外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水专业食品科学与工程学生姓名梁金龙班级B食品072学号0710308119指导教师郑清利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &ArturCavaco-Paulo1,∗1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利∗作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt)关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染摘要过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。
固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30◦C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80◦C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60◦C）。
用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。
1 序言由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。
过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。
在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, Stöhr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。
过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。
过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。
以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。
但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。
固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。
在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。
本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。
2 材料和方法2.1 酶Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。
2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。
用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60◦C下干燥1小时。
取五克的烷基化载体，室温24◦C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。
得出，每克Al2O3颗粒中含固定化蛋白质的量为18mg，每克Al2O3薄片中含固定化蛋白质的量为14mg。
2.3 游离酶和固定化酶的活性测定游离的过氧化氢酶的活性测定方法是，将26mmol/L的过氧化氢与50mmol/L 钾磷酸盐缓冲液在pH 7、30◦C下反应降解，然后用分光光度法在240nm处测吸光度。
其活性的是利用过氧化氢的摩尔吸光系数（39.4 mol/L cm）（Aebi 1974）测定的。
固定化酶在恒温反应器中恒温，循环速率1mlmin-1，后在pH 7、30◦C 下用一个批处理CSTR反应器与过氧化氢反应，调节浓度浓度从0.015mol/L增加至2mol/L，该反应器装有固定化过氧化氢酶5克(Costa et al. 2001)，酶和底物作用后通过反应柱。
剩余的过氧化氢测定用高锰酸钾滴定法和测试盒法。
过氧化氢酶的活性从1nμmolmin-1mg-1结合蛋白中测定。
2.4 蛋白检测酶被固定化后，上清溶液中的蛋白含量可用Bradford法测定。
结合蛋白被的含量可以作为起始和残余蛋白浓度差异的度量。
2.5漂白后的洗液实验所用的残留水水是从一纺织公司（TAS, Portugal）收集而来，此前用于洗去漂白棉纺织物中存在的过氧化物(52.5 g H2O2 l−1 (50% v/v) 。
面料是在一个有六个连续洗箱的洗衣机中洗涤的。
2.6 染色条件染色是使用试剂为，一种含量为1.5%的活性染料Evercion Blue HER（来自永光化学。
工业，台湾），Na2SO4 (50 g l−1), Na2CO3 (20 g l−1)。
染色使用的洗涤水，用固定化酶处理。
染色实验均在80◦C下进行，试验时间为60分钟。
图1.过氧化氢被固定化过氧化氢酶降解的速率单位：μmolH2O2min-1mg-1蛋白：柱式反应器中的球状颗粒载体用（●）表示，批式搅拌反应器中的球状颗粒载体用（+）表示，柱式反应器中的薄片载体用（●）表示。
（每个实验做三次，误差控制在4%以内）。
图2.pH对游离和固定化过氧化氢酶的影响过氧化氢酶活性用26mmol/L过氧化氢测定，温度为30◦ç，实验时间2小时，pH值从6变化至12。
（6-7用磷酸钾溶液; 8-9用Tris-HCL溶液；10-12，用50碳酸钠溶液做缓冲溶液，浓度控制在50mmol/L）。
2.7 色差(△E∗)采用反射率测量仪器测量在淡水和经过氧化氢酶处理的洗涤液的色差，该仪器由Datacolor生产，根据CIELab色彩模型，色差在D65标准光源下测定。
图3.温度对游离和固定化过氧化氢酶的活性的影响。
使用26mM的过氧化氢和50 mM磷酸盐缓冲液在pH7下的反应器中反应，时间2小时。
活性的响应值分别为：8μmol min−1 mg−1蛋白和12μmol min−1 mg−1蛋白（每组实验三分，误差控制在4%以内）。
图4.漂白后，用固定化过氧化氢酶处理的洗液。
△E *为纺织品在淡水和用固定化过氧化氢酶处理的洗液之间的色差（每组实验三次，误差控制在4%以内）。
3 结果与讨论3.1 利用固定化过氧化氢酶转化底物的速率反应器中的酶反应速率随过氧化氢浓度（图1）增加而增加，H2O2为1M 以上时，速率维持不变。
过氧化氢酶的失活可能通过增加过氧化氢的含量或者是有机过氧化物的形成来实现。
这通常与酶的血红素辅基的修改有关(Lafuente等. 1999)。
3.2 pH值和过氧化氢酶的活性随温度的变化自由和固定化过氧化氢酶在pH 7（图2显示）的活性最高。
但可根据其pH 敏感性得出一个重要的区别：固定化酶在碱性pH值有较高的活性。
载体上共价结合的过氧化氢酶可能会通过限制蛋白质变性，从而提高失活的可能性，这可能是分子内和分子间交联的结果。
相对于游离酶，固定化过氧化氢酶的热稳定性，在高于50◦C时十分显著（图3）。
支持物和生物催化剂之间，可以通过共价键连接，或者通过所谓的耦合建立连接。
耦合分子很大程度上提高了生物催化剂的流动性，使其可以在一定情况下，比直接键合的流动性更高。
作为交联剂或耦合剂而使用的戊二醛使得蛋白质的结构更加灵活，并且具有更好的耐热性（Duhalt 1999）。
作为交联剂或耦合剂呈现的蛋白质结构更加灵活，耐热变性（Duhalt 1999）使用的戊二醛。
表1.pH为7 -12，温度30◦C和60◦C下，自由和固定化过氧化氢酶的半衰期为的研究（每组实验做三次，误差控制在4%以内）。
表1 在不同pH下的半衰期过氧化氢酶温度(◦C)在不同pH下的半衰期7 8 9 10 11 12游离30 612 387 362 192 102 8固定化60 18 14 11 6 0.07 0.05 30 882 235 214 199 65 35 60 287 109 71 61 16 23.3 游离的和固定化的过氧化氢酶的储存稳定性过氧化氢酶的pH和热稳定性长期在工业中作为基本准则。
游离的和固定化的过氧化氢酶都随着温度和碱性的提高而下降（图1）。
但是固定化过氧化氢酶在所示最高pH和温度下活性保持的更好。
来自不同的洗箱中的洗液的过氧化氢含量、温度、pH岁洗箱先后顺序依次降低：H2O2：0.059, 0.019, 0.009, 0.007, 0.005, 0.004 g l−1 ；温度：从90 ◦C降至40 ◦C；pH 从11降至4.5。
因此，利用酶法对底物染色的给色量从左至右依次增加（图4）。
相对于用游离酶处理过的漂白液，用固定化酶处理的漂白液具有更小的色差。
3.4 漂白后，分别用游离和固定化过氧化氢酶处理的洗液在印染中，假设在同样的工艺条件下，固定化过氧化氢酶的这种的显著地改善可以归因于固定化催化剂的高效。
固定化酶而不是游离酶的应用，避免了在染料池中蛋白质存在的影响，从而避免了变性蛋白质与任何染料之间的的相互作用(Tzanov 等. 2001b)。
结果表明，印染，洗涤后的第二个洗箱，没有必要使用，在纺织品染色方面，通过这种方法，即可以满足商业中使用CIELab模型的条件。
结语在本实验中，固定在氧化铝颗粒和块状物上的过氧化氢酶被用于降解塔反应器和反应釜中的过氧化氢，而结合底物的塔反应器更适合在实践中的应用，因为其对过氧化氢的降解速率更快。
这两种反应器对酶的抑制发生在第五浓度大于1M时。
酶的共价固定化技术会导致酶在一定pH和温度下具有更高的性能。
固定化过氧化氢酶比游离酶的活性更高，在温度30◦C，pH从6至11下会保持90%的初始活性，此外，固定化酶可以在更高的温度和碱性条件下使用。
例如，在pH为12的溶液中保持35小时，酶的活性仅仅减少了50%。
固定化过程使酶碱在性条件（pH6-12）和较高温度下（60◦C）储存时，而且用固定化酶处理的回收水在使用时具有很好色彩一致性，因此，洗涤液的回收利用大大节省了能源和时间。
参考文献:[1] Aebi He (1974) Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd edn. In: Bergmeyer HU, ed. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, pp. 272–284.[2] Amar E, Tadasa K, Fujita H, Kayahara H (2000) Novel stabilization pattern of thermolysin due to the binding substrate induced by electrostatic change in enzyme active site caused by the temperature elevation. Biotechnol. Lett. 22: 295–300.[3] Costa SA, Tzanov T, Paar A, Gudely M, Gübitz GM, Cavaco- Paulo A (2001) Immobilization of catalase from Bacillus SF on alumina for the treatment of textile bleaching effuents. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 28: 815–819.[4] Daumantas M, Charles W, Tong VP, Chandra G, Rex L (1999) Protection of enzymes by aromatic sulfonates from inactivation by acid and elevated temperatures. J. Mol. Catal. B Enz. 7: 21–36.[5] Dickinson K (1984) Preparation and bleaching. Rev. Prog. Coloration 14: 1–7.[6] Duhalt VR (1999) Cytochrome c as a biocatalyst. J. Mol. Catal. B Enz. 7: 241–249.[7] Emerson D, Peteu SF, Worden MR (1996) A catalase microbiosensor for H2O2. Biotechnol. Tech. 9: 673–678.[8] Jensen PN (2000) Catalase enzyme. Tex. Chem. Color. 32: 23–24.[9] Lafuente RF, Rodríguez V, Mateo C, Lorente GF, Arminsen P, Sabuquillo P, Guisán JM (1999) Stabilization of enzyme (Damino acid oxidase) against H2O2 via immobilization and postimmobilizaion techniques. J. Mol. Catal. B Enz. 7: 173–179.[10] Paar A, Costa S, Tzanov T, Gudelj M, Robra KH, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM (2001) Thermoalkalistable catalases from newly isolated Bacillus sp. for treatment and recycling of textile bleaching effluents. J. Biotechnol. 89: 142–153.[11] Spiro MC, Griffith PW (1997) The mechanism of H2O2 bleaching. Tex. Chem. Color. 29:12.Stöhr R, Petry R (1995) Enzymes biocatalysts in textile finishing. Melliand Textilberichte 11: 1010–1013.[12] Tzanov T, Costa SA, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A (2001a) Dyeing in catalase-treated bleaching baths. Color Technol. 117: 1–5.Tzanov T, Costa, SA, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A (2001b) Effect of temperature and bath composition on the dyeing of cotton with catalase-treated bleaching effuent. Color Technol. 117: 166–170.[13] Vasudevan PT, Thakur DS (1994) Soluble and immobilized catalase–effect of pressure and immobilization on kinetics anddeactivation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 49: 173–189.[14] Weck M (1991) H2O2 – an environmentally acceptable textile bleaching agent Text. Praxis Int. 2: 144–147.。
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿DATABASEA database may be defined as a collection interrelated data store together with as little redundancy as possible to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion .the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data .A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base .One system is said to contain a collection of database if they are entirely separate in structure .A database may be designed for batch processing , real-time processing ,or in-line processing .A data base system involves application program, DBMS, and database.THE INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThe term database is often to describe a collection of related files that is organized into an integrated structure that provides different people varied access to the same data. In many cases this resource is located in different files in different departments throughout the organization, often known only to the individuals who work with their specific portion of the total information. In these cases, the potential value of the information goes unrealized because a person in other departments who may need it does not know it or it cannot be accessed efficiently. In an attempt to organize their information resources and provide for timely and efficient access, many companies have implemented databases.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personalcomputer and software such as DBASE Ⅲor Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general. For example, we may consider the collection of words that made up this page of text to be usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:● A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot be referred to as a database.● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of user and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts: (1) a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files; (2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add, delete, maintain, and update the data; and (3) an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems.●Managers who require more up-to-date information to make effective decisions.●Customers who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.●Users who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.●Organizations that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or p oorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “mange” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, user needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.DATABASE QUERYIf the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database ,as well as interrogate it ,this capability allows for managing personal database. However, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization .There controls are only available when a set of application programs is customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers that perform some of the DBMS functions has been very popular .Individuals for personal information storage and processing intended personal computers for us .Small enterprises, professionals like doctors, architects, engineers, lawyers and so on have also used these machines extensively. By the nature of intended usage ,database system on there machines are except from several of the requirements of full-fledged database systems. Since data sharing is not intended, concurrent operations even less so ,the software can be less complex .Security and integrity maintenance are de-emphasized or absent .as data volumes will be small, performance efficiency is also less important .In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is important is data independence. Data independence ,as stated earlier ,means that application programs and user queries need not recognize physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect , particularly for the personal computer user ,is that this greatly simplifies database usage . The user can store ,access and manipulate data at ahigh level (close to the application)and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine )details of data organization.DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUESSpatial data management has been an active area of research in the database field for two decades ,with much of the research being focused on developing data structures for storing and indexing spatial data .however, no commercial database system provides facilities for directly de fining and storing spatial data ,and formulating queries based on research conditions on spatial data.There are two components to data management: history data management and version management .Both have been the subjects of research for over a decade. The troublesome aspect of temporal data management is that the boundary between applications and database systems has not been clearly drawn. Specifically, it is not clear how much of the typical semantics and facilities of temporal data management can and should be directly incorporated in a database system, and how much should be left to applications and users. In this section, we will provide a list of short-term research issues that should be examined to shed light on this fundamental question.The focus of research into history data management has been on defining the semantics of time and time interval, and issues related to understanding the semantics of queries and updates against history data stored in an attribute of a record. Typically, in the context of relational databases ,a temporal attribute is defined to hold a sequence of history data for the attribute. A history data consists of a data item and a time interval for which the data item is valid. A query may then be issued to retrieve history data for a specified time interval for the temporal attribute. The mechanism for supporting temporal attributes is to that for supporting set-valued attributes in a database system, such as UniSQL.In the absence of a support for temporal attributes, application developers who need to model and history data have simply simulated temporal attributes by creating attribute for the time interval ,along with the “temporal” attribute. This of course may result in duplication of records in a table, and more complicated search predicates in queries. The one necessary topic of research in history data management is to quantitatively establish the performance (and even productivity) differences betweenusing a database system that directly supports attributes and using a conventional database system that does not support either the set-valued attributes or temporal attributes.Data security, integrity, and independenceData security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database of the database, called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software or human error during the course of processing and involves database transaction which is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent.When a DMBS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field name, for example, a coded representationof “give me customer name and balance due” would be sent to the DBMS. Without a DBMS the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changes in all the applications programs.Data Base Management System (DBMS)The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing and maintaining data base records is called a data base management system (DBMS). A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently.It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together .It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely ,some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema.The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model “.At the present time ,there are four underling structures for database management systems. They are :List structures.Relational structures.Hierarchical (tree) structures.Network structures.Management Information System(MIS)An MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.One of the most difficult tasks of the MIS designer is to develop the information flow needed to support decision making .Generally speaking ,much of the information needed by managers who occupy different levels and who have different levels and have different responsibilities is obtained from a collection of exiting information system (or subsystems)Structure Query Language (SQL)SQL is a data base processing language endorsed by the American NationalStandards Institute. It is rapidly becoming the standard query language for accessing data on relational databases .With its simple ,powerful syntax ,SQL represents a great progress in database access for all levels of management and computing professionals.SQL falls into two forms : interactive SQL and embedded SQL. Embedded SQL usage is near to traditional programming in third generation languages .It is the interactive use of SQL that makes it most applicable for the rapid answering of ad hoc queries .With an interactive SQL query you just type in a few lines of SQL and you get the database response immediately on the screen.译文数据库数据库可以被定义为一个相互联系的数据库存储的集合。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。
当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。
事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。
但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。
但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。
此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。
随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。
本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。
相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。
本文有三个部分。
在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。
第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。
引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。
第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。
作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。
该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。
总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。
2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。
自动化专业-外文文献-英文文献-外文翻译-plc方面
1、外文原文（复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w t ype s o f a rc hi te ct ur e a re fo un d i n s i ng le—ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r。
S o me em pl oy th e s p li t p ro gr am/d at a me mo ry of t he H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A—1，ot he r s fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al—pu rp os e c o mp ut er s an dm i cr op ro ce ss or s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in F ig。
3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e—ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter isc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e de v i ce，as s ho wn i n F ig3—5A—3。
外文文献及翻译
Yunnan Ethnic pattern in Packaging DesignAbstract: Art is a folk Mother of the arts，is the source of the new art, From which to draw a strong tradition of high—grade Nutrition。
The persons belonging to national folk arts Ethnic patterns，are folk arts Intraoperative a gem, its development Research，and with the means of modern art，art wind Grid，professional skills combine to form a unique Style and features a modern design There are important applications，this paper focuses on Minority Folk pattern in modern packaging design Meter applications are discussed.Keywords: Yunnan Ethnic. Pattern。
Packaging Design.IntroductionYunnan is a multi-ethnic province, Here multiply survive the Han, Yi, Bai More than twenty families， Zhuang, Miao， Dai, etc。
Nation. Long history of various ethnic groups in Yunnan Province， the source is far Long, creating a rich and colorful Folk art。
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)文献一：Electric power consumption prediction model based on grey theory optimized by genetic algorithms本文介绍了一种基于混合灰色理论与遗传算法优化的电力消耗预测模型。
该模型使用时间序列数据来建立模型，并使用灰色理论来解决数据的不确定性问题。
通过遗传算法的优化，模型能够更好地预测电力消耗，并取得了优异的预测结果。
此模型可以在大规模电力网络中使用，并具有较高的可行性和可靠性。
文献二：Intelligent control for energy-efficient operation of electric motors本文研究了一种智能控制方法，用于电动机的节能运行。
该方法提供了一种更高效的控制策略，使电动机能够在不同负载条件下以较低的功率运行。
该智能控制使用模糊逻辑方法来确定最佳的控制参数，并使用遗传算法来优化参数。
实验结果表明，该智能控制方法可以显著降低电动机的能耗，节省电能。
文献三：Fault diagnosis system for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis本文介绍了一种基于溶解气体分析的电力变压器故障诊断系统。
通过对变压器油中的气体样品进行分析，可以检测和诊断变压器内部存在的故障类型。
该系统使用人工神经网络模型来对气体分析数据进行处理和分类。
实验结果表明，该系统可以准确地检测和诊断变压器的故障，并有助于实现有效的维护和管理。
文献四：Power quality improvement using series active filter based on iterative learning control technique本文研究了一种基于迭代研究控制技术的串联有源滤波器用于电能质量改善的方法。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。