语言学试题与答案

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic elementand the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references indifferent situations.4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic andinherent relation to the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derivemeaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form asthe situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but rankeddifferently according to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains noargument.10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but insemantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling andmeaning, they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word canbe divided into meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rulescalled s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identicalwith the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language aretaken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.B. contexutalismA. the conceptualistviewC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of thelinguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are notinterested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. ComponentialanalysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesD. None of the aboveC. complementaryantonyms27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element andthe non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics 32.sense33.reference 34.synonymy35.polysemy 36.homonymy 37.homophones pletehomonyms 40.hyponymy41.antonymy ponentialanalysis43.grammatical 44.predication45.Argumentmeaning46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of themeanings of all its components?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition interms of truth values?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences assynonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values? 52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can weclassify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How theydiffer?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantics 12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational ponential18.selectional19.argument20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaningin language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguisticform. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualized.33. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in thereal, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity ofmeaning.35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word mayhave more than one meaning.36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that wordshaving different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are calledhomophones.38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they arehomographs.39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both soundand spelling, they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a moregeneral, more inclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness ofmeaning.42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyzeword meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. Theapproach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semanticfeatures.43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentencerefers to its grammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of asentence.45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It isgenerally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument orit states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which containstwo arguments.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example:(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammaticalmeaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition interms of truth values?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are twosentences X and Y:X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. if he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. if he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. if he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing.Y:John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. if John's bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. if John has a bike, itmay or may not need repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. if John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences assynonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can weclassify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For example, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to the word "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, "astound" implies difficulty in believing.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Howdo they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define themeaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。