北大微观经济学课件(英文版)Ch23 Industry Supply
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北大微观经济学课件(英文版)ch3 Preferences
中级微观经济学
Assumptions about Preference Relations
Transitivity
(传递性): If x is at least as preferred as y, and y is at least as preferred as z, then x is at least as preferred as z; i.e.
x1
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Indifference Curves Exhibiting Satiation
x2
Satiation (bliss) point Better
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Extreme Cases of Indifference Curves; Perfect Substitutes
x2
15 I2 8 Slopes are constant at - 1.
I1
Bundles in I2 all have a total of 15 units and are strictly preferred to all bundles in I1, which have a total of only 8 units in them. x1 8 15
x
f y and y f z ~ ~
x f z.
~
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Indifference Curves
Take
a reference bundle x’. The set of all bundles equally preferred to x’ is the indifference curve containing x’; the set of all bundles y ~ x’. Since an indifference “curve” is not always a curve a better name might be an indifference “set”.
微观经济学英文课件Ch
– 着眼于推动技术进步的政府对经济的干预政策成为技术 政策。
• Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention.
Examples of Negative Externalities 负的外部性的例子
• Automobile exhaust • Cigarette smoking • Barking dogs (loud pets) • Loud stereos in an apartment building • Stinky Toufu
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price of Aluminum
Cost of pollution
Social cost
Supply
(private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
Qoptimum QMARKE
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Robots
Positive Externalities in Production
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
T
Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities in Production 生产中的负的外部性
• Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention.
Examples of Negative Externalities 负的外部性的例子
• Automobile exhaust • Cigarette smoking • Barking dogs (loud pets) • Loud stereos in an apartment building • Stinky Toufu
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price of Aluminum
Cost of pollution
Social cost
Supply
(private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
Qoptimum QMARKE
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Robots
Positive Externalities in Production
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
T
Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities in Production 生产中的负的外部性
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
微观经济学英文版精品PPT课件
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
What is Microeconomics ?
It is concerned with the behavior of individual entities such as markets, firms and households.
You want to buy a computer which is $2510. while it is $2500 in the supermarket in downtown. Wherever you buy the computer, it would return to the producer if there is any problem. Where would you buy it？
There are three types of economies:
Market economy Command economy Mixed economy
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics (C. Society’s technological possibilities)
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study f how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
微观经济学课件中英文13
The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企业销售产品所得
Total Cost 总成本
The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。
• Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Profit = Total revenue - Total cost 利润＝总收入－总成本
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Costs as Opportunity Costs
A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. Explicit and Implicit Costs
WHAT ARE COSTS?
The Firm’s Objective
The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Total Cost 总成本
The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。
• Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Profit = Total revenue - Total cost 利润＝总收入－总成本
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Costs as Opportunity Costs
A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. Explicit and Implicit Costs
WHAT ARE COSTS?
The Firm’s Objective
The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
[北大微观经济学课件]Ch22 Firm Supply-文档资料
![[北大微观经济学课件]Ch22 Firm Supply-文档资料](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a94d0ff158fb770bf78a55dd.png)
$/output unit
Market Supply
p’
pe
At a price of p’, zero is
demanded from the firm.
p”
Market Demand
y At a price of p” the firm faces the entire market demand.
Pure Competition
$/output unit
p’ pe p”
Market Demand
Y
Smallness
What does it mean to say that an individual firm is “small relative to the industry”?
Smallness
This chapter explores only pure competition.
Pure Competition
A firm in a knows it has no influence over the market price for its product. The firm is a market price-taker.
The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision
$/output unit
pe y’
At y = ys*, p = MC and MC slopes upwards. y = ys* is
profit-maximizing.
So a profit-max.
supply level
(b) ys* = 0: (y)
ds(y) dy
pMCs(y)0
at yy*s 0.
Market Supply
p’
pe
At a price of p’, zero is
demanded from the firm.
p”
Market Demand
y At a price of p” the firm faces the entire market demand.
Pure Competition
$/output unit
p’ pe p”
Market Demand
Y
Smallness
What does it mean to say that an individual firm is “small relative to the industry”?
Smallness
This chapter explores only pure competition.
Pure Competition
A firm in a knows it has no influence over the market price for its product. The firm is a market price-taker.
The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision
$/output unit
pe y’
At y = ys*, p = MC and MC slopes upwards. y = ys* is
profit-maximizing.
So a profit-max.
supply level
(b) ys* = 0: (y)
ds(y) dy
pMCs(y)0
at yy*s 0.
微观经济学双语课件
1.2 ECONOMICS: A SOCIAL SCIENCE
Goal of economists is to discover how the economic world works. Economists distinguish between:
• Positive statements（实证经济学）: What is • Normative statements（规范经济学）: What ought to be The task of economic science:
The condition that arises because the available resources are insufficient to satisfy unlimited wants. Faced with scarcity, we must make choices—we must choose among the available alternatives. The choices we make depend on the incentives we face.
Checkpoint 1.1
1. Give the definition of following statement (1) Scarcity (2) Incentive (3) Economics (4) Microeconomics (5) Macroeconomics 2. Economists studies choice that arise from one fact. What is the fact ? 3. Provide 3 examples of wants in China today that are especially pressing but not satisfied. 4. Provide an examples of an incentive that is like a carrot and one that like a stick.（tax or subsidy ）
《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版全套课件(101页)
X RL {x R : xl 0 for l 1,..., L}
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
北大微观经济学(英文版) ppt课件
A x1
B x2
29
A x2
Edgeworth’s Box
B 1
xB 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA
ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
30
Pareto-Improvement
An
allocation of the endowment that improves the welfare of a consumer without reducing the welfare of another is a Pareto-improving allocation. Where are the Pareto-improving allocations?
A 1
A x1
xB 2
33
Pareto-Improvements
Since
each consumer can refuse to trade, the only possible outcomes from exchange are Pareto-improving allocations. But which particular Paretoimproving allocation will be the outcome of trade?
ppt课件
34
x2
xB 1
Pareto-Improvements A
B 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA The set of Paretoimproving reallocations ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
35
Pareto-Improvements
北大微观经济学课件(英文版)Ch31 Welfare
z(2) x(3)
x(2) y(3)
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3)
Rank-order vote results Bertha Bob (low score wins). x-score = 6 No y-score = 6 state is y(1) z(1) z-score = 6 selected!
Manipulating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3) (4)
2013-8-8
Bertha Bob y(1) z(2) (3) x(4) z(1) (2) x(3) y(4)
中级微观经济学
These are truthful preferences. Bob introduces a new alternative and then lies. Rank-order vote results. x-score = 8 y-score = 7 z-score = 6
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3) Bertha Bob y(1) z(2) x(3) z(1) x(2) y(3)
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3)
Majority Vote Results x beats y
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x y z Bertha Bob y z x z x y
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2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
p3
S3(p) S4(p)
p3
Y
y3*
y
Market supply would shift outwards again. Market price would fall again.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Y
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
p3
S3(p) S4(p)
p3
Y
y3*
y
Market supply would shift outwards again.
Long-Run Industry Supply
In
the long-run every firm now in the industry is free to exit and firms now outside the industry are free to enter. The industry’s long-run supply function must account for entry and exit as well as for the supply choices of firms that choose to be in the industry. How is this done?
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
Since
every firm in the industry is a price-taker, total quantity supplied at a given price is the sum of quantities supplied at that price by the individual firms.
Firm 1’s Supply
p p” p
Firm 2’s Supply
p p”
S1(p”)
S1(p)
S2(p”) S2(p)
S1(p”)+S2(p”)
2012-10-9
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
Industry’s Supply 中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
MCs
Firm 3 ACs
MCs ACs
pse
P1 > 0
y1* y1
P2 < 0
y2* y2
P3 = 0
y3*
y3
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1 ACs
MCs
Firm 2
MCs
Firm 3 ACs
MCs ACs
pse
P1 > 0
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
S3(p)
p3 p3
Y
y3*
y
Each firm produces less.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 P>0 Y y2* y A “Typical” Firm
p2
Each firm makes a positive economic profit, inducing entry by another firm.
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
F
MCs
Firm 3 ACs
MCs ACs
pse
y1*
y1
y2*
y2
y3*
y3
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1 ACs
MCs
Firm 2
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 A “Typical” Firm
S3(p)
p2
Y
y2*
y
Market supply shifts outwards.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 A “Typical” Firm
p2
Y
y
Then the market-clearing price is p2.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
S3(p)
p3 p3 P>0 y3* y
Y
Each firm produces less. Each firm’s economic profit is reduced.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
Positive
economic profit induces
entry. Economic profit is positive when the market price pse is higher than a firm’s minimum av. total cost; pse > min AC(y). Entry increases industry supply, causing pse to fall. When does entry cease?
Firm 1’s Supply
p p
Firm 2’s Supply
p
S1(p)
S2(p)
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
2012-10-9
Industry’s Supply 中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
In
a short-run, neither entry nor exit can occur. Consequently, in a short-run equilibrium, some firms may earn positive economics profits, others may suffer economic losses, and still others may earn zero economic profit.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
Mkt. Supply
Y
y
Suppose the industry initially contains only two firms.
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 A “Typical” Firm
p2
Y
y2*
y
2012-10-9
Then the market-clearing price is p2. Each firm produces y2* units of output.
Firm 1’s Supply
p p’ p
Firm 2’s Supply
p
S1(p’)
S1(p)
S2(p)
p’
S1(p’)
2012-10-9
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
Industry’s Supply 中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Short-run industry supply
pse Market demand Yse Y
Short-run equilibrium price clears the market and is taken as given by each firm. 2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Chapter Twenty-Three
Industry Supply
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
How
are the supply decisions of the many individual firms in a competitive industry to be combined to discover the market supply curve for the entire industry?
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
p3
S3(p) S4(p)
p3
Y
y3*
y
Market supply would shift outwards again. Market price would fall again.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Y
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
p3
S3(p) S4(p)
p3
Y
y3*
y
Market supply would shift outwards again.
Long-Run Industry Supply
In
the long-run every firm now in the industry is free to exit and firms now outside the industry are free to enter. The industry’s long-run supply function must account for entry and exit as well as for the supply choices of firms that choose to be in the industry. How is this done?
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
Since
every firm in the industry is a price-taker, total quantity supplied at a given price is the sum of quantities supplied at that price by the individual firms.
Firm 1’s Supply
p p” p
Firm 2’s Supply
p p”
S1(p”)
S1(p)
S2(p”) S2(p)
S1(p”)+S2(p”)
2012-10-9
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
Industry’s Supply 中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
MCs
Firm 3 ACs
MCs ACs
pse
P1 > 0
y1* y1
P2 < 0
y2* y2
P3 = 0
y3*
y3
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1 ACs
MCs
Firm 2
MCs
Firm 3 ACs
MCs ACs
pse
P1 > 0
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
S3(p)
p3 p3
Y
y3*
y
Each firm produces less.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 P>0 Y y2* y A “Typical” Firm
p2
Each firm makes a positive economic profit, inducing entry by another firm.
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
F
MCs
Firm 3 ACs
MCs ACs
pse
y1*
y1
y2*
y2
y3*
y3
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1 ACs
MCs
Firm 2
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 A “Typical” Firm
S3(p)
p2
Y
y2*
y
Market supply shifts outwards.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 A “Typical” Firm
p2
Y
y
Then the market-clearing price is p2.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
S3(p)
p3 p3 P>0 y3* y
Y
Each firm produces less. Each firm’s economic profit is reduced.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
Positive
economic profit induces
entry. Economic profit is positive when the market price pse is higher than a firm’s minimum av. total cost; pse > min AC(y). Entry increases industry supply, causing pse to fall. When does entry cease?
Firm 1’s Supply
p p
Firm 2’s Supply
p
S1(p)
S2(p)
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
2012-10-9
Industry’s Supply 中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
In
a short-run, neither entry nor exit can occur. Consequently, in a short-run equilibrium, some firms may earn positive economics profits, others may suffer economic losses, and still others may earn zero economic profit.
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) A “Typical” Firm
Mkt. Supply
Y
y
Suppose the industry initially contains only two firms.
Long-Run Industry Supply
The Market p Mkt. Demand S2(p) p MC(y) AC(y) p2 A “Typical” Firm
p2
Y
y2*
y
2012-10-9
Then the market-clearing price is p2. Each firm produces y2* units of output.
Firm 1’s Supply
p p’ p
Firm 2’s Supply
p
S1(p’)
S1(p)
S2(p)
p’
S1(p’)
2012-10-9
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
Industry’s Supply 中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Short-run industry supply
pse Market demand Yse Y
Short-run equilibrium price clears the market and is taken as given by each firm. 2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Chapter Twenty-Three
Industry Supply
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Supply From A Competitive Industry
How
are the supply decisions of the many individual firms in a competitive industry to be combined to discover the market supply curve for the entire industry?