语言学讲义考研 8 Pragmatics
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哈师大语言学chapter 8 pragmatics
• Leech (1983): Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations. • Crystal (1987/1997): Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.
3. Stable product 4. Analyze sentence in isolation
Bigger chunks of conversation Dynamic prysis & pragmatic analysis
Grammatical (sentence) Pragmatic (utterance)
1. units of linguistic system Instances of the system
2. Stop at sentence level
• Maggie: Coffee? • James: It would keep me awake all night.
• Linda: Have you finished the student evaluation forms and the reading lists? • Jean: I’ve done the reading lists.
Utterance
• Jane: Coffee? • Steve: Sure. • Jane: White? • Steve: Black.
3. Stable product 4. Analyze sentence in isolation
Bigger chunks of conversation Dynamic prysis & pragmatic analysis
Grammatical (sentence) Pragmatic (utterance)
1. units of linguistic system Instances of the system
2. Stop at sentence level
• Maggie: Coffee? • James: It would keep me awake all night.
• Linda: Have you finished the student evaluation forms and the reading lists? • Jean: I’ve done the reading lists.
Utterance
• Jane: Coffee? • Steve: Sure. • Jane: White? • Steve: Black.
英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
utterance, i.e. the act ostin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
pragmatics定义
pragmatics定义Pragmatics，即语用学，是语言学的一个分支领域，研究的是语言在实际使用中的意义和效果。
它关注的是人们如何根据语境和目标来理解和运用语言，以达到交际的目的。
在本文中，我们将探讨语用学的定义、重要概念和应用领域。
让我们来定义一下语用学。
语用学研究的是语言的使用，而不仅仅是语言的结构和形式。
它关注的是人们是如何根据具体的语境来理解和运用语言的。
在语用学中，我们研究的是语言的意义，即语言的含义和使用者的意图之间的关系。
在语用学中，有一些重要的概念需要我们了解。
第一个概念是"言外之意"，即指的是人们在交际中所传达的除了字面意义之外的意思。
例如，当一个人说"天气好"时，他可能的言外之意是希望对方与他一起出去玩。
这个概念在理解他人的意图和进行有效的沟通时非常重要。
第二个概念是"会话合作原则"，它由语言学家Grice提出。
会话合作原则指的是在交际过程中，人们通常会遵循一些准则，以确保交流的顺利进行。
这些准则包括：合作原则、量原则、质原则和关联原则。
合作原则要求人们相互合作，尽力使对方理解自己的意思；量原则要求提供足够的信息，既不多也不少；质原则要求提供真实和可靠的信息；关联原则要求在交际中保持话题的连贯性。
语用学在现实生活中有许多重要的应用领域。
其中之一是交际策略。
交际策略是指人们在交际过程中采取的一些技巧和方法，以实现自己的交际目的。
例如，当一个人想要请求帮助时，他可以使用委婉语言来表达请求，以增加对方的接受度。
交际策略的研究可以帮助人们更好地理解和运用语言，从而提高交际的效果。
另一个应用领域是语言教学。
语用学可以帮助教师更好地教授语言，使学生能够真正地理解和运用语言。
通过教授学生一些常见的交际策略和语用规则，学生能够更好地掌握语言的意义和使用方式。
这有助于提高他们的语言水平和交际能力。
语用学还在法律、广告和政治等领域有广泛的应用。
普通语言学 8-Pragmatics讲解
Jef Verschueren (1999): Adaptability theory
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
英美语用学: 语用学的成分论 (component view of pragmatics)
欧陆语用学: 语用学的综观论 (perspective view of pragmatics)
英美语用学
语用学是语言理论的核心组成部分，与语 音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学 的地位相同。
语用学研究的是依赖于语言使用的意义。
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
主要研究：含意、预设、言语行为、指示 语
欧陆语用学
语用学为语言行为的各个方面提供一个功 能的视角或综观。
语用学在总体上被看作是语言交际的理论。
包括社会语言学、心里语言学、语篇分析 所涵盖的领域。
欧陆语用学
更加接近Morris（1938）的语用学思想
Jacob Mey (1993):
1. Micropragmatics: context, implicature and reference; pragmatic principles; speech acts; conversation analysis
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
英美语用学: 语用学的成分论 (component view of pragmatics)
欧陆语用学: 语用学的综观论 (perspective view of pragmatics)
英美语用学
语用学是语言理论的核心组成部分，与语 音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学 的地位相同。
语用学研究的是依赖于语言使用的意义。
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
主要研究：含意、预设、言语行为、指示 语
欧陆语用学
语用学为语言行为的各个方面提供一个功 能的视角或综观。
语用学在总体上被看作是语言交际的理论。
包括社会语言学、心里语言学、语篇分析 所涵盖的领域。
欧陆语用学
更加接近Morris（1938）的语用学思想
Jacob Mey (1993):
1. Micropragmatics: context, implicature and reference; pragmatic principles; speech acts; conversation analysis
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER 8
5. Scope of Pragmatics
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of meaning. The word meaning may have many different meanings. In semantics, meaning depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. Meaning depends more on the context.
8.2 Speech Act Theory
This theory originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. In 1955, when he went to America to deliver the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to How to Do Things with Words, which was published posthumously in 1962.
8.1 Pragmatics
Or rather, you do know the speaker’s intention, but you want to use “What do you mean?” as a denial of what he has asserted. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as SPEAKER’S MEANING, UTTERANCE MEANING, or CONTEXTUAL MEANING. The discipline, which concentrates on this kind of meaning, is called PRAGMATICS.
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of meaning. The word meaning may have many different meanings. In semantics, meaning depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. Meaning depends more on the context.
8.2 Speech Act Theory
This theory originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. In 1955, when he went to America to deliver the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to How to Do Things with Words, which was published posthumously in 1962.
8.1 Pragmatics
Or rather, you do know the speaker’s intention, but you want to use “What do you mean?” as a denial of what he has asserted. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as SPEAKER’S MEANING, UTTERANCE MEANING, or CONTEXTUAL MEANING. The discipline, which concentrates on this kind of meaning, is called PRAGMATICS.
语用学 pragmatics
语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。
语言学资料Pragmatics解析
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
analyzing the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication
users.
Some Basic Notions in Pragmatics
Pragmatics, Semantics
Semantics---- is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).
E.g. It is cold in here. You have left the door wide open. Morning !
*** the most important part = the illocutionary acts
E.g. ---- (the telephone rings) ----H: That’s the phone. (a) ----W: I’m in the bathroom. (b) ----H: Okay. (c)
Austin’s New Model of Speech Acts
a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:
Locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (conveying the literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology).
analyzing the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication
users.
Some Basic Notions in Pragmatics
Pragmatics, Semantics
Semantics---- is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).
E.g. It is cold in here. You have left the door wide open. Morning !
*** the most important part = the illocutionary acts
E.g. ---- (the telephone rings) ----H: That’s the phone. (a) ----W: I’m in the bathroom. (b) ----H: Okay. (c)
Austin’s New Model of Speech Acts
a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:
Locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (conveying the literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology).
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• 82.Once the notion of ____ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics. • A. meaning • B. context • C. form • D. content • Answer: B
• In 1937,the American philosopher Charles William Morris introduced the word “Pragmatics” into literature. • 莫里斯（C.Morris）和卡耐基（R.carnap）在 1938年《符号基础理论》中提出符号三分说： • 句法学（符号关系学）Syntactics 是研究符号与 符号之间的关系；语义学semantics是研究符号 与符号所指对象的关系；语用学pragmatics则是 研究符号与符号解释者的关系。
Sentence Meaning
It is the abstract c o n t e x t independent entity called s e m a n t i c proposition.Uterance Meaning
It is contextdependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.
Syntactics Pragmatics
符号三分说 Syntactics: the formal relation of signs to one another. Semantics: the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable. Pragmatics: the relation of signs to interpreters.
____ is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreters.
• • • • •
A. Syntax B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. Sociolinguistics Answer: C
• 58.____ is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication. • A. sociolinguistics • B. semantics • C. pragmatics • D. synchronic linguistics • Answer: B
Semantics & Pragmatics
• Both are concerned with study of meaning. • 没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究 • 语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义
• 语义学是对语言能力(competence)的研究 • 语用学是对语言行为(performance)的研究 • 语言行为是语言能力的具体体现actual realization Chomsky
• There are conditions for performatives to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. Austin suggested the following conditions:
• A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, • (ii) The relevant participants and circumstance must be appropriate. • B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely. • C. (i) The relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, • (ii) must follow it up with actions as specified.
考研讲义8 Pragmatics
Grace Tan
主要考点
• • • • 言语行为的定义，种类，实例分析 合作原则及其四条准则的内容，实力分析 会话含义 语句意义和句子意义的区别
T/F
• The cooperative principle, an important pragmatic principle proposed by Grice, aims to explain how we mean more than we say. • A sentence is a grammatical unit and an utterance is a pragmatic notion. • According to Searle„s classification of speech acts, request, order, suggest and advise all belong to the same one general class because they are all intended by the speaker to get the hearer to do sth. • TTT
• 言有所为包括完成一个动作如结婚、命名、 遗赠、打赌或实施某一行为如许诺、警告、 道歉、欢迎等。
• In contrast, constatives are descriptions of what the speaker is doing at the moment of speaking. • 同济大学Illustrate the difference between constative and performative utterance.
Speech act theory
• The first major theory in the study of language in use. • Originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. • How to Do Things with Words (1962)《怎样用词 做事》
• 东南大学2002 • What are the five general types of illocutionary speech acts John Searle has specified? Give examples to each of them.
Felicity conditions 合适条件
• Example: • the case of a ship-launching ceremony; the case of bequeathing one‟s watch; the case of betting • Features of typical performatives: • Use first person singular subject, simple present tense, indicative mood, active voice and performative verbs
• (2) Searl对言外行为的分类 • 1）阐述类（representatives），swear, state, assert, claim, guess, hypothesize. • 2）指令类 (directives)，beg, request, advise, invite, suggest, insist, order, demand. • 3）承诺类(commissives)，promise, undertake, vow. • 4）表达类(expressives)，apologize, congratulate, thank, sympathize, condole. • 5）宣告类 (declarations), name, declare, appoint.
Multiple choice
• 1.An illocutionary act is identical with __ • A.sentence meaning b.the speaker,s intention • C.lg understanding d.the speaker,s competence • 2.the indirect speech act was developed by • A.John Austin B.Levinson C.John Lyons D.John Searle
• 53.The sentence “ I apologize!” belongs to the category of _____ according to the speech act theory. • A. expressive • B. performative • C. representative • D. constative • Answer: B
Semantics & Pragmatics
• • • • • Peter bought a car. It was Peter who bought a car. It was a car that Peter bought. What peter bought was a car. 句法学：说明这些句子是同一深层经过不 同转换的结果 • 语义学：这些句子都是同义的。 • 语用学：这些句子都是不同的。
Definition
• Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings. In another word it is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreters.