毕业设计之外文翻译-ZMX粉碎机下机体支承面专用铣床设计专题论文
金属切削加工毕业设计论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Metal machining knowledge1 Mechanical processing systemFrom the whole process of mechanical manufacturing, the most basic components of machine part, also is the first to produce qualified parts, and then assembled into components, again from zero, parts assembly into machine, therefore, manufactured to meet the requirements of the various parts of processing machinery is main purpose, and in the vast majority of material machining is a metal material, so the machining is mainly to a variety of metal cutting.Parts of the surface is usually several simple surface such as plane, cylindrical surface, conical surface, forming surface and spherical, combination, and thesurface of the part is through a variety of machining method, in which the metal cutting machine tool with the workpiece and tool coordination relative movement of resection of part machining surplus materials, access to in shape, size and surface quality are compatible with the requirements of this process is called the metal cutting processing.Metal cutting processing, often as part of the final processing method, it needs to use metal cutting tools to process parts, between them to determine the relative motion and bear great cutting force, usually in the metal cutting machine tool for processing, parts and tools required by machine tool fixture and tool and machine tool for reliable connection they do the relative motion, drive, realize the cutting process, the metal cutting machine tool, cutting tool, fixture and workpiece machining closed system called mechanical processing system, the metal cutting machine tool processing machinery parts mechanical work, supporting and providing dynamic action; cutting tool direct action of parts machining; machine tool fixture used on parts positioning and clamping, the correct position of processing. The chapter on machining process system four part is analyzed, the mechanical parts of the processing of the whole process.2 Cutting motion and parameters2.1 Cutting movementMetal cutting processing, workpiece machining process is processed object in general, any one of the workpiece are composed of rough processing to finished product process, in this process, to make the tool on the workpiece machining to form various surfaces, must make the tool and workpiece relative motion is generated, this in metal cutting processing must be relative motion is known as the cutting movement. To lathe processing outer cylindrical surface as an example, Figure 2-1 shows a turning movement, cutting layer and formed on the workpiece surface.Figure 2-1 turning movement, cutting layer and formed on theworkpiece surfaceCutting motion can be divided into the main movement and feed movement of the two kind.（1）Main movementMain movement is the removal of the unnecessary metal layer, forming the new surface necessary for the movement, it is the most basic, cutting the main motion, it is usually the highest speed, consumption of machine tool power most, such as turning, boring machining workpiece turning, milling and drilling processing cutter rotary motion, planing is planing linear motion.（2）Feed motionFeed movement is to be cutting metal layer intermittent or continuous input of cutting a movement, with the main movement coordination can becontinuously removed metal layer，to obtain the desired surface. Feed motion is characterized by low speed, low power consumption, can be composed of one or more exercise. Figure 2-1 in excircle turning along the axial direction of the longitudinal feed motion is continuous, radially along the workpiece transverse feeding motion, it is intermittent.（3）Layer cuttingCutting layer refers to cutting cutting workpiece to a single stroke the resection of the workpiece material layer. Shown in Figure 2-1, the workpiece rotates a circle back to the original level, because the tool longitudinal feed motion is continuous, the cutting tool from the position I had moved to position II, in the two position of the formed workpiece material layer (Figure ABCD region ) is cutting layer.（4）The cutting process is formed on the workpiece surfaceThe workpiece in the cutting process in the formation of the three surfaces: one of the surfaces to be processed is refers to the workpiece to be cut away the surface figure external circular surface 1; the transition surface is the workpiece cutting edges are cutting surface, as shown in the figure 2 surface; surface refers to the workpiece by the cutting process after the formation of the the surface of external circular surface, as shown in figure 3.2.2 CuttingBetween the tool and the workpiece with relative movement can be cutting, used to measure the movement of cutting size parameter called the cutting parameters, cutting speed, feed rate and depth ( depth ) called the cutting elements of the three. It is only reasonable to determine the amount of cutting can be carried out smoothly cutting.（1）Cutting speedThe cutting edge of selected points on the workpiece relative to the main movement speed, unit or. Because each point on the cutting edge of the cutting speed is different, when calculating the maximum cutting speed cutting tool usedon behalf of the cutting speed. The outer circle lathe turning cutting speed calculation formula:( 2-2 )In — the workpiece surface diameter ( mm ),—workpiece speed ().(2) FeedCutting tool in the direction of feed on the workpiece relative to the displacement of said feed, different processing methods, the cutting tool and the cutting movement in different forms, the feed formulation and measurement methodsare also different. Feed unit( used for turning, boring )or Stroke ( used for planing, grinding etc.). The feed that feed movement speed. Feed velocity can also be used to feed speed( company) Or feed per tooth( used for milling cutter, reamer, cutter, unit is Tooth) Express. In general（2-3）Type of—main motor speed（）,—the cutter teeth.(3) Back cutting depth (depth of cut )In the direction perpendicular to the direction of main movement and feed movement in the direction of the working plane measurement of workpiece and the cutting tool edge cutting surface contact length. For cylindrical turning, back cutting depth for the workpiece on the machined surface and the vertical distance between the surface to be machined, the unit. That is( 2-4 )In —the workpiece surface diameter ( ), — machined surface diameter ( )3 Cutting tool basic knowledgeIn the process of metal cutting, cutting work is done directly tool, and the cutting tool is fit for cutting work, mainly by cutting part of the tool geometry and cutting tool materials reasonable physical, mechanical properties.3.1 Cutting part of the tool structural elementsCutting tool type are many, varied structure. Lathe tool, planer is asingle-point cutting tool, and the drill bit, cutter, cutter, although they differ in shape, but they are cutting part of the structural elements and geometry have many features in common, so a correct understanding and understanding a single-point cutting tool is the recognition and understanding of knife with foundation.As shown in Figure 3-1, tool comprises a knife body ( clamping part) and the cutter head ( cutting ). The knife body is used to the tool clamp on lathe tool holder, supporting and force transmission effect, the cutter head to cutting work. Tool cutting part ( also known as the cutter head ) by the rake face, the flank, minor flank, the main cutting edge, a secondary cutting edge and tip.Figure 3-1tool.Their definitions respectively:(1) front ( front) tool and chip contact and the interaction of surface.(2) the flank ( main behind the cutter and workpiece ) transition surface relative to and interacts with the surface of.(3) the minor flank ( side behind) tool and machined surface relative to and interacts with the surface of.(4) the main cutting edge rake face and flank of the intersection of main. It completes the main cutting work.(5) a secondary cutting edge rake face and flank of the line side. It is matched with the main cutting edge finish cutting, and finally forming the machined surface.Figure 3-2 cutter, drill bit, milling cutter cutting section shape(6) the main cutting edge and the side cutting edges at the connection of a blade. It can be small line segment or arc.Thus, turning tool is mainly composed of three blades, two cutting edges and a nose, and other types of tools, such as knives, drill bits, milling cutter, can be seen as the evolution and combination tool. As shown in Figure 3-2, planing cutting part of the tool shape and same ( Figure 3-2a ); the drill bit can be regarded as two positive and reverse turning hole wall and at the same time the tool, which has two main cutting edge, two side cutting edge, also adds a transverse blade (FIG. 3-2b ); milling cutter a plurality of cutter can be regarded as the combination of composite tools, each of which corresponds to a lathe tool cutter tooth ( Figure 3-2c ).3.2 Tool geometric angle(1)Tool angle reference coordinate systemThe angle of cutting tool is to determine the cutting part of the tool geometry parameters, to determine the angle of cutting tool, must determine for definitions and regulations angle of various reference plane, consisting of various reference coordinate system, outside round tool as an example in the production practice of the most commonly used coordinates are orthogonal plane reference coordinate system, as in Figure 3-3 in three main planar composition:① surface cutting edge of selected points, perpendicular to the point of main movement direction of plane assumption. To express with Pr.② the cutting plane cutting edge of selected points, and cutting edge tangential and perpendicular to the cutting tool, the flat base surface. The main cutting plane is indicated by Ps, side cutting plane with P ' s.③ orthogonal plane cutting edge selected point and perpendicular to the base surface and the cutting plane of the plane cutter. To express with Po.The three planar two two mutually perpendicular, called orthogonal coordinate system, so called orthogonal plane reference frame, in the picture, the main cutting edge and the side cutting edges of selected points selected point can be establishedin the orthogonal plane reference coordinate system, their base with the bottom surface of the flat surface parallel tool.Figure3-3 orthogonal plane reference coordinate system(2)Angles of cutterEstablishment of plane coordinate system, cutter knife surface and each coordinate plane arose between angle, so that they can be used to express the degree of tilt of each knife, thereby changing the sharp edges of the cutter and the strength, design, grinding and measuring tool geometry, the cylindrical turning tool, knife surface are three main one, each blade according to the side two analysis requires two angles to determine the spatial position, therefore requires a total of six angles to determine the outer circle lathe tool geometry, the six angle is called the outer circle lathe tool independent point of view, as shown in figure 3-4:Figure3-4The orthogonal plane of the reference coordinate system of cutting tool angleThe angle of cutting tool manufacturing and grinding tool is needed, and the cutter design drawing shall be stated angle, outside round tool as an example, the angle is defined:① anterior horn in the orthogonal plane measurement of the rake face and the angle between the front surface, angle of rake face inclined degree. Higher the rake angle cutter sharper rake face and the base surface, according to the relative positions of the different, respectively defined as positive rake angle, zero rake angle and side rake angle.② the angle in the orthogonal plane measurement of the flank and the angle between the cutting plane. After the main main flank angle of tilt degree, generally positive.③ side angle in the side cutting edges orthogonal plane measuring side flank face and the angle between the cutting plane. Back clearance angle said side flank inclination degree, generally positive.④ the main angle in the inner base surface measurement of the main cutting edge on the base with the direction of feed angle projection. The main general positive angle.⑤ on the surface side angle measurement in the secondary cutting edge on the surface projection and the feed motion in the opposite direction angle. General positive side angle.⑥ in a cutting plane cutting edge inclination measurement in the main cutting edge and base of the angle between the. When the blade is positive, the strength of the tool tip is low, iron filings to knife direction outflow, applicable to finish type cutter.3.3 Commonly used tool materials(1)Tool material should have the properties ofIn the process of metal cutting, cutting part of the tool at a high temperature under a lot of cutting force and cutting of intense friction, when working, also accompanied by shock and vibration caused by cutting, temperature fluctuations, therefore, cutting part of the tool materials should have good mechanical and physical and chemical properties, mainly:① high hardness hardness must be higher than the material hardness, general cutting tool materials at room temperature shall be above 60HRC hardness.② high wear resistance between the tool and the workpiece has a lot of relative motion velocity, friction, require high wear resistance material, generally the higher hardness wear resistance.③ sufficient strength and toughness of cutting tool and workpiece to produce great cutting force, simultaneously also has the big impact force, the cutting tool material should have enough strength and toughness to ensure that the tool does not generate damage.④ high heat resistance and high heat resistance is at a high temperature can still maintain the cutting performance of a character, usually with high temperature hardness values measured, can also be used while the tool is cutting allows the heat resisting temperature values measured. It is the important index of cutting tool material. Heat resistance and better material allows the cutting speed is higher.Tool material should also have better technological and economic. Tool steel should have good heat treatment, quenching deformation, hardening layer depth, decarburized layer shallow; high hardness materials need grinding processing; welding material, should have better thermal conductivity and welding technology. In addition, in satisfies the performance requirement, should as far as possible to meet the requirements of rich resources, low price.Selection of cutting tool materials, it is difficult to find all aspects of performance are the best, because the material properties between some restrict each other, can according to the needs of technology to ensure that the main performance requirements, such as rough rough forging, required to maintain a higher strength and toughness, and machining of hard materials with high hardness.金属切削加工基础知识节选1 机械加工工艺系统从机械制造的整个过程来看，机器的最基本组成单元为零件，也就是首先要制造出合格的零件，然后组装成部件，再由零、部件装配成机器，因此，制造出符合要求的各种零件是机械加工的主要目的，而机械加工中绝大部分材料是金属材料，故机械加工主要是对各种金属进行切削加工。
机械加工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献附录附录1：英文原文Selection of optimum tool geometry and cutting conditionsusing a surface roughness prediction model for end milling Abstract Influence of tool geometry on the quality of surface produced is well known and hence any attempt to assess the performance of end milling should include the tool geometry. In the present work, experimental studies have been conducted to see the effect of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on the machining performance during end milling of medium carbon steel. The first and second order mathematical models, in terms of machining parameters, were developed for surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of experimental results. The model selected for optimization has been validated with the Chi square test. The significance of these parameters on surface roughness has been established with analysis of variance. An attempt has also been made to optimize the surface roughness prediction model using genetic algorithms (GA). The GA program gives minimum values of surface roughness and their respective optimal conditions.1 IntroductionEnd milling is one of the most commonly used metal removal operations in industry because of its ability to remove material faster giving reasonably good surface quality. It is used in a variety of manufacturing industries including aerospace and automotive sectors, where quality is an important factor in the production of slots, pockets, precision moulds and dies. Greater attention is given to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of products by the industry these days. Moreover, surface finish influences mechanical properties such as fatigue behaviour, wear, corrosion, lubrication and electrical conductivity. Thus, measuring and characterizing surface finish can be considered for predicting machining performance.Surface finish resulting from turning operations has traditionally received considerable research attention, where as that of machining processes using multipoint cutters, requires attention by researchers. As these processes involve large number of parameters, it would bedifficult to correlate surface finish with other parameters just by conducting experiments. Modelling helps to understand this kind of process better. Though some amount of work has been carried out to develop surface finish prediction models in the past, the effect of tool geometry has received little attention. However, the radial rake angle has a major affect on the power consumption apart from tangential and radial forces. It also influences chip curling and modifies chip flow direction. In addition to this, researchers [1] have also observed that the nose radius plays a significant role in affecting the surface finish. Therefore the development of a good model should involve the radial rake angle and nose radius along with other relevant factors.Establishment of efficient machining parameters has been a problem that has confronted manufacturing industries for nearly a century, and is still the subject of many studies. Obtaining optimum machining parameters is of great concern in manufacturing industries, where the economy of machining operation plays a key role in the competitive market. In material removal processes, an improper selection of cutting conditions cause surfaces with high roughness and dimensional errors, and it is even possible that dynamic phenomena due to auto excited vibrations may set in [2]. In view of the significant role that the milling operation plays in today’s manufacturing world, there is a need to optimize the machining parameters for this operation. So, an effort has been made in this paper to see the influence of tool geometry(radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions(cutting speed and feed rate) on the surface finish produced during end milling of medium carbon steel. The experimental results of this work will be used to relate cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius with the machining response i.e. surface roughness by modelling. The mathematical models thus developed are further utilized to find the optimum process parameters using genetic algorithms.2 ReviewProcess modelling and optimization are two important issues in manufacturing. The manufacturing processes are characterized by a multiplicity of dynamically interacting process variables. Surface finish has been an important factor of machining in predicting performance of any machining operation. In order to develop and optimize a surface roughness model, it is essential to understand the current status of work in this area.Davis et al. [3] have investigated the cutting performance of five end mills having various helix angles. Cutting tests were performed on aluminium alloy L 65 for three milling processes (face, slot and side), in which cutting force, surface roughness and concavity of a machined plane surface were measured. The central composite design was used to decide on the number of experiments to be conducted. The cutting performance of the end mills was assessed usingvariance analysis. The affects of spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate on the cutting force and surface roughness were studied. The investigation showed that end mills with left hand helix angles are generally less cost effective than those with right hand helix angles. There is no significant difference between up milling and down milling with regard tothe cutting force, although the difference between them regarding the surface roughness was large. Bayoumi et al.[4] have studied the affect of the tool rotation angle, feed rate and cutting speed on the mechanistic process parameters (pressure, friction parameter) for end milling operation with three commercially available workpiece materials, 11 L 17 free machining steel, 62- 35-3 free machining brass and 2024 aluminium using a single fluted HSS milling cutter. It has been found that pressure and friction act on the chip – tool interface decrease with the increase of feed rate and with the decrease of the flow angle, while the cutting speed has a negligible effect on some of the material dependent parameters. Process parameters are summarized into empirical equations as functions of feed rate and tool rotation angle for each work material. However, researchers have not taken into account the effects of cutting conditions and tool geometry simultaneously; besides these studies have not considered the optimization of the cutting process.As end milling is a process which involves a large number f parameters, combined influence of the significant parameters an only be obtained by modelling. Mansour and Abdallaet al. [5] have developed a surface roughness model for the end milling of EN32M (a semi-free cutting carbon case hardening steel with improved merchantability). The mathematical model has been developed in terms of cutting speed, feed rate and axial depth of cut. The affect of these parameters on the surface roughness has been carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A first order equation covering the speed range of 30–35 m/min and a second order equation covering the speed range of 24–38 m/min were developed under dry machining conditions. Alauddin et al. [6] developed a surface roughness model using RSM for the end milling of 190 BHN steel. First and second order models were constructed along with contour graphs for the selection of the proper combination of cutting speed and feed to increase the metal removal rate without sacrificing surface quality. Hasmi et al. [7] also used the RSM model for assessing the influence of the workpiece material on the surface roughness of the machined surfaces. The model was developed for milling operation by conducting experiments on steel specimens. The expression shows, the relationship between the surface roughness and the various parameters; namely, the cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. The above models have not considered the affect of tool geometry on surface roughness.Since the turn of the century quite a large number of attempts have been made to find optimum values of machining parameters. Uses of many methods have been reported in the literature to solve optimization problems for machining parameters. Jain and Jain [8] have usedneural networks for modeling and optimizing the machining conditions. The results have been validated by comparing the optimized machining conditions obtained using genetic algorithms. Suresh et al. [9] have developed a surface roughness prediction model for turning mild steel using a response surface methodology to produce the factor affects of the individual process parameters. They have also optimized the turning process using the surface roughness prediction model as the objective function. Considering the above, an attempt has been made in this work to develop a surface roughness model with tool geometry and cutting conditions on the basis of experimental results and then optimize it for the selection of these parameters within the given constraints in the end milling operation.3 MethodologyIn this work, mathematical models have been developed using experimental results with the help of response surface methodolog y. The purpose of developing mathematical models relating the machining responses and their factors is to facilitate the optimization of the machining process. This mathematical model has been used as an objective function and the optimization was carried out with the help of genetic algorithms.3.1 Mathematical formulationResponse surface methodology(RSM) is a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for modelling and analyzing the problems in which several independent variables influence a dependent variable or response. The mathematical models commonly used are represented by:where Y is the machining response, ϕ is the response function and S, f , α, r are milling variables and ∈is the error which is normally distributed about the observed response Y with zero mean.The relationship between surface roughness and other independent variables can be represented as follows，where C is a constant and a, b, c and d are exponents.To facilitate the determination of constants and exponents, this mathematical model will have to be linearized by performing a logarithmic transformation as follows:The constants and exponents C, a, b, c and d can be determined by the method of least squares. The first order linear model, developed from the above functional relationship using least squares method, can be represented as follows:where Y1 is the estimated response based on the first-order equation, Y is the measured surface roughness on a logarithmic scale, x0 = 1 (dummy variable), x1, x2, x3 and x4 are logarithmic transformations of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radiusrespectively, ∈is the experimental error and b values are the estimates of corresponding parameters.The general second order polynomial response is as given below:where Y2 is the estimated response based on the second order equation. The parameters, i.e. b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b12, b23, b14, etc. are to be estimated by the method of least squares. Validity of the selected model used for optimizing the process parameters has been tested with the help of statistical tests, such as F-test, chi square test, etc. [10].3.2 Optimization using genetic algorithmsMost of the researchers have used traditional optimization techniques for solving machining problems. The traditional methods of optimization and search do not fare well over a broad spectrum of problem domains. Traditional techniques are not efficient when the practical search space is too large. These algorithms are not robust. They are inclined to obtain a local optimal solution. Numerous constraints and number of passes make the machining optimization problem more complicated. So, it was decided to employ genetic algorithms as an optimization technique. GA come under the class of non-traditional search and optimization techniques. GA are different from traditional optimization techniques in the following ways:1.GA work with a coding of the parameter set, not the parameter themselves.2.GA search from a population of points and not a single point.3.GA use information of fitness function, not derivatives or other auxiliary knowledge.4.GA use probabilistic transition rules not deterministic rules.5.It is very likely that the expected GA solution will be the global solution.Genetic algorithms (GA) form a class of adaptive heuristics based on principles derived from the dynamics of natural population genetics. The searching process simulates the natural evaluation of biological creatures and turns out to be an intelligent exploitation of a random search. The mechanics of a GA is simple, involving copying of binary strings. Simplicity of operation and computational efficiency are the two main attractions of the genetic algorithmic approach. The computations are carried out in three stages to get a result in one generation or iteration. The three stages are reproduction, crossover and mutation.In order to use GA to solve any problem, the variable is typically encoded into a string (binary coding) or chromosome structure which represents a possible solution to the given problem. GA begin with a population of strings (individuals) created at random. The fitness of each individual string is evaluated with respect to the given objective function. Then this initial population is operated on by three main operators – reproduction cross over and mutation– to create, hopefully, a better population. Highly fit individuals or solutions are given theopportunity to reproduce by exchanging pieces of their genetic information, in the crossover procedure, with other highly fit individuals. This produces new “offspring” solutions, which share some characteristics taken from both the parents. Mutation is often applied after crossover by altering some genes (i.e. bits) in the offspring. The offspring can either replace the whole population (generational approach) or replace less fit individuals (steady state approach). This new population is further evaluated and tested for some termination criteria. The reproduction-cross over mutation- evaluation cycle is repeated until the termination criteria are met.4 Experimental detailsFor developing models on the basis of experimental data, careful planning of experimentation is essential. The factors considered for experimentation and analysis were cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius.4.1 Experimental designThe design of experimentation has a major affect on the number of experiments needed. Therefore it is essential to have a well designed set of experiments. The range of values of each factor was set at three different levels, namely low, medium and high as shown in Table 1. Based on this, a total number of 81 experiments (full factorial design), each having a combination of different levels of factors, as shown in Table 2, were carried out.The variables were coded by taking into account the capacity and limiting cutting conditions of the milling machine. The coded values of variables, to be used in Eqs. 3 and 4, were obtained from the following transforming equations:where x1 is the coded value of cutting speed (S), x2 is the coded value of the feed rate ( f ), x3 is the coded value of radial rake angle(α) and x4 is the coded value of nose radius (r).4.2 ExperimentationA high precision ‘Rambaudi Rammatic 500’ CNC milling machine, with a vertical milling head, was used for experimentation. The control system is a CNC FIDIA-12 compact. The cutting tools, used for the experimentation, were solid coated carbide end mill cutters of different radial rake angles and nose radii (WIDIA: DIA20 X FL38 X OAL 102 MM). The tools are coated with TiAlN coating. The hardness, density and transverse rupture strength are 1570 HV 30, 14.5 gm/cm3 and 3800 N/mm2 respectively.AISI 1045 steel specimens of 100×75 mm and 20 mm thickness were used in the present study. All the specimens were annealed, by holding them at 850 ◦C for one hour and then cooling them in a furnace. The chemical analysis of specimens is presented in Table 3. Thehardness of the workpiece material is 170 BHN. All the experiments were carried out at a constant axial depth of cut of 20 mm and a radial depth of cut of 1 mm. The surface roughness (response) was measured with Talysurf-6 at a 0.8 mm cut-off value. An average of four measurements was used as a response value.5 Results and discussionThe influences of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius have been assessed by conducting experiments. The variation of machining response with respect to the variables was shown graphically in Fig. 1. It is seen from these figures that of the four dependent parameters, radial rake angle has definite influence on the roughness of the surface machined using an end mill cutter. It is felt that the prominent influence of radial rake angle on the surface generation could be due to the fact that any change in the radial rake angle changes the sharpness of the cutting edge on the periphery, i.e changes the contact length between the chip and workpiece surface. Also it is evident from the plots that as the radial rake angle changes from 4◦to 16◦, the surface roughness decreases and then increases. Therefore, it may be concluded here that the radial rake angle in the range of 4◦to 10◦would give a better surface finish. Figure 1 also shows that the surface roughness decreases first and then increases with the increase in the nose radius. This shows that there is a scope for finding the optimum value of the radial rake angle and nose radius for obtaining the best possible quality of the surface. It was also found that the surface roughness decreases with an increase in cutting speed and increases as feed rate increases. It could also be observed that the surface roughness was a minimum at the 250 m/min speed, 200 mm/min feed rate, 10◦radial rake angle and 0.8 mm nose radius. In order to understand the process better, the experimental results can be used to develop mathematical models using RSM. In this work, a commercially available mathematical software package (MATLAB) was used for the computation of the regression of constants and exponents.5.1 The roughness modelUsing experimental results, empirical equations have been obtained to estimate surface roughness with the significant parameters considered for the experimentation i.e. cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius. The first order model obtained from the above functional relationship using the RSM method is as follows:The transformed equation of surface roughness prediction is as follows:Equation 10 is derived from Eq. 9 by substituting the coded values of x1, x2, x3 and x4 in termsof ln s, ln f , lnαand ln r. The analysis of the variance (ANOV A) and the F-ratio test have been performed to justify the accuracy of the fit for the mathematical model. Since the calculated values of the F-ratio are less than the standard values of the F-ratio for surface roughness as shown in Table 4, the model is adequate at 99% confidence level to represent the relationship between the machining response and the considered machining parameters of the end milling process.The multiple regression coefficient of the first order model was found to be 0.5839. This shows that the first order model can explain the variation in surface roughness to the extent of 58.39%. As the first order model has low predictability, the second order model has been developed to see whether it can represent better or not.The second order surface roughness model thus developed is as given below:where Y2 is the estimated response of the surface roughness on a logarithmic scale, x1, x2, x3 and x4 are the logarithmic transformation of speed, feed, radial rake angle and nose radius. The data of analysis of variance for the second order surface roughness model is shown in Table 5.Since F cal is greater than F0.01, there is a definite relationship between the response variable and independent variable at 99% confidence level. The multiple regression coefficient of the second order model was found to be 0.9596. On the basis of the multiple regression coefficient (R2), it can be concluded that the second order model was adequate to represent this process. Hence the second order model was considered as an objective function for optimization using genetic algorithms. This second order model was also validated using the chi square test. The calculated chi square value of the model was 0.1493 and them tabulated value at χ2 0.005 is 52.34, as shown in Table 6, which indicates that 99.5% of the variability in surface roughness was explained by this model.Using the second order model, the surface roughness of the components produced by end milling can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. This model would be optimized using genetic algorithms (GA).5.2 The optimization of end millingOptimization of machining parameters not only increases the utility for machining economics, but also the product quality toa great extent. In this context an effort has been made to estimate the optimum tool geometry and machining conditions to produce the best possible surface quality within the constraints.The constrained optimization problem is stated as follows: Minimize Ra using the model given here:where xil and xiu are the upper and lower bounds of process variables xi and x1, x2, x3, x4 are logarithmic transformation of cutting speed, feed, radial rake angle and nose radius.The GA code was developed using MATLAB. This approach makes a binary coding system to represent the variables cutting speed (S), feed rate ( f ), radial rake angle (α) and nose radius (r), i.e. each of these variables is represented by a ten bit binary equivalent, limiting the total string length to 40. It is known as a chromosome. The variables are represented as genes (substrings) in the chromosome. The randomly generated 20 such chromosomes (population size is 20), fulfilling the constraints on the variables, are taken in each generation. The first generation is called the initial population. Once the coding of the variables has been done, then the actual decoded values for the variables are estimated using the following formula: where xi is the actual decoded value of the cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius, x(L) i is the lower limit and x(U) i is the upper limit and li is the substring length, which is equal to ten in this case.Using the present generation of 20 chromosomes, fitness values are calculated by the following transformation:where f(x) is the fitness function and Ra is the objective function.Out of these 20 fitness values, four are chosen using the roulette-wheel selection scheme. The chromosomes corresponding to these four fitness values are taken as parents. Then the crossover and mutation reproduction methods are applied to generate 20 new chromosomes for the next generation. This processof generating the new population from the old population is called one generation. Many such generations are run till the maximum number of generations is met or the average of four selected fitness values in each generation becomes steady. This ensures that the optimization of all the variables (cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius) is carried out simultaneously. The final statistics are displayed at the end of all iterations. In order to optimize the present problem using GA, the following parameters have been selected to obtain the best possible solution with the least computational effort: Table 7 shows some of the minimum values of the surface roughness predicted by the GA program with respect to input machining ranges, and Table 8 shows the optimum machining conditions for the corresponding minimum values of the surface roughness shown in Table 7. The MRR given in Table 8 was calculated bywhere f is the table feed (mm/min), aa is the axial depth of cut (20 mm) and ar is the radial depth of cut (1 mm).It can be concluded from the optimization results of the GA program that it is possible toselect a combination of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius for achieving the best possible surface finish giving a reasonably good material removal rate. This GA program provides optimum machining conditions for the corresponding given minimum values of the surface roughness. The application of the genetic algorithmic approach to obtain optimal machining conditions will be quite useful at the computer aided process planning (CAPP) stage in the production of high quality goods with tight tolerances by a variety of machining operations, and in the adaptive control of automated machine tools. With the known boundaries of surface roughness and machining conditions, machining could be performed with a relatively high rate of success with the selected machining conditions.6 ConclusionsThe investigations of this study indicate that the parameters cutting speed, feed, radial rake angle and nose radius are the primary actors influencing the surface roughness of medium carbon steel uring end milling. The approach presented in this paper provides n impetus to develop analytical models, based on experimental results for obtaining a surface roughness model using the response surface methodology. By incorporating the cutter geometry in the model, the validity of the model has been enhanced. The optimization of this model using genetic algorithms has resulted in a fairly useful method of obtaining machining parameters in order to obtain the best possible surface quality.中文翻译选择最佳工具，几何形状和切削条件利用表面粗糙度预测模型端铣摘要：刀具几何形状对工件表面质量产生的影响是人所共知的，因此，任何成型面端铣设计应包括刀具的几何形状。
英文翻译论文(模板)
本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译原文：Magnesium alloy electric wheel hubmicro-arc oxidation production research译文：镁合金电动车轮毂微弧氧化生产研究指导教师：张清郁职称：讲师学生姓名：陈孟丽学号：1002130301专业：机械设计制造及其自动化院（系）：机电工程学院2015年4月10日Magnesium alloy electric wheel hub micro-arc oxidation production researchMost electric vehicles at home and abr o ad is configured t o aluminum alloy wheel hub,its quality,energy saving,shock absorption,noise reduction and vehicle dynamics characteristics index is much lower than magnesium alloys.Magnesium alloy is30% lighter than aluminum alloy,th e damping effect is30times that of aluminum alloy. Replace the aluminum alloy with magnesium alloy wheel hub,driving the development of magnesium alloy material development and deep processing technology,t o reduce electric vehicle weight and power consumption,energy conservation and environmental protection; T o reduce vibration and noise;Improve ride comfort and electric vehicle dynamic characteristics such as objective(transportation quality each reduce10%,energy consumption will be r educed8%~10%).But its corrosion resistance is poor,seriously limits the monly used chemical oxidation and anode oxidation formation of oxide film on magnesium alloy has certain protective effect,but its corrosion resistance, environmental friendliness,appearance is not satisfactory,be badly in need of the development of new surface treatment.In recent years,people trying to develop a variety of new technologies,such as micro arc oxidation technology,the betterOne Micro-arc oxidation mechanismMicro-arc oxidation technology is a new surface tr eatment technology of gr een environmental protection,can grow in light metal surface in situ ceramic layer directly.Its technological characteristics,surface treatment,as well as the performance of the since the technology was invented by the favour of people,its mechanism is t o light metals such as aluminum,magnesium,titanium and its alloy pu t in electrolyte a q ueous solution as anode, using the method of electrochemical spark discharge spots on the surface of the material, the thermal chemistry,plasma chemistry and electrochemistry,under the joint action of metal oxide ceramic layers of a surface modification technologyTwo research methods and technologyThis topic in the research on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub,higher requirements on the t oughness of the alloy,so choose AM60B,melt and initial temperatur e of468℃,the melting end temperatur e is596℃,the liquidus temperatur e range of 165℃.The chemical composition as shown in table1.T able1AM60B alloy chemical composition(WB/%)Al Zn Mn Si Cu Ni Fe杂质余量5.6～6.4≤0.200.26～0.5≤0.05≤0.008≤0.001≤0.0040.02Mg Because of the magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface area is larger,generalabove0.4m2,require micro-arc oxidation power supply is bigger,this subject a do pts the lanzhou university of technology institute of materials and development of MAO-300 type nc micro-arc oxidation production device(figure1)micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting processing,its similar to ordinary anodic oxidation equipment,including special high-voltage power supply,micro-arc oxidation alkaline solution of electrolytic tank,mixing system,cooling system,workpiece with stainless steel plate for peer electrode.With micro-arc oxidation method in sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide electrolyte fluid system in the preparation of magnesium alloy wheel casting oxide ceramic membrane, the concrete technological process first set oxidation process parameters and the alkaline tank sodium silicate solution,the cleaning after micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel casting into cell15~20min,clean with clear water tank2~4min,add ho t water in ho t water(80℃,10~15min),closed,then cool in the cold water tank2min,hoisted ou t drainage,drying,examine the hub.After micro-arc oxidation tr eatment must be closed by ho t water,formed by micro-arc oxidation discharge holes so the distribution of the channel and the surrounding a large number of micro cracks will be closed,prevent oxygen t o cause oxidation.After completion of micro-arc oxidation,from after micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting intercept film sample were analyzed,and to facilitate test analysis,r equest samples made of circular plate,so the sample interception location choice among wheels,mo s t is shown in ing scanning electron microscope analysis of oxide filmFigure1MAO-300type nc micro-arc oxidation power supplyFigure2after micro-arc oxidation magnesium alloy wheel hub casting andinterception of membrane layer analysis sampleThree micro-arc oxidation process parameters on the quality of the film Based on the research of the sample and analysis of micro-arc oxidation technology is, in fact,the substrate magnesium magnesium oxide.Figure3for the dimension of samples before and after oxidation appearance schematic simulation,which is suitable for ceramic oxide film a outward growth,namely the increase of size part,b is the depth of the internal oxidation t o the matrix,a and b interface for initial sample surface position,h for the total thickness of oxide film.Figure3samples dimension changes before and after micro-arc oxidation diagram Larger influence on test has a positive voltage,frequency,duty cycle,current density and oxidation time on the process parameters.Due to the electric casting of magnesium alloy surface area is larger,micro-arc oxidation micro-arc discharge must be formed in the surface can occur after a certain thickness of oxide film,so the formation of the oxide film is needed for the voltage doesn't need much,the current is larger,the oxide film formation and the process of thickening,o ften accompanied by current and voltage mutation.When the oxide film thickness reaches a certain degree,the need t o increase the voltage on both ends of the workpiece,usually at ar ound150V in the micro arc discharge betw een the workpiece and the electrolyte.Increased with the increase of voltage,current,micro-arc density is mo r e and mo r e close,mo r e and mor e bright,and micro-arc constantly beating, basically,the current and voltage,linear increase abo u t180V voltage,the density of micro-arc basically meet the technological requirements,the current growth slowly.When the thickness of oxide film reaches a certain electricityFrom electric casting magnesium alloys is n o t hard t o find in the micro-arc oxidation test result analysis,micro-arc oxidation in the process can be divided into two steps, namely the oxide film formation stage and the stage of micro-arc oxidation film discharge, the formation of oxide film phase as the initial stage,the stage of the supply voltage is small,and after the film to pr oduce micro-arc discharge requires high voltage,for magnesium alloy electric casting the large workpiece with micro-arc oxidation processing surface area is larger,the film for a long time,t o a large extent affected the production efficiency.Experimental results also found that the dc power of oxide film faster than pulse power,in the absence of micro arc discharge,oxide film layer is not dense,it can be seenfrom appearance,need again with pulse power supply for micro-arc oxidation discharge, the oxide film become mo r e dense.In order to improve the production efficiency,to meet the n eed s of industrial production,suggest early low voltage adjustable dc constant voltage power supply are available t o set up the initial oxidation film,forming a complete insulation film in place to ensure that the first phase,and the oxide film in the late discharge can use digital pulse type adjustable power supply,it can shorten the artifacts of micro-arc oxidation time.The size of the current density in a certain extent reflects the intensity of micro-arc oxidation,strongly affect the resulting performance of the micro arc oxidation ceramic layer.The duration of oxidation also seriously affects the coating corrosion resistance: oxidation time is too short,although generat ed mainly the dense layer,bu t the film is too thin,don't have good corrosion resistance;After oxidation time is too long,at some time, with the increase of time,although the overall film thickness increases,bu t the increase is a loose layer,layer density and thinning trend,d o e s n ot favor the coating corrosion resistance,also no t economic.The density of micro arc also related with the pulse frequency,when the pulse frequency increases,the density of micro arc also gradually increased.Will have the electric field set up suddenly,can pr oduce micro arc.In the basic process parameters such as electrolyte concentration,duty ratio and pulse n umbe r of uncertain,the arc voltage is constant commonly,so when the frequency increases,the sustain micro-arc voltage frequency increases,the micro-arc density will increaseFour micro-arc oxide film layer structure characteristicsAfter micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel hub interception by Mef3large metallurgical microscope observation of the sample,the micro-arc oxide film surface morphology as shown in figure4.Can be seen from the figure in the wheel hub surface layer is made up of many tiny"small volcanic cone"(figure pr otuberant part ar ound the holes)in dendritic combination,constitute the mesh structure."Small volcanic cone"center has a small hole,this is the electrolyte reaction with matrix micro-arc discharge channel, namely when the micro-arc spew ed molten oxide channel.In addition,because the current micro area local plasma channel is different that differ by the size of the hole,big hole are also distributed ar ound a large n u mbe r of micro cracks,the generation of micro cracks o ften related to the stress that exist in the film.With SSM Analysis Analysis software[6]toanalyze the surface density,including25m film for sample,the hole surface area ratio of 18%,that of micro-arc oxidation film density is better.Figure4magnesium alloy wheel hub micro-arc oxide film layer surface morphologyFigure5AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film section morphology by SEM Figure5is thr ough JMS-6700-f field emission scanning electron microscopy(sem) observed the micro-arc oxide film layer section morphology photos.Figure5shows the average film thickness of a bo u t22(including m,the oxide film and substrate with good, decomposition of a distinct,density on the interface is good,no big holes.By figure5can also see,micro-arc oxide film by the outermost layer of loose layer,the inside of the transition layer and layer in betw een density of three parts,the transitional layer is the interface film layer and substrate,holes and other defects existing in the loose layer,d ens e layer is the key t o improve its corrosion resistance.Figure6is obtained by Phlip X'pert X-ray diffractometer AM60B magnesium alloy wheel hub of micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum,according t o the intensity of diffraction peak accumulation analysis shows that the matrix of Mg peak relatively obvious, the main phase of micro-arc oxidation coating is cubic structure of MgO style,surface with Mg2Si2O4and MgAl2O4spinel phase,according t o the test conditions that may also contain SiO2,MgF2and small a mounts of Mg(OH)2,and the oxide of Al,K and Na. Studies have shown that MgAl2O4and Mg2Si2O4can improve the wear resistance of ceramic layer and MgO style the corrosion resistance of ceramic layer play a very important role.This is the micro-arc oxide film performance is higher than the r oot cause of the anode oxidation membrane performance.In addition,micro-arc oxidation ceramic layers of low porosity,and to improve the corrosion resistance of the coatings;Ceramic layer from the substrate on the growth,combined with matrix closely,therefore,is no t easy t o fall off.In addition,the technology can generat e uniform film both inside and outside the material surface layer,expand the scope of application of micro-arc oxidation.Figure6AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum Five T o detect the corrosion resistance of the micro-arc oxide film layer In order t o meet the requirements of the use of electric cars,micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub on the corrosion resistance test,salt spray testing machine mainly USES the WJ-90after micro-arc oxidation tr eatment of the surface of the wheel hub for salt spray test.After testing found that did not use h ot water seal processing of the surface of the wheel hub48h corrosion rate was0.108%,while only0.073%,afterho t water hole sealing hubs such as chromium than other chemical surface tr eatment processing of low corrosion rate(0.6%).[9],that magnesium alloy after micro-arc oxidation electric wheel hub surface corrosion resistance is superior.T o evaluate a r ough check the appearance of the film,feel is very good,membrane layer uniform light show that membrane surface appearance level is higher.Practice shows that without the micro-arc oxidation of the surface of the magnesium alloy wheel casting coating,its poor corrosion resistance,abrasion resistance,in a very short period of time,began to appear on the surface of parts oxidation falls off ph eno menon,it is difficult t o sell in the market; After micro-arc oxidation treatment,its corrosion resistance,wear-resisting performance is significantSix The conclusion(1)quality of micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface influence factor has a positive voltage,frequency,duty cycle,current density and oxidation time on the process parameters.Optimum process parameters for150~180V voltage, current density of1.1A/dm2,oxidation time t o20min,400Hz frequency,duty cycle of 20%.(2)the oxide film is divided into two layers of loose layer and den se layer structure, the dense layer is the main body,the film formed by cubic structure of MgO style,the surface is MgO style and MgA12O4,spinel phase mixture,and combined with matrix and closely for hard ceramic layer and played a key role of the magnesium alloy surface anticorrosion(3)the micro-arc oxidation technology for new surface tr eatment technology of environmental protection,bu t its large area needed for the magnesium alloy casting film for a long time,the production efficiency is low,the mass production t o meet the large area of magnesium alloy castings,micro-arc oxidation power supply can be established by using dc power first initial oxidation film layer,then use pulse power arc discharge strengthening oxide film layer,the ways which are already so den se and har d ceramic oxide film layer can be obtained,also can greatly improve production efficiency.镁合金电动车轮毂微弧氧化生产研究国内外大多数电动车车辆配置为铝合金轮毂，其在质量、节能、减震、降噪和车辆动力学特性等指标大大低于镁合金。
机械设计与制造毕业设计论文中英文翻译外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译如何延长轴承寿命摘要：自然界苛刻的工作条件会导致轴承的失效，但是如果遵循一些简单的规则，轴承正常运转的机会是能够被提高的。
在轴承的使用过程当中，过分的忽视会导致轴承的过热现象，也可能使轴承不能够再被使用，甚至完全的破坏。
但是一个被损坏的轴承，会留下它为什么被损坏的线索。
通过一些细致的侦察工作，我们可以采取行动来避免轴承的再次失效。
关键词：轴承失效寿命轴承（“Bearing”，日本人称“轴受”）是在机械传动过程中起固定和减小载荷摩擦系数的部件。
也可以说，当其它机件在轴上彼此产生相对运动时，用来降低动力传递过程中的摩擦系数和保持轴中心位置固定的机件。
轴承是当代机械设备中一种举足轻重的零部件。
它的主要功能是支撑机械旋转体，用以降低设备在传动过程中的机械载荷摩擦系数。
按运动元件摩擦性质的不同，轴承可分为滚动轴承和滑动轴承两类。
1.轴承寿命的基本概念根据最新的轴承疲劳寿命理论，一只设计优秀、材质卓越、制造精良而且安装正确的轴承，只要其承受的负荷足够轻松（不大于该轴承相应的某个持久性极限负荷值），则这个轴承的材料将永远不会产生疲劳损坏。
因此，只要轴承的工作环境温度适宜而且变化幅度不大，绝对无固体尘埃、有害气体和水分侵入轴承，轴承的润滑充分而又恰到好处，润滑剂绝对纯正而无杂质，并且不会老化变质，则这个轴承将会无限期地运转下去。
这个理论的重大意义不仅在于它提供了一个比ISO寿命方程更为可靠的预测现代轴承寿命的工具，而且在于它展示了所有轴承的疲劳寿命都有着可观的开发潜力，并展示了开发这种潜力的途径，因而对轴承产品的开发、质量管理和应用技术有着深远的影响。
但是，轴承的无限只有在实验室的条件下才有可能“实现”，而这样的条件对于在一定工况下现场使用的轴承来说，既难办到也太昂贵。
现场使用轴承，其工作负荷往往大于其相应的疲劳持久性极限负荷，在工作到一定的期限后，或晚或早总会由于本身材料达致电疲劳极限，产生疲劳剥落而无法继续使用。
【精品毕设】机电专业论文英文文献及其中文译文
毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 《Digital Image Processing》书刊名：作者：Y. Torres J. J. Pavón I. Nieto and J. A.Rodríguez章节：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYINTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable resultthis article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outlineand the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration ofmachinery technology present situation has analyzed the integration of machinerytechnology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，productt，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development impelleddifferent discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage has caused the projectdomain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineeringdomain because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapiddevelopment and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinerycaused the mechanical industry the technical structure the product organizationthe function and the constitution the production method and the management systemhas had the huge change caused the industrial production to enter into quottheintegration of machineryquot by quotthe machinery electrificationquot for the characteristicdevelopment phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in theorganization new owner function the power function in the information processingfunction and the control function introduces the electronic technology unifies thesystem the mechanism and the computerization design and the software whichconstitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has becomeone to have until now own system new discipline not only develops along with thescience and technology but also entrusts with the new content .But its basiccharacteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from thesystem viewpoint synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanicaltechnology microelectronic technology automatic control technology computertechnology information technology sensing observation and control technologyelectric power electronic technology connection technology information conversiontechnology as well as software programming technology according to the systemfunction goal and the optimized organization goal reasonable disposition and thelayout various functions unit in multi-purpose high grade redundant reliable inthe low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value andcauses the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From thisproduces functional system then becomes an integration of machinery systematic orthe integration of machinery product. Therefore quotintegration of machineryquot coveringquottechnologyquot and quotproductquot two aspects .Only is the integration of machinerytechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind ofcomprehensivetechnology but is not mechanical technical the microelectronictechnology as well as other new technical simple combination pieces together .Thisis the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrificationwhich the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanicalengineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machineryelectrification still was the traditional machinery its main function still wasreplaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integrationof machinery micro electron installment besides may substitute for certainmechanical parts the original function but also can entrust with many new functionslike the automatic detection the automatic reduction information demonstrate therecord the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protectionautomatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product ishumans hand and body extending humans sense organ and the brains look has theintellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machineryelectrification distinguishes in the function essence. 2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinerydevelopment may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the firststage this stage is called the initial stage .In this time the people determinationnot on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement toconsummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World Warperiod the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technologyunion these mechanical and electrical union military technology postwar transferscivilly to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and thedevelopment at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yetachieved certain level mechanical technical and electronic technology union alsonot impossible widespread and thorough development already developed the productwas also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stagemay be called the vigorous development stage .This time the computer technologythe control technology the communication development has laid the technology basefor the integration of machinery development . Large-scale ultra large scaleintegrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development has provided thefull material base for the integration of machinery development .This timecharacteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japanprobably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in theworldwide scale ②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtainedthe enormous development ③The various countries start to the integration ofmachinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support.1990s later periods started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction the integrationof machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time optics thecommunication and so on entered the integration of machinery processes thetechnology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the footappeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machineryand so on the new branch On the other hand to the integration ofmachinery systemmodeling design the analysis and the integrated method the integration ofmachinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted thethorough research .At the same time because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology neural networktechnology and optical fiber technology obtain opened the development vast worldfor the integration of machinery technology .These research will urge theintegration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and formsthe integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts fromthe beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilhad been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as quot863plansquot this technology .When formulated quot95quot the plan and in 2010 developed thesummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possiblybrought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities colleges and institutes the development facility and somelarge and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technicaldevelopment and the application does not yield certain result but and so on theadvanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery arethe collection machinery the electron optics the control the computer theinformation and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses its developmentand the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and theprogress .Therefore the integration of machinery main development direction is asfollows: 3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration ofmachinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machineryconstructors research takes the robot and the numerical control engine bedintellectualization is the important application .Here said quottheintellectualizationquot is to the machine behavior description is in the control theoryfoundation the absorption artificial intelligence the operations research thecomputer science the fuzzy mathematics the psychology the physiology and the chaosdynamics and so on the new thought the new method simulate the human intelligenceenable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference logical thinkingindependent decision-making obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeedenable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identicalintelligence is not impossible also is nonessential .But the high performancethe high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to havepreliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences then is completelypossible and essential. In the modern manufacture process the information has become the controlmanufacture industry the determining factor moreover is the most active actuationfactor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become themodern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacturesystem information organization and structure multi-level makes the information thegain the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character informationmeasuremulti-dimensional as well as information organizations multi-level .In themanufacture information structural model manufacture information uniform restraintdissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledgelibrary management all also wait for further break through. Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence methodpromoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespreadapplication .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computationintelligent agent in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technologyreceives the more and more universal attention hopefully completes the combinationoptimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solutionprecision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .Themanufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch the intelligentdesign the intelligent processing the robot study the intelligent control theintelligent craft plan the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough may form the product innovation the basicresearch system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science differentscience overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation the economicaldevelopment and societys progress has had the new request and the expectation tothe science and technology thus will form the front science .The front science alsohas solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front sciencehas the obvious time domain the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The projectfront science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristicis it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actualappeared. Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system for satisfies the manufacturesystem agility the fast response and fast reorganization ability must profit fromthe information science the life sciences and the social sciences and so on themulti-disciplinary research results the exploration manufacture system newarchitecture the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effectiveoperational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structureand the good movement condition is makes the system modeling the simulation andthe optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture tomakes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand responseability to have the vital significance moreover to made the enterprise first floorproduction equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set ahigher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced themanufacture system satisfies the manufacture system new request. The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated systemfrom the biological phenomenon is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut tocracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to livingwhat manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organizationfrom match more from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulatemode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under continuously by ones ownperfect raise on organizing structure and circulating modeand thus to adapt theprocess ofwith ability for the environment .For from descend but the last productproceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born producesystem of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tendautomatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science andlife science ofquotthe far good luck is miscellaneous to hand overquot it will produceto the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械类毕业设计外文翻译范文
机械类毕业设计外文翻译、毕业设计（论文）外译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑10 月 15 日外文文献原文：Friction , Lubrication of BearingIn many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement.Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener andthe parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary.The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt.There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. T o produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement .Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction .Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the addedenergy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction.The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome partly by the precision machining of the surfaces. However, even these smooth surfaces may require the use of a substance between them to reduce the friction still more. This substance is usually a lubricant which provides a fine, thin oil film. The film keeps the surfaces apart and prevents the cohesive forces of the surfaces from coming in close contact and producing heat .Another way to reduce friction is to use different materials for the bearing surfaces and rotating parts. This explains why bronze bearings, soft alloys, and copper and tin iolite bearings are used with both soft and hardened steel shaft. The iolite bearing is porous. Thus, when the bearing is dipped in oil, capillary action carries the oil through the spaces of the bearing. This type of bearing carries its own lubricant to the points where the pressures are the greatest.Moving parts are lubricated to reduce friction, wear, and heat. The most commonly used lubricants are oils, greases, and graphite compounds. Each lubricant serves a different purpose. The conditions under which two moving surfaces are to work determine the type of lubricant to be used and the system selected for distributing the lubricant.On slow moving parts with a minimum of pressure, an oil groove is usually sufficient to distribute the required quantity of lubricant to the surfaces moving on each other .A second common method of lubrication is the splash system in which parts moving in a reservoir of lubricant pick up sufficient oil which is then distributed to all moving parts during each cycle. This system is used in the crankcase of lawn-mower engines to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod ,and parts of the piston.A lubrication system commonly used in industrial plants is the pressure system. In this system, a pump on a machine carries the lubricant to all of the bearing surfaces at a constant rate and quantity.There are numerous other systems of lubrication and a considerable number of lubricants available for any given set of operating conditions. Modern industry pays greater attention to the use of the proper lubricants than at previous time because of the increased speeds, pressures, and operating demands placed on equipment and devices.Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is reduce friction, any substance-liquid , solid , or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant.V arieties of lubricationUnlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor ,oxides, and contaminants reduce frictio9n and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear; this is called “unlubricated ”or dry sliding.Fluid-film lubrication. Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in fluid-film lubrication. The fluid may be introduced intentionally as the oil in the main bearing of an automobile, or unintentionally, as in the case of water between a smooth tuber tire and a wet pavement. Although the fluid is usually a liquid such as oil, water, and a wide。
(完整)雕刻机毕业设计外文文献翻译
附录1外文翻译—原文部分DXF File Identification with C# for CNC Engraving Machine System Huibin Yang， Juan YanAbstractThis paper researches the main technology of open CNC engraving machine,the DXF identification technology. Agraphic information extraction method is proposed。
By this method，the graphic information in DXF file can be identified and transformed into bottom motion controller’s code。
So the engraving machine can achieve trajectory tracking。
Then the open CNC engraving machine system is developed with C#。
At last， the method is validated on a three axes motion experiment platform. The result shows that this method can efficiently identify the graphic information including line， circle， arc etc。
in DXF file and the CNC engraving machine can be controlled well。
KeywordsDXF， CNC Engraving Machine ， GALIL,C#1.IntroductionWith the development of pattern recognition techniques， modern CNC engraving machine needn’t be programmed manually。
机械类毕业设计英文翻译
机械类毕业设计英文翻译(共7页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-襄樊学院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目超声波简介及其应用专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级机制0712姓名刘康学号07116201指导教师职称李梅副教授2011年5月25日Introduction and application of ultrasonicUltrasonic is a mechanical waves which frequency above 20,000 Hz. Ultrasonic inspection commonly used in the frequency of 0. 5~5 MHz. The mechanical waves in the material spread in a certain speed and directions, acoustic impedance different heterogeneous interfaces such as defect is encountered or the bottom surface of the object being tested, will reflections. This reflection phenomenon can be used to ultrasonic testing , most common is pulse echo testing method testing , pulse oscillator issued of voltage plus in probe with pressure electric ceramic or quartz chip made of detection components , probe issued of ultrasonic pulse by sound coupled media such as oil or water , entered material and in which spread , encountered defects , part reflection energy along original way returns probe , probe will change it in electric pulse , by instrument zoom and display in oscilloscope tubes of screen . Depending on where the flaw echo on the screen and amplitude of reflection wave with artificial defects in a reference block rate compared to defect location and approximate dimensions. Apart from Echo method, and use another probe to the other side of the workpiece to accept signal penetration method. When use ultrasonic detection the physical properties of materials, also often take advantage of ultrasonic in sound velocity, attenuation and resonance characteristics of workpiece.Ultrasonic characteristics: 1, ultrasonic beam to focus on a specific direction, along the straight lines in the media, has a good point. 2, ultrasonic wave propagation in the media, attenuation and scattering occurs. 3, ultrasonic wave on the interface of heterogeneous media will make reflection, refraction and mode conversion. Using these features, you can get the defective interface from reflected reflection, so as to achieve the purpose of detecting defects. 4, ultrasonic energy is power than sonic. 5, the ultrasonic loss is very small in solid transmission , probe depth, as occurs in the hetero - interface by ultrasonic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, especially not by gas - solid interface. If the metal air holes, flaws and layer defects such as defects in a gas or a mixture, when defects at the interface of ultrasonic propagation to the metal and on all or part of the reflection. Reflected ultrasonic probe received, handled through circuits inside the instrument, on the screen of the instrument will show a different height and have a certain pitch on waveform characteristics of determine defect depth, location, and shape of the workpiece.Non - destructive testing is not damaged parts or raw materials subject to the status of the work, a means of detection of surfaceand internal quality checks, Nondestructive Testing abbreviationsshort for NDT. Ultrasonic testing is also called ultrasonic,ultrasonic flaw detector, is a type of non - destructive testing. UTis on industrial ultrasonic testing non - destructive testing methods. Ultrasonic enters objects when a defect is encountered, some sound waves produce reflection, transmit and receive an analysis of the reflected wave, exception can accurately gauge the flaws. And is able to display the location and size of internal defects, determinationof material thickness.Advantages of ultrasonic inspection is to detect thickness, high sensitivity, high speed, low cost, is harmless to human body, can be positioned and quantitative defects. Display of ultrasonic detection on defects are not intuitive, testing of technical difficulty, vulnerable to subjective and objective factors, and inspectionresults are not easy to hold, ultrasonic testing requirements on the work surface smooth, requiring experienced inspectors to identify defects types, suitable for the part of considerable thickness inspection, ultrasonic inspection has its limitations.Variety of ultrasonic flaw detector, but most widely applicationof pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector. In general, in uniform material, presence of defect will create material discontinuity,this often acoustic impedance of the discontinuity is inconsistent , bythe reflection theorem we know that, in two different acoustic impedance by ultrasonic reflection on the interface of media occurs. Size and interface on both sides of the reflected energy media differences in acoustic impedance and orientation, relative to thesize of the interface. Pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is designed according to this principle. Most of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is a scan, the so-called A-scan display is the way the display of ultrasonic detection in materials is the horizontal coordinate of transmission time or distance, the ordinate is the amplitude of ultrasonic reflected wave. Such as , in a workpiece in the exists a defects , because defects of exists , between defectsand material formed a different media junction surface, interface of sound impedance different , when launch of ultrasonic encounteredthis interface will occurs reflection , reflection back of energy and probe received it, in monitor screen in the horizontal of must of location on will display out a reflection wave of waveform ,horizontal of this location is defects wave in was detection material in the of depth . The reflected wave height and shape of different because of different defects, reflecting the nature of the defect Now is usually on the measured object, human launch industrial materials such as ultrasound, and then use its reflection, Doppler effect, transmission to get the formation of internal information andprocessing of measured object image. Ultrasonic flaw detector which more general Doppler effect method is using ultrasonic in encountered movement of object Shi occurs of more general Doppler frequency moved effect to came the object of movement direction and speed , characteristics ; transmission rule is by analysis ultrasonic penetrating had was measuring object of changes and came object of internal characteristics of , its application currently also is development stage ; ultrasonic flaw detector here main describes ofis currently application up to of by reflection method to gets object internal characteristics information of method. Reflection method is based on ultrasonic in by different sound impedance organization interface will occurs strong reflection of principle work of , as we all know , When sonic from a media spread to another media in the interface will occurs reflection , and media of differences more large reflection will more large , so we can launch out penetrating force strong , and to line spread of ultrasonic to a object , and on reflection back of ultrasonic for received and under these reflection back of ultrasonic , and range , situation on can judgment out this organization in the contains of various media of size , and distribution situation and various media of comparison differences degree , information which reflection back of ultrasonic of has can reflect out reflection interface away from detection surface of distance , range can reflect out media of size , and comparison differences degree , characteristics , ultrasonic flaw detector to judgment out the was measuring object is has exception . In this process involves many aspects of content, including produce, receive, ultrasonic signal conversion and processing. One method is through the circuit of ultrasonic excitation signals to crystals such as quartz, lithium sulfate, with the piezoelectric effect, making it resulting in ultrasonic vibration ; receives the reflected ultrasonic waves when the piezoelectric crystals, there will be pressure from the reflected sound waves and electrical signals and transferred to the signal processing circuit for a series of processing, observation of ultrasonic flaw detector resulting images for people to judge.Types of image processing can be divided into A type display display, M and B type show, C-type display, such as F-type display. Which A type display is will received to of ultrasonic signal processing into waveform image , under waveform of shape can see was measuring object inside is has exception and defects in there , and has more large , ultrasonic flaw detector main for industrial detection ; M type display is will a section after fai of processing of detection information by time order expand formation a dimension of " space more points movement timing figure " , for observation internal is movement state of object , ultrasonic flaw detector asmovement of organ , and artery vascular; B type display is will side - by - side many section after fai of processing of detection information group synthesis of second dimension of , and reflect out was measuring object internal fault section of " Anatomy image " hospital in using of B Super is with this principle do out of , ultrasonic flaw detector for observation internal is static ofobject ; and c type display , and F type display now with was comparison less . Detection of ultrasonic flaw detector can be very accurate, and more convenient, fast compared to other testing methods, nor harmful to detect objects and actions, so welcomed by the people more and more popular, has a very broad prospects for development. With the further development of electronic technology and software technology, digital ultrasonic flaw detector there are broad development prospects. Believe in the near future, more advanced new generation of digital intelligent ultrasonic flaw detector will gradually replace traditional analog detector, mainly for imagedisplay detector will be widely used in industrial inspection.Ultrasonic characterization of defects is always a difficult problem, still mainly relies on experience and analysis of inspection personnel, and poor accuracy. Development of the modern discipline of artificial intelligence for the realization of instrument automatic defect characterization offers the potential. Application of pattern recognition technology and expert systems, various characteristics of a large number of known defects input sample library, to accept the equipment people experience, and after studying with automatic defect characterization capabilities.超声波简介及其应用超声波是频率高于20千赫的机械波。
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内蒙古科技大学本科生毕业专题论文（外文翻译）题目：机电一体化的数控铣削方法的研究学生姓名：刘磊学号：0714103725专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：机械07-7班指导教师：杨建鸣机电一体化的数控铣削方法的研究米林克库卡尼和Subir库马尔萨哈机械工程系，德里印度理工学院Hauz卡斯，新德里110016，印度电子邮箱：saha@mech.iitd.ac.in摘要一个机电一体化的办法，即制订一个数控铣床，模拟其行为为最终铣削操作的数学模型，是采取了研究。
XY工作台的伺服电机控制的数学模型，开发其他地方，是一个完整的铣削操作为最终提出的模型。
仿真分析利用MATLAB仿真。
一个实验装置的建立是为了执行现有的XY工作台端铣的操作。
SIMULINK的结果与实验结果进行验证。
这样的数学模型是有用的一个新设计的评价。
因此，所需的时间和成本在市场上带来新的设计将大幅度减少。
1 简介机电一体化是20世纪80年代在日本引进的一个概念。
即使人们提及任何系统，有机械，电气，电子元件，例如，洗衣机，复印机，数控机床等机电一体化系统的，真正的'机电一体化'是一个设计理念。
在传统的设计方法，对系统组件的设计由有关专家。
例如，机械工程师设计的机械部件，电气工程师而设计的电器元件等。
由于每个设计师叶安全的某些因子（低聚果糖）由于其他领域的无知，整体果寡糖大，系统变得笨重，昂贵。
在机电一体化设计方法，整个系统是一个以治疗护理的所有组件，无论是机械，电气或电子设备。
因此整体的安全系数小，因此，系统的尺寸和成本减少。
在这个文件中，机电一体化的办法来结束铣床数控机床研究带到了援助的一台新的数控机床的设计过程。
该研究要求的加工过程模型。
最终铣的特点在于个别削减，相当于每个连续的牙齿经常交战序列。
这些削减多次强烈重叠。
为了预测瞬时切削力，机械的理论（傅和黄，1997）被使用。
这里的力模型开发需要的表和转速作为输入参数，刀具在不同的饲料，使刀具刃位置作为输出瞬发力。
XY工作台的机械传动元件的电机轴和滚珠丝杠组成还审议由于机械零件的刚度扮演一个在他们还考虑在数学模型而XY工作台的伺服电动机PMBLDC卡塔利亚和梅塔是从（2001年）所采取的模型，零件加工精度的重要作用。
在这些模型的基础上，进行模拟是利用MATLAB仿真。
为最终铣削加工附件还设计和制作，这是附加到已经上市的XY工作台（钱德拉塞卡等，2001;。
萨哈等人，2001年）的模拟结果的一些实验验证。
本文组织如下：第二节介绍了实验装置的数学模型，于第三节。
第4节由模拟与实验结果。
最后，结论载于第5节。
2 实验装置拟议研究的铣削操作假定在完成了数控铣床。
在我们的研究，端铣进行了XY平台上可用。
因此，一个框架，设计并制作支持主轴电机和定位。
图1显示了框架设计与制造，结转库存，而图的实验等。
2显示了照片的完整设置。
附件的主轴设计这样一种方式，它的一端是与AC感应马达的旋转轴提供，而另一端连接到一个钻夹头是修改按住结束铣刀（库卡尼，2001年）。
其他组件的解释如下。
在proc出版。
第18研究所。
对Engrs。
（印度），纳特。
公约机械工程师（机电一体化的新趋势自动化），11月9日至10日，2002年，挑剔洛尔克拉，pp.195- 201在proc出版。
第18研究所。
对Engrs。
（印度），纳特。
公约机械工程师（机电一体化的新趋势自动化），11月9日至10日，2002年，挑剔洛尔克拉，pp.195- 2012.1主轴电机为最终完成铣削功率要求按生产技术手册（HMT的，1997年）。
关于削减的权力由高速钢刀具铝业（库卡尼，2001年）的基础上，主轴电机被选择为：220，1440RPM，250瓦，单相交流异步电动机。
2.2 支架该附件中的端铣刀架横向链接，如图所示。
1，是关键的一年，因为它支持的汽车和切割过程中引起的反对势力弯曲主轴。
这种联系是设计为简支梁。
链接断面选择为：35毫米X35毫米，厚度3mm，中空。
详细计算方法可在库卡尼（2001年）。
2.3工具夹持装置在实际数控铣床，拉杆机制来确保刀具。
然而，为了保持系统的简单，这里是一个钻夹头被修改，以服务于年底举行铣刀的目的。
作者：½钻夹头被选中。
2.4轴承轴承是固定在框架上的房屋的主轴。
未来的力量主要是在主轴上的弯曲。
因此，轴承承受径向力。
因此，为SKF深沟球轴承6004被选中。
2.5 Panaterm观察系统的响应通过使用软件包PANATERM（米纳斯，2000），而DMCterm是另一个软件是用来沟通与加利DMC1822控制卡（加利，2000）。
DMC1822是一个两轴控制器，控制沿X和Y轴的PMBLDC电机。
无论是软件允许的驱动程序，它显示的脉冲数，电机转速和转矩的百分比在任何时间即时计算错误的电动机提供的在线监测。
的位置误差在此是指程序之间的差异，并取得岗位。
3系统建模该完整的设置，组成的XY工作台伺服控制，切削条件等数学模型，提出在本节。
作者：XY工作台控制器安装在个人电脑，而这所有的计算需要沿着预先设定的自由离开计算机处理器的时间做其他工作路径表的PCI插槽。
该软件包PANATERM由松下开发的伺服电机，简化了在线监测。
伺服系统的元素，包括电机，驱动器，编码器和控制器的建模由卡塔利亚和梅塔（2001年）和图3所示。
而完整的模型，如图4所示。
它利用机械元件照顾，切削力和刚度（库卡尼，2001）。
发布在文件系统。
的18研究所。
的工程师。
(印度)立即让网络支持。
机械工程师的公约(出现趋势在机电一体化为自动化)，2002年11月9-10日，nit-rourkela，pp。
195-2014结果在SIMULINK仿真分析的基础上，如图4所示的模型。
实验进行使用具有以下规格的立铣刀：直径12毫米的直柄的高速钢刀具;螺旋角刀具300;耙工作的刀具材料110角铝和有机玻璃（聚methalcralyte）审议。
对于实验中，参数变化：饲料和切削深度。
如需关于有机玻璃块切割进给速度300mm/min的圆形槽有2mm的切削深度，错误获得PANATERM在图5所示。
错误也进行了测量，同时降低直槽，但没有太多的变化进行观察。
因此，路径的类型可能不会对定位精度有很大影响，而进给速度。
降低进给率也减少了直线或圆形槽的错误变化。
在proc出版。
在第18研究所。
Engrs。
（印度），纳特。
公约机械工程师（机电一体化的新趋势自动化），11月9日至10日，2002年，洛尔克拉，pp.195-201在另一方面，从Simulink模型误差如图。
6，那里的切削条件仍然是在同图。
5。
注意变化的误差范围，这是类似的，即+/ -0.075毫米。
因此，数学模型表示为铣床上铣削操作逼真的模型。
5结论数学模型的铣削操作中提出文件，这是与现有的伺服控制XY工作台SIMULINK 模型集成。
一个实验装置也修建，这是附加到现有的XY工作台的实际铣削切割操作结束。
定位错误，即程序之间的立场差异，取得，为表是两个从Simulink 模拟和实验装置。
结果完全一致，如在图5和6所示。
因此，这样的数学模型，评估，而不进行真正的原型，是耗时和昂贵的一个新的设计性能非常有用。
因此，无论是时间和投资带来了进入市场的新产品是大幅下降。
因此，对机电一体化设计方法研究的设计者之一是获得接受。
鸣谢笔者衷心感谢Jaitly先生的机电一体化实验室，机械工程部的帮助和德里印度理工学院提供的实验和数据采集的援助。
参考文献Chandrashekhar，萨哈，S.K.和Kundra，T.K. （2001年）“数控铣床定位系统”。
在IE Vth纳特。
公约生产工程师及纳特。
扫描电镜，出现的收敛性制造系统，博帕尔，3月3-4日，第49FA-54FA傅，K.H.，而黄，R.M. （1997年）。
“铣削高速铣削力模型”诠释的机床制造，第五章37页969-979。
加利（2000年）“DMC- 1822用户手册''加利运动控制公司，美国。
HMT的（1997）“生产技术手册'' HMT的班加罗尔。
卡塔利亚，M.和梅塔，译（2001）``调查XY工作台滑动力学参数''乙高新技术项目报告，机械工程系，新德里5月。
库卡尼，M.G. （2001年）``铣削仿真使用X- Y的定位系统''米科技论文，机械工程部，德里印度理工学院，十二月萨哈，水库，Kundra，TK和慕克吉，译（2001）``调查及优化机电元器件选择''的MHRD重点领域的项目，机械工程部报告，德里印度理工学院，七月。
米纳斯（2000年）的CD - ROM，松下公司，日本。