语用学之指示语共83页文档
(完整版)语用学指示
语用学是现代语言学发展最快和受到语言学界普遍重视的分支学科。
它以言语交际为研究对象，关注的是特定语境中话语的动态意义，强调交际双方在意义的生成和理解过程中的作用。
本课程将聚焦于语用学的传统研究课题，从指示语、言语行为理论、间接言语行为、古典格赖斯会话含义理论、新格赖斯会话含义理论、关联理论等视角剖析言语交际，为学生提供比较全面、系统的交际理论体系。
本课程的教学目的：通过本课程的教学，使学生了解语用学的发展历史、最新动态及发展趋势；了解传统语用学的研究体系及分析单元；了解各种交际理论的产生背景、基本内容、对言语交际的解释力及其局限性；培养学生运用语用学理论进行话语分析的能力。
了解语用学学科的形成和发展历史；了解传统语用学研究体系的主要课题；熟谙各交际理论的基本框架及其对言语交际的解释力；掌握运用语用学理论进行言语交际研究的基本方法。
以教师讲授、学生讨论为主，辅以课外语用小论文的写作。
教学手段可适当利用多媒体辅助教学。
第三讲：指示语一、指示语的含义：是其所指或意义需要特定的交际语境来确定的词语和语法范畴。
如：时、空、人称等。
如：我半小时后到那里。
二、指示语的特点：1、说话人参照：以自我为中心，主观性词语。
比勒（Buhlerk）指示场理论——“我”-“这里”-“现在”主体定位系统。
中枢人物：说话人；中枢时间：说话时间；中枢地点：说话人说话时所处位置；话语中枢：一句话中说话人当时正说到的部分。
社交中枢：说话人相对听话人的社会地位和等级。
有些指示语以说话人以外的参加者所处的位置为中心，如：家宅、活动组织等。
“Party”2、指示语的先用作用及指示的不可替代性（以非指示代指示）三、指示词语的用法：1、手势型用法即与身体语言一起使用，要理解指示的意义必须要知道说话人在说话的同时使用了什么样的身体语言。
如：“把钢琴放在这里”。
“不，不是这里，而是这里”。
理解完全依靠原来的真实交际情景2、象征型用法理解无需重现交际的真实情景，而往往只是包括交际发生人时间、地点在内的更大范围的时间、地点以及参与者。
第三章 指示语
人称指示
人称指示语——指谈话双方用话语传达信息时的相 互称呼。 语言中的代词系统是语用学中典型的人称指示语。 如：你、我、咱、I、you、it 但我们不能因此而把语法上的代词概念同语用上的 人称指示语混同起来。 如：I am a teacher. Am I a teacher? Are you a teacher?
人称指示语的分类
第一人称指示（如：我、我们等，包括说话人）
第二人称指示（如：你、你们等，包括听话人） 第三人称指示（如：他、他们等，既不包括说话 人，也不包括听话人，在言语活动中，一般不是 谈话的参加者，但在特定场合会用来借指说话人 或听话人）
第一人称指示
1.在语用上，第一人称代词 I 单指说话人，在语境中它的 指称是确定的。 2.第一人称指示语如用复数代词表示，在许多语言中都有两 个用法：
指示这一术语指的是在言语活动中尤其是在有一名说话人和至少一名听话人参与的这种典型的语言交际活动中对参与者所谈及的人物事物事件过程和活动等做出确切的理解都必须把它们和某些语境构成要素联系起来这一现象
第三章 指示词语
一、指示词语的语用含义
“deixis”（也叫indexical)这个术语来源于希腊语，原 意为“指点或指明”。它的意思就是利用语言进行指点或标 示。指示词语就是表示指示信息的词语。 以色列语言哲学家巴尔——希勒尔于1954年发表了《指 示词语》（Indexical Expressions）
2.指示词语的非指示用法 分为照应用法（anaphoric）和非照应用法（non-anaphoric） 照应用法是一个词语的所指跟前面出现的别的词语的所 指是同一对象。 如：John came in and he lit a fire. （约翰走进来他点上个火儿）
指示语的分类及语用功能-文档资料
指示语的分类及语用功能?依据列文森（Levinson）《语用学》（Pragmatics）1的归纳，可以将指示语分为五类，即：人称指示语、时间指示语、空间指示语、语篇指示语和社交指示语，下面一一予以说明。
?1.人称指示语?人称指示语指交谈双方用话语传达信息时的相互称呼。
可以分为三个小类：（一）第一人称指示语，如“我是军人”中的“我”，表达说话人的自指；（二）第二人称指示语，如“你真好”中的“你”，表达说话人的对指；（三）第三人称指示语，如“他是好人”中的“他”，表达的是说话人的旁指。
上述三小类都强调了“说话人”这一角色，所以人称指示语是以说话人为参照点的，而且其参照点存在于语言之外的语境中：正在说话的人是“我”，对面听话的人就是“你”，在言语交际中，“我”、“你”的交际角色是可以互换的。
?当然还有一些较为复杂的特殊人称指示，下面试举几例：（1）第一人称的复数形式在指示时有两种用法：包括式和排除式。
包括式即包括第一人称在内，如“咱们去上课吧。
”中的“咱们”就包括说话人“我”；排除式即指示对象不包括听话人在内，如“我们去逛街，你接着睡吧。
”中的“我们”就不包括听话人“你”。
（2）“我们”未必总是被两个或更多的人在说话时用以指自己，在许多情况下，“我们”被一个说话人用来指他自己以及他认为他所能代表的其他人。
例如“我们对各位专家的到来表示热烈的欢迎。
”中的“我们”可以指接待的校长和其随行人员，也同样能指示该学校的全体教职工。
（3）用复数第一人称代替单数第一人称来指说话人自己。
如“在这本书里，我们将介绍一种新的主持方式，这一方式是我们多年来从事节目主持的经验总结。
”这句话中的“我们”其实指示的就是说话人自己“我”。
（4）说话人不用第二人称“你”，而用一个指称第三人称的名词短语来指听话人。
例如“宝宝乖，宝宝不哭哦。
”中的“宝宝”其实就是指“你”，但用“宝宝”会显得更加亲切，是想如果换成“你乖，你不哭了。
”那么整句话关怀的程度就会大打折扣。
第三章 指示语
指示语就是指需借助以讲话人为中心的语境因 素及话语上下文为参照而确定所指的词语。
——郭靖楷
二、指示词语的不同用法
1.指示词语的两种指示用法 菲尔默（Fillmore，1971）：身势用法（gestural usage） 和象征用法（symbolic usage）。 身势用法的指示词语只有借助对言语事件的实在的听觉、 视觉、触觉才能理解。 This one is genuine,but this one is fake. （这是真货，这是假货） 象征用法的指示词语只需要知道言语事件的基本时间空间 参数就可以理解。例如： This city is really beautiful.（这座城市真美呀！） You can all come with me if you like. （如果愿意，你们都可以跟我来）
（我出生在伦敦，自出生后一直住在那儿） 非照应用法，例如： I met this weird guy the other day. (我那天遇到这么个古怪的家伙)
当指示语的所指实体及其意义通过语境确定时, 指 示语及其所指构成文外照应关系, 属指示用法; 当所指存 在于语篇中时, 构成文内照应, 即指示语把篇章的各个部 分连接起来, 属非指示用法。语用学关注语言和语境的关 系, 因此, 主要研究指示语的指示用法。
根据菲尔莫尔（Fillmore,1971）的《指示语 讲座》和列文森（1983）的归纳，指示语分为以 下五类： 人称指示（person deixis） 地点指示（place deixis） 时间指示（time deixis） 话语指示（discourse deixis） 社交指示（social deixis）
指示语deixis
指示语deixis话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。
指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。
这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。
指示语主要有：1、人称指示。
称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。
最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。
2、时间指示。
时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。
时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。
在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。
3、空间指示。
空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。
空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。
4、话语指示。
话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。
由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。
5、社交指示。
社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。
DeixisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1]The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2Types of deixis[edit]Traditional categoriesPossibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3] [edit]PersonPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.GenderIn many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :A man is responsible for his own soulas opposed toEach person is responsible for his or her own soulcommon in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female persons.PlacePlace deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs“here” and “there”and the demonstratives“this” and “that” - although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]Some examples:I enjoy living in this city.Here is where we will place the statue.She was sitting over there.Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as inThe shop is across the street.where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, whileHere is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closerto the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic Englishforms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]TimeTime, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to inan utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the "tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to writeIt is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latterthe DT.Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, forexample, simple English past tense is absolute, such as inHe went.while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as inHe had gone.Other categoriesThough the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4][edit]DiscourseDiscourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the utterance itself. For example, inThis is a great story.“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and inThat was an amazing day.that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as inMatthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time. In his exampleI was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their refe rence to London, and deictically in that the choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.[1]The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[samesubject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed][edit]SocialSocial deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions and honorifics.Usages of deixisIt is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well asnon-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for exampleI broke this finger.requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereasI love this city.requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,I went to this city one time . . .is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used inits place.。
语用学第二章(指示语)
p. 59 对售票员和出租车司机也是可以的： （96）a. Would you mind selling me a ticket to the railway station? b. Would you take me to the airport?
表示感谢： 汉语，“谢谢”，“多谢”。 英语 答谢： Thank you. 回答可以吃/喝……时：Yes, please. No, thank you. You’re welcome: 回应对方对馈赠、辛苦的感谢。 回应对方对赞扬的感谢。
2.4.3 时间指示副词 已经：完成、结果 曾经：经验 （44）a. 这本书我已经买到了。别买了。 b. 这本书我曾经买到过。后来丢了。 c. I have bought the book. Don’t buy anymore. d. I once bought the book. But I lost it.
指示语的定义： 在语境中才能确定其所指对象或信息的词语， 特别是代词类的词语。
外交部发言人面对德国记者提问：“在德国， 德国公民能了解德国总理的子女及其财产状况， 在中国能吗？”发言人面对恶意刁难，沉着冷 静，机智地回答：“当然能，中国公民也能了 解德国总理的子女和财产情况”全场为发言人 的机智抱以热烈掌声。 （猫眼看人2012年3月6 日）
2.5 地点指示 话语涉及语境的空间信息。 这儿，这里，那里 墙上，河对岸，城西边。 2.5.1 象征/手势手法 一边用手指，一边用地点指示语。 “小王你坐这儿。小张你坐这儿。”
2.5.2 视角标准 从说话人或听话人的视角来表示空间信息。 （64）树前边有一只小猫。 前排左起第一人为三毛。
且河对岸两岔镇依山而筑，势如屏风，不漏 不泄，大涵真元，活该干部在这村子聚了窝了！ 但是，仙游川有十个姓氏，同是一村风水，偏 偏只荫福了田家、巩家？ （《浮躁》） No wonder the corps of cadres settled in Crossroads Township, which had arisen across the river to serve as a huge screen to protect the village and infuse it with the proper spirit. But since the people of Stream of Wandering Spirits are divided among ten surnames, all sharing in the auspiciousness of the location, why did only the Tian and Gong clans prosper?
第06讲指示信息
汉语表示第一人称的自谦语有十多个：
鄙人、仆、小弟、不侈、不敏、小可、在
下、窃、愚等等。 直接抬高对方的称呼也很多： 您、您老、先生、阁下、师傅、老师、老 板、兄等等。 称自己的妻室为：老婆、贱内、内助； 称对方的妻室为：夫人、太太； 在社交场合以行政职务称呼对方：-科长、处长、-校长、-厅长、-经理、-总 等等。 说话人只有兼顾敬意与情感距离两方面因 素，才能进行成功的交际。 2013-12-13 17
二、指示信息 话语中的典型指示信息是一些指称信息，
包括时间、空间、移动等概念；也指话 语进程、会话双方相互识别及相互关系。 这些指示信息依靠一系列与语境有直接 联系的词语，通过它们的语法特征和意 义表达出来。 指示语具有能指的功能，指示信息具有 所指的作用。 指示信息缺失或不清楚会影响交际。
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例2：周总理重病期间，他在南开时的同学、身在 檀香山经营杂货店的黄春谷到北京旅游，写信问 候总理。当时总理已很少活动，这次出乎意料地 接见了他们夫妻俩。为什么破例呢？总理解释说： “本来没打算见黄出谷，看到他写给我的信，叫 我‘翔宇弟’，是老同学的口气，不落俗套，我 很欣赏，决定还是见见他。……如果他的信叫我 ‘总理’，写些恭维话，我就不见了。” 例3：《红高粱家族》中曾外祖母唠唠叨叨的话： “小祖宗哟，你不吃不喝，是成了仙还是化了佛， 你把娘难受死了。”
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3.第三人称指示语
(1)第三人称借指第一、二人称
例14：你可不要忘记了老同学(我)呀！
例15：宝宝别哭了，奶奶(我)给买糖去。 例16：人家(我)可不是开玩笑的。 例17：有的人又不高兴了。 (2)第三人称指示语泛指 例18：人言可畏。 例19：一个人活着就要有点志气！
语用学之指示语
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指示 词 语 包 括 ： 指 示 代 词 、 人 称 代词、物主代词、时态助词、某些情态 助动词和表示移动的动词、时间和地点 副词、某些称谓，以及在特定语境中表 示事物关系和人的社交关系的词语。
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3、指示系统的组织方式 在面对面的言语交际中，指示系统一般是以自 我（说话人）为中心组织起来的。 指示语的指示中心： ①中心人物一般是说话人； ②中心时间是说话人说话的时间； ③中心地点是说话人说话时所处的地点； ④语篇中心是一句话中说话人当时正说到的部分； ⑤社交中心是说话人相对于说话对象的社会地位。
“You will not have to fear the rule of Saddam Hussein ever again, ” he said. “All Iraqis who take the side of freedom have taken the winning side.”
(“‘Dark and Painful Era’Over for Iraq , says Bush ”,VOA, 15 Dec.2003)
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一、什么叫指示词语
1、英语“deixis“的汉译
英语“deixis”一词来自希腊语，原意 为“指点（pointing）”或“标示 （indicating）”。
作为语用学术语，其汉译，语用学者有人译 作“指示词语”，有人译作“指别”。译为“指示 词语及其功能”比较确切。
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第二章指示词语及其功能?什么叫指示词语?指示词语的指示用法?指示词语的类别?指示词语的功能?思考与分析文档仅供参考如有不当之处请联系本人改正
第二章 指示词语及其功能
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