【学校】跨文化交流中的肢体语言商务英语毕业论文
跨文化交际中的肢体语言 毕业论文
跨文化交际中的肢体语言毕业论文研究背景和意义随着全球化的不断深入，跨文化交际变得越来越常见。
人们通过社交网络、商务、旅游等多种途径来跨越文化差异进行交流。
在跨文化交际中，肢体语言作为一种非语言交流方式，在交流过程中起着重要的角色。
肢体语言是指通过手势、面部表情、身体姿态等方式表达出来的信息。
跨文化交际中，不同的文化背景和社会习惯也会影响肢体语言的表现形式。
因此，研究跨文化交际中的肢体语言对于促进不同文化之间的交流和理解具有重要的意义。
研究内容本文旨在探讨跨文化交际中的肢体语言的作用和表现形式。
具体分为以下两个方面：1. 肢体语言在跨文化交际中的作用通过分析之前的研究成果，本文将论述肢体语言在跨文化交际中的作用。
在不同的文化背景下，肢体语言的表现形式也会有所不同，因此本文将以不同的国家和文化为例，分析其肢体语言的作用和特点。
2. 跨文化交际中的肢体语言表现形式通过实地拍摄和观察，本文将研究不同文化中的肢体语言表现形式的异同以及背后的文化逻辑。
例如，中东地区的手势传达信息更为复杂、欧洲人眨眼是表示不信任等等。
通过这些例子，我们可以更加深入地了解在跨文化交际中肢体语言发生的种种变化和交流中的作用。
研究方法本文将采用文献资料法和实地拍摄法两种方法进行研究。
文献资料法主要是通过查阅文献和相关资料，总结肢体语言在不同文化背景下的表现特点和作用；实地拍摄法则通过记录视频并加以分析，观察不同人在不同国家文化下的肢体语言表现形式。
研究结论通过以上研究方法，本文将总结出以下结论：1. 肢体语言在跨文化交际中具有非常重要的作用，并且在不同文化背景下的表现形式也会有所不同。
2. 不同文化中的肢体语言存在着显著的异同性，一些肢体语言的表现是根据其文化和历史背景而形成的，因此在跨文化交际中需要加以注意。
3. 了解不同文化的肢体语言表现形式对于促进跨文化交际非常重要。
在交流过程中，理解对方语言的同时需要更多地注意肢体语言的表达方式。
体态语在跨文化交际中的意义英语专业毕业论文
职业技术师范大学本科生毕业论文体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异Semantic Difference of Body Language in Cross-culture CommunicationStatement of OriginalityI declare that the work presented in this thesis is to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text, and that the material has not been submitted in whole or part for a degree at this or any other university.________________ (Signature)Abstract in English (ii)Abstract in Chinese (iii)I. Introduction (1)II.Functions and Characteristics of Body Language (2)2.1 Functions of Body Language (2)2.2 Characteristics of Body Language (3)III.Types of Body Language (3)3.1 Distance between conversationalists (4)3.2 Facial expression (5)3.3 Eye contact (6)3.4 Physical contact (7)3.4.1 Handshake (7)3.4.2 Hug and kiss (7)3.5 Gesture (7)IV.The Relationship between Body Language and Culture (8)4.1 Cultural influence on body language (8)4.2 Comparison of Chinese Culture and American Culture (10)4.2.1The core factors of Chinese culture (10)4.2.2The core factors of American culture (11)4.3 Comparison of body language in Chinese and American Culture (11)4.3.1 Posture (12)4.3.2 Gesture (12)4.3.3 Touch (13)4.3.4 Eye contact (14)4.3.5 Facial expression (15)V. Conclusion (16)Notes (18)Bibliography (19)Acknowledgments (20)The fast development of science, technology and economy brings about more international contact and exchanges. The communication between people from different cultures and countries is also increasing, not only of language communication but also of nonverbal communication. People often express the thoughts with body language for more sooth communication. Body language is strongly connected with the culture and it plays a very important role in nonverbal communication. In intercultural communication, the same body language may mean different things. Under the different cultural backgrounds, the significance of the body language is not the same. In order to avoid misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication, we should know the body language of each culture. This paper deals with exploring the similarities and differences of body language from different cultures, especially through comparing of Chinese body language and American body language, from which we can know the cultural differences better and avoid misunderstanding and embarrassment in cross-culture communication.Key words: nonverbal communication；body language；cross-culture communication摘要随着科学技术和经济的快速发展，人们有了越来越多的机会能和来自不同背景的人沟通和交流。
英语论文跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通
英语论文跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通IntroductionAs the trend of globalization is strengthened step by step, international communication is frequent and important day by day. Thus, the significance of body language in intercultural communication has been greatly realized. “ Research sh ows that when people meet someone for the first time, only 7% of their initial impact on others is determined by the content of what they say; the other 93% of their message is made up of body language (55%) and the tone of their voice （38%）.”Body language helps us to manage and guard against these tendencies, and also - significantly especially in flirting/dating/mating rituals - body language often helps people to communicate and resolve relationship issues when conscious behaviour and speech fails to do so.Body language has evolved in spite of human awareness and conscious intelligence: rather like a guardian angel, body language can help take care of us, connecting us to kindred souls, and protecting us from threats. While the importance of body language in communications and management, etc., has become a popular interest and science in the last few decades, human beings have relied on body language instinctively in many ways for many thousands of years.And thus this paper intends to present its meaning and classification, cultural differences and analyze the factors that influence body that influence our communication of body language so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it well.2 Body Language2.1 Definition of Body LanguageBody language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication. It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language. This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. In addition body language can also incorporate the use of facial expressions.Western scholars have made a lot of definitions about it, the most vivid and specific definition is that body language is the non-verbal language which can express information that language cannot express and the actions most people can understand.To get good at reading body language, go out and do the “R” over and over. Open your eyes and ears. Turn off your biased,over-analytical brain and observe the way a child observes.A toddler sees objects and actions in a more stand-alone way than adults, who go to extraordinary means to make connections. He has no preexisting framework to overlay his observations onto, so he’s a much better collector of pure body language than older, well socialized people. If you place a wrapped box on the table in front of a young child capable of speech, the questions are endless. As you get older, you answer the questions for yourself, assuming you know what everything means.2.2 The Classification of Body LanguageBody language can be divided into eye contract language, body touches language, posture and gesture, manner, facial expression, flavor language, proxemics and clothes language.And in this paper just introduce four of them:eye contract, body distance,facial expression and gesture.2.2.1 Eye contractA 16th century proverb calls the eyes the windows to the soul. More than 500 yearslater, the proverb has assumed the stature of gospel. When you really understand the eyes, you'll see how close the proverb is to the mark.Some of the following words used to describe a person's eyes are heard daily:direct, sensual, sardonic, expressive, intelligent, penetrating, sad, cheerful, worldly, hard, trusting, and suspicious. Most students, as well as your personal observations, tell you that culture modifies the amount of eye contact in which you engage and who is the recipient of the eye contact.If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior. The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our communicators is gentlemanly. Japanese often look at the other communicator’s neck when they are in conversation. They believe eye cont act is impolite. And Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Some South American Indians used to look at different directions when they are talking. In the Middle East, it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone, return his gaze.2.2.2 GestureGesture action language is a highly expressive body language, it is not only rich in diversity, but also simple and intuitive, so I use a wide range, high frequency, effective good. Agood example is the award in 2005 CCTV Spring Festival Gala's most popular dance audience show special award category of 'Avalokitesvara', 21 live in the silent girl in the world of sign language with their hundreds of millions to the nation transmission of information the audience to express New Year's blessing.In a very general sense, we all use gestures to reinforce an idea or to help describe something. When we say, “That’s an English book”, at the same time we are pointing to the book. If someone asks us the way to the library, we point to the right, adding a little information about it, which will be more clear and concrete. We like to use our hands toindicate the dimensions when someone asks us to describe the size or shape of something.Americans often touch their temples to express somebody’s cleverness. But this acti on means there is something wrong with one’s mind or one is stupid to Chinese. Chinese are often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full. Because it is an suicide action to Chinese, who used to express fullness by patting their stomachs. And another example,2.2.3 Facial expressionFace is the organ of expression. Morris conjectured that it is the easiest to control because it is the closest to the brain. When it comes to the face, I think we’re dealing with a paradox: T he face is both the easiest and the hardest area of the body to control. There are many things we do with our faces that we aren't even aware of because they are second nature.A lot of emotion comes out through the brow in both voluntary and involuntary expressions. We use the forehead muscles when wenormally interact with people, even on the phone, and we develop wrinkles as a result. If Morris were right and we can control the muscles in the face more easily than others, then we wouldn't be using so much Botox. We could voluntarily stop using the muscles that create the problem, and even voluntarily reverse the process of wrinkling by exercising them.In addition, if the face were under our control, more facial movements would be cultural, not universal.Facial movements become practiced behavior over time, because we learn how to present an even smile when meeting someone and an arched eyebrow when our kid drops mustard on the floor. But the plethora of muscles in our faces makes it hard for us to keep track of them. We often do not even realize the range of emotions and physiological reactions we express with our faces.What does that upturned brow mean? Is there a difference if the person sending the message is male or female? If the receiver is male or female? The head is the workhorse of communication. And although much of what it conveys is intentional, we still leak messages that are impossible to cover.2.2.4 Body distancePsychologists discover any person needs personal space, yet skins are not the boundary of personal space, their personal spaces are encircled by bubbles and other people can’t break in at will.People always carry personal space with them no matter how far they will go, and they always have a kind of instinctive common sense of self-guard. So the speakers talking with him need to keep a distance during conversation to avoid offence. The anthropologist and socialist Doctor Hall advanced 4 kinds of definitions for it. 1. Intimate distance (0-45cm)—proper forspouse and lovers; 2.personal distance(5-120cm)—Proper for friends, acquaintances, and relatives; 3.social distance (120-360cm)—proper for dealing with impersonal thing;4,public distance(360-750cm)—proper for informal party."Take Britain and Italian for example, there would be a very interesting sense when people from the two countries are talking to each other. It seems that the Italian would always be the aggressor while the English be the defender. However, in their own condition, they just want to hold the communication space they used to." A person's use of space is directly linked to the value system of their culture. For example, oriental people could bear the physical touch in a crowd bus, while western people may find it unable to endure. As to personal space, Chinese, Japanese, even most of Asian people have fewer requirements than western people. For westerners value more on individualism.2.3 Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication, like verbal communication is also a part of culture and the carrier of a certain culture. The function of nonverbal communication in the whole communication can’t be overlooked. “In the daily communication, we can see people can’t communicate efficiently by verbal language alone. And nonverbal communication will express clear meanings in a certain context. And a certain nonverbal communication should be connected with verbal communication or the other nonverbal communication to p rovide correct information.”So in communicative activities, nonverbal communication also plays a great role. Of course, we should pay close attention to the functions ofnonverbal communication. “In any case, when verbal communication conflicts with nonverbal communication, peopleare willing to accept the information nonverbal communication delivers. Because nonverbal communication sounds more natural, more instinctive and it is hard to pretend.”Obviously, we should make full use of nonverbal communication to achieve efficient communication. Now, we will discuss the functions of nonverbal communication.Repetition. For example, when we tell people how to get to the nearest hospital, we are not only telling them the direction but also pointing to the direction with hands. Supplement. For instance, we greet people with a smile. Smile functions as a supplement to the pleasure of meeting people. Replacement. When we communicate with others, we will frown instead of asking directly to hint that we don’t under stand and expect repetition or explanation. Emphasis. When we are talking or making a speech, we often raise our voice to stress the content. And sometimes, we say, “It is my fault” while hung down our heads. We smile and say, “Welcome”. We shout out to th e people while waving our fists. All the nonverbal communication here emphasizes what we say. Adjustment. We often suggest that our talk is over by our tone, eyes, head nodding and other nonverbal communicative behaviors. For example, the manager stands up to show the end of the interview.3 The Commonly Used of Body LanguageBody language is the most important behavior of nonverbal communication. For example, Chinese Tibetans stretch out their tongues when meeting people, this is the way to express their politeness and respect, but when Americans doing this, they want to express despite to others. So body language may cause difficulties and misunderstanding, lead to failure in intercultural communication. Following are some examples of use some of thenonverbal messages in intercultural communication which frequently appear in the course of communication and might easily cause misunderstanding.Following are some examples of use some of the nonverbal messages in intercultural communication which frequently appear in the course of communication and might easily cause misunderstanding.3.1 GreetingIn Asian countries, there are some common greeting gestures, they are handshaking, bowing, avoid eye contact. In China , the western custom of shaking hands is the customary form of greeting, but often a nod of the head or slight bow is sufficient. Hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon. Business cards are often exchanged, and yours should be printed in your own language and in Chinese. Also, it is more respectful to present your card (or a gift or any other article) using both hands. The Chinese are enthusiastic applauders. You may be greeted with group clapping, even by small children. When a person is applauded in this fashion it is the custom for that person to return the applause or a "thank you." When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is uncommon in the larger cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of much curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares.In Japan, the graceful act of bowing is the traditional greeting. However, they have also adopted the western custom of shaking hands, albeit with a light grip and perhaps with。
中西方肢体语言的差异英语作文
中西方肢体语言的差异英语作文英文回答：Body language plays a crucial role in communication, conveying messages that words may not. However, cultural differences can lead to significant variations in the interpretation of body language, resulting in misunderstandings and even conflict. This essay will delve into the key differences between body language in Western and Eastern cultures.Eye Contact: In Western cultures, direct eye contact is generally considered a sign of sincerity, confidence, and trustworthiness. Maintaining eye contact while speaking indicates that you are engaged and attentive. However, in some Eastern cultures, prolonged eye contact can be perceived as aggressive or disrespectful. For example, in Japan, it is customary to avert one's gaze to show deference.Proximity: In Western cultures, there is a greater emphasis on personal space, and people tend to maintain a larger distance between themselves and others during conversations. Conversely, in many Eastern cultures, closer proximity is a sign of warmth and intimacy. For instance, in China, it is common to stand closer together and engage in more physical touch.Gestures: Gestures can convey a wide range of emotions and messages. However, the meaning of gestures can vary significantly across cultures. For example, the "thumbs up" gesture, which indicates approval in Western cultures, can be perceived as offensive in some Middle Eastern countries. Similarly, the "OK" sign, which represents agreement in the West, can be interpreted as an insult in Brazil.Body Posture: Body posture can communicate both physical and emotional states. In Western cultures, sitting or standing up straight is seen as a sign of confidence and alertness. However, in some Eastern cultures, a more relaxed posture may be considered more polite and respectful. For instance, in Thailand, it is considereddisrespectful to sit in a cross-legged position in front of an elder.Facial Expressions: Facial expressions are universal to some extent, but their interpretation can differ across cultures. For example, in Western cultures, smiling is generally associated with happiness and joy. However, in some Eastern cultures, smiling can also indicate discomfort or embarrassment. Similarly, the expression of anger may be more restrained in Eastern cultures, while it is more openly expressed in Western cultures.Cultural Context: It is important to note that body language should always be interpreted within its cultural context. What may be considered appropriate in one culture may be considered rude or disrespectful in another. For example, in Western cultures, it is common to shake hands as a greeting. However, in some Eastern cultures, it is more customary to bow or make a slight nod as a sign of respect.Understanding the cultural differences in body languagecan help avoid misinterpretations and facilitate effective communication. By being aware of these variations, individuals can adapt their nonverbal cues to the specific cultural context they are in, fostering betterintercultural connections and avoiding potential misunderstandings.中文回答：肢体语言在交流中起着至关重要的作用，它传达着言语无法表达的信息。
商务英语与跨文化交际论文
商务英语与跨文化交际论文商务英语与跨文化交际论文商务英语与跨文化交际论文怎么写，下面推荐商务英语与跨文化交际论文相关范文，可供浏览参考。
商务英语与跨文化交际论文【1】摘要:跨文化交际是泛指一切在语言文化背景中有差异的人们之间进行的交际。
作为英语的专门用途——商务英语,在经济日益全球化的今天,成为现代国际商务活动中最重要的交流工具,成为人们工作学习中不可缺少的技能。
商务英语所包含的内容涵盖了商务活动的全过程,也涵盖了市场调查、谈判、签约、定购、支付、装运等一系列基本国际商务环节,作为一门沟通工具,商务英语就贯穿在这些商务活动及商务环节中,是商务活动成功的关键所在。
本文根据商务英语的特点,从跨文化交际角度,对如何培养学生的跨文化交际能力加以讨论,并提出了自己的看法。
关键词:商务英语;跨文化交际;培养一、引言文化是语言的重要属性之一,没有文化的语言是无生命的“死语言”,在人类社会的发展过程中必将消失。
随着社会的不断发展,经济的全球化,英语这门世界性的语言更是逐渐渗透到商务领域,商务英语逐渐成为大家争相学习的热点。
商务英语课程不只是简单地对学习者的英文学习水平、能力的提高,它更多地是传授如何和外国人打交道、如何和外国人合作、工作的方式方法、以及他们的生活习惯等。
从某种程度上说是包含在文化概念里的。
学习者在学习商务英语时,社会文化能力中最薄弱的环节在于语言本身所涉及的文化因素上,尤其是词汇的文化内涵,文化意识的培养对学习者的英语学习有事半功倍的效果。
在对外贸易、国际金融、海外投资、技术引进、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同等国际商务活动领域,所使用的英语统称为商务英语(Business English),内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面,它是以适应商务领域中的职场生活的语言要求为目的,商务英语作为国际化交往中最重要的交流工具,已经成为人们学习和工作中不可缺少的技能。
商务英语教学的目标,不仅是交给学生“死”的单词、语法、句式等。
肢体语言与跨文化交际
学位论文英文论文题目：Study on Body Language inIntercultural Communication 中文论文题目：肢体语言与跨文化交际姓名：黄宇霖Huang Yulin学号： 200910618862学习中心：奥鹏大钟寺学习中心专业：英语指导教师：张利华Zhang Lihua二〇一一年七月毕业论文承诺书提示：根据北京语言大学网络教育学院论文写作的规定，如发现论文有抄袭、网上下载、请人代写等情况，毕业论文一律不及格。
同时取消学士学位申请资格。
毕业论文不及格者，可申请重写一次，并按重修缴纳费用。
本人承诺：本人已经了解北京语言大学的毕业论文写作的有关规定；本人的论文是在指导教师指导下独立完成的研究成果。
整篇论文除了文中已注明出处或引用的内容外，绝没有侵犯他人知识产权。
对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式注明。
签名：黄宇霖日期：2011-7-17本科生毕业论文评阅书本科生毕业论文指导记录表教务处制北京语言大学本科生毕业论文答辩记录表Outline1. Introduction2. Main Body2.1 Body language2.1.1 Interpretation and Classification of body language2.1.2 The Emergence of Body Language2.1.3 The Cultural and Social Natures of Body Language2.1.4 Function and Importance of Body Language2.2 Some Analysis of Similarities of Body Language in Cultures 2.3 Some Analysis of Differences of Body Language in Cultures 2.4 Some Analysis of Body Language Based on Classifications2.4.1 Facial Expressions and the Movements of Head2.4.2 Gesture2.4.3 Posture2.4.4 Body Touch2.5 Problems in Intercommunications and Some Tentative Solutions 2.5.1 A Summary of Some Problems Concerning Body Language2.5.2 Solutions to the Problems3. ConclusionBibliographyAbstractBody language is vital to the success in communication. It always accompanies our verbal expression as it helps us express ourselves and understand others. It shows and/or contributes to the relationship between people. It, however, sometimes makes trouble for us. Body language is complicated as well, yet acquirable.Statistics shows that body language has been comprehensively studied since the 1950s. The research findings have been widely applied in the fields of politics, diplomacy, cultural exchange, business, and even among common people. However, many problems caused by body language show that its popularizing work is far from being satisfactory. People’s understanding level of it is still to be raised. The research and popularization of body language need further promoting and enhancing.This paper tries to introduce body language in relation to its emergence, meaning, nature，function and importance, highlighting the differences among cultures and the problems with regard to body language, analyzing it based on the existing research findings, its classifications and the writer’s own knowledge in the field for the purpose of providing some solutions to the problems. Finally it concludes that body language plays a significant, or even crucial, role in communication within a culture as well as between cultures, and it is very meaningful and helpful to learn about it and manage to apply it correctly and/or advantageously in actual contexts.The paper is also expected to contribute, more or less, to the enhancement of people’s awareness and understanding of body language and to its popularization and skills in its application in society, with an aim to help people succeed in their actual communications.Key words: body language; nonverbal communication; movements of the body 身体语言肢体语言非语言沟通身体动作IntroductionStudy on Body Languagein Intercultural Communication1. IntroductionBody language is important as well as complicated, particularly in intercultural associations. It nearly always accompanies our verbal expression. Sometimes it conveys more and helps or spoils our intending expression. In international contacts, the differences of body language in different cultures often cause problems. Body language is an important form of communication that we cannot avoid or ignore anyway.From the 1950s, researchers started to conduct a comprehensive study of body language and have attained brilliant achievements so far. In 2006, The Definitive Book of Body Language by Allan Pease & Barbara Pease was published by the Bantam Dell Pub Group, which omni-directionally introduces body language and attentively explains its practical applications.“Albert Mehrabian, a pioneer researcher of body language in the 1950s, found that the total impact of a message is about 7% verbal (words only) and 38% vocal and 55% non-verbal” [Pease 2004: 9].In 2008, a video program called Secrets of Body Language was published by the American History Channel, which vividly displayed and thoroughly analyzed body language, in which were used some videos of American presidents such as those of Bush, Clinton, etc. Doctor Lillian Glass, a body language expert and professor of the University of Southern California, affirms that exact messages can be acquired by seeing through the codes of facial expression, speech, voice and body language. Many other experts and scholars have made great achievements in the field, as well.In the world today, body language, as a form of nonverbal communication and a kind of social knowledge, is increasingly stressed by more and more people. It is widely applied in all fields of life and culture, especially in formal situations. However, problems arise in body language applications, particularly those between cultures. Some people find themselves in troubles just because of their misuse or misunderstanding of body language. This mainly comes from the complexity of body language itsel f and people’s low level of understanding it.Body language is complicated. Firstly, there exist differences among the body languages in different cultures. Secondly, body language is often applied in combinations instead of a single one to express ideas or feelings. Thirdly, some body languages are so slight and vague that they are fleeting and not easy to catch. Fourthly, body actions are often constrained by the objective conditions. It is true that some body languages are easy to apply and understand, and some are even universal over the world, but we can not always judge a body action in isolation, or we will make mistakes or troubles. In fact, even within the same culture, some body languages are not easy to interpret, let alone those from different cultures. To correctly employ and understand body language, we need to gain enough relevant knowledge, or even get some special training.Some people simply believe that body language is universal and can be used based on one’s own habit. This belief may arise from lack of knowledge of world cultures. In fact, the popularization work of body language is not satisfactory. Admittedly, some body languages are universal; even so, we can not take things for granted. The similarities and differences of body language in different cultures deserve our careful learning for the obvious reason that people from different cultures may interpret the same body language differently and that different body movements may be used to convey the same idea, feeling or emotion.2. Main Body2.1 Body language2.1.1 Definitions and Classifications of body languageHuman beings began to note body language long time ago. William Shakespeare wrote,“There is language in her eyes, her cheek, her lip” [宋莉2004: 189]. R. Don Steele told us“the science of kinesics…was formalized by Dr. Ray Birdwhistell in the early 1950s” [1999: 3]. Since then, researchers have had lots of valuable findings in their systematic research into it and given many a definition to it. In general, they call it a form of nonverbal and usually unintended communication and widely accept that it refers to any kind of body movements, expressing ideas, feelings, emotions and attitudes.“Everything is body language – tone of voice, clearing our throats, rubbing our eyes, crossing our arms, tapping our toes, touching our nose – everything except the words we say”[Steele 1999: 22].They find that body language can express meanings without the aid of words and voice. Body language is a special item in the big family of language and is also called a silent language. “Actually, the Silent Language is a translation not from one language to another, but from a series of complex, nonverbal, contexting communications into words” [Hall 1959: VII].Every part of our body, either in motion or stillness, conveys something depending on specific physical, social and/or cultural context. It expresses“how one feels by the way one sits, stands, moves, etc rather than by words” [李北达, ed. 2002: 145].According to the features, researchers have classified body language into three categories: open, closed, and neutral. Open body language means no crossing, no covering and no hiding, such as open arms, open hands and visible palms, relaxed smile, eye contact, nodding, handshaking, etc, which express positive meanings and make one look like an open, accepting and friendly person and be attractive. Closed body language means just the opposite of the open one. Neutral body language, such as the acts of habitual tension, joy and consoling oneself, or actions in special objective conditions, etc, has no special meaning. It should be interpreted on the concrete conditions.Specifically, in terms of the movements of different body parts, body language is divided into facial expressions, movements of head, gestures, postures, body touches, and so on.2.1.2 The Emergence of Body Languag eHow do we gain our body languages? Research finds that they come to us in different ways.“Non-verbal signals are inborn, learned, genetically transferred or acquired in some other ways” [Pease 2004: 18].From lots of observations, experts have found out that “Most primate babies are born with the immediate ability to suck, showing that this is either inborn or genetic” [Pease 2004: 17]. The human babies who were born deaf have the inborn immediate ability to cry. Those who were born blind can nod for “yes” and shake head for “no”. The many basic body movements that people from different cultures own to express the similar or the same ideas, feelings and emotions are called universal body languages. They also prove that human beings own inborn or genetically transmitted body languages.With the formation of different cultures and their traditions in the world, there appear differences in body language from cultures. With the development of international contacts, people from different cultures exchange and accept each other’s cultures and traditions, including body languages. This part of body language is called acquired body language. Studies indicate that we acquire some body languages after-birth by learning from both inside and outside our own culture.2.1.3 The Cultural and Social Natures of Body Language“Culture controls behavior in deep and persisting ways, many of which are out side of awareness and therefore beyond conscious control of individual” [Hall 1959: 15]. Our behavior is conditioned by culture and culture is inherited from generation to generation. Every culture has its own distinctive beliefs, traditions and norms of behavior. This is reflected in the differences of body language among cultures. Professor Chen Wenhua (陈文华) pointed out that every language itself is a kind of culture at the same time when it carries the culture with different features… and that many body languages are also conventional within the ethnic group and have their own cultural meanings and historical backgrounds [2006: 59-60].It is just because of the cultural nature that body language has been endowed with the nature of society. Thus, culture exists in connection with society. Culture has developed and edified society whereas society provides culture a platform for its development. As a cultural phenomenon, body language can be fully meaningful and functional on the condition that it is socialized in its real sense. Language, either verbal or nonverbal, began to serve our social activities as soon as it appeared and it has developed along with the development of human society all the way.Moreover, body languages are likely to be applied not only within its own cultural background but also cross-culturally, thus their similarities and differences are worth finding and studying to serve our intercommunication.2.1.4 Function and Importance of Body LanguageAs the main part of nonverbal expression, Body language accompanies verbal expression, acting the roles of complementation, replacement, repetition, emphasis, contradiction, adjustment, etc. It can also express meanings alone.When we welcome or greet someone, we not only say ‘Welcome’, or ‘How are you’, but also complement our words with a pleasant smile. When we are telling someone the way to a certain place, we not only verbally tell them the route but also repeat the same meaning with our hand pointing to the direction. When we want to stop a noise, we may just put our index fin ger across our lips replacing the words ‘Be silent’. W hen we are saying something important, we often point our index finger upward and continuously wave the hand forth and back a few times to emphasize our words. When we intend to express the meaning that we are strong or determined, we raise a fist or fists to the height of our brows with curved arms to emphasize the meaning. When an American is talking with an Arab, he/she keeps stepping back a little while the Arab keeps stepping closer to him/her a bit at intervals to adjust the distance between them because Arabs enjoy standing very close while Americans dislike it very much.Sometimes our body language expresses more than what our conscious thinking wants to and agrees with or contradicts it, such as a strained look with voicequavering and hands shaking will deny the verbally-told relaxation or ease.“Body language is an outward reflection of a person’s emotional condition. Each gesture or movement can be a valuable key to an emotion a person may be feeling at the rime” [Pease 2004: 11].The functions of body language just speak for its importance. Every function is a reflection of the importance. It is easier to control a verbal language than a nonverbal one because nonverbal expressions are too natural and spontaneous. “You, cannot not communicate. No matter what you do, or don’t do, you broadcast your emotional state. Even if you put on a poker face and sit perfectly still, you loudly announce, ‘I’m trying to hide what I’m feeling” [Steele 1999: 22].2.2 Some Analysis of Similarities of Body Language in CulturesFor some reasons, the codes of the basic human body languages, which help us express and understand better in communication, are nearly the same over the world. They are called universal or similar body languages. “In the late 1800s, Charles Darwin noted that the meaning of many human gestures was the same the world over. He also noted that some human gestures had the same meaning for the apes as they did for us” [Steele 1999: 3]！Smile and laugh mean happiness, but weep means sadness, sorrow or heartbreak; pulling a long face often means unhappiness, and anger together with frowning and glaring. When one feels bored, stressed or worried, he/she would repeat one or more actions over and over again, mostly meaninglessly. It is accepted that arms crossed on chest means defense, caution or protection; chin resting on a palm or a few fingers indicates criticism, suspicion and negation towards someone; tapping fingers means being agitated, anxious or bored; and fast breath is the symbol of being nervous or angry. In most cultures, when a young child lies, he/she would hide his/her hands behind, or quickly covers his/her mouth with hand/s after lying. A teenager would also move his/her hand towards mouth after lying, but just to rub around the mouth with fingers instead of covering it. Adult liars also raise their hand after lying, but they finally only touch their nose, chin or ear with the raised hand instead of rubbingaround or covering their mouths, and then let it down quickly. When a person is hurt, he/she would cry, often with a quivering voice, to express the painfulness. In most places of the world, people wave their hands with the palms outward to mean “Good bye”; the body movement of raising head high with eyes looking into sky is regarded as being conceited.These are only a small part of the similar body languages in the world. We might see them everywhere in the world and understand them well to help our communication. There are still many more of them for us to learn. The more we learn about them, the more we will benefit from our knowledge about it. Moreover, we must always remember the rule that we should never take things for granted in using similar body languages.We have similar body languages because human beings are multiplied from the same ancestor and own the similar genetic genes. It is not surprising to find that some similarities rooted in the same start of human culture and others formed in the similar living environments adjacent to ours over the Earth.2.3 Some Analysis of Differences of Body Language in CulturesSimilarities of body language help us express ourselves and understand others well but its differences are likely to cause incomprehension, misunderstanding or trouble, sometimes even serious conflicts.Research has found that we have much more differences than similarities in terms of body languages in different cultures. On the one hand, the same body language may be interpreted quite differently in different cultures and sometimes the interpretations may be just opposite, aggressive or even insulting. On the other hand, different body movements may be used in different cultures to convey the same idea, feeling or emotion. For example, in the U.S. people stretch out their hand with the palm up and move the fingers back and forth to beckon someone to come near, but in many Asian countries such as China, Pakistan, Thailand, etc, people do it by moving their fingers back and forth with the palm down. Sitting with one’s legs crossing is a common sign of being relaxed in the U.S., but it is considered impolite or offensive inChina, and even a social taboo in Korea. Normally, people welcome visitors with a smile, but American Indians begin to cry to visitors to express their welcome.Once a Chinese employee made a serious mistake in his work and caused a big loss to his boss, an Englishman, who got very angry. The employee felt sorry and upset and went to his office to make a formal and sincere apology to him. Unfortunately, his action irritated the Englishman simply because the employee made his apology with a big smile all the time. As we know, smile means happiness in the English natives’ eyes.The differences of body language have much to do with the differences in cultures, traditions and beliefs of different nations, which, to some extent, are caused by the differences of the living environments and the long-term lack of contact in history.“Lack of communication has given rise to differences in language, in thinking, in systems of belief and culture generally. These differences have made hostility among societies endemic and seemingly eternal – Isaac Asimov” [Samovar 2009: 1].2.4 Some Analysis of Body Language Based on Classifications2.4.1 Facial Expressions and the Movements of HeadFacial expressions and the movements of head are discussed together here because they all appear on the same part of body - head though they do not belong to the same classification. We notice them first and most frequently in communication.Facial expressions refer to the expressions of emotional states through the changes of the ocular muscles, facial muscles and mouth muscles. They are very rich and important in all cultures. The movements of head mainly refer to the acts of nodding and shaking head.Our eyes not only convey emotions but also exchange ideas. As the saying goes, “The eyes are the windows of sou l”. Eye language is an important part of facial expressions, including eye changes, eye placement and eye contact. Eye changes indicate the physical changes of eyes and their conjoint facial parts. Eye placement means where we place our sight when we meet or talk with someone. Eye contact refers to the meeting of each other’s sights. Eye language, some of which areuniversal while others are different, tells a lot.From eye changes, we know that widely-opened eyes with an open mouth indicate surprise, excitement or fear; glaring with frowning means anger or dissatisfaction; looking with slitting eyes means arrogance or salacity; side-glance is considered being disdainful and sinister, etc. The changes of pupils also tell something. When one is stimulated by disgusting things, his/her pupils constrict; a pleasant stimulation causes a dilatation of the pupils; panic or excitement even causes a dilatation of the pupils up to four times its usual size. From the information revealed by the eyeballs we know that a person is sincere if his/her eyeballs are comparatively stable whereas one whose eyeballs keep rotating is likely to be dishonest.Research has found that eye placement also tells something. Often looking down indicates being respectful, submissive or embarrassed; keeping looking away means dissatisfaction, uninteresting or expecting something else; glancing at a watch frequently means that one is absent-minded or wants to stop the talk; closely looking into the partner’s face or eyes indicates interest in him/her or what he/she is saying.Eye contact is a popular expression in English-speaking countries.People there are told “not to trust anyone who won’t look you in the eye” [宋莉2004: 189]and their children are encouraged to do the same. If not, they will be regarded as lacking enthusiasm or confidence.“Your eye contact, or lack of eye contact, communicates”[Steele 1999: 22].To look at or not, whom to look at, when to look at or how long to look at is often a big question.English natives believe that eye contact in conversation means gentility. Take Americans for example, they exchange eye contact nearly every few seconds in a conversation and they normally look at each other for about one minute in an eye contact and then look away, which show their respect, honesty, interest, attention and confidence. However, to Americans, eye contact is entirely different from gaze. They believe that gazing means being intimate between two people but rude when it is done to unrelated people. When they see a man and a woman gazing at each other, they believe that they are lovers. When they see two men or two women gazing at each other, they believe that they are homosexuals. When they see someone gazing atunrelated people to him/her, they believe that he/she is rude, crazy or insane. Once, a few Americans traveled to a remote village. The villagers were so curious and interested that they all came out and watched them, but the Americans got unhappy and annoyed, thinking them rude as they gazed at them as if they were freaks.Eye contact does not mean the same in the world. Arabs enjoy it, but unlike Americans, they do it for a long period, just like gazing. They believe that it shows strong interest and helps assessing the truthfulness of what is being told. In the Middle East, it is extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone returning his gaze. Frenchmen like to look into eyes attentively, but with admiration instead. In the Far Eastern countries, it is considered impolite, disrespectful, challenging, rebellious or threatening to look into others’eyes, especially when a younger or inferior looking i nto an elder or superior’s eyes. People from Latin American and Caribbean cultures avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.The changes of mouth express something. Normally depressing the corners of mouth means sorrow or heartbreak while turning up the corners indicates happiness. We pout our lips when being wronged while we widely open our mouth with a stiffen tongue when being stunned or surprised. When one is grinding his/her teeth, he/she might feel resented and when one is biting the lower lip, he/she might be bearing pain.Smile and laugh are globally used to express happiness, but people smile or laugh for different reasons. In the Far Eastern countries, smile or laugh means not only happiness but also apology, understanding, forgiveness, contempt, making fun of, embarrassment or avoiding answering questions, etc. When a Chinese person steps on one’s feet by accident, he/she would say “sorry” with a smile, but an English native would feel confused by the “sorry”with the smile. Westerners always feel puzzled about the Far Eastern smile. A German friend of mine told me that he once broke a glass full of beer in a restaurant in Guangzhou and felt very embarrassed, but the Chinese people around just all smiled at him, and the waitress who came up to clean it also smiled at him, which made him not only embarrassed but annoyed. He just could not understand the smiles!Nodding and shaking head are universal actions but they do not always mean thesame, though. In most cultures nodding express agreement, understanding or active listening while shaking head means disagreement, misunderstanding or incomprehension, but in Bulgaria, parts of India, Greece and Turkey such actions may imply just the opposite. The Turks express their disapproval by quick lifting their chin with a tongue click. In China, nodding has one more function, greeting.2.4.2 GestureTheoretically,professor Fan Xingli (范杏丽) thought that gesture means the expression of ideas and feelings by the movements and shapes of our hands and fingers instead of verbal language [2000: 123]. Gestures are so rich, colorful but complicated that it is difficult to list all of them in a thesis, but many are so often used and so meaningful and helpful to us in communication that they are truly worth carefully studying.Thumbing up, expresses “good” in most cultures, in contrast, means challenge or rudeness in the Middle East and Australia. In North America, besides being “good”, it also means wanting a ride. In Greece, it even carries the meaning “off with you” or “get away”.The “ok” gesture in the English world means that someone is fired by the boss in Japan, nothing or zero in France, and being vulgar or sexual in Russia, Singapore, Paraguay, Latin America, Germany and the Middle East.Touching one’s temple with a finger is a popular gesture. Chinese people do it with head shaking to mean being stupid, crazy or insane but with nodding to mean cleverness or intelligence. The Dutch and Americans touch their temple to indicate cleverness or intelligence while touching forehead means stupidity. Chinese people circle their finger round and round their temple to indicate thinking but Americans mean being crazy by the same way.To signify badness, Chinese people stretch out their little finger, Americans make their thumb downwards, but Japanese hold up their little finger to mean one’s lover.To point, Germans use their little finger and people in most Asian countries usean entire hand with the palm upwards, especially to people on formal occasions. Americans use their index finger, as mentioned before.When English natives put their hand on their neck to mean they are full, Chinese people would become puzzled and surprised because that gesture means suicide in China, who would express fullness by patting their stomach instead.A proper gesture helps our expression but an improper one spoils it.“Open hands indicate openness to you. Clenched hands indicate fear or anger. Holding tightly to anything, the arm of the chair, one’s own leg, even one’s wine glass, is literally, holding on to one’s emotions, controlling one’s self. The emotion held back could be anything…” [Steele 1999: 61].2.4.3 PosturePosture is the“way in which a person holds himself as he stands, walks or sits” [李北达, ed. 2002: 1147]. It also expresses our feelings and attitudes, giving different connotations in different cultures.Sitting is a common posture over the world, but how, where, and when to sit means differently in different cultures.In traditional Chinese culture, to sit or not has to abide by certain rules. Those who could sit at the presence of many people are often the superiors and seniors, showing their special status and the respect from others. On the contrary, in the English-speaking countries, superiors prefer to stand, while the others sit, to show their power and influence and their higher status than others, making use of the difference in height. As for seniors, there is no special rule for them to sit or stand in most western countries.Another rule has much to do with the way of sitting. Chinese culture stresses “sit ting as firm ly as a bell”to show that one is healthy, strong, serious, polite and respectful. In the English world, especially in the U.S. people pay more attention to comfort, convenience and liberty, so they usually just casually fall into a chair or sofa and comfortably lean in whatever way, namely, slouch, except on formal occasions.A third rule of sitting concerns crossing legs. In Chinese culture only the。
肢体语言在人际交往中的应用--商务英语本科学位论文
中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：肢体语言在人际交往中的应用姓名： 0000000班级、学号： 00000000000系 (部) ：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师： 000000开题时间： 2009-4-10完成时间： 2009-10-282009 年 10 月 28 日目录课题肢体语言在人际交往中的应用一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献The Application of Body Language in InterpersonalCommunication0000000中文摘要：语言是一种交流工具，而肢体语言在人际交往中占据着十分重要的作用。
在跨文化交际中它帮助人们传情达意，突破语言障碍，促进交流。
错误地用肢体语不紧会使我们在跨文化交流中失败，而且会造成和外国朋友间的冲突，所以，怎样正确地使用肢体语，怎样理解肢体语的差异都是非常重要的。
本文致力于在不同国家的文化背景中找出肢体语言表达内涵的异同点。
本文详述了肢体在日常生活、社会交往和表达内心感受不同方面的使用。
通过本文，人们会对肢体语言的使用有一个基本了解，从而在跨文化交流中准确地使用肢体语言，避免因对肢体语言的误解而带来不便或者引起麻烦。
关键字：肢体语言；交流；文化IntroductionPeople can communicate with another not only through verbal communication but also through nonverbal communication; moreover, the latter plays an essential role. Body language is an important part of nonverbal communication, and thus this article intends to present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it well. Broadly speaking，the body language that we use decides the quality of our communication .It is importantto note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How we can interpret body language depends on the situation, the culture .This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behavior from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can complement each other to make a particular meaning crystal clear or strengthen the meaning of what we communicate.1. The Importance of Body LanguageBody language in communication plays an irreplaceable role in human’s communications. Psychology study found: In the face-to-face communication between two people, more than 50% of the exchange of information is achieved through a silent body language. Body Language is an international one, and different countries in the case of language barrier can use body language to communicate. It has been found that people with usually make a speech per day on the away, only 10% of the time of the contacts communication with verbal language. With people of their time are engaged in a subtle body language to communicate. Sometimes, the body language is enough to express all the information, but rather redundant language. Body language channels of communication exist. The so-called body language means,includes those from the room, eyes, physical contact, posture moves, facial expressions, as well as the non-verbal signals to the body. Different culture has been deeply ingrained in their habits. Therefore, we should not overlook the impact of cultural binding on body language in our conversation, the communication does not only mean words, although we are not aware of this point. Our facial expressions, gestures, movements in other parts of the body can convey the message to the people around. Lending a hand with a smile is to show the welcome, frowning expresses dissatisfaction, nodding is agreement, and waving means goodbye. When listening to speech or report. If somebody relies on to the back of a chair or yawn it shows that the speech or report is not interesting .It is generally accepted that these actions indicated above sense, at least the Chinese and Americans are the same on this point. These actions are part of the means of communication. Body language is a part of our culture. However, in a different culture, the significance of body language is not exactly the same. All ethnic groups have different ways of the non-discourse. Therefore, the effective use of English Communication, in some language must be understood by the speaker’s of gestures, movements, expressed the meaning of suchbehavior.People can communicate with each other through not only verbal communication but also nonverbal communication. Moreover, the latter plays an essential role in human communication. Nonverbal communication is connected with cultures and it is the result of cultures. But many people pay great attention to the acceptance and correctness of the verbal communication and overlook the influence and cultural difference of nonverbal communication. Then the misunderstanding and cultural crash often occur in the cross-cultural communication. So in the process of communication, it is not a complete communication while ignoring the cultural differences of nonverbal communication.A famous anthropologist E.T.Hall pointed out “Silent language expresses more information than verbal language. Because it contains a lot of information” according to some researchers abroad, in people’s daily life, nonverbal communication takes part over 65% in all of information exchange. And body language is an important part of nonverbal communication. Many experts have shown the importance of body language in the cross-cultural communication. “A psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message = 7% verbal + 38% vocal+55% facial expressions and behavior.” It is clear without body language we can’t finish our informational exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient communication2. The Application of the Body LanguageWithout body language, our world would be static and colorless. The movements of our arms, hands, eyes, constitute another important way of communication.2.1. Gestures2.1.1. Making Introductions by Using Hand Gestures People are always enlarging their circles to meet the needs of social development. To get to know more friends and companions, one needs to introduce others or be introduced to others. In this process, people must use hand gesture to indicate the people being introduced. As mentioned above, only use index finger to point at someone or something is definitely inappropriate. The best way is to use an open hand with palm upwards-especially the right hand-to introduce others. When introducing oneself. The Chinese would like to point at one self’s nose to indicate “I”, while Western people point atthe chest to mean “I”2.1.2. Instructions of HandshakingWhen people meet each other the first time, bid farewell to each other, or show appreciation or apology to others, they usually shake hands with each other. There are some tips one should pay attention to. Firstly, the senior should be the first to stretch out the hand. Secondly, three to five seconds is enough for the process. Thirdly and most importantly, people had better use the right hand. In all Arabic countries, left hand is considered to be dirty. There is a special phenomenon in Korea. People will use their left hand to show respect when passing things.2.1.3. Call for ComingWhen signifying “come here”, the Chinese would extend their opened hands with palms down, toward the person with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion. Such a gesture of the same meaning can also be seen in Japan and Brazil. But in Britain, it means “go there”. And in English-speaking countries such as Britain and America, it means calling in the animals. When British want to indicate “come here”, they would extend their closed hands, palms up, with only their forefingers moving back and forth. In China it means callingin the children or animals, or an expression of provocative behavior. Peruvian acts in a widely divergent way. They raise one hand vertically, with palm upward, and wave the hand back and forth. It is very similar to saying goodbye in North America.2.1.4. Number ExpressionEither in China or other countries, people would like to indicate numbers with fingers, but their way of expression is quite different from each other. Chinese often stretch out index finger to indicate “1”, while the European and American people use thumb. To indicate number “2”, Chinese stretch out their index and middle fingers, whereas an American people uses his thumb and index finger, which is used to indicate number “8” in China. Chinese always use one hand to express the number 0 to 10, but the European or American always uses both hands. For example, a Chinese always stretch out the thumb and little finger to express “6”, while if a European or American wants to express “6”, one would open the whole fingers of one hand and plus another thumb of the other hand.2.2. Facial Expressions2.2.1. Smiles and LaughtersSmiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval,satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment. This is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries. However, there are situations when some Chinese laugh .It will cause negative reactions by westerners. To illustrate, here is an example from a letter by an American to a Chinese friend on nonverbal gestures that often cause cross-cultural misunderstanding “…One is the different meaning of laughter in China and American. When an American is parking his bicycle, for example, and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angry and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh. I have seen the same thing happen in the dining room, when a foreigner drops a plate quite by accident and feels badly and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.”Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune —whether he is a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually quite unpleasant and often generates ill feeling towards those laughing.2.2.2. Eye contactAs saying goes “The eyes are the window of the soul”. That is to say, we can read one’s mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators. People from English speaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. According to American tradition, communicators must gaze at each other. “But there are many rules about eye language: Whether to look at the other communicator or not; when it is the time to look at them, how long we can look at; who we can look at and who we can’t; they all imply different meanings in communication .In Juliet’s Faster’s book “Body Language”, there is a paragraph which can explain the problem. “Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show interest in each other. A writer described this situation in an article “They look over the menu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for the first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window.”Americans pay great attention to the time and the way ofeye contact. In common conversation, they will look at each other about one minute and then they will look away. If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other communicator directly. If they don’t, they are regarded lack of enthusiasm or confidence. They believe the saying “Never trust a person who can’t look you in the eyes.”If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior. The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our communicators is gentlemanly. But Swedish use eye language more often than Englishmen. And the French especially like to look attentively at the other communicators with admiration. Japanese often look at the other communicator’s neck when they are in conversation. They believe eye contact is impolite. And Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Some South American Indians used to look at different directions when they are talking. In the Middle East, it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone, return his gaze.Another example, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They are annoyed and think the local people are rude. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just curious. “American social psychologist Michael Argyle found out: People who like each other have more eye-contact than people who dislike each other.” In communication, looking down frequently can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looking away constantly may express dissatisfaction. Females are likely to communicate with more eye contact, especially among females. But too long eye contact will cause embarrassment. Most people feel uneasy and uncomfortable under the strong staring. When people always staring at us, we will feel we are threatened or suspect their sincerity. From what is mentioned above we can conclude that different cultural background has a great influence on body language. And eye language also reflects different cultures and believes. So we need to observe and compare and contrast carefully so as to improve cultural exchange and to blend well.3. Comparative Study of Chinese and American Body LanguageA comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities you may see two men walk hand in hand or with an arm around another's shoulder. It is a signof friendship in China. However, Americans strongly disapprove it. The situation is regarded as homosexual in American culture.In China, if two old friends meet somewhere after several years. They may pull or push each other, or they may pat other's shoulder to show their close friendship. Americans seldom do this. It is rude to touch others wildly even though he is the intimate friend in American culture.If a Chinese attempting to show his friendliness, stands to close to an American. The American will step back, wanting to keep a certain distance. This is because American belong non-touching cultures. They like to keep about 30 inches apart from one another, which is considered their personal “comfort zone”. In China, a common complaint of American mothers is that Chinese often fondle their babies and very small children. Such behaviors like touching, patting, hugging or kissing may be considered rude, intrusive and offensive in American culture, even though those behaviors are merely signs of friendliness or affection in Chinese culture.When meeting others, to show respect or friendliness, Chinese usually shake hands or nod. In America, you can see people often hug or kiss to show friendliness, which is quiteembarrassing and awkward for Chinese, especially between the opposite sexy. In China, kissing is only for lovers or parents to children. If you invite an American friend to dinner in your house, to show hospitality, you may serve food constantly in his plate. But he may feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, because in American custom, one must eat up food in his plate, if not, he might be regarded as a grandiose man, let alone to mention they do not like some certain dishes (for example viscera of animals)ConclusionWe have discussed the differences and similarities on body language and principles of reducing barriers in communication above. Being a branch of the means of nonverbal communication, body language can help us solve a lot of problems we meet. The study of body language makes us understand others very well and behave in proper ways without making too many mistakes. It is difficult to master body language because of its complexity, but we can improve our communicative abilities if we try to the utmost of our efforts to learn what we should know and follow the principles mentioned above. What we should do is to rememberhow people from different cultures act and to keep an understanding and tolerant attitude towards the differences. Only when we make a clear understanding on body language, can we use body language of English speaking countries to make an efficient communication and avoid misunderstanding.参考文献[1] 安琦、李坤．跨文化交际中的身势语[J]．赤峰学院学报.2005.[2] 程同春．非语言交际与身势语[J]．外语学刊.2005.[3] 范杏丽．不同文化背景下的非语言交际对比[J]．华中理工大学学报（社会科学版）.2000.[4] 高凤兰．俄国人与中国人在身势语方面的差异．日本学论坛.1997.[5] 蒋阳芬. 身势语的文化差异(英文)[J]. 宁波高等专科学校学报 . 2000.[6] 金正昆.社交礼仪[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社.2005.[7] 开心.手势和姿态说明什么[J].经济日报.2000.[8] 于敏．跨文化交际中的非语言交际的特点及其功能[J]．成都教育学院学报.2005.[9] 李速立．身势语的客观差异性[J]．唐都学刊.2000.[10] 李育卫．英汉跨文化非语言交际对比研究[J]．云南师范大学学报（对外汉语教学与研究版）.2004.。
跨文化交际中的肢体语言
跨文化交际中的肢体语言跨文化交际中的肢体语言来源：英语毕业论文/ 肢体语言是人类进行非语言信息交流的重要手段,其内涵也随着文化环境、生活方式和思维习惯的不同而呈现出一定的差异。
要用外语进行有效的、成功的跨文化交际就必须学习和了解肢体语言在不同民族文化中的交际功能。
肢体语言跨文化交际文化差异肢体语言又称身体语言,是指经身体的各种动作(包括面部表情和身体各部位的动作等)来进行传递信息、交流思想的现象。
作为一种独特的交际方式,肢体语言在人们的交际过程中起着不可替代的作用。
有研究表明,一个人要向外界传达完整的信息,55%的信息都需要肢体语言来传达。
在人际交往中,有的肢体语言非常具体,有的则十分概括;有的旨在交流,有的仅为表达;有的提供感情信息,有的则表现人物的性格和态度。
肢体语言个人发出,有社会共知含义,并有可能对交际对象产生影响和发生作用。
但是,不同的国家有着不同的文化,肢体语言的内涵也随着文化的不同而呈现出一定的差异。
因此,要用外语进行有效的、成功的交际,就必须对不同文化中的肢体语言所表示的含义有所了解。
体距语的文化差异在人类的人际交往中,个人往往会不自觉地与别人保持相当距离,以保持其心理上的安全感受。
美国人类学教授爱德华·T·霍尔博士认为,在人际交往中存在四种空间距离:亲密距离(0～45cm,适合于夫妻关系及情侣之间)、个人距离(45～120cm,存在于朋友、熟人、亲戚之间)、社交距离(120～360cm,多用于洽谈业务和接待陌生客人时)和公共距离(360cm～750cm,多用于非正式的聚会。
) 从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的空间距离,关系越远,亲密程度越小,并且这个空间距离的大小还会受到文化背景、环境、行业、个性等的影响。
一般说来,西方文化注重个人隐私,而中国人则不太讲究个人空间。
多数英语国家的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定的距离。
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【关键字】学校中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：跨文化交流中的肢体语言姓名：00000班级、学号：系(部) ：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：开题时间：完成时间：31 日目录课题跨文化交流中的肢体语言一、课题(论文)提纲三、参照文献Body language in intercultural communication0000摘要:肢体语言是文化交流的一部分。
肢体语言，众所周知，是指能够传递某种特定信息的面部表情、手势语,以及其他身体部位动作。
像动作，脸部表情，眼神交流等等。
用肢体语言来表达感情几乎是人类的本能。
因为它简单方便，所以被广泛的运用于生活中。
除一些世界公认的肢体语言外，不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。
在进行跨文化交流时，相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。
本文比较了不同文化的肢体语言的差别并简单阐述了肢体语言，以便于我们更好的提升沟通技巧和理解能力。
AbstractBody language is a part of intercultural communication. Body language, as is universally known, means elements in nonverbal communication produced by body. Such as movement, facial expressions, eye contact and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is a instincts of human itself. It is widely used in reality life Because of its simple、fast、directly. except some admittedly body languages, different cultures have different body languages. When you process an intercultural communication, the same body language form probably shows different meaning. This article intends to compare the difference of body language with different culture，present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it wellKeywords:body language;interculturcommunication;applicationIntroduction:Intercultural communication , means the interaction between people from different background.In nowadays, economy globlization trends becoming obvious day by day, intercultural communication is no longer a rare thing to us. With the fast development and popularity of the internet,it is very convenient for people to carry on intercultural communication. A basic content of intercultural communication is body communication, if the message can not handle well, misunderstanding will caused in intercultural communication sometimes. Therefore, when you carry on intercultural communication, you should understand some common body language in international communication.The necessity and importance of language in intercultural communicationBody language plays a significant role which complete language in intercultural communication. Why do language have such a essential effects on communication？Because sometimes, body language be able to express meaning or contents more profound than verbal language，they can express what the verbal language cannot express directly.People communicate with each other by their body language in the ways of nodding, waving, eye contact, shrugging and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is ainstincts of human itself. It is widely used in dai ly life Because it i s simple,fast,directly.Like all of other nonverbal communication behaviors, body language serves a variety of purposes. Body language sometime repeats or takes place of verbal communication with the use of gestures. Moreover, body language can regulate social interaction, and finally it conveys our attitude toward ourselves and toward others in communication. In addition, it express information masterly and leave a better imagine space on others.As an unique way of communication, body language plays an irreplaceable role in people's munication is mainly depend on verbal language or written word, but as a matter of fact, body language is regard as a widely method to express emotion, attitude or advice. And have affect on communication deeply.According to the relevant statistics, the percentage of body language communication is about 65% in social occasion. A psychologist give up a formula:Transmit of information= 7%language+38%voice+55%body languageAlthough the aboved data need a further discussion, while it is more emphasis on the role of body language in interpersonal communication. Non-verbal action, majority is unconsciously reveal, and it often reflects his real feelings. It is more easier for people to disguise words when using language, In the process of communication, meanwhile, the non-verbal behavior is not so easy to conceal. As Freud said “understanding people's deep psychological idea, language is not reliable, the body languages are more true than human’s emotion and desires.”In the process of information communication, not only the expression and movement appears with the disseminator’s verbal language, but also the recipients are receiving information while showing a series of expressions. It is an important feedback, it is a recipient psychological feedback, it is more important than the language.2.The classification of body language2.1Facial expression languageExpression refers to the person's facial expressions. How many people's facial expressions it is, I’m afraid it is impossible to work out, there are some common facial expressions like:"happiness, anger, sadness and joy, others such as fear, disappointment,it is called as changing. No wonder Roman Rolland said, “facial expressions is the language which nurturedcenturies and thousands of times more complex than the mouth talking. ”The eyes are the windows of the soul, eye contact is the main source of confidence in nonverbal communication. Besides, we convey ideas by eyes,the eyebrow and mouth movements also can not be ignored.2.2 Hand languageThe use of hand and arm movements, is the most powerful method to convey his ideas in body language.In a general sense, we have to use hand gestures to help strengthen the ideas or describe things. Therefore, it is used everywhere. Even in a social situation. Gesture language is the most important part of the body language, is the most important silent language, is the most useful language. No matter the past, now and the future, its still an indispensable tool of people contacts. In the different nationality or ethnic groups, the meaning of same kind of sign language expression may be roughly the same or similar, also may be quite the opposite. The following are several common sign language:V-gesture: It has become Esperanto for long time, and it is come from the because the V word in English on behalf of Victory, so V express the joy and sense of victory to people. When you use this gesture, you need turn your finger’s back to your face. It is said that this gesture become popular after the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill use during the Second World War in English-speaking countries. Be careful when using this gesture, you must put palm out, otherwise, means stigma, neglect to other.OK gesture: There is no doubt that it is also a Esperanto which composed of english letters O and K, its means no problem, everything is ready , also shows i’m fine, all right, thank you for your attention.However, in the south of , OK gesture means that something he disapproved is not worth mentioning.In the Middle East and , this gesture symbolizes holes, which have a clear meaning of homosexuality. If in the bar and other public places, someone show you this gesture is probably looking for a partner, and do not return a thumb gestures, you also do not think he told you OK,so you are politely return a ok.In addition, leg movements can also reveal personal potential consciousness.At a meeting, a staff suddenly received a call from his wife who said that her mother had acar accident and went to the hospital, asked him to the hospital immediately. After the call, of course, he was very anxious and want to ask for leave. But at that time, his manager is giving a speech and hate to be interrupted. If his action left a bad impression on the manager, it will directly affect his promotion prospects. He was quitely worried, but can not take any action, so he frequently look at the door, and also turn his toes towards the door. At this moment, the manager just find his movement and ask the reason, then let him leave immediately.2.3 Poseture languageBody language includes human’s standing posture, walking posture and sit, squat, stoop, sleep and so on.Psychologists have pointed out that a man’s legs are close together when he standing,it generally make a stable and reliable impression on people, and it will also left a difficult communication impression ;while a man stand with his legs apart, his legs have a little toe out of people, then it gives a bold, aggressive proactive attitude to people;A mans legs close together, one after another, which reflects he has ambitious targets, haste temper but very brave and full of adventurous spirit; There is also a kind of person, when he stand focus on one foot, the other foots toes touch the ground behind gravity legs, these people would mostly like to change, willing to face challenge. Of course, standing posture not entirely representative of a person, because well-trained professionals could change body posture, but it at least can make it clear that standing posture is an important language, it has the ability to convey his ideas.Person's walking posture can express a variety of feelings, such as pleasure,frustration,passion, or lazy, slack and so on. psychologists found that: the person whose pace is large and elastic, their hands swinging force, are usually more self-confident, optimistic, objectives; walking pace inertia and variable of the speed ,that kind of person are more hesitant, pessimistic, insight view; People who like to dominate others usually like walk a high kick backwards ;When a women walking , the higher her arm swing, the more t she is energetic; On the contrary, women who walked less by arm swinging, most of them are in the thoughts confusion or frustration.What the“ real” secret of the Body Language exhibited is that all verbal languages can not cover. In the process of intercultural communication, especially those regarding the interests and rights of negotiation, consultation, communication. experienced people who able to master“secretBody language”, often through analyse other's instantaneous exposed body movements or posture, grasp each other's mood swings, real inner intentions quickly.and thereby get the initiative and advantage position. So familiar with “Secret Body Language”as important as English proficiency, even more important.2.The factors influence body language in intercultural communication .Because of different nationalities in which the ecological, physical, social and religious environment is different, each language environment have given rise to a different language habits, socio-cultural, folklore and customs of various contextual factors, and therefore in different cultures, the meaning of body language is not exactly the same, all ethnic groups of communication have different non-discursive way.The probable reasons that cause these diofference are as follow：3.1Different sense of valueIt should be recognized that the values of Eastern and Western cultures have lot of difference, due to the acceleration of world economic globlization process, the international cultural exchanges and cooperation become more frequent.The cultural mutual penetration of different levels in different countries and regions is more obvious, but some deep-rooted values of each are unique. For example, the United States as the representative of Western culture, in terms of value mainly showed as utility, efficiency, emphasize individualism and privacy, have a strong sense of competition and adventure spirit.Besides, westerners havent thoughts of hierarchy, humble, and expensive, cheapdistinction.Of course, many Westerners, is also have double standard in the values. Such as privacy, some U.S. companies prevail to steal employee's privacy, the company let security person look up the file folders, notebooks, open the phone calls, browsing phone automatically record card, or even open the computer, copy file on hard drive when the employees are go outside.Therefore, in the process of intercultural communication, both sides want to achieve understanding and respect, we must first understand and respect each other's values.3.2 Different customsIn the human experience and belief, custom play the dominant role, therefore, there is an old saying“when you in rome, do as romans do”.And if we Chinese people visit others,the host usually offer tea or drinks for guest, the guests will repeatedly refuse and say “no”, or “don't bother”even if the guest is very thirsty, extremely desire to drink tea. While most of the foreigners, often require host if they can offer something to drink, or the host ask guests what would they like to drink, guests is very delight to tell the host what to drink. And there are lot of things sounds like a joke, but that is the true. A Chinese meet his foreign friends outside,then he askl “Mr, have you eaten”? Then, say goodbye to the foreigner, m ove forward .H owever,the foreigners think Chinese friend treat him a dinner today. Another thing, but also because of the customs of the gap, and raises the below jokes.A foreigner visit his Chinese friend’s home, according western manners, foreign friends praised host “Your wife is beautiful” According to Chinese custom, the host hurriedly reply “where , where”? foreign friends think the host ask him which party is beautiful ? He added “everywhere”.3.3 Language hibitsChinese people usually tend to explain the reason fisrt, and then get down to the business, on the other way around, westerners, such as Americans answer the phone, introduce themselves first“this is xx company, can I help you?” when the Other party explain clearly whom he want speak to ,then ask: may I know who is this ? But we often “hey, who is this? Or who do you speak to”?4 . Understand and use body language correctlyA Chinese man talks to an American or Canadian woman, is it impolite to look at each other?In various cultural background , whether nod head means “yes”, shock head means “no”?4.1 Correctly understand different meaning of different body languageIt is necessary to understand that body languages have different meaning in the same situation, and the same body language have diffrent meaning in the diffrent occasion.It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How to interpret body language, it depends on the situation, the culture, the relationship we have with the person as well as the gender of the other. This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behaviour from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can help each other to understand meaning clearly or strengthen the meaning of what we express.For example, shaking head at sometimes does not absolutely means disapproval, also it is possible means “unbelievable” or “do nothing” or even a think highly of praise --- “fantastic”. For example, when you see a football player shoot a ball into the goal, you probably will shake you heads to praise. Similarly, in the process of interaction, we must correctly identify the meaning of each other’s same sortof action, which is very important.Due to body language behavior is often comparatively obscure, you have to identify each other's true colors through this hazy “veil”, without a certain social experience and sometimes its not really easy to distinguish. For example you ask someone to help, the other can say “OK” or “no” to you, but some people often can not express in his face resolutely “do it or not”, it is a subtle meaning.4.2 Understand the meaning of others’eye contacts correctlyIt is necessary to understand the meaning of each other's eyes, but also learn how to use eye contact to communicate.A personal eye expression plays an important role in interpersonal communication. The eye contact foremost serve as enhancing human interaction, For speakers, its better for them to control, regulate themselves. Warning , points out other's role so that they could adjust their conversation or manner timely. For listening people, different eye contacts can tell other whether you listen or not, or absent-minded. You can also look at each others to encourage them to go on, indicate others end the conversation.The way of using eyes contact is different in differentcountries and communities. Westerners, Americans, the Israelis, when they are talking to someone, their eye contacts is relatively strong, so both sides take the measure that they through the information launch of eyes contacts, enhancing the penetration power of the audio language. Asians, their eye contact are more softer,and they would not look others intently as westerners. But generally speaking, when you are talking with others, the scope of eye contacts activities should be natural circulate at each other's eyes, head, shoulder, take soft spots policy.4.3 Correct application of gesture and posture languageIn social occasions, or when dealing with people, we need to learn how to correctly use gestures and posture to convey your feelings and hopes to each others, at the same time, you should understand other's gestures and posture message.In the cultural exchanges, there are lots of common sign languages.A mans hands twisted tightly, it shows that he is nervous; rubbing his hands that shows he is eager; his hands spread out, that means there is no reservation; cover his mouth with hand, shows surprise.And then, due to different cultural backgrounds, the same gesture would have a totally different meaning, for example,the American put the palm inside means peace or victory, but in the United Kingdom it might convey the opposite message. ConclusionBody language is a important method of human communication,its connotation is also different with the difference of cultural inviroment, life style,thinking habbits. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, we should learn and understand the meaning of body language in different countries and regions, by using it properly to reduce conflict, improve communication quality, only the two sides will master a variety of body language communication forms of different meanings, place them in the appropriate cultural context so that achieve communicative purposes.参考文献：[1]许静.非语言交际的跨文化差异与外语教学[A].上海外语出版社,2005[2]顾曰国.跨文化交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1997.[3]贾雨新.跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语出版社，1997[4]毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。