当代英国概况unit10
Unit10 Sports_ Holidays and Festivals in Britain
Golf
The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.
famous and ancient golf course at St. Andrews
Horse Racing
The true sport of British Kings and Queens is horse racing.
two kinds of horse racing
----flat racing
----steeplechasing
The Grand National is the world’s famous steeplechase, established in 1837.
The Royal Ascot
3 Boxing Day (the day after Chrismas)
Traditionally, it was on this day that people gave Chrismas gifts or money to their staff or servants.
Nowadays---discounts and shopping
Unit10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain
Sports
Football football hooligans FA (Football Association) FA Premier League (Manchester United, Arsenal, Chelsea)
England
Guy Fawkes Night
(an annual celebration on the evening of 5 November in order to celebrate the downfall of Gunpowder Plot of 5 Novembet 1605)
英美概况美国unit10
Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies.
4. Crime
Former President Nixon said that crime is America’s “number one enemy”. In 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.
Americans are primarily a nation of immigrants, who or whose ancestors came from many parts of the globe.
---1. some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民)
Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.
当代英国概况Chapter 10
Religion (Christianity): major facts
A critical role in history: introduced by the Roman conquerors (Roman Catholic), spread in the Anglo-Saxon times, the dark ages, 1534, Henry Ⅷ, establishment of the Anglican, the English Reformation, a compromise in between, political association, against the Catholic, then Protestant; 1689, freedom of religion Close relationship with the monarchy: the king or queen as the head of the Church of England Two Established Churches: the Church of England（the Anglican Church), the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (长老会教) Three major unestablished churches: a. the Anglican Churches (英国圣公会): Ireland, Scotland, Wales/ b. the Free Churches- the Non-Conformist, the Methodist, the Baptist, the Congregational Church, the Salvation Army, the Protestant (Martin Luther, John Calvin) , the Puritan, the Quakers/ c. the Roman Catholic Church Church activities and secularisation The ecumenical Movement Decline in quantity and influence
英美文化概况-Lessen one--ten
Lesson 1 Geography : The LandThe whole and official name of the Union consisted of English , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually abbreviated to the United Kingdom or UK , Great Britain , or shortly Britain , or sometimes informally English .Britain is located in Western Europe and is parted from the European continent by the North Sea , the Strait of the Dover and the English Channel. The prime meridian of 0°just passes through the old observatory at Greenwich . Britain is a rather small country , accounting for less than 2% of the land area of the world and ranking about the 75th in size in the world . Though it is small in the both size and population , Britain has acted an important part in forming the modern world . It was once one of the oldest and strongest colonial powers in the world and ruled a vast empire , as said to be . " an empire on which the sun never sets ."The north and west of the England are hilly , partly shaped by the Cumbrian Mountain Range , the highest mountain peak of which is Scafell , the highest in England but the third highest mountain across the country . The main range of the Scotland in the Highland is the Grampian Mountains , which concluded Ben Nevis , the highest mountain on the island of the Great Britain .Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland , and the Glasgow , the largest city in Scotland . On the central plain locates Lough Neagh , the largest lake in the Britain . .the Thames River is the most important river in Britain . The river is navigable for large ships to London . the Severn River is The longest river in Britain . The Clyde and the Forth are the most important rivers in Scotland . The largest lake in England is Lake Windermere .Britain has a temperate maritime climate , which has three characteristics : more fogs or smog in winter , more rainy days but less sunny days , instability or changeability. Coal ,petroleum ,natural gas , iron ore , limestone ,clay , shale , and tin are the main natural resources in Britain . The most important are Coal and petroleum . The Ayrshire field in Scotland and the deposits of the Lowlands continue to supply Scotland industry . The leading anthracite fields in Britain are in Wales .Lesson 2 Geography : The PeopleOn the basis of the 2005 census , the whole population of Britain is about 60.2 million . Britain is the 3rd largest country in population in Europe . Britain has the one of the highest population densities in the world , about 10 times of the density of the U.S .The major people in Britain are the English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish . The English people , offspring of Anglo-Saxons . The Wales and Irish are the descendants of the Celts . The main language spoken in Britain are English , Gaelic and Welsh . English is the official language of the country and is spoken by most of the population . The 3 steps in the development of the English language are Old English , Middle English , Modern English ( Early Modern , Authoritarian English , Mature Modern , and Late Modern English .Britain : Christian country . either Protestants or Catholic . The church of England is the established church of the English nation . The King or Queen is the boss of the church and is crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury in Westminster Abbey . The Free Churches , the Baptists and the United Reformed Church , Quakers ,Methodists are part of the "non-conformist" group in Britain . The Roman Catholic Curch was much persecuted and very weak in England for a long time after the Reformation . the Jews , the Moslems and the Buddhists are The principle non-Christian communities in Britain . Christian regarded Sunday as the " Sabbath Day ."London , the capital of both England and the UK , has a population of about 7 million . The city of London , governed by the Lord Major , acts as the financial center of the country , where there is a concentration of banks . Now London is the great center of commerce , administration , culture and transportation of Britain , and one of the largest international ports in the world . Regard as the biggest manufacturing center , London has such industries as printing , publishing ,food processing , and so on . Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland , one of the important financial and transportation centers in Britain . Cardiff , the capital of Wales , one of the largest coal shipping ports in the world , and a center of Iron and steel industry in Britain .Belfast , the capital of Northern Ireland , is an important industries , commercial and cultural center in Northern Ireland .Birmingham is the second largest city in Britain . Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland , it is a shipping , industries and commercial center of Scotland . Liverpool is one of the largest ports in Britain . Manchester is one of the oldest cities in Britain .Lesson 3 British EconomyThe progresses of the relative of Britain Economy are as follows : Firstly , the country underwent a great loss in the 2 World Wars . Secondly , the era of the Britain Empire was finished . Thirdly , in spite of the relatively rapid and trouble-free process ofde-colonization , Britain was still forced to keep a abundant and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960`s when the process was finished . Fourthly , during the war , British industry was badly ruined but survived unaffected .The problem is that although it has improved , other countries have improved more rapidly , thus the slide from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th , as it is at present . though Britain has experienced economic decline , the decline is relative to some other rather than complete.The British economy underwent a special bad stage in the 1970s when rates of the inflation reached up to 25% with the rises of the oil price . Under Margaret Thatcher , government expense was decreased , taxation , foreign exchanges controls lifted , rules governing banks loosened and worker strikes restricted . inflation came under control , and the business made profits . the negative aspect of the Thatcher`s reform was a rapid increase in unemployment .The national economy of the Britain can be divided into 3 main areas : primary industries , secondary industries , and tertiary industries . The British agriculture is highly efficient compared to France and Germany . It produce1.4% of the national wealth , which only 2% of the labor force that grow 58% of the food needed by the nation . Since oil and gas discovered under the north Sea , Britain has become one of the main producers of oil and gas and the 5th largest exporter of oil in the world . It repots about 1/6 of the total world exports of manufactured goods . It buys about 1/5 of the raw materials exported in the world .the pound sterling is Britain`s unit of currency . London is one of the top three financial centers in the world . Britain`s central bank is the Bank of England .Lesson 4 Political System : Parliament and GovernmentThe U.K still retains an old-fashioned government established on the foundation of the constitutional monarchy : the head of the state of the King or queen . The Britain has no written constitution . Theoretically the queen has all the power , but in reality , she has no real power at all . However, she acts a very important role in the whole system .Parliament : the sovereign , the house of Lords and the House of Commons. The house of Lords comprises hereditary and the life peers and the peeresses , with the the Lord Chancellor as the president of the house . The house of commons is made up of 650 members chosen from the country`s 630 constituencies , Mr. Speaker is the chairman in debates .Mr. Speaker is the second most powerful person in Britain . Parliament`s main functions : debating , making laws and supervising the government and finance .The British government : the Prime Minister and other ministers , who are formally nominated by the Queen according to the advice of the prime minster . The most senior ministers make up of the Cabinet , meets regularly under the chairmanship of the prime minister to decided government policy about major issues .There are over 12 departments under the leadership of the prime minister , some heads are entitled "minister" or "secretary" and some have special titles .The cabinet :the heads od the most important departments with a few ministers without departments . prime minister decides who will be included . The privy council has the formal power to make certain executive orders and proclamations .the head of government , the prime minister controls not only the Cabinet but also the parliament , as he or she is the leader of the majority party in the house of commons . The present prime minister is David Cameron , who become prime minister on May 2010.England is broken into 45 countries . Each country is subdivided into about 6 districts . Wales is divided into 8 countries and the 37 districts . Scotland 12 regions and Southern Ireland ,26 districts . Each of the local administrated areas( countries ,regions or districts) has elected council of its own as local authority .Lesson 5 Political system : Party Politics and JudiciaryThere are three major national parties in Britain :The conservative party and the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrats . Two main political parties dominate the political scene : the conservative party ( openly helps the monopolist to getsuper-profits) and ( practices social democracy or bourgeois reformism) the Labor Party ( both bourgeois in nature ), have been in power by turns sine the end of WW ‖ . The liberal Democratic is been as the party of the "middle ," occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties . The general election in Britain is held every 5 years . Lords in the house of lords cannot be voters in the general election .The conservative party developed out of the Tory party , the Labor Party developed out of the Whip party .For the election purpose , Britain is divided into 651constituencies , each of which elects one member of the house of commons . The deposit a candidate has to pay is supposed to prevent people from running just for a joke. Compiling a register of voters in the duty of a Returning Officer in a constituency . The party that has the majority of seats in the house of Commons will from the government . Common law in Britain may be said to consist of previous court decisions .Serious cases arising in trade and maritime affairs in Britain are dealt with by the Queen`s bench division of the high court of justice . The supreme civil trial court in Scotland is the outer house of the court of session . Death penalty for murder in Britain was abolished in 1969 . Borstal institutions for young offenders in Britain provide courses of training .All police forces in Britain outside London are supported and paid by county councils . The famous "Scotland Yard" refers to CID . The operation zone of the Metropolitan Police covers Greater London .The central courts in Britain include the high court of justice and the court of appeal , the house of Lords and the Privy council . The three divisions of the high court of justice are the chancery ,Family Queen`s Bench divisions . The local courts in England are the magistrate courts and the country courts and the others. The Scottish highest court of justice divided into the criminal session and the court of session that has an inner court house and the outer house .Lesson 6 History : Early Man and the Feudal SocietyThe earliest settlers on the Britain Isles were the Iberians and Celts . From 700 B.C. The Celts came from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles . In A.D.43 Romes under the Claudius conquered Britain .Rome Britain lasted until the year ofA.D 410 when all Rome troops went back to the continent . In the middle of the 5th century , Anglo-Saxons came from the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and settled in Britain .The early Anglo-Saxons were worships of natural forces . However , a christian mission under St. Augustine came from Rome in 597 . By the end of the 7th century all England had been Christianized . In the late 8th century the Denes or Scandinavians began to attack the English coast . The new aristocracy , the thegn , had appeared by the 10th century in Britain .From 1017---1042 England was ruled by Danish kings .Edward had promised his kingdom to William , but on his deathbed he changed his idea and gave the kingdom to Harlod . This led to the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Doomsday book was in fact a record each man`s property. The war between Matilda and Stephen resulted in the establishment of the house of Plantagenet .The Great charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords . the Great charter aimed at restricting the power of the king . Simon called the " all Estates parliament " in 1265 . The first British parliament was summoned in the year of 1265 . King Edward I summoned the " all Estates parliament " in the year of 1295 , which is known in history as " the model Parliament ".In 1327 , Parliament forced Edward II hand over his crown to his son .Lesson 7 History : Decline of Feudalism and the Bourgeois RevolutionEdward III launched the Hundred Year`s war , which was a feudal war and a trade war , was one of the history events that marked the decline of the feudalism in Britain . the Hundred Year`s war was a against France for the French crown and for the industries city of Flanders. From 1343 onward , parliament was divided into two chambers . Black death to some extent brought higher and greater freedom to villains . The statutes of Laborers issued by the government of Edward III introduced cruel punishment for those who refused to work .In 1381 , peasants in Essex first rebelled . The closure of land turned a large number of peasants in to landless men . Wars of roses were fought intermittently between Lancastrians and the Yorkists from 1455 to 1465 . During the wars of roses common people were little affected . The house of Tudor was founded in 1485 . The British Bourgeois took place in the 17th century . The two centuries just before the outbreak of the Bourgeois Revolution were a period of capital accumulation .The renaissance was a cultural movement by humanist , spread into England under the Tudors . During the renaissance , the theatre attained great popularity under the Elizabeth .Puritans were Christians , were opposed to Charles I and his ideas , wished to purify the Church of England . The commoners who drew up the Grand Remonstrance had already escaped before Charles I burst into parliament . The restoration of Charles II took place in the year of 1660 .The king`s men at the beginning of the First civil war were called cavaliers . The first civil war lasted for 4 years . The second civil war was fought in the year of 1648 .England was cruelly ruled by Cromwell in the period of the commonwealth . Cromwell suppressed the diggers , liked Levelers in the army , conquered Ireland . The " Glorious Revolution " of the 1688 put William of orange " on the throne , was actually a bloodless coupdetat by the Bourgeois in 1688 . the British Bourgeois revolution exerted exerted great influence on French and the American revolution in the 18th century .Lesson 8 History :The Industrial Revolution and the Chartist MovementThe Industrial Revolution was a Revolution in both the method of production and the relations of production . It began in the textile Industrial in the 1760s and lasted until 1840s . The closures in the 18th century resulted in the appearance of Capitalist farms , labor reserve and an exception of national market .In the 17th and 18th centuries , England fought a series of wars with Holland and France and won supremacy . After the 7 years` war England become the strongest sea power and dominated world trade . As a result of the Industrial Revolution , the Industrial Bourgeois gained supremacy in both economic and political life of the country . Productivity was greatly increased . Many cities sprang up . The rapid growth of capitalism caused miseries disasters among the working people .Oliver twist was written Charles Dickens . People`s Charter was a petition to Parliament drawn by workers organized in London Workingmen`s Association in 1837 . The chartist movement reached its height in 1839-1842 . The failure of Chartism is largely duo to the divided leadership and lack of a strong basis for class and influence of Utopian and petty-bourgeois ideologies .James Hargreaves invented the "spinning Jenny ". One of the Corn Laws placed a ban on wheat import when the prize fell below 50 shillings per quarter. The term "Rotten Boroughs " means constituencies in the house of Commons . The people`s Charter was not accepted by Parliament . The ten-hour Act prohibited young persons and females to work in any factory longer than ten hours a day . The author of wealth of Nations is Adam Smith . The principle of population was formulated by Thomas Malthus .Lesson 9 History : The British Empire and Britain In two World Wars andpost-war PeriodsThe British Empire begin with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583 , and fell after the end of the second World war . The East India Company was given right to enlist army , enforce law ,declare war and make peace in India . India served as a gangplank for the British colonies to expand their colonies and spheres of influence in India . The British Empire reached the pinnacle of its colonial expansion after the First World War . The two imperialist blocks that had been formed just before the outbreak of World War I were Triple Alliance and Triple Entente . The three features of imperialism were foreign territorial expansion , the export of capital and monopoly .Nearly three million British soldiers were killed and wounded and 70% of the her merchant ships were sunk or damaged in World War I . Consequently British lost her sea supremacy after the end of the War . And she came out of the War with a huge debt .In 1920 and 1921 an economic crisis broke our for the first time sine the end of the first World War . The most serious economic crisis that British had ever experienced before World War II lasted from 1929 to 1933 . The working class struggle reached its climax in the General Strike of 1926 .Britain`s foreign policy in the years between the two World Wars was characterized by its hostility toward the young Soviet and the policy of non-intervention and appeasement toward Fascist aggression . The second World war sealed the fate of the British Empire .Britain`s serious economic troubles after the second World War produced such effects as devaluation of pound Sterling , inflation and debts . In 1950 Britain recognized the People`s republic of China . And in 1972 China and Britain established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial rank .The Munich Agreement was a non-aggression pact between Britain and France on the one hand and Nazi Germany on the other . In 1941 Japan attack pearl Harbor . The British Commonwealth of Nations is a phony organization . The underlying aim of Thatcherism is denationalization . Mrs. Thatcher failed to win the general election in 1990 mainly because of the high rate of unemployment .Lesson 10 Education in BritainEducation in Britain is carried out in three stages : primary ,secondary and the higher education . Eduction in Britain is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16 . All state schools in Britain are non-tree paying institutions . CSE , "A" Level of GCE and "O" Level of GEC are for schooling . University that were founded between 1850 and 1930 are called Redbrick University . All university in Britain are private institutionsThe main responsibility for administering education in Britain is left to Local education authorities . The examinations for GCE are conducted by examining boards . Entry to university in Britain is competitive .All teachers in the state system must spend some time in the department or school of education of a university . Supplements are paid to teachers who have first or second class honors degrees . The term of early September to mid-December is known as Christmas . University terms are longer . The general grant needed by states schools in Britain is provided by the Treasury . In Britain , most children start their schooling at the age of 5 in an infant . Under the old selective system ,pupils sit for an examination called the 11-plus in the their last year at primary school . Pupils with the highest marks in the "11 plus" examination go to grammar schools ."Co-educational" means with boys and girls mixed together . Those who do well in the examination of "A"Level of GCE . Can go on to university for study . Independent schools are schools that operate outside the state school system and are private educational institutions .Secondary schools students are required to take at least one of the three certificates to demonstrate their educational attainment . The open university is so called because it is open to people of all ages . The academic year for schools begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three terms . The general pattern for school holidays is about 2 weeks at Christmas and Easter and 8 weeks in the summer .。
当代英国概况知识要点
Contemporary British Culture and SocietyFor FinalChapter 1 IntroductionA1 Geography continued IONA ?– The British Isles土A 1 Geography cont. *n.a.土National Flag The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland WALES cont.Culture:One thing that marks Wales out from the rest of the Britain is the survival of Welsh as a living language.Welsh food is not well-known. They eat laverbread (a mixture of seaweed, oatmeal and bacon served on toast), Rarebit (cheese on toast with the added flavor of mustard and beer).NORTHERN IRELAND cont.Culture:Perform a dance known as the “jig” which they do to Irish folk music.Very festive people and dance on various occasions.Meals are based around meats like lamb, beef, and pork.Main meal is usually lunch, not dinner.SCOTLAND cont.Culture:Greatest Scottish accomplishments come in the form of science, literature, and philosophy.Bagpipes are very famous in Scotland.Social gathering known as ceilidh were very popular in the traditional culture in which folk stories were told.Today, stories are substituted for drinking and dancing.Scots are known primarily for game dishes like smoked salmon and venisonA2 PopulationUK 59,289,194England 51,138,831Wales 2,903,085Scotland 5,162,011Northern Ireland 1,685,267A2 Populationcontinued Densi tyUKaverage243/km2 England376/ km2 Scotland65/km2Wales141/km2N.Ireland122/km2 France106/km2US27/km2A 4 ClassThe United Kingdom is increasingly described as a classless society.However many people still believe society is ordered in terms of class and that discrimination occurs between classes.Everything a Briton does and says is influenced by class.Accent*, vocabulary*, job*, hobbies* and types of relationship all fit into the class structure.A 5 50 Years of ChangeThe 1950s – a time of great changes in fields of economy, culture, politics.The 1960s – a decade of young rebellious young generationThe 1970s – a decade of strikes and recessionThe 1980s – a decade of ThatcherismThe 1990s – a decade of great expectationA 5. The Devolution 土Jeremy Johnson has been a building labourer since he left university after obtaining a degree in electronics. This was the only job he could get at the time but now he enjoys the physical work and he has decided to continue in the building industry. He says he is middle class.Which class would you say he was in—the middle class or the working class? why? There is no definite answer to the question. There is a subjective perspective ( what class attachment the individual feels) and an objective perspective (which class the individual is allocated to by statisticians).The purpose of the activity is to impress upon the students that class is an indefinite concept in Britain.Chapter 2 Family & Personal RelationshipsA 1 The Family cont. One-parent families & their dependent children 土Sociological Explanations of the Increase in DivorceCan you work out any reasons to explain why in modern world, the divorce rate is increasing all around the world?Sociological Explanations of the Increase in DivorceThe value of marriageConflict between spousesThe ease of divorceWomen, paid employment and marital conflictIncome and classAgeMarital status of parentsBackground and role expectationsOccupationContemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 3 Family & Relationship ( 2 )A 2 Parents and Children Chinese vs BritishChinese parents are more protective and controlling.The main qualities appreciated in parents and shared by young people in Britain and China alike may be that they are understanding and supporting in crises, allow freedom of action within a framework of constraints and, more pragmatically, offer financial support and contributions. For many young people, parents are obviously a primary source of advice about personal as well as more general problems, especially in relation to employmentChapter 4 Education in UKA1 Change & Reform in SchoolsBefore 1870 schools were set up by churches, 40% of children aged 10 attended From 1870 onwards government took responsibility for education. (why?)It was in response to changes caused by industrial revolution and movement for social & political reformThe 1944 Act in England& Wales gave all children the right to free secondary education The tripartite system – at end of primary education children are selected by means of streaming. Those on the top stream (20%) went to grammar schools. The rest went to secondary modern and technical schoolsA 1 Change & Reform contThe National Curriculum in England and Wales is divided into four Key Stages (KS), three core subjects (English, Mathematics and Science) and nine non-core foundation subjects.A 1 Reform & Change Key Stages and Tests 土The Key Stages are age-related: KS 1 goes up to age seven, KS 2 from seven to eleven, KS 3 from eleven to fourteen (pre-GCSE) and KS 4 from fourteen to sixteen (preparation for GCSE and equivalent vocational qualifications) -A 3 Institutions of Higher Education CambridgeCambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford.A 3 Institution of Higher Education OxfordOxford University. Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872. A more likely scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by Alfred to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. There may have been a grammar school there in the 9th century. A grammar school was exactly what it sounds like; a place for teaching Latin grammar. The University as we know it actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.A 3 Institutions of Higher Education OxbridgeThe Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has been won by Cambridge 77 times and Oxford 71. The 2003 race was amongst the closest in history, with Oxford winning by less than a foot. One entertainment for spectators is the possibility of a boat sinking. This has occurred on three occasions; to the Oxford crew in 1925 and to Cambridge in 1859 and in 1978. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.Click hereA3 Institutions of Higher Learning Crisis Universities in crisisIn most universities resources are spent on day-to-day teaching and research. At the same time academic salaries have stalled: plumbers earn more than professors; research staff are paid less than school dinner ladies. So top academics are fleeing to the US and there are chronic shortages of teaching staff in areas such as law, computing, maths and computersA3 Institutions of Higher Education CrisisHow has all this come about?It boils down to a simple equation: government funding has remained static over the past few decades while the number of students has skyrocketed. As a result, Britain would now have to spend £ 3.5bn a year just to bring the amount it spends per student up to the EU average.A 4 Further Education & Training YTSObjectives of Youth Training Scheme:To give a training opportunity to school leavers who did not get a job or go on to universityTo ensure that these young people learn how to transfer the skills they learn in one job to anotherCritiques: 1. artificially reduce unemployment figures 2.reinforce young people’s status as determined by their class background 3. jobs are not guaranteed after trainingQuestions:What do you understand by the term streaming? Is it a reasonable system?In many British schools, children are grouped together according to their ability, and this is known as “streaming”. The word ‘stream’ can be used as a noun (i.e. She is in the top stream/the A stream.) and as a verb (i.e. The school streams its pupils.)As for whether it is a reasonable system, different people may have different opinions. Some people may not think it fair to put children into groups according to their ability, while others may think it helpful to promote competition among children.Contemporary British Culture & Society ( 5 )Chapter 5 WorkA 4 Unions & ManagementTrade unions: first formed in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, by groups of industrial workers who suffered from extremely low pay and bad working conditionsThere are four types of union:General Unions, which represent workers in a range of industries.Craft Unions, which represent workers from a group of industries who share a particular skillIndustrial Unions, which represent workers in a particular industry whatever their skill is, e.g. The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM)White Collar Unions, which represent non-manual workers e.g. The National Union of Teachers (NUT)A 4 Unions & ManagementPros.they are essential for protecting the interests of employees who might otherwise get a raw deal from powerful employers or in industries which are declining and where redundancies are highly likely.unions played an active part in persuading the government to pass the Health and Safe Actthey offer a range of services, particularly through the TUC.Constrade unions make excessive wage claimsunion elections are undemocraticunions have become too powerful and should have their ‘wings clipped’.they undermine the competitiveness of British industry because of restrictive practices & opposition to technological progressWhat are the similarities and differences between getting a job in Britain and in China?Contemporary British Culture & Society ( 6 )Chapter 6A 2 Leisure at HomeThe most common leisure activities among people in the United Kingdom are home-based, or social, such as entertaining or visiting relatives and friendsWatching television is by far the most popular leisure pastime; Britain's regular weekly dramas or 'soap operas' have more viewers than any other programme. Other regular pastimes include listening to the radio and to recorded music, reading books, gardening, do-it-yourself home improvements and doing puzzle.Pop and rock albums are the most common type of music bought, and pop is by far the most popular form of musical expression in BritainLanguage & CultureVariations in terminology used to describe people watching leisure entertainment Soccer -- crowds, suggesting “amorphous”Rugby -- spectators, “dispassionate onlookers”Cinema --audiences, more sophisticated, listenTV -- viewers, denying passivity of TV ”couch potato”Theatre -- theatre- goers, some form of dynamismOpera -- opera buffs, uniform worn by smart regimentsConclusion The Defining Factors of IdentityEducation, work, and leisure are defining aspects of British cultural identity. Schools place a distinctive stamp on their pupils – a past pupil will be defined as a product of Shrewbury School or King Street primary.This pattern is repeated in the work arena. People define themselves by their schools and their work functions.Contemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 7 HOLIDAYS & TOURISMUK - Cotswolds (in southwestern England, is a range of limestone hills famed for its beautiful scenery and attractive houses built in local Cotswold stone. The area has many historic buildings, and tourism is the main industry. The Cotswolds extend from near Bath, in Avon; northeastward through Gloucestershire; nearly as far as Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire. The highest point is Cleeve Cloud, 1,083 feet (330 meters) above sea level. Cleeve is near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on the range's western edge. Most of the Cotswolds are rolling hills.)From Stratford to Bath and OxfordThe Cotswolds stretch from Stratford upon Avon in the north to Bath in the south. From Gloucester in the west to Oxford in the east, the rolling hills are full of story book English villages. And we have added Shakespeare at Stratford upon Avon, the dreaming spires and colleges at Oxford and the Georgian city of Bath. Heritage of ScotlandRobert Burns was Scotland's greatest poet and many would say that he was the world's greatest ever poet.Burns was born at Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland on 25 January 1759 and died in Dumfries on 21 July 1796. In less than 37 years of life he accomplished more than most people do in a normal lifetimeSome of his work, such as Auld Lang Syne (The good old days) is among the most familiar and best-loved songs and poems in the English languageScotland My Love is like a Red, Red Rose Burns0, my love is like a red, red rose, that's newly sprung in June. 0, my love is like a melody, that's sweetly play'd in tune.As fair thou art, my bonnie lass, so deep in love am I, And I will love thee still, my dear, till a' the seas gang dry.Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, and the rocks melt wi' the sun! And I will love thee still, my dear, while the sands of life shall run.And fare thee well, my only love! And fare thee well awhile! And I will come again, my love. Tho it were ten thousand mile!ScotlandBURNS NIGHTIt is celebrated on January, 25th, the birthday of Robert BurnsIn the evening people eat typical Scottish food, such as “Haggis” (a special kind of sausage in a sheep’s stomach) and drink whisky while bagpipes music is playedand some of Burn’s poems are read aloud.Chapter 8 Crime & the PoliceA 4 The Causes of Crime土A 6 The PoliceThe Metropolitan Police Force – 1828 by Sir Robert Peel. Headquarters at Scotland Yard. Bobby, nickname for a British policeman.Home Secretary responsible for the Met.The Metropolitan Police Force is the main law-enforcement agency in the Capital and the biggest police force in the country, employing over 35,000 people.There are other police forces in London - the City of London Police, the British Transport Police and the Royal Parks Constabulary - but the Met is the main player Metropolitan Police ServiceA 6 The PoliceWhat are their responsibilities?The Met Police are responsible for policing the majority of Greater London. The basic street-level policing of London is carried out by Borough Operational Command Units (BOCUs), which Londoners will recognise as their local police force. The Met also undertakes many national tasks, like protection of royalty and the Capital's diplomatic community, as well as having certain counter-terrorism duties.The Two Branches of the Local PoliceThe uniformed branch who patrol on foot or by car and whose uniform is easily recognised; navy-blue suits and distinctive shaped helmetsThe plainclothes police, who investigate serious crime, and are known as the CID (Criminal Investigation Department)A 6 The PoliceThe Role of the PoliceThe police may be seen as having two roles in society, each with a different emphasis and image.Maintenance of order - where the police provides a service to the community. A ServiceThis is known as community policing and requires the cooperation of the local community and favours an image of the local ‘bobby on the beat’ who is known and recognised by the public in a particular area.).Law enforcement - where the police are considered as a force with a primary function of enforcing the criminal law. A ForceA 6 The PolicePolice Powers & LimitationsPolice officers are normally unarmed, but they do carry a truncheon (short thick club). In Northern Ireland police officers carry firearms for their protection, but this is seen as unusual circumstances.can stop and search people on the street⋯ if they suspect a person is carrying stolen goods or offensive weapons which may be used for burglary or other offences. ⋯ can arrest suspects with a warrant from the local magistrate and for serious offences such as murder or kidnapping a suspect can be arrested without a warrant.Suspects rights are protected in various ways –Detention, treatment and questioningChargingBailA 6 The PoliceRights of the suspectto have someone outside the police station told of his/her arrestto consult a solicitorMoreover, a suspect in custody should notbe forced to answer questions — they have the right to remain silent (N.B. Recent changes in the law have meant that silence under police questioning may be interpreted negatively by a jury, i.e. as a sign of guilt.)be forced to make a statement against their willbe induced to make a statement by means of threats or by being promised something, such as bail, for instance.A 6 The PoliceCode of Practice.Citizens are allowed to complain about the conduct of any police officer and any wrongful treatment they may have had from the action of the policeTo ensure a thorough and independent investigation of any such complaint the Independent Police Complaints Authority supervises any such inquiry.Police officers breaking the law in the course of their duty can be prosecuted and even dismissed from the forceThe discipline codes are designed to prevent abuse of power and to maintain public confidence in police impartiality.Chapter 9 Justice and the LawA 1 Introduction – Basic Principles of English LawBasic principles of English law:The Rule of LawNatural Law andNatural JusticeThe Rule of Law is an aspect of the British Constitution.It involves:The rights of individuals are determined by legal rules and not the arbitrary behaviour of authorities.There can be no punishment unless a court decides there has been a breach of law. Everyone, regardless of your position in society, is subject to the law.A 1 Introduction –Basic Principles of English Law contNatural Law: A system of universal moral and ethical principles that are inherent in human nature and that people can discover by using their natural intelligence (e.g., murder is wrong; parents are responsible for the acts of their minor children)Natural Law is higher than Man-made law.Natural Justice -- where there are no other guidelines legal decisions should conform to what the courts can deduce as natural law. It is a reflection of prevailing moral view of society.Basic principlesThe rule of law----everybody is subject to the law----laws must not be arbitrary----a person is innocent until proven guiltyNatural law----a law is higher than a man-made lawNatural justice----reflection of the prevailing moral view of the societyA 1 Introduction – Sources of British LawCommon Law (The system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written laws.) – decided by judges, their decisions in cases after considering the customs and practices of the people involved. This kind of law has evolved long before Parliament became the main law-making body. Statute Law (A law established by legislative enactment.) – made by Parliament Case Law (Law based on judicial decision and precedent rather than on statutes.) – has evolved through decisions in actual trialsEuropean Union lawA 1 The Supremacy of ParliamentParliament can pass, repeal and alter any of Britain’s laws. This is one of the major powers that a government has .Parliament also has the power – after going through its own parliamentary processes – of altering its own laws.In theory there is nobody that can declare a law passed by Parliament as unconstitutionalBut decisions of the European Court must be accepted in UK.A 1 Introduction -- Two branches of lawCivil law -- defines and enforces the duties or obligations of persons to one another. (The body of laws of a state or nation dealing with the rights of private citizens.) Criminal law -- by contrast, defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society as a whole. (Law that deals with crimes and their punishments.)CourtscontMagistrates’ CourtThe overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’ court,and there are more than 700 magistrates’courts in England and Wales. It is rare for the sort of cases dealt with in these courts to grab the nation’s attention,or hit the headlines. However, these courtsare a vital cog in the wheel of justice, and nearly all of the UK’s criminals will passthrough their doors.Courts contThe Crown CourtThe Crown Court deals with all indictable cases,which are serious offences triable before a judge and jury,and these include murder, rape, serious assault, kidnapping, conspiracy, fraud, armed robbery,and Official Secrets Act offences. These offences cannot be tried at the magistrates’ court.Courtscont••The High Court•The High Court is a civil court and has the authority to hear any civil case in England and Wales. It handles everything from libel and litigation to shipping cases and divorce. Along with the Court of Appeal, it is based at the gothic building of the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand,London, butalso sits at 26 towns around the country.CourtscontCourt of appealIf a convicted person feels he or she has not had a fair trial in the Crown Court/High Court and has been wrongfully convicted,or that the sentence imposed by the judges is unfair,then he or she can take their case to the Court of Appeal,where more senior judges will consider the merits of their case.Potential or Possible Advantages of the Jury SystemThe system is the chief bulwark of the common man against abuse by the state or by individual members of the legal system.It gives the public a part to play in the legal process and makes the ordinary people gain a sense of involvement.Jurors usually have more first-hand qualification than any judge to form a valid opinion upon facts connected with the daily life of ordinary people.The system ensures that the judgment of guilt or innocence is made by the accused’s equals, not by a judge whom many will see as being out of touch with ordinary people and no better at making judgments about facts.Potential or Possible Disadvantages of the Jury SystemJurors may have a lot of difficulty following arguments and/or evidence in a complex case.Evidence shows that gender or race discrimination and prejudice still exist among some jurors.Juries are likely to be influenced by one dominant personality among their members and also, by the impression they pick up from the judge’s summing-up, rather than solely from the facts presented to them during the hearing.Jurors are more easily swayed by emotional witnesses’ accounts or barristers’appeals, and sometimes do not pay as much regard to facts or documentary evidence as expected.In which court or tribunal would you expect the following cases to be heard? ShopliftingDrunken behaviourMurderBank robberyCompany fraudDivorceVandalism (depends upon seriousness)In which court or tribunal would you expect the following cases to be heard? Shoplifting Magistrates’ CourtDrunken behaviour Magistrates’ CourtMurder Crown CourtBank robbery Crown CourtCompany fraud Crown CourtDivorce County Court/High CourtVandalism (depends upon seriousness) Magistrates Court/Crown CourtChapter 10 BeliefsThe Reformation (A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches)Immediate Causes• Merchant wealth challenged the church.• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. • The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.• Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences (The remission of temporal punishment still due for a sin that has been sacramentally absolved.) were widespread and caused conflict.The ReformersMartin Luther• Believed in salvation by faith alone• Posted the 95 theses• Led the movement that gave birth to the ProtestantChurchJohn Calvin• Believed in predestination• Expanded Protestant movementKing Henry VIII• Dismissed authority of the popes in Rome• Divorced, broke with the Catholic ChurchFormed the Church of EnglandImmediate ResultsEnglandElizabeth I–ended bloodshed–united British Isles under the Anglican Church.Rise of Reformation contributed to the growth of capitalismLong-Term ResultsChanging cultural values and traditionsGrowth of secularismGrowth of individualismGrowth of religious toleranceWhat are the major differences between the Catholic and Protestant Churches? Catholic⊂power and authority of the Pope as head of the Church in setting rules of moral conduct emphasis on ritualeducation of children into the faithimportance of Virgin MaryProtestant⊂more individualistic attitude generallyimportance of individual conscience in relationship to Godless formal services of worship.Chapter 11 WelfareA1 Development of “Welfare State”1. Definition of Poverty1.1 Absolute Poverty – families without minimum food, clothing and shelter needed for maintenance of merely physical health (concept at beginning of last century) 1.2 Relative Poverty – Despite adequate income for survival, people who do not have what is regarded as minimum necessary for decency and who cannot escape judgment that they are indecent can be labeled as poor.What is a ‘Welfare State’?It can be defined as ‘a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy’. The welfare state would aim to offer its citizens a life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life (for example, losing a job, becoming sick, having an accident).These days resources for welfare are raised through National Insurance contributions (which are paid by all people in work) and general taxation (which is paid by all people in work above a certain level of income). There is also a Value Added Tax (VAT) which is included in the price of many goods and services.Aims of the post-World War II welfare legislationThe most radical and widespread reforms occurred after the Second World War in 1945. The measures introduced then were based upon a famous document, the Beveridge Report of 1942.Lord William Henry Beveridge, 1879-1963A3 WELFARE IN BRITAIN — THE PRESENTThe three main areas of welfare provision in Britain are health, housing and social securityThe post-war welfare structure has always been a combination of public and private provisionFrom the 1980s those who could afford had been encouraged to provide for their own health and retirement by paying into private insurance schemes.Chapter 12 Domestic EconomyA 4 The Mixed Economy contNationalizationthe acquisition of private companies by the public sectorPrivatizationthe return of state enterprises to private ownership and controlA 4 The Mixed Economy contWhy nationalise?The post-war Labour government was elected on a socialist manifesto (see also Chapter 11 ‘Welfare’), which promised more political control over the major public utilities so that their development could be guided in the public interest rather than simply for private profitThose industries which were nationalised had managing directors appointed by the government and, whilst they were left to run their own affairs on a day-to-day basis, they were accountable to the government concerning more long-term policy.A 4 The Mixed Economy contReasons for nationalizationNatural monopolyExternalitiese.g. subsidizing public transport (London Underground) may be a second-best option to road pricing.Equity or distributional consequencese.g. protecting transport in rural areasCo-ordinating a networke.g. British Rail could have an overview of the whole rail systemA 4 the Mixed EconomyWhy privatize?The main argument used by the ‘privatizers’ is that nationalized industries are。
英国介绍_参考模板
--
第第第第第第第第第第第第 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 11 12 章章章章章章章章章章章章
历 史
地 理
经 济
文 化
旅 游
教 育
社 会
政治
英 国 政 治
英国 与欧 盟
英 国 与 世 界
总 结
0 英国介绍
英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，是一个位于欧洲西北部，由 四个构成国(英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰)组成的岛国
塔桥等
05
此 外 ， 英 国a还a有a 许 多 古 老 的 城 堡 和 宫 殿
如温莎城堡、白金汉宫等以及美丽的海
滨城市如布莱顿、利物浦等
03
除 此 之 外 ，a还a有a 许 多 世 界 著 名 的 博 物 馆
和艺术馆如大英博物馆、国家画廊等
Part 6
教育
6 教育
英国的教育体系在全球范围内 享有盛誉，其高等教育机构如 剑桥大学、牛津大学等是世界
Part 5
旅游
5 旅游
01
英 国 是 一 个a拥a有a 丰 富 自 然 和 文 化 遗 产 的旅游Fra bibliotek地04
英 国 还 有 许a多a美a 丽 的 自 然 景 观 如 爱 丁 堡 、
巴斯、坎布里亚郡湖区等
02
伦 敦 是 英 国a最a大a 的 城 市 和 文 化 中 心 ， 拥
有许多著名的景点如大本钟、伦敦眼、
量的资金来改善和提高教育质量和医疗水平
3
此外，英国还拥有先进的交通和通讯设施以及 高效的公共服务体系
英国概况教案10-12
英国概况教案10Section ThreeThe House of CommonsI. Notes1. No. 10.Downing Street: 唐宁街10号。
首相官邸(the official residence ofthe Prime Minister), 唐宁街11号是财政大臣官邸，所以唐宁街常被用来做英国政府的代名词。
II. Explanation:1. The formation（形成）of the House of Common: (P138)The House of Common is the real office of power(权力机关). It came into being in the 13th century. It is now made up of651 Members of Parliament who are directly elected byuniversal adult suffrage(成人大选).The Parliament was elected for every 5 years. Apart from the legislative power(立法权), parliament had the authority(职权)of supervising(监督) the government and financial expenditure(财务开支)。
The Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the house of Common. The House of Lords is also called the Nobility(贵族院). The House of Lords (the Nobility) began to form in the 11th century, and it was only made up of some important Feudalnobles(封建贵族) then. Theoretically, the House of Lords has the same power as the House of Common. But when the acts or bills are passed by the House of Common, the house of Lords has no way to stop them to be passed. Apart form judicial power(司法权), the House of Lords hardly has any right to decide any other important things.In the House of Common, the party that won the majority of the seats can make the Cabinet(组阁), and the party that has fewer seats is the opposition party. The prolocutor(议长) in the House of Common is the speaker of the parliament and the chairman of the conference. The status（地位）of the prolocutor is next to the Prime Minister.2. The distribution(分配) of the seats of the Parliament: (P138)The 651 seats are distributed among 4 countries: 524 for England, 38 for Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 17 for Northern Ireland. The 4 countries are divided into 651 areas( districts) and each area(known as a constituency选区) elects one Member of Parliament.3. The Government Party and the Opposition Party: (P138)The party which wins sufficient (enough) seats at a general election tobecome the Government Party.The party which wins the second largest number of seats is known as theOpposition Party.4. The task of the Opposition Party: (P139)The Opposition Party has its own Shadow Cabinet(影子内阁). The task of the Opposition Party is to supervise(监督) the government. It oftencriticizes the policies of the government or put forward some proposals tothe government.5. The tow leading parties are the Conservative Party(保守党) and the Labourparty（工党）。
英语国家社会与文化入门Chapter 10 British Society Housing,Class and Race
英国：房屋、阶级和种族房屋对于任何独立的社会成员，他们所居住的房屋在他们生活中十分重要。
社会的生活安排作为一个整体被组织的方式告诉我们一些有关社会本身的东西——它的生活水平，其社会和家庭的结构，社会中财富的分配——无论是地理和社会等级制度——甚至是社会上的价值和梦想的一些事。
当然，就英国而言，有住房制度中的一些独特特性，这特点区别于两个主要的社会，一方面我们可能会选择比较它与其他欧洲国家，另一方面会和美国以及其他讲英语的英联邦比较。
英国同美国和富裕的讲英语的英联邦(如加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰)共享的是一个非常高的比例的"屋主"：也就是说，大多数的房屋，约65％，属于生活在这些房屋里的人民。
这比大多数欧洲的比例还要高。
这是大多数英国人置业的野心，还有一个复杂的从银行可获得的资金系统来允许他们这么做-通常是通过贷款或"按揭贷款"在25年内偿还。
通常贷款由将要购买财产价值的95％和买方提供的5％作为的押金组成。
英国同欧洲其他国家更多的以社会为本的社会分享的是一个大型的公共房屋的供应体系。
这些房屋被屋主拥有的不是很多，要么由当地(市)政府，或由独立的非营利组织称为住房协会来拥有。
这些机构的房屋出租给那些自己买不起，或选择不买房的人。
然而，自1979年以来，在玛格丽特·撒切尔的保守党政府上台时，政府政策发生了变化，看到了公共房屋广泛的出售给那些住在里面的人，从而增加业主自住的比例，使公共房屋相对不那么重要。
因此可以说，在二十世纪八十年代的住房安排上英国变得更加"美国"更少像"欧洲"。
有一个私人租赁市场部门，但这相比较而言不是很重要，通常在市场的底部。
一般来说，有四个主要类型的房屋。
虽然石头也被使用尤其在北部通常是老房子，但是最常见的建筑材料还是是砖。
木房子是很不寻常见到的。
我将按照成本和地位的升序排列来描述这四个类型。
英语国家概况UNIT10
英语国家概况UNIT10Unit 10 Sports Holidays and Festivals in Britain主讲：王玲组员：钟东李博sports英国的现在体育运动包括足球、网球、板球、高尔夫球、赛马等。
足球起源于英国，英格兰足球超级联赛(FA Premier League),20XX 年巴克莱斯银行(BarclaysBank)成为英超的赞助商，冠名为巴克莱斯超级足球联赛(Barclays English Premier League),通常简称“英超”,是英格兰足总属下的职业足球联赛。
由超级联盟负责具体运作。
英格兰超级联赛成立于1992年2月20日，其前身是英格兰甲级联赛，是英格兰联赛系统的最高等级联赛。
现时英超联赛已经成为世界上最受欢迎的体育赛事之一，也是收入最高的足球联赛。
大家熟知的足球明星大卫罗伯特约瑟夫贝克汉姆(David Robert Joseph Beckham),退役英格兰足球运动员。
大家熟知的足球明星罗纳尔多路易斯纳扎里奥达利马(Ronaldo Luiz Nazario De Lima)。
Holiday and festivals in britain 英国有很多传统节日与活动。
据统计,英国全年全国性和地方性的节日有106个,其主要节日有: 1. New Year's Day(元旦),每年1月1日庆祝新的一年开始。
人们举办各种各样的新年晚会,女王发表新年祝辞,各种教堂在除夕夜都做守岁礼拜。
2. St. Valentine's Day(情人节),每年2月14日,是3世纪殉教的圣徒圣华伦泰逝世纪念日。
情人们在这一天互赠礼物, 故称“情人节”。
3. St. Patrick's Day(圣帕特里克节),每年3月17日,是悼念爱尔兰的守护神圣帕特里克的节日。
4. Holy Saturday(圣星期六),是Easter的前一天。
5. Easter(复活节),一般在每年春分后月圆第一个星期天,约在3月21日左右。
英美国家概况Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritain
英美国家概况Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritainUnit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain(英国的体育运动、节假日)一、本单元重点内容Sports体育:1. football (足球), “Football hooligans” (“足球流氓”) and the FA (足球协会)2. tennis (网球) and Wimbledon (温布尔登)3. cricket and “fair play” （板球与“公平竞争”思想）4. golf (高尔夫球)5. horse racing (赛马): the Grand National {（英国一年一度的）全国越野障碍赛马}the Royal Ascot (皇家阿斯科特赛马会)Holidays and Festivals节假日:1. Christmas (圣诞节) and Three traditions of Christmas (圣诞节的三大传统习俗)2. The Boxing Day and its traditions (节礼日(圣诞节后的第一个工作日)和其传统习俗)3. Easter (复活节)4. Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night) and the traditions{篝火之夜(盖伊·福克斯之夜)和其传统习俗}5. The Battle of the Boyne (博茵河战役)6. Orange M arches (“奥伦治游行”)7. St Patrick’s Day (圣帕特里克节) and The Christian Trinity (基督教的三位一体)8. Hogmanay (苏格兰的除夕)9. Burns Night (彭斯之夜)10. Halloween (万圣节前夜)11. The Eisteddfod (威尔士诗歌音乐比赛会)二、本单元重、难点辅导Sports1. football and "football hooligans" in BritainFootball was invented in Britain.（足球运动起源于英国。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Immediate Results
Germany North: Princes converted to Protestantism, ending papal authority in their states. Hapsburg family remained Catholic. War between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating loss (Thirty Years’ War).
The Free Churches
The Methodists The Baptists The United Reformed Church The Salvation Army
Other Beliefs
Mahayana temple
Hinduism
Background and beliefs: Hinduism is both a civilisation and a congregation of religions, having neither a founder, central authority, hierarchy nor organisation. Places: Hindus consider the Ganges river in India to be holy Community profile: There are between 400,000 and 550,000 people in the UK Hindu community, concentrated in London (especially Wembley and Harrow), Birmingham, Coventry and Leicester. Membership has increased by 40% since 1975.
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church mounted reforms to reassert its authority (Reforms agreed to at the Council of Trent). Society of Jesus – The Jesuits – was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. The Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Mosque
Islam
Background and beliefs: The sources of Islam are the Koran, believed by Muslims to be the exact word of God, and the Hadith - the report of the sayings, deeds and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad . Leaders: Islam has no priests, only (in the Shia tradition) imams, who act as guides and interpreters of the Koran
Connection between church and the state
The hierarchical example of the Christian church would support their royal authority The church also provided educated advisers & administrators, through whom the kings would control their kingdoms more efficiently
The established or national church in England Reasons 1.Official position was confirmed by the Elizabethan church Settlement 2. Its archbishops, bishops deans are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister 3. The monarch is the head of the church 4. Parliament has a voice in its organization & rituals
The Roman catholic Church
After the Reformation, the church in Britain experienced much persecution & discrimination Head of the Roman catholic Church in England: the cardinal Archbishop of Westminster The senior lay Catholic: the duke of Norfolk Now Catholicism is widely practised in Britain & enjoys religious freedom The church continues to emphasize the important role of education for its children & requires its members to try to raise their children in the Catholic faith
Immediate Results
England Elizabeth I
–– ended bloodshed –– united British Isles under the Anglican Church.
Rise of Reformation contributed to the growth of capitalism
In Ad 663: all the churches agreed to accept the Roman Catholic form of worship Christianity became a central & influential force in national life Church was an essential part not only of religious culture but also of administration, law and government Church remained a part of the Roman Catholic faith & was based on the traditional hierarcy of monks, priests, bishops & archbishops The English kings maintained their allegiance to Rome & the Pope in spiritual matters
Conflicts & division between the 2 branches of Christianity
Relationship between England and Rome became difficult By the 16th century: the breaking point Reasons: English monarchs 1. --- were jealous of the expanded power and wealth of the English church 2.--- resented the dominant influence of Rome in national affairs 3.--- Henry III, then , argued (a) he, not the pope : the supreme legal authority, (b) English church & its courts should owe their allegiance only to him
The Reformation
Immediate Causes Merchant wealth challenged the church’s view of usury. German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
Chapter 10 Beliefs
Religious history Around 432 Ireland converted to Christanity by St. Patrick, who brought faith from Rome His followers spread christianity to Wales, Scotland & N. England, established religious centres In Ad 496-7: the Saxons of A. England were converted to Christianity by St. Augustine & other monks sent from Rome by Pope In Ad 597: St Augustine founded the ecclesiastical capital of Canterbury