2x2 =4m.2. What happens to the budget line if the price of good 2 increases, but the price of good 1 and income remain constant? 2.2. The vertical intercept (axis) decreases and the horizontalx2intercept (axis) stays the same. Thus the budget line becomes ?atter.x13. If the price of good 1 doubles and the price of good 2 triples, does the budget line become ?atter or steeper?2.3. Flatter. The slope is ?2/3.p1p24. What is the de?nition of a numeraire good?2.4. A good whose price has been set to 1; all other goods’ prices are measured relative to the numeraire good’s price.5. Suppose that the government puts a tax of 15 cents a gallon on gasoline and then later decides to put a subsidy on gasoline at a rate of 7 cents a gallon. What net tax is this combination equivalent to?2.5. A tax of 8 cents a gallon.6. Suppose that a budget equation is given by += m. Thep1x1p2x2 government decides to impose a lump-sum tax of u, a quantity tax on good 1 of t, and a quantity subsidy on good 2 of s. What is the formula for the new budget line?2.6. (+ t)+(?s)= m?u.p1x1p2x27. If the income of the consumer increases and one of the prices decreases at the same time, will the consumer necessarily be at leastas well-o??2.7. Yes, since all of the bundles the consumer could a?ord before are a?ordable at the new prices and income.3 Preferences1. If we observe a consumer choosing (,) when (,) is availablex1x2y1y2one time, are we justi?ed in concluding that (,)>(,)?x1x2y1y23.1. No. It might be that the consumer was indi?erent between the two bundles. All we are justi?ed in concluding is that (,)> (,).x1x2y1y22. Consider a group of people A, B, C and the relation “at least as tall as,” as in “A is at least as tall as B.” Is this relation transitive? Is it complete?3.2. Yes to both.3. Take the same group of people and consider the relation “strictly taller than.” Is this relation transitive? Is it re?exive? Is it complete? 3.3. It is transitive, but it is not complete—two people might be the same height. It is not re?exive since it is false that a person is strictly taller than himself.4. A college football coach says that given any two linemen A and B, he always prefers the one who is bigger and faster. Is this preferencerelation transitive? Is it complete?3.4. It is transitive, but not complete. What if A were bigger but slower than B? Which one would he prefer?5. Can an indi?erence curve cross itself? For example, could Figure 3.2 depict a single indi?erence curve?3.5. Yes. An indi?erence curve can cross itself, it just can’t cross another distinct indi?erence curve.6. Could Figure 3.2 be a single indi?erence curve if preferences are monotonic?3.6. No, because there are bundles on the indi?erence curve that have strictly more of both goods than other bundles on the (alleged) indi?erence curve.7. If both pepperoni and anchovies are bads, will the indi?erence curve have a positive or a negative slope?3.7. A negative slope. If you give the consumer more anchovies, you’ve made him worse o?, so you have to take away some pepperoni to get him back on his indi?erence curve. In this case the direction of increasing utility is toward the origin.8. Explain why convex preferences means that “averages are preferred to extremes.”3.8. Because the consumer weakly prefers the weighted average of two bundles to either bundle.9. What is your marginal rate of substitution of $1 bills for $5 bills?3.9. If you give up one $5 bill, how many $1 bills do you need to compensate you? Five $1 bills will do nicely. Hence the answer is ?5 or?1/5, depending on which good you put on the horizontal axis.10. If good 1 is a “neutral,” what is its marginal rate of substitution for good 2?3.10. Zero—if you take away some of good 1, the consumer needs zero units of good 2 to compensate him for his loss. ANSWERS A1311. Think of some other goods for which your preferences might be concave.3.11. Anchovies and peanut butter, scotch and Kool Aid, and other similar repulsive combinations.4 Utility1. The text said that raising a number to an odd power was amonotonic transformation. What about raising a number to an even power? Is this a monotonic transformation? (Hint: consider the case f(u)=u^2.)4.1. The function f(u)=u^2 is a monotonic transformation for positive u, but not for negative u.2. Which of the following are monotonic transformations?(1) u =2 v?13;(2) u = ?1/v^2;(3)u =1/v^2; (4)u = ln v; (5)u = ?e^?v; (6)u = v^2; (7) u = v^2 for v>0; (8) u = v^2 for v<0.4.2. (1) Yes. (2) No (works for v positive). (3) No (works for v negative).(4) Yes (only de?ned for v positive). (5) Yes. (6) No. (7) Yes. (8) No.3. We claimed in the text that if preferences were monotonic, then a diagonal line through the origin would intersect each indi?erence curve exactly once. Can you prove this rigorously? (Hint: what would happen if it intersected some indi?erence curve twice?)4.3. Suppose that the diagonal intersected a given indi?erence curve at two points, say (x,x) and (y,y). Then either x>y or y>x, which means that one of the bundles has more of both goods. But if preferences are monotonic, then one of the bundles would have to be preferred to the other.4. What kind of preferences are represented by a utility function of thex1+x2form u(x1,x2)=? What about the utility function v(x1,x2)= 13x1 + 13x2?4.4. Both represent perfect substitutes.5. What kind of preferences are represented by a utility function of thex2x2 form u(x1,x2)=x1 +? Is the utility function v(x1,x2)=x2 1 +2x1+x2 a monotonic transformation of u(x1,x2)?4.5. Quasilinear preferences. Yes.x1x26. Consider the utility function u(x1,x2)=. What kind of pref- erences does it represent? Is the function v(,)= ax1x2x12x22 monotonic transformation of u(,)? Is the function w(,) =x1x2x1x2x12a monotonic transformation of u(,)?x22x1x24.6. The utility function represents Cobb-Douglas preferences. No. Yes.7. Can you explain why taking a monotonic transformation of a utility function doesn’t change the marginal rate of substitution?4.7. Because the MRS is measured along an indi?erence curve, and utility remains constant along an indi?erence curve.5 Choice1. If two goods are perfect substitutes, what is the demand function forgood 2?5.1.=0 when>, = m/when <, and anything betweenx2 p2p1x2p2p2p10 and m/p2 when = .p1p22. Suppose that indi?erence curves are described by straight lines witha slope of ?b. Given arbitrary prices and money income p1, p2, and m, what will the consumer’s optimal choices look like?5.2. The optimal choices will be x1 = m/p1 and x2 = 0 ifp1/p2 b, and any amount on the budget line if p1/p2 = b.3. Suppose that a consumer always consumes 2 spoons of sugar with each cup of co?ee. If the price of sugar is p1 per spoonful and the price of co?ee is p2 per cup and the consumer has m dollars to spend on co?ee and sugar, how much will he or she want to purchase?5.3. Let z be the number of cups of co?ee the consumer buys. Then we know that 2z is the number of teaspoons of sugar he or she buys. We must satisfy the budget constraint2z + z = m.p1p2Solving for z we havez =m2p1+ p2.4. Suppose that you have highly nonconvex preferences for ice cream and olives, like those given in the text, and that you face prices p1, p2 and have m dollars to spend. List the choices for the optimal consumption bundles.5.4. We know that you’ll either consume all ice cream or all olives. Thus the two choices for the optimal consumption bundles will be x1 = m/,p1 x2 = 0, or x1 = 0, x2 = m/.p25. If a consumer has a utility function u(x1,x2)=x1x4 2, what fraction of her income will she spend on good 2?5.5. This is a Cobb-Douglas utility function, so she will spend 4/(1 + 4) = 4/5 of her income on good 2.6. For what kind of preferences will the consumer be just as well-o?facing a quantity tax as an income tax?5.6. For kinked preferences, such as perfect complements, where the change in price doesn’t induce any change in demand.6 Demand1. If the consumer is consuming exactly two goods, and she is always spending all of her money, can both of them be inferior goods?6.1. No. If her income increases, and she spends it all, she must be purchasing more of at least one good.2. Show that perfect substitutes are an example of homotheticpreferences.6.2. The utility function for perfect substitutes is u(,)=+ .x1 x2 x1 x2Thus if u(,) >u (,), we have + >+ . It follows x1 x2 y1 y2 x1 x2 y1y2that t+ t> t+ t, so that u(t,t) >u (t, t).x1 x2 y1y2 x1 x2 y1y23. Show that Cobb-Douglas preferences are homothetic preferences.6.3. The Cobb-Douglas utility function has the property that u(t,t)=x1 x2= 2 = t 2 = t*u(x1,). ( t x1)a( t x2)1?a t a t1?a x1a x21?a x1a x21?a x2Thus if u(,) >u (,), we know that u(t,t) >u (t,), so x1 x2 y1 y2 x1 x2 y1t y2that Cobb-Douglas preferences are indeed homothetic.4. The income o?er curve is to the Engel curve as the price o?er curveis to ...?6.4. The demand curve.5. If the preferences are concave will the consumer ever consume bothof the goods together?6.5. No. Concave preferences can only give rise to optimal consumptionbundles that involve zero consumption of one of the goods.。
尼科尔森《微观经济理论—基本原理与扩展》(第9版)课后习题详解
尼科尔森《微观经济理论—基本原理与扩展》（第9版）课后习题详解第1篇引言第1章经济模型本章没有课后习题。
本章是全书的一个导言，主要要求读者对微观经济模型有一个整体了解，然后在以后各章的学习中逐渐深化认识。
第2章最优化的数学表达1．假设。
（1）计算偏导数，。
（2）求出上述偏导数在，处的值。
（3）写出的全微分。
（4）计算时的值——这意味着当保持不变时，与的替代关系是什么？（5）验证：当，时，。
（6）当保持时，且偏离，时，和的变化率是多少？（7）更一般的，当时，该函数的等高线是什么形状的？该等高线的斜率是多少？解：（1）对于函数，其关于和的偏导数分别为：，（2）当，时，（1）中的偏微分值分别为：，（3）的全微分为：（4）当时，由（3）可知：，从而可以解得：。
（5）将，代入的表达式，可得：。
（6）由（4）可得，在，处，当保持不变，即时，有：（7）当时，该函数变为：，因而该等高线是一个中心在原点的椭圆。
由（4）可知，该等高线在（，）处的斜率为：。
2．假定公司的总收益取决于产量（），即总收益函数为：；总成本也取决于产量（）：。
（1）为了使利润（）最大化，公司的产量水平应该是多少？利润是多少？（2）验证：在（1）中的产量水平下，利润最大化的二阶条件是满足的。
（3）此处求得的解满足“边际收益等于边际成本”的准则吗？请加以解释。
解：（1）由已知可得该公司的利润函数为：利润最大化的一阶条件为：从而可以解得利润最大化的产量为：；相应的最大化的利润为：。
（2）在处，利润最大化的二阶条件为：，因而满足利润最大化的二阶条件。
（3）在处，边际收益为：；边际成本为：；因而有，即“边际收益等于边际成本”准则满足。
3．假设。
如果与的和是1，求此约束下的最大值。
利用代入消元法和拉格朗日乘数法两种方法来求解此问题。
解：（1）代入消元法由可得：，将其代入可得：。
从而有：，可以解得：。
从而，。
（2）拉格朗日乘数法的最大值问题为：构造拉格朗日函数为：一阶条件为：从而可以解得：，因而有：。
北大ccer考研历年试题含答案微观题目
一、简答题(共15分)1、(5分)如果生产函数是不变规模报酬的生产函数，企业长期平均成本曲线是否一定是下降的？为什么？2、(5分)有人说，在出现了污染这种外部性的条件下，没有政府的干预，就不可能达到帕累托效率条件。
这种说法是否正确？为什么？3、(5分)即使不存在逆选择问题，财产保险公司通常也不开办旨在为投保人提供全额赔偿的保险。
为什么？二、计算题(共35分)1、(8分)假定某垄断厂商可以在两个分隔的市场上实行价格歧视。
两个分隔的市场上，该厂商所面临的需求曲线分别表示如下：市场1：q1=a1-b1p1; 市场2：q2=a2-b2p2假定厂商的边际成本与平均成本为常数c。
请证明，垄断者无论是实行价格歧视(在两个市场上收取不同的价格)，还是不实行价格歧视(在两个市场上收取相同的价格)，这两种定价策略下的产出水平都是相同的。
2、(5分)如果某种股票的β值是1.2；整个股票市场的年盈利率是20%;无风险资产的年盈利率是10%。
按照资本资产定价模型，该种资产的期望年盈利率是多高？如果该股票一年后的期望值是20元，该股票的现在市场价格应该是多少？3、(8分)假定某种产品市场上有两个寡头，两寡头生产相同产品，进行产量竞争。
两个寡头的行为遵从斯泰克伯格模型。
寡头1为领导者，寡头2为跟从者。
产品的市场价格为：p=200-(q1+q2),其中，q1、q2分别为寡头1与寡头2的产量。
如果两个寡头边际成本与平均成本相同，并保持不变，即AC=MC=60。
求两个寡头利润最大化的产量。
4、(6分)在竞赛者1与竞赛者2所进行的二人竞赛中，竞赛者1可以采取上或下两种策略，竞赛者2可以采取左或右两种策略。
两竞赛者的支付矩阵如下：竞赛者2竞赛者1左右上(9，14) (5，2)下(7，-10) (17，-15)问，竞赛者1是否存在优势策略，为什么？5、(8分)对某钢铁公司某种钢X的需求受到该种钢的价格Px、钢的替代品铝的价格Py，以及收入M的影响。
中级微观课后思考题答案
中级微观课后思考题答案1名词解释1、需求的价格弹性：一种商品的需求量对它自身价格变化的反映灵敏度。
2、经济学：经济学是研究人和社会如何进行选择，来使用可以有其他用途的稀缺的资源，以便生产各种商品，并在现在或者将来把商品分配给社会各种成员或集团以供消费者之用的科学。
3、消费者剩余：需求曲线和价格曲线之间的面积，衡量消费者在市场交易中得到的福利（净好处）。
愿意支付的价格与实际支付价格之差。
５、实证经济学：客观描述和分析经济现象和规律。
（像经济学家一样思考）６、需求定理：在其他条件不变的情况下，商品的需求量和商品自身的价格呈反向变动的关系。
即价格越低、需求量越大。
７、市场均衡：当市场上需求和供给双方的力量势均力敌，从而市场上产品价格和产品量处于相对稳定的状态。
均衡，意味着在某一价格下全体消费者愿意且能够购买的量刚好等于全体厂商愿意且能够提供的量，是市场出清状态。
８、价格上限简答题：１、经济学的基本问题是什么？三大问题生产什么和生产多少？如何生产？为谁生产？（分配）解决方法计划经济（指令经济）市场经济（效率）混合经济（市场为主，政府为辅）２、政府的基本职能是什么？弥补市场经济的缺陷1、促进效率（1）不完全竞争市场（垄断）。
（2）外部性（3）公共品（4）不完全信息，不对称信息2、促进经济公平3、保证宏观经济的稳定和增长（财政政策，货币政策）３、什么是完全竞争市场？市场上有大量的买者和卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响的微乎其微的市场结构。
４、影响需求的因素有那些？商品自身的价格互补品相关商品的价格替代品正常品消费者的收入低档品消费者的偏好消费者的价格和收入预期５、什么是供给的变动？什么是供给量的变动？６、什么是税收归宿？7、简述弹性和总收益的关系。
论述题:1、竞争性市场是如何实现均衡的？为什么说竞争性的市场均衡是有效率的？2、如果政府对农产品实施保护价格，请分析保护价格对经济的影响。
支持价格是指为了避免市场自发形成的均衡价格太低而损害生产者的利益，政府对产品制定高于均衡价格的最低价格。