英国人文部分
英国自然人文地理
★ Ten National Parks
(1).The Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk. (2).Exmoor National Park. (3).Dartmoor National Park. (4).Loch Lomond and the Trossachs. (5).The New Forest National Park. (6).Northumberland National Park. (7).North York Moore. (8).The Peak District National Park. (9).The South Downs. (10).Yorkshire Dales.
North East England
Made By 梁维江、杜薇
★ Location and Composition: (1).located in the North East of England. (2).comprises the combined area: Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear and Teesside.
View of Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland National Park.
Durham Cathedral
Lindisfarne Castle
★ Important Towns and Cities
(1).the biggest city: Newcastle-upon-Tyne. (2).important towns: Tynemouth, Gateshead and Stockton-on-Tees.
★ Industry
英国人文社会科学成果评价体系及其借鉴
主要问题探讨
在人文社会科学评价体系中，主要问题包括以下几个方面：
1、评价标准：如何制定一套客观、公正、全面的评价标准，以衡量人文社 会科学研究成果的质量和价值？
2、评价方法：如何选择和运用适当的评价方法，以便更好地体现研究成果 的创新性、实用性和学术性？
3、学科差异：如何兼顾不同学科的特点和差异，避免评价体系过于单一或 片面？
参考内容
引言
随着知识经济的快速发展，人文社会科学在推动社会发展、改善人民生活等 方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。因此，构建合理的人文社会科学评价体系，对于 衡量其发展水平、提高研究质量以及推动学科进步具有重要意义。本次演示将就 人文社会科学评价体系的重要性、背景、主要问题、观点阐述和结论进行探讨。
研究进展
在我国人文社会科学研究成果评价方面，伴随改革开放的深入推进，学术研 究取得了长足发展。以中国古代思想史、文学、社会史等领域为例，研究成果丰 硕，其中不乏具有重要影响力的作品和学术期刊。然而，在具体的研究成果评价 过程中，仍存在评价标准不统一、评价方式单一等问题，导致评价结果有时难以 客观全面地反映研究价值。
3、学科差异：应充分认识不同学科的研究特点和方法差异，制定更具针对 性的评价标准和方法，以更好地体现学科特色。
4、社会价值：应将学术价值与社会价值相结合，鼓励研究者社会现实问题， 推动学术研究为社会进步服务。
参考内容二
引言
随着人文社会科学领域的不断发展，人文社会科学研究成果评价的重要性日 益凸显。通过对研究成果的评价，可以有效地衡量学术价值，促进学术交流，提 高学术质量。本次演示旨在探讨我国人文社会科学研究成果评价的研究进展，以 期为相关领域的学术评价提供参考。
例如，通过对教育、医疗等社会问题的研究，将相关研究成果进行评价和分 析，为政府制定相应政策提供科学依据；同时，也有助于引导科研人员紧紧围绕 国家和社会发展的现实需求开展研究工作，促进科研与实际的紧密结合。
英国人文学科的研究方法
英国人文学科的研究方法1.引言1.1 概述在撰写一篇关于英国人文学科的研究方法的长文时，我们需要在引言部分对该主题进行概述。
英国人文学科的研究方法是一门探索英国文化、历史、文学以及相关领域的学术方法论。
它涵盖了广泛的研究领域，如英国文学、英国历史、英国哲学、英国文化等。
这些领域的研究方法与技巧是英国人文学科的关键组成部分，是研究者深入了解英国文化与思想的重要工具。
研究方法在英国人文学科中发挥着至关重要的作用。
通过运用适当的研究方法，研究者能够获取关于英国文化和历史的深入见解。
在研究过程中，研究者需要借助不同的研究方法，如文献研究、实地调查、统计分析、人文阅读和跨学科研究等，以获取全面的资料和信息。
同时，研究方法的选择和应用也在一定程度上决定了研究的可靠性和准确性。
英国人文学科的研究方法不仅仅局限于单一学科，而是基于跨学科的特点。
它借鉴了不同学科研究方法的优点，并将其应用于对英国文化和历史的研究中。
因此，它涵盖的范围广泛且多样化。
本文将对英国人文学科的研究方法进行详细阐述，并通过实例和案例来说明不同方法的应用。
通过对这些方法的研究和分析，我们可以更好地理解英国文化的发展过程、历史的演变以及英国文学作品的创作背景。
同时，我们也希望通过这篇文章，激发更多学者对于英国人文学科研究方法的兴趣，推动该领域的不断发展和创新。
总之，英国人文学科的研究方法是一门探索英国文化和历史的学术方法论。
其广泛的研究领域和多样化的方法在研究者深入了解英国文化和历史方面起着重要的作用。
本文将对英国人文学科的研究方法进行探讨，并以实例和案例来说明不同方法的应用。
通过这篇文章的撰写，我们希望可以促进该领域研究的进步和创新。
在文章结构部分，我们将会介绍本文的组织架构以及每个章节的主要内容。
通过清晰的文章结构，读者可以更好地理解本文的内容和逻辑。
本文分为引言、正文和结论三部分。
1. 引言1.1 概述：本节将简要介绍英国人文学科的研究方法的背景和重要性。
百科知识（英国）
百科知识（英国）⼈⽂知识部分Great Britain（⼆）⼀.英国简史(Brief History of U.K.)1.古代不列颠(Ancient Britain)在不列颠群岛(Britain)上很早就有⼈类活动。
约公元前3世纪，伊⽐利亚⼈(Iberians)从欧洲⼤陆来到⼤不列颠岛东南部定居。
约700年以后，居住在欧洲西部的凯尔特⼈(Celts)不断移⼊不列颠群岛。
2.罗马⼈统治下的英国(Roman Britain)公元前55年和前54年，凯撒(Julius Caesar)两度率罗马军进攻⼤不列颠，被不列颠⼈击退。
公元43年，罗马皇帝克劳狄⼀世(Emperor Claudius)率军进攻不列颠，并将其变为罗马帝国(Roman Empire)的⾏省。
为阻⽌北⽅凯尔特⼈南下，公元122年，罗马⼈在⼤不列颠岛北部修建了⼀条横贯东西，全长118公⽴的长城，史称哈德良长城。
在罗马⼈统治的东南地区，罗马⼈(Romans)和凯尔特⼈(Celts)上层抢占部落的共有⼟地，建⽴起奴⾪制⼤⽥庄，使得凯尔特⼈或战俘称为奴⾪。
公元3到4世纪，随着奴⾪反抗⽃争的加剧，罗马帝国逐渐衰落。
4世纪中叶前后，不列颠反抗罗马统治的⽃争也渐趋激化。
公元407年，罗马驻军全部撤离不列颠，罗马队不列颠的统治即告结束。
3.盎格鲁-撒克逊时代(Anglo-Saxons)罗马⼈撤离后，5世纪中期，⼤批⽇⽿曼⼈(Germans)经由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠群岛，⼊侵者包括盎格鲁⼈(Anglo)，撒克逊⼈(Saxons)，朱特⼈(Jutes)等，⼊侵过程延续了⼀个半世纪。
经过长期混居，逐渐形成现今英格兰⼈的祖先。
6世纪末，基督教(Christianity)传⼊英国。
597年，罗马教皇格列⾼利⼀世(Pope Gregory)派修⼠奥古斯丁(St. Augustine)到英格兰传教。
到7世纪下半叶，英格兰全境基本上都皈依了罗马基督教。
7世纪初，⼊侵者先后建⽴起7个强国：东部和东北部盎格鲁⼈的麦西亚(Mercia)，诺森波利亚(Northumbria)和东盎格鲁利亚(East Anglia)，南部撒克逊⼈的威塞克斯(Wessex)，埃塞克斯(Essex)和苏赛克斯(Sussex)，东南部朱特⼈的肯特(Kent)，合称"七王国"(Heptarchy)。
英国文化的传统和现代特点
英国文化的传统和现代特点英国文化是世界上最具代表性和影响力的文化之一，它不仅源远流长，而且包容性强、多样性丰富、适应性强。
英国文化传承了许多自然和人文优秀的传统，并发展出了许多现代特点，这些特点既继承了传统，又包含了现代国家和民族的特点。
一、英国文化传统1.绅士文化英国绅士文化源于15至16世纪欧洲的骑士文化，后在英国迅速发展壮大，形成了无形的风气和行为准则。
绅士文化强调的是风度翩翩、彬彬有礼、谦虚有礼、乐善好施、团结友爱等行为和品质。
著名的绅士文化代表包括温斯顿·丘吉尔、詹姆斯·邦德等。
2.皇室文化英国有着悠久的王室传统和历史，皇室文化是英国文化的重要组成部分。
英国皇室具有浓厚的历史底蕴和文化传统，代表着国家和民族的形象，拥有独特的仪式和礼节，如加冕仪式、捷克斯霍姆家族王子的婚礼等。
3.文学文化英国是文学传统强国之一，莎士比亚、侯赛因·曼、凯特·肖普、查尔斯·狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等名家的文学作品成为全球课程必修内容。
英国的文学传统不仅有名家著作，还有苏格兰民间传说、爱尔兰文学、威尔士诗歌等丰富而独特的文化遗产。
二、英国文化现代特点1.多元文化20世纪以来，英国逐渐走向文化多元化，积极吸收外部文化元素，形成了包容且多样化的文化氛围。
在英国，移民和多元文化已经成为一种社会和政治现象，充分体现了英国的开放性和包容性。
2.时尚文化英国是全球时尚的热点之一，伦敦、伯明翰、曼彻斯特等城市都拥有非常成熟的时尚产业链，涵盖服装、衣饰、珠宝、家居等领域。
英国的时尚文化独具个性和创意，融合了传统和现代元素，不同领域的设计师和品牌在其间展示自己的才华。
3.音乐文化英国是世界音乐文化的重镇，从10世纪的圣歌到流行音乐，英国音乐风格多样，涵盖了大部分的音乐文化。
英国还拥有众多着名的乐队和歌手，包括披头士、皇后乐队、滚石乐队、艾尔顿·约翰等。
此外，英国较强的音乐教育体系也对世界的音乐产生了积极的影响。
英国的人文地理特征（精选1篇）
英国的人文地理特征（精选1篇）以下是网友分享的关于英国的人文地理特征的资料1篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
篇一Ⅱ.英国的地理特征II. Geographical Features英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33 公里宽。
1985 年，英法两国政府决定在多佛尔海峡底修建一个隧道，把两个国家连接起来。
经过八年的奋斗,这条名为Britain is an island country. It is surrounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the EnglishChannel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work this channel tunnel which is called ……Chunnel‟‟ was open to traffic in May 1994. Britain covers an area of 244, 100 square krn. It runs 1, 000 km from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometers. So no part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, providing cheap transportation.几个世纪以来，英国一直在缓慢地倾斜。
英国自然人文地理
英Introduction toPhysical and Human Geography ofthe UK国自然人文地理国家哲学社会科学项目“英语专业基础阶段内容依托式教学改革研究”项目组 编主编常俊跃 赵秀艳 赵永青Unit 1 Pano Tex Text B Text C Unit 2 A Sur Tex Text B Text C Unit 3 South Text A Tex Text C Unit 4 South Text A Text B Tex Text D Unit 5 Lond Text A Tex Text C Text D Unit 6 East o Tex Text B Text C Unit 7 East M Text A Tex Text C Northampton............................................................107 Unit 8 West Midlands (115)Text A View of West Midlands…………………………………………116 Text B West Midlands………………………………………………….122 Text C Stratford-Upon-Avon…………………………………………..,124 Text D The Black Country……………………………………………..125 Unit 9 North West England………………………………………….……133 Contentsramic View of the U.K (1)t A View of the U.K (2)Names about the U.K (7)Britain and Ireland........................................................8 vey of England.. (14)t A View of England.........................................................15 Climate in England......................................................20 A Ramble Around England by Stephanie Prescott (24)West England (32)View of South West.....................................................33 t B The Origin of Bath......................................................39 Stonehenge: Probably Pilgrimage Site for Sick.....................40 East England (46)View of South East England...........................................47 Oxford University. (53)t C Stephen Hawking (54)On The Canterbury Tales ...............................................55 on (62)Greater London and the City of London (63)t B Landmarks in London (65)More Landmarks.........................................................70 One Square Mile: The Historic City of London (73)f England (83)t A View of the East of England (84)New Stone Installed with China's Best-known Poem...............91 The Broads, Dedham Vale and Fens..................................92 idlands (98)View of East Midlands..................................................99 t B Heroes in Nottinghamshire. (105)Text A Tex Text C Text D Unit 10 York Tex Text B Text C Unit 11 Nor Text A Tex Text C Unit 12 Sco Text A Tex Text C Text D Unit 13 Wal Text A Tex Text C Unit 14 Nor Text A Tex Tex Text D Unit 15 Revi Text A Text B Text C Key to the Appendixes (277)Appendix 1United Kingdom Regions Map ....................................277 Appendix 2 United Kingdom Landforms Map ................................278 Appendix 3 England Landforms Map ..........................................279 Appendix 4 Scotland Landforms Map ..........................................280 Appendix 5 Wales Landforms Map .............................................281 Appendix 6 Northern Ireland Landforms Map ................................282 View of North West England..........................................134 t B The Beatles..............................................................141 Lancaster................................................................143 Great Manchester......................................................143 shire and the Humber (152)t A View of Yorkshire and the Humber..................................153 Sharing Cars in Leeds.................................................161 More about York.......................................................162 th East England (168)View of North East England.........................................169 t B Hadrian’s Wall..........................................................176 Durham and Durham Cathedral......................................178 tland (185)View of Scotland........................................................186 t B Loch Ness...............................................................196 Edinburgh Festivals....................................................198 Thistle: Scotland’s National Flower.................................200 es.. (209)View of Wales...........................................................210 t B Legends of Wales......................................................,216 More about Wales.......................................................218 thern Ireland.. (224)View of Northern Ireland.............................................225 t B More about Northern Ireland.........................................233 t C Legend of Giant’s Causeway.........................................234 St. Patrick’s Day.......................................................235 ew of the U.K (242)Review of England and Scotland.....................................243 Review of Wales........................................................250 Review of Northern Ireland...........................................251 Exercises. (260)Appendix 7 England Regions Map (283)Appendix 8 Symbols of Constituent Countries of the U.K (284)Appendix 9 National Flags (286)Appendix 10 List of Towns and Cities in England by Population (2001).288 Appendix 11 List of English Counties by Population (2007) (291)重点参考的书目和网站 (294)Unit 1Panoramic View of the U.K.When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles, but never England.——George MikesUnit Goalsz To have a general idea of the geography of the U.K.z To be familiar with the geographical terms about the U.K.z To learn to use the words and expressions that describe the geographical features of the U.K.Before You Read1.How large is the U.K., especially compared with the U.S.A.?Which of the following shows the possible proportion?ABD.C2.Where is the U.K.? Tick (√) the neighboring countries and seas.Countries √Oceans√PacificChina TheBelgium The AtlanticFrance The IndianIreland The ArcticGermany The North SeaDenmark The Irish SeaNetherlands The English Channel3. What four major countries make up the U.K.?England, ____________, ____________, and ____________. 4. Is the U.K. mountainous or flat?5. Have you ever heard of Lock Ness, which is famous for a monster? Where is it in the U.K.?6.Form groups of three or four students. Try to find, on the internet or in the library, more general information about the U.K., which interests you. Get ready for a 5-minute presentation in class.Start to ReadText A View of the U.K.I. Location and CompositionThe official title of the U.K. is theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland . It is an island nation inWestern Europe just off the coast ofFrance. The mainland areas lie betweenlatitudes 49°N and 59°N and longitudes8°W to 2°E. The U.K. lies between theNorth Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea,and comes within 35 km (22 miles) of thenorthwest coast of France, from which it isseparated by the English Channel.Northern Ireland shares a 360 kminternational land boundary with theRepublic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel（海峡隧道）bored beneath the EnglishChannel （英吉利海峡）, now links the UKwith France.The UK is made up ofseveral islands: Great Britain(the formerly separate realms ofEngland and Scotland , and theprincipality of Wales ), NorthernIreland (also known as Ulster),and numerous smaller islandsincluding the Isle of Wight （怀特岛）, Anglesey(安格尔西岛）, andthe Scilly (锡利岛）, Orkney(奥克尼岛), Shetland (舍得兰岛), andHebrides(赫布里底群岛). Theonly land border connecting theUK to another country isbetween Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The UK is bordered by four seas: to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe; to the east by the North Sea; tothe west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.II. LandscapeThe UK has atotal area ofapproximately245,000 km², almostaquarter-of-a-millionsquare kilometers.Its Landscape is veryvaried, ranging fromthe GrampianMountains （格兰扁山脉）of Scotland to the lowland fens (沼泽地带)of England whichare at or below sealevel in places.Sco tland and Wales are the most mountainous parts of the UK. A ridge of hills, the Pennines （奔宁山脉）, runs down the centre of northern England. Many coastal areas are low-lying, especially in the east and south of England.These include the wetlands of the Somerset levels(萨默塞特平原), which regularly flood during heavy rain.Most of the UK is made up of gently rolling hills with isolated areas of high ground such as Dartmoor (达特姆尔高原) in the south-west of England or the Mourne Mountains （莫恩山脉）in Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland is also home to the UK’s largest lake, Lough Neagh （内伊湖）, which covers an area of 396sq.Km (153 sq miles). Other major lakes include Windermere （温德米尔）in the English Lake District and Loch Lomond （洛蒙徳湖）in Scotland. Another of Scotland’s lakes, Loch Ness （尼斯湖）is famous for sightings of Bein ‘Nessie’, a mythical monster!g a relativelysmall Island, the UK’srivers are not very long.The Severn （塞文河）, itslongest river, is just 338km in length, beginning inWales and entering theAtlantic Ocean nearBristol （布里斯托尔市）inEngland. Other majorrivers include the Thames（泰晤士河）, which flowsthrough Oxford andLondon, and the Trent （特伦特河）and Mersey （墨西河）rivers, which drain rainfall from large areas of central England.AFTER YOU READKnowledge Focus1. Fill in the blanks according to the geographical knowledge you have learned in the text above.(1) The U.K. is an island nation in ____________ Europe just off thecoast of ____________.(2) The U.K. is separated from France by the ____________. (3) The UK is mainly made up of England, Scotland, ,and .(4) The longest river in the UK is , which beginsin .(5) , a lake in Scotland, is famous for sightings of amythical monster.(6) The largest lake in the UK is , locatedin .(7) A ridge of hills, , called the “backbone of England”,runs down the center of Northern England.(8) _ , one of the major rivers in the U.K., flows throughOxford and London.2. Write T in the bracket if the statement is true, and write F if it is false.(1) The official title of the U.K. is the United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Ireland. ( )(2) The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the North Sea, now links theUK with France. ( )(3) The only land border connecting the UK to another country isbetween Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. ( )(4) The UK is bordered by the North Sea to the East. ( )(5) Scotland and England are the most mountainous parts of the UK.( )(6) Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the U.K. is located in Wales. ( )(7) Nessie is an animal living in Lock Ness in Scotland. ( )(8) There are many rivers in the U.K., such as the Severn and theThames. ( )Language Focus1.Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the phrases below.(1) The UK ____________ several islands(2) The U.K.’s landscape is very varied, ______ the GrampianMountains of Scotland ______ the lowland fens of England.(3) Another of Scotland’s lakes, Loch Ness ____________ sightings of‘Nessie’, a mythical monster!(4) Northern Ireland ______ a 360 km international land boundary______ the Republic of Ireland.(5) The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now______ the UK ______ France.(6) Northern Ireland ____________ the UK’s largest lake, LoughNeagh.2. Fill in the blanks with the appreciate form of the words in the brackets.(1) Great Britain includes the (former) separate realms ofEngland and Scotland, and the (principal) of Wales. (2) The low-lying lands in the east and south of England ______(regular) flood during heavy rain.(3) The film—Mee-Shee, The Water Giant, is about the ______ (myth)monster in Loch Ness.(4) Dartmoor is an (isolation) area of high ground in thesouthwest of England.(5) The Channel Tunnel, (bore) beneath the English Channel,links the UK and France.(6) The landscape in the UK is varied, (range) from highmountains to lowland fens.(7) The UK consists of (numerously) small islands.3. Fill in the blanks with the proper prepositions and adverbs thatcollocate with the neighboring words.(1) It is an island nation in Western Europe just ____ the coast ofFrance.(2) The mainland areas lie ____ latitudes 49°N and 59°N andlongitudes 8°W to 2°E.(3) The lowland fens of England are ____ or ____ sea level in places.(4) The Severn, its longest river, is just 338 km ____ length, beginning____ Wales and entering the Atlantic Ocean near Bristol in England.(5) The Channel Tunnel is bored ____ the English Channel. Comprehensive Work1. Pair Work: With your partner, discuss the following questions in turn:(1) What is the official title of the U.K.?(2) Where is the UK? Locate the four seas that border the U.K.(3) What geographical relationship does the U.K. have with Ireland?(4) What tunnel links the UK and France? And where is it?(5) What are the capital cities of the four major countries in the U.K.?2. Solo Work: Try to locate the following on the outline map of the U.K.EnglandWalesScotlandNorthern IrelandLondonEdinburghCardiffBelfastthe Thamesthe Severnthe Penninesthe Grampian Mountainsthe Mourne MountainsLough NeaghLoch NessRead MoreText B Names about the U.K.Read the passage and finish the multiple-choice questions just below the passage.Did anyone find the names of “Great Britain”, “the United Kingdom”, “England” and “the British Commonwealth” which have the same meaning? Strictly speaking, these names all refer to something different. None of them are exactly the same as any of the others.The British Isles refer to the main islands and several thousand small ones as well, which you can see on the map. Great Britain, or Britain, refers to the larger of the two main islands. But the word “Britain” is often used as a short form for the United Kingdom or you call it the UK.Now as for England, it refers simply to the largest of the three countries on the island of Great Britain. The United Kingdom is the name of the state and the official name of the country, which many people popularly refer to England.Finally, the Britain commonwealth is the usual name for what is left of the British Empire. This change shows the weakening of British Empire and the rising of the national liberation movements throughout the world today.1. According to the passage, we know that ____ .A. Great Britain has the same meaning as BritainB. the United Kingdom has the same meaning as Britain or EnglandC. all the names in the first paragraph have the same meaningD. all the names refer to England2. It is clear that the British isles refer to ____ .A. Britain, England and the UK.B. the two main islands and thousands of small onesC. three countries and several islandsD. Great Britain or the United Kingdom3. Which of the following shows the right relationship between the British isles (BI), Britain (B) and England (E)?A. B>BI>EB. BI>E>BC. E>B>BID. BI>B>E4. If you want to write to someone in Edinburgh that lies in Scotland, you should write the address as ____ .A. Edinburgh, EnglandB. Edinburgh, Great BritainC. Scotland, Edinburgh, EnglandD. Great Britain, Scotland, EdinburghText C Britain and IrelandThere are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. Circle the answer that best fit into the passage.What is the difference between the British Isles , Britain, the United Kingdom and England? These terms are so often confused by us.The British Isles is made up of two large islands: One is called Ireland and the other 1. Britain, or Great Britain, is the larger of these two islands, and it is 2 into three parts: Scotland, Wales and England.The United Kingdom is that 3 of the British isles ruled over by the Queen. It is made up of Scotland, Wales and England, that is, the 4of Britain, and also about one sixth of Ireland, the Northern part. The 5 of Ireland is self governing. The 6 name of the United Kingdom is 7 “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.8 is larger and richer than Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and has the most 9 of the United Kingdom, so people often use the 10 “England” and “English” when they 11 “Britain” and “British”. This sometimes makes the Scots and the Welsh a little 12. The Scots in particular are very 13 of their separate nationality. The Welsh too do not regard 14 as English, and have a culture and even a 15 of their own.Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801, but for forty years the “Irish 16” was the greatest headache of the United Kingdom. 17, Ireland is divided into two: Northern Ireland still 18 to the United Kingdom and in 1922 the rest of Ireland 19 to found an Irish Free State, later called Eire and now the Republic of Ireland.The Republic of Ireland does not regard itself as part of Britain, and is not now even a supporter of the Commonwealth of Nations (英联邦). Unlike the major Commonwealth countries it did not lift a finger to 20 British in the Second World War and now wants the whole of Ireland to be a republic.1. A. Wales B. Britain C. England D. Scotland2. A. divided B. cut C. broken D. separated3. A. piece B. island C. country D. part4. A. south B. north C. part D. whole5. A. smaller B. larger C. rest D. island6. A. correct B. true C. full D. complete7. A. also B. therefore C. likely D. perhaps8. A. The UK B. The British isles C. Great Britain D. England9. A. colleges B. officials C. cities D. population10. A. words B. names C. spellings D. pronunciations11. A. call B. forget C. speak D. write12. A. angry B. difficult C. tired D. lonely13. A. proud B. fond C. full D. kind14. A. it B. Wales C. them D. themselves15. A. capital B. language C. history D. programmer16. A. Country B. Question C. Disease D. Republic17. A. At last B. So C. Meanwhile D. Also18. A. returns B. belongs C. gets D. speaks19. A. hoped B. refused C. broke away D. used20. A. feel B. touch C. fight D. helpProper NamesBristol布里斯托尔市Dartmoor 达特姆尔高原England 英格兰Great Britain 大不列颠Hebrides赫布里底群岛Loch Lomond洛蒙徳湖Loch Ness尼斯湖Lough Neagh内伊湖Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰Scotland 苏格兰the British Isles 不列颠群岛（英伦群岛）the Channel Tunnel海峡隧道the Commonwealth of Nations (又称：the British Commonwealth 英联邦) the English Channel 英吉利海峡the Grampian Mountains格兰扁山脉the Isle of Anglesey 安格尔西岛the Isle of Scilly 锡利岛the Isle of Wight怀特岛the Lake District 湖区the Mersey墨西河the Mourne Mountains莫恩山脉the Orkney Islands奥克尼岛the Pennines奔宁山脉the Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国the Severn塞文河the Shetland Islands舍得兰岛the Somerset Levels萨默塞特平原the Thames泰晤士河the Trent特伦特河Wales 威尔士Windermere温德米尔湖For FunWebsites to visit/customs/questions/geography.htmlThis is a webpage about the general geography of the U.K. /en/2004-10-25/26874.htmlThis is a webpage on which you can find the answer to and the explanation of Text C and Text D in this unit.Books to ReadNational Geographic Traveler: Great Britain, 2d Ed.by Christopher SomervilleVisit every region of this diverse andbeguiling land, including the distinctivecountries of Scotland and Wales. This newedition offers the latest information on historicsites, city highlights, scenic drives, walkingtours, and more—from London's venerableWestminster Abbey and Shakespeare's scenichometown of Stratford-Upon-Avon to JohnLennon's boyhood home in Liverpool.Movies to seeKing Arthur (2004)Historians have thought for centuries thatKing Arthur was only a myth, but the legendwas based on a real hero, torn between hisprivate ambitions and his public sense of duty.A reluctant leader, Arthur wishes only to leaveBritain and return to the peace and stability ofRome. Before he can head for Rome, one finalmission leads him and his Knights of theRound Table, Lancelot, Galahad, Bors, Tristan,and Gawain to the conclusion that when Romeis gone, Britain needs a king--someone not only to defend against the current threat of invading Saxons, but to lead the isle into a new age. Under the guidance of Merlin, a former enemy,and the beautiful, courageous Guinevere byhis side, Arthur will have to find the strengthwithin himself to change the course of history.Listen To Britain (1942)It is a depiction of life in wartime England during the Second World War. Director Humphrey Jennings visits many aspects of civilian life and of the turmoil and privation caused by the war, all without narration.Songs to enjoyGod Save the Queen—the British National AnthemGod save our gracious Queen,Long live our noble Queen,God save the Queen!Send her victorious,Happy and glorious,Long to reign over us;God save the Queen!O Lord our God arise,Scatter her enemiesAnd make them fall;Confound their politics,Frustrate their knavish tricks,On Thee our hopes we fix,God save us all!Thy choicest gifts in storeOn her be pleased to pour;Long may she reign;May she defend our laws,And ever give us causeTo sing with heart and voice, God save the Queen!Not in this land alone, But be God's mercies known, From shore to shore! Lord make the nations see, That men should brothers be, And form one family,The wide world over.From every latent foe,From the assassins blow,God save the Queen!O'er her thine arm extend,For Britain's sake defend, Our mother, prince, and friend, God save the Queen! Lord grant that Marshal Wade May by thy mighty aidVictory bring.May he sedition hush,And like a torrent rush, Rebellious Scots to crush.God save the Queen!。
专业八级人文知识精选试题
专八人文：英国文学部分精选习题The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is not such an event?A. The rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture.B. England's domestic rest.C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.Which of the following is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A. The Pilgrim's ProgressB. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanD. The Holy WarIt is alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gower All of the following four except are the most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England.A. Francis BaconB. Christopher MarloweC. William ShakespeareD. Ben JonsonIt is generally regarded that Keats's most important and mature poems are in the form of .A. elegyB. odeC. epicD. sonnetDaniel Defoe's novels mainly focus on .A. the struggle of the unfortunate for mere existenceB. the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for securityC. the struggle of the pirates for wealthD. the desire of the criminals for propertyIn Beowulf, fought against the monster Grendel and a five breathing dragon.A. the Anglo-SaxonsB. BeowulfC. the ScandinavianD. the Winter Dragon Francis Bacon is best known for his which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.A. essaysB. poemsC. works D playsMost of Thomas Hardy's novels are set in Wessex .A. a crude region in EnglandB. a fictional primitive regionC. a remote rural areaD. Hardy's hometownWe can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelley's poem "Ode to the West Wind" with all the following terms except .A. swiftB. proudC. tamedD. wild"Blindness", "partiality", "prejudice", and "absurdity" in the novel "Pride and Prejudice" are most likely the characteristics of .A. ElizabethB. DarcyC. Mr. BennetD. Mrs. BennetThe modern English novel came into being in .A. the middle of the 17th centuryB. the 17th centuryC. the late 18th centuryD. the middle of the 18th centuryWho is not the major figure of modernist movement?A. EliotB. JoyceC. Charles DickensD. PoundWho is considered to be the best known English dramatist since Shakespeare?A. Oscar WildeB. John GalsworthyC. . YeatsD. George Bernard Shaw Of the following poets, which is not regarded as "Lake Poets"?A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SouthyC. William Words worthD. William ShakespeareIn the first part of Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver told his experience in .A. LilliputB. BrobdingnagC. HouyhnhnmD. EnglandWhich of the following cannot describe "Byronic hero"?A. proudB. mysteriousC. noble origin D progressiveIn the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as .A. the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.B. the thought that designates man as a social animalC. the orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonD. the modes of thinkingThe term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of .A. John MiltonB. John DonneC. John KeatsD. John Bunyan"The Vanity Fair" is a well-known part in . A. The Pilgrim's Progress B. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman D. The Holy WarIn Oliver Twist, Charles criticizes .A. money worshipping tendencyB. dehumanizing of workhouse systemC. hypocrisy of the upper societyD. distortion of human heart Which of the following plays by Shakespeare is history play?A. Julius CaesarB. The Merry Wives of WindsorC. Henry IVD. King Lear Who is regarded as a "worshipper of nature".A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Jane Austen Which of the following writing is not the work by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Hard TimesC. Oliver TwistD. Sons and Lovers The 18th century England is known as the in the history.A. RomanticismB. ClassicismC. RenaissanceD. Enlightenment专八人文：美国文学部分精选习题In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment. was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. EvolutionWhich statement about Franklin is not true?A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.B. He was a scientist.C. He was a master of diplomacy.D. He was a Puritan.Who is regarded as the first American prose epic.A. NatureB. The Scarlet LetterC. WaldenD. Moby-DickThe Romanic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving's and ended with Whiteman's Leaves of Grass.A. The Sketch BookB. Tales of a TravelerC. The AlhambraD. A history of New YorkIn Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, "A" may stand for .A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the aboveThe period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as .A. the Naturalist PeriodB. the Modern PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodD. the Realistic PeriodThe Age of Realism is the literary history of the United States refers to the period from to .A. 1861 – 1914B. 1863 – 1918C. 1865 – 1914D. 1865 – 1918Who is described by Mark Twain as a boy with "a sound heart and a deformed conscience?"A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. TonyMark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American .A. modernismB. naturalismC. vernacularismD. local colorismIn 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named .A. The son of the WolfB. The Sea WolfC. The Law of LifeD. White Fang In which of the following works, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy?A. The Green Hills of Africa.B. The Snows of Kilimanjaro.C. To Have and Have Not.D. Death in the Afternoon.Which of the following figures does not belong to "The Lost Generation"?A. Ezra PoundB. William Carlos WilliamsC. Robert FrostD. TheodoreDreiserWho is a dramatist that holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period?A. Sinclair LevisB. Eugene O'NeilC. Arthur MillerD. Tennessee Williams The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except .A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest HemingwayIn 1954, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his "mastery of the art of modern narration".A. . EliotB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. William Faulkner Who is the author of the work: "The Grapes of Wrath"?A. John SteinbeckB. Eugene O'NeilC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. Theodore DreiserIn 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in .A. Main StreetB. An American TragedyC. Winesburg, OhioD. Sister Carrie 专八人文知识：语言学部分精选试题Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitraryWhich of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. ArbitraryWhat is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. MetalingualWho put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. AnonymousAccording to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langueThe function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performativeArticulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of soundsThe distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lipsWhich is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classificationand transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. PragmaticsWhich studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. PragmaticsMinimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of languageUsually, suprasegmental features include ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stressWhich is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. PeakWhich is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. RootWhich studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. SemanticsLexeme is .A. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unitWhich of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?A. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]All words contain a .A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffixThe relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is .A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymyThe part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called . A. lexicon B. morphology C. syntax D. semanticsWhich of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voiceThe pair of words "lend" and "borrow" are . A. gradable opposites B. converse opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms "Big" and "Small" are a pair of opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converseAccording to C. Morris and R. Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters?A. syntaxB. semanticsC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguisticsThere are deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the .A. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation专八人文知识考前模拟试题１．Which one of the four is NOT correct?A) English-speaking countries are UK, USA, Canada, Barbados, etc.B) English-speaking countries are UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc.C) English-speaking countries are USA, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, etc.D) English-speaking countries USA, Canada, Australia, Egypt, etc. ２．The famous short story The Fall of the House of Usher was written byA) Charles Dickens B) Edgar Allen PoeC) John Richardson (Canadian novelist) D) Henry Savery３．Which one of the following Ivy League Schools is situated in Connecticut?A) Yale University. B) Harvard.C) Princeton. D) Columbia.４．The branch of linguistics which studies the forms of words is __ MORPHOLOGY..A) phoneme B) morphemeC) semantics D) morphology５．Who wrote a highly-acclaimed Novel Moby Dick?A) William James. B) Herman Melville.C) Ernest Hemingway. D) Cooper.６．What is the name of the Lake in northern Utah of theA) Lake Michigan. B) Lake Superior.C) Lake Erie. D) the Great Salt Lake.７．Who wrote Pygmalion which later was transformed into the highly popular New York Broadway musical My Fair Lady in 1956?A) Edgar Allen Poe. B) Charles Lamb.C) George Bernard Shaw. D) Alfred Tennyson.８．Among the four pillars of English literature, who was NOT born and raised in Ireland?A) Jonathan Swift. B) W'filiam Buffer Yeats.C) James Joyce. D) Robert Browning.９．Alaska lies in the of North America, stretching southward from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.A) northwestern part B) southwestern partC) northeastern part D) southeastern part１０．Who is a satirist and the first writer in America to win the Nobel Prize in literature.A) Eugene O' Neill B) Sinclair LewisC) TS. Eliot D) W'dliam Fanlkner专八人文知识考前模拟试题2The first capital of the young nation of the USA is .A) Boston B) Philadelphia C) New York D) WashingtonWhich one of the following American cities is the birthplace of jazz?A) New Orleans. B) New York. C) Boston. D) Chicago.Who wrote one of the most enduring classic poem Ode to the West Wind ?A) Wifiliam Wordsworth. B) Alfred Tennyson. C) Percy Shelley. D) David Bum.When was Elizabeth I came to the throne of England?A) 1538. B) 1548. . D) 1558.When was Oxford University founded?A) 1167 in Oxford, B) 1267 in Oxford.C) 1367 in Oxford. D) 1467 in Oxford.Canada is often described as a huge ~ centered on the Hudson and James Bay.A) plate B) saucer C) cup D) bowlIn the literature of sociolinguistics, refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically con strained by a common set of behavioural rules.A) domain B) distribution C) dissimilation D) discourseis a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.A) loanshifting B) loanblending C) loan translation D) logical connection What is the name of the woman poet who had her The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America?A) Anne Bradstreet. B) Maria Edgeworth. C) Jane Austen. D) Emily Dickinson.Who wrote and published the philosophical work Essay Concerning Human Understanding?A) John Milton. B) John Locke. C) Richard Steele. D) Joseph Addison. 专八人文知识考前模拟试题3_ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transportation.A) Phonetics B) Phonology C) Phoneme D) Phonetic typologyThe sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point the vocal tract are called .A) consonance B) consonant cluster C) consistency D) consonantsIn its technical sense here, __ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A) pictogram B) lexicon C) word-formation D) ideogramWhen was Longrnan Group UK Ltd was founded?A) 1721. B).1722. C) 1723. D).1724.What is the name of the dictionary compiled by Samuel Johnson?A) First English Dictionary. B) Dictionary of English Language.C) A Dictionary of the English Language. D) Dictionary of the English Language.Who wrote and publish Poor Richard's Almanack?A) Benjamin Franklin. B) John Gay. C) David Hume. D) Samuel Richardson. Which one of the following four books was written by Harriet Stowe?A) Roughing It in the Bush. B) Walden, or Life in the Woods.C) Adam Bede. D) Uncle Tom's Cabin._ _ the capital of New South Wales, is the oldest and largest city in Australia.A) Melbourne B) Sydney C) Darwin D) Canberra, Valentine's Day, is sweethearts' day, on which people in love with each other express their tender emotions.A) February 10th B) February 12th C) February 14th D) February 16th Major Newspapers and Magazines in the USA are , etc.A) New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, TimesB) New York Times, Washington Post, The Sun, TimesC) New York Times, Washington Post, The Evening Post, TimesD) New York Times, Washington Post, Sunday Times, Times答案：ＡＤＢＤＣＡＤＢＣＡ。
专八人文知识之英国文学
专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学 引导语：下⾯是应届毕业⽣培训⽹整理⽽成的，关于专⼋考试⼈⽂知识的⽂章，谢谢您的阅读 ⼀、古英语时期的英国⽂学(499-1066) 1、贝奥武夫 Beowulf (公元⼋世纪)：是迄今为⽌发现的英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古⽼、最长的⼀部较完整的⽂学作品，也是欧洲最早的⽅⾔史诗。
2、阿尔弗雷德⼤帝 Alfred the Great ：英国散⽂之⽗Father of English Prose ⼆、中古英语时期的英国⽂学 1、暗讽体allegory⾮常盛⾏：这是⼀种源于希腊⽂的修辞法,意为"换个⽅式的说法".它是⼀种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事. 2、Romance 开始上升到⼀定的⾼度 3、⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠Sir Gawain and the Green Knight：反映了骑⼠制度chivalry的理想，是中世纪封建贵族⽂化的精髓。
4、威廉·兰格伦 Willian Langlaud ：著有《农夫⽪尔斯的幻象》Piers Plowman 5、乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer：坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体) The Canterbury Tales 。
在英国⽂学史上，他是第⼀个使⽤⼗⾳节“双韵体”的诗⼈，这个诗体后来在他⾸创下，演化成了“英雄双韵体”，“英雄双韵体”为以后的英国诗⼈所⼴泛采⽤。
他也因此被誉为“英国诗歌之⽗”Father of English poetry。
6、托马斯.马洛礼 Sir Thomas Malory 《亚瑟王之死》The Death of King Arthur 三、⽂艺复兴时期的英国⽂学(伊丽莎⽩时代)(14-16世纪) 1、托马斯.莫尔 Sir Thomas More ：《乌托邦》Utopia 2、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特和 Henry Howard亨利·霍华德把⼗四⾏诗sonnet引⼊英国 3、菲利普·锡德尼 Philips Sidney：著有《诗辩》The defense of Poesie，这是伊丽莎⽩时代⽂学批评的最佳之作;《阿卡迪亚》Arcadia 描述⽥园⽣活，为现代长篇⼩说的先驱 4、斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser ：《仙后》The Faerie Queene。
英国的自然地理特征和人文特征简介
英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，是一个由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰四个地区组成的联合王国。
以下是英国的自然地理特征和人文特征简介：
自然地理特征：
1. 英国是一个岛国，位于欧洲大陆和爱尔兰海之间，由大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛组成。
2. 英国的气候温和湿润，受大西洋暖流的影响，冬季较温暖，夏季较凉爽，雨水分布均匀。
3. 英国地形多样，包括高山、丘陵、平原、河流和海岸线等。
苏格兰高地是英国最高的山脉，威尔士有许多山地和山谷，英格兰和北爱尔兰则以平原为主。
4. 英国的自然资源丰富，包括煤炭、石油、天然气、水力、林木等。
人文特征：
1. 英国是一个具有悠久历史和文化的国家，拥有许多著名的文化遗产和历史古迹，如巨石阵、巴斯泉、温莎城堡等。
2. 英国是英语的发源地和主要使用国家，英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。
3. 英国是一个高度发达的经济体，拥有世界上最大的金融服务业和工业生产体系。
4. 英国的文化和艺术氛围浓厚，有许多著名的文学作品、音乐作品、电影和艺术品。
5. 英国的社会结构比较复杂，包括贵族、中产阶级和工人阶层等多个社会群体。
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七、旅游
• 英国是个美丽的国家，文物古迹比比皆是，自然风 景秀丽可餐，旅游资源丰富。许多城市，如“万城 之花”伦敦，“北方雅典”爱丁堡，大学城牛津、 剑桥，古色古香的约克城，莎翁故乡斯特拉特福都 是享有世界声誉的旅游名城。英国还辟有湖区等几 十座国家公园和风景保护区。目前，被联合国列入 世界文化和自然遗产的名胜古迹和天然景观就有14 处，即伦敦塔、威斯敏斯特宫（国会大厦）、布伦 海姆宫（牛津附近），坎特伯雷主教堂、巴斯城、 索尔兹伯里郊区的巨石阵等遗迹，铁桥峡（伍尔沃 汉普顿以西），方廷斯修道院及园林（约克以北）、 达勒姆的大教堂和古城堡、哈德良长城（纽卡斯尔 一带），圭内斯的城堡群（威尔士卡那封一带）， 苏格兰的圣基尔达群岛，北爱兰的“巨人之路”和 太平洋上的英国属地享德森珊瑚岛。它们富有特色、 各擅其长，都是极受游客青睐的观光热点。
主要工业部门
英国工业按照发展过程，可分为传统工业 和现代工业两部分。传统工业是指一次大战 前建立的纺织、采煤、钢铁、造船等部门， 这些产品曾再世界上占重要地位。现代工业 是在一次和二次大战以后建立的，如电器、 汽车、飞机、石油、原子能、电子工业等。 这些部门企业大、技术新、发展快、工业比 重高，产品出口有意义大，竞争力强，已成 为英国工业的重要部门。
（3）外向型经济
英国早期的近代经济还有一定的国内基础。但是经过 一段较长的时间后，英国的经济就转向外向型了。例如， 工业生产建立在进口原料和出口产品的基础上，所需工业 原料的90%需进口，如铝、铜、铅、锌、锡等有色金属、 高品位铁矿石以及棉、毛等，此外，国内所需食品的40% 也要进口。英国的工业制成品，包括机械、运输工具、化 工产品、纺织品等70%靠出口销售。因此国际市场的变化， 对英国经济的影响很大。战后，英国重视了发展农业，现 在食品已大部分能自给，蛋奶还自给有余，食品方面的进 口比例已从70%下降到40%；北海油田的开发，扭转了英 国长期进口石油的局面，而且石油还有出口。
三、人口
约６０２０万（２００５年６月），分地 ６０２０万 ２００５年 ），分地 区看，英格兰人口为 区看，英格兰人口为5043.2万，占英国总人 万 口的83.8%；威尔士人口为295.9万，占4.9%； 口的 ；威尔士人口为 万 ； 苏格兰人口为509.5万，占8.5%；北爱尔兰人 万 苏格兰人口为 ； 口为172.4万，占2.9%。 万 口为 。
目前，英国的资本输出总额仅次于美国，居世界第二位。英 国的国内生产总值、工业总产值和对外贸易总额均居于资本主义 世界第五位。除美国外，西方500家最大的工业公司，英国占88 家，仅次于日本（121家），居第二位。伦敦在国际金融活动仍 然是欧洲美元市场和世界黄金交易的中心；石油输出国组织在世 界各大金融中心有存款，而35.7%在伦敦。因此，英国仍是世界 上主要发达国家之一。它还有部分殖民地；并且可以通过英联邦 的形式，对各成员国施加影响。
（2）工业在经济中占绝对优势
英国工业在国民经济中的比例远远超过农业。80年 代初，英国工业产值约占国内生产总值的40%左右，而 农业只占2.3%，农业劳动力只占全国劳力总数的2.6%， 比重之小甚为少见，因而英国也可称为“纯工业国”。 战后，英国工业发展的速度缓慢，从1948—1981年得 33年间，工业生产年平均增长率仅为2.1%，大大低于日 本（11.7%）、联邦德国（7%）、法国（4.9%）和美 国（4%）。工业部门发展不平衡。石油、化工、航空 和电子等新兴工业发展较快，钢铁、造船、煤炭和纺织 等传统工业日益衰落。1973年后，制造业产值趋于下降， 而采矿业产值则由于北海石油的开发而获得迅速发展。
（2）钢铁工业
英国的钢铁工业是在本国丰富的煤铁资源基础 上建立起来的，历史悠久。19世纪90年代，英国钢 产量占世界的1/2，二次大战后次于美国，居世界第 二位，1976年有退居到第五位，现在的钢产量已降 为世界第九位。1984年产钢1520万吨，只能满足需 求量的1/2。英国的钢铁工业主要分布在煤产区，奔 宁山脉两侧的伯明翰，设菲尔德，英格兰东北部的 米德尔兹布勒和纽卡斯尔，南威尔士的加的夫，苏 格兰的格拉斯哥等地。近期钢铁企业也逐渐从内地 移向沿海，伦敦周围兴建了一批钢厂，设备比较先 进。主要从瑞典、加拿大、巴西等国进口优质铁矿 石。
四、语言
官方和通用语均为英语。威尔士北部还使 用威尔士语，苏格兰西北高地及北爱尔兰 部分地区仍使用盖尔语。
六、主要城市
伦敦、伯明翰、爱丁堡、利物浦、 伦敦、伯明翰、爱丁堡、利物浦、曼彻斯 特、牛津、格拉斯哥。 牛津、格拉斯哥。
五、宗教
英国人大多信奉基督教，少数人信奉天 主教、伊斯兰教和犹太教。
英国人文区域特征
一、发达的资本主义经济
五、宗教 六、主要城市 七、旅游 八、领土争端
二、交通运输 三、人口 四、语言
一、 发达的资本主义经济
（1）最老的资本主义经济
英国是世界上最老的资本主义国家，也是工业化最 早的国家。从14世纪起，英国通过“圈地运动”，发展 其城市工商业，并通过海外殖民地的剥削、掠夺和奴隶 贩卖等行径，进行其资本的原始积累、获得原料和占有 市场。1640—1688年，实实现资产阶级革命，促进了资 本主义经济的发展。18世纪中叶，英国发生了产业革命， 推进了英国资本主义经济的飞跃发展。到19世纪中叶， 英国在世界工业生产和世界贸易中都居首位。
二、交通运输
英国是岛国，海运具有特别重要的意义。英国的海、陆、空 运输均很发达，国内交通过去以铁路运输为主，铁路长度达 30000公里，但目前已逐渐衰退，公路运输渐起主导作用，现 在全国3/4的货运量由公路运输担负，伦敦是英国最大的公路和 铁路枢纽，全国的主要交通干线均以伦敦为起点，向西北经伯 明翰等可至格拉斯哥，向北经利兹可到爱丁堡。航空运输也很 发达，伦敦的希思罗机场，是世界最大的航空港之一，英国民 航有一个环球航空网，可飞航80多个国家。英国在历史上上曾 被称为“世界运输者”。虽然海运不能与当年的地位相比，但 仍不失为海运的主要国家，1982年，英国的商船队有船只2826 艘，约为2260万吨，3599万载重吨，居世界第六位。主要海港 有伦敦、利物浦、菲利克斯托及南安普敦等。
纺织工业是英国最古老的工业部门之一， 棉纺品在产业革命后到1920年前曾居世界第一 位，但以后逐年衰落，由于设备陈旧、技术落 后，原料进口不足，成本高，产量不断下降， 1981年棉布产量仅2.75亿米。高级毛纺织品在 国内市场尚有一定的竞争能力。蓝开厦是棉纺 中心，约克厦为毛纺中心。
7、农业
英国的农业规模较小，在经济中不占重要地位，农业产 值仅占国民生产总值的2.5%，但技术水平较高，劳动生产率 名列西欧各国前茅。农业中以乳肉畜牧业和园艺业为主，畜 牧业产值约占农业总产值的70%，水果、蔬菜等园艺业产值 占农业总产值的10%以上，而种植业则仅占2%左右，而产 品大半是供应畜牧业的。沿海渔业发达，在国民经济中占较 重要地位，今年渔获量约一百万吨，是世界主要产鱼国之一。 英国的草场主要分布在西部和西北部高地，放养牛羊为主。 英格兰东南部平原地区，耕作业和乳肉畜牧业发达，主要作 物有大麦、小麦、马铃薯、甜菜和蔬菜等，奶牛、肉用羊、 猪和家禽的饲养业发达，是英国最重要的农业区。
（4）石油工业
英国的能源消费构成中，长期以煤为主，二次大战 以后，石油于天然气比重增加，所需石油绝大部分依 靠进口，每年约进口一亿吨左右。60年代在北海发现 石油资源，1975年开始采油，当年生产160万吨，以 后逐年增长，到1980年石油产量达8050万吨，除自给 外，略有剩余。1984年为12850万吨，约有1/3出口， 这不仅减少了英国贸易的逆差，还带动了其他工业的 发展。随着北海油田的开发，在北海沿岸兴建了一些 石油加工、石油化工、石油机械制造等工业中心及石 油集散中心。苏格兰的阿伯丁不仅是英国最大的石油 工业基地，也是西欧最大的石油港。北海油田的主要 问题是储量较少，按照目前的产量到本世纪末将枯竭， 其次是成本高以及风浪大雨天较多等，开采的自然条 件差。
（1）采煤工业
英国煤炭资源丰富，质量好，开采方便， 是最早的工业部门，在世界上曾居领先地位。 1913年没产量达2.92亿吨，约占世界总量的 30%是英国的主要出口商品，以后逐年减少， 近些年没产量下降到1.2亿吨左右，出口量也 大大减少，主要原因是设备陈旧、成本高、缺 乏竞争能力，而长期开采，煤炭资源日益枯竭， 也影响产量。
（5）化学工业
化学工业是发展最快的部门之一，其主要原料 是北海石油及本国的煤和岩盐等，因此石油化工和 煤炭化工等部门得到了发展，以塑料、合成橡胶、 合成纤维等增长最快，化工产品大部分供出口，目 前约占全国出口总值的10%以上。石油化工的中心 主要分布在沿海一带，如伦敦、布里斯托尔、赫尔 等。
（6）纺织工业
（3）机械工业
机械制造工业是英国工业的主导部门，包括汽 车、船舶、飞机、电子、农机等，其产值约占工业 总产值的1/3，产品的出口比重大，销路广。英国 的造船能力曾占世界的1/2，第一次世界大战前， 年造船曾达193.2万总吨，1960年退至133.1万总吨， 1981年仅21.6万总吨，造船业严重衰退；汽车工业 在二战后迅速发展，1972年最高产量为232.9万辆， 此后有所下降，1981年仅118.4万辆，比72年下降 49.1%，为二十年来的低谷。飞机工业和电子工业 设备新、产品全、发展快，有一定的竞争能力，具 有重要的出口意义。机械工业以伦敦、比、伯明翰、 格拉斯哥、加的夫等为主要中心，其他大城市也有 分布。
八、领土争端
英国与西班牙之间对直布罗陀的宗主权存有争议；与 阿根廷之间对福克兰群岛与南乔治亚与南桑威奇群岛的宗 主权存有争议。虽然因为历史因素，自从1949年爱尔兰共 和国独立之后，英、爱两国之间就一直对北爱尔兰的归属 存有争议甚至演变成暴力冲突。但在1998年两国签署《贝 尔法斯特协议》之后，局势就已从对立逐渐转变为区域合 作。 英属南极领地与智利和阿根廷在南极大陆所宣称的领 土范围有多处重叠。但根据《南极公约》，目前各国于南 极的声称领土权处于永久冻结的状态。 毛里求斯和塞舌尔也对英属印度洋领地声称占有主权。