英汉语言知识学习对比与翻译作业任务
(作业)英汉语言的特点比较及翻译
(作业)英汉语言的特点比较及翻译英汉语言的特点比较及翻译语言本身是一种文化现象，它既是文化发展和繁荣的重要载体，但在此同时，它也受到文化的影响和制约。
汉语和英语是世界上的两大语言，各代表着东西方的两种文化。
由于两者之间的文化背景、社会习俗、思维方式等的不同，使得两种语言的表达方式也不大相同。
在平时的英语学习当中，我们会发现许多人在做英汉互译的练习时，尤其是在做长句的翻译时，由于缺乏对英汉句子结构差异足够的了解，经常会死译、硬译，不符合英汉本身的逻辑特点。
因此无论是在英语学习当中还是在英汉翻译、跨文化交际当中，英汉句子结构的差异往往成为所有这些过程的“绊脚石”。
假如不了解和熟悉这两者的差异，翻译的时候就会违背目的与的表达习惯，从而留下浓重的源语痕迹。
本文将通过对英汉这两种语言在词汇上的选择对比分析以及不同的句法结构，来探索翻译的技巧。
（一）英汉语言在词汇上的差异（1）从构成形态上看，汉语每个词只由一语素构成，是由几个代表不同意思的字构成的词，而英语则是由单纯的字母构成一个词，每个词还可以通过词形的变化来表示意义或语法功能的变化。
比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语（不定式、分词）的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。
英语通过词汇的形态变化表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。
和英语比较起来,汉字相对固定,不能随意改变自身的形态,更不像英语可以通过形态的变化引起词性的变化。
但是，汉语词汇的表意能力和互相组合能力要比英语强,所以汉语主要靠词汇、词序以及各个部分之间暗含的逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。
（2）从词义上看，英语的词义比汉语更具灵活性，并对文章具有依赖性。
比如uncle一词就可以指伯伯、叔叔、舅舅、表叔、姑父、姨夫。
这种一词多义的属性使得英语在翻译中就必须根据文章上下来进行选择。
Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for word.(词本无义，义随人生。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
英汉语言系统对比与翻译
英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译⼀、被动与主动（⼀）英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
2、句法的要求。
（1）为了使句⼦承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。
（2）为了使句⼦平衡。
（3）修辞的考虑。
（4）⽂体的需要。
（⼆）汉英多主动式原因1、汉语被动式的使⽤受到限制。
2、使⽤受事主语(Receptor subject)导致⼤量的“当然被动句”。
3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采⽤⽆主句或主语省略句来保持句⼦的主动形式。
4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采⽤通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。
5、当不便使⽤被动式时，汉语可采⽤某些转换式来表达被动意义。
（1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”)（2）“为……所”式。
（3）“是……的”式。
（4）“……的是”（5）“……加以／予以”式。
⼆、物称与⼈称（Impersonal vs Personal ）（⼀）、英语常⽤⾮⼈称，主语汉语常⽤⼈称主语1、⽤抽象名词或⽆⽣命的事物名称作主语。
2⽤⾮⼈称代词“it”作主语。
代词“it”除了⽤来代替除⼈以外的⽣物或事物之外还⼴泛⽤作填补词expletive。
（⼆）英语常⽤被动式，采⽤物称表达法：汉语常⽤主动式，采⽤⼈称、泛称或隐称表达法。
三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic)1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之⼀2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代4、名词优势引起的介词优势5、动词的弱化6、形容词副词对动词的替代7、动词连⽤是汉语的常态8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句⼦成份9、汉语句⼦中的动词可重复重叠⼀、被动与主动(Passive vs．Active) 被动语态在英语⾥是⼀种常见的语法现象。
在某些⽂体中，使⽤被动句⼏乎成了⼀种表达习惯。
Baker 指出：“被动句促成了物称倾向，物称倾向也滋长了被动句”。
（⼀）英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
⼈们表达思想的时候，通常使⽤主动句。
《英汉语言对比与翻译》课程教学大纲
《英汉语言对比与翻译》课程教学大纲一、课程信息二、课程目标通过本课程的学习，学生应达到以下几方面的目标：1.通过本课程的学习，学生能够了解英汉对比研究发展的基本状况，对当前英汉语言对比研究的热点问题、重要任务和主攻方向有一定的了解和把握，能够明晰英汉对比的研究对象、研究意义和研究方法等；2.通过本课程的学习，学生能够理解相关的语言学基本理论，掌握英汉语言间的转化与应用原则和规律，积极探索并将研究成果应用于相关的翻译、写作、对外汉语教学等实践中；3.通过本课程的学习，学生能够掌握基本的英汉语言对比方法，并能够将其应用于英汉翻译实践与研究、对外汉语教学与研究、汉语研究等；4.通过本课程的学习，学生能够切实提高双语转换意识和转换能力，使其翻译和写作的表达更具地道性；5.通过本课程的学习，学生能够树立正确的语言观、世界观、价值观，在英汉语言对比的过程中更多立足于本族语，不崇洋媚外，不妄自菲薄。
课程目标对毕业要求的支撑关系表三、教学内容与预期学习成效34四、成绩评定及考核方式五、课程建议教材及主要参考资料1.建议教材杨丰宁主编．英汉语言对比与翻译．天津大学出版社，2009。
2.主要参考书1.李建军、盛卓立. 英汉语言对比与翻译. 武汉大学出版社出版，2014。
2.连淑能. 英汉对比研究（增订本）. 高等教育出版社，2010。
3.潘文国. 汉英语对比纲要. 北京语言大学出版社，1997。
4.邵志洪. 新编英汉语研究与对比. 华东理工大学出版社，2013。
5.王武兴. 英汉语言对比与翻译. 北京大学出版社，2004。
6.吴叔尉、胡晓. 英汉语言对比与翻译. 中国古籍出版社，2015。
中英文对比教案
中英文对比教案一、教学目标1. 知识目标：学生能够理解中英文的基本语法和表达方式的不同。
2. 能力目标：学生能够运用中英文进行有效的沟通和表达。
3. 情感、态度和价值观目标：培养学生对中英文文化的热爱和尊重，增强国际视野。
二、教学内容1. 中英文基本语法对比2. 中英文词汇和表达方式的对比3. 中英文文化背景和差异的探讨三、教学难点与重点1. 难点：中英文文化和表达方式的差异理解。
2. 重点：中英文基本语法和词汇的对比和运用。
四、教具和多媒体资源1. 黑板2. 投影仪3. 中英文词典和语法书4. 教学PPT五、教学方法1. 激活学生的前知：通过问答方式，了解学生对中英文基本知识的掌握情况。
2. 教学策略：讲解、示范、小组讨论、案例分析。
3. 学生活动：角色扮演、小组讨论、写作练习。
六、教学过程1. 导入：通过一个简单的中英文翻译游戏，引导学生进入中英文对比的学习情境。
2. 讲授新课：讲解中英文语法、词汇和表达方式的对比，展示一些典型的中英文对比实例。
3. 巩固练习：给学生提供一些中英文句子，让他们尝试进行翻译和对比，强调翻译的准确性和文化敏感性。
4. 归纳小结：总结本节课的重点和难点，引导学生思考中英文差异的原因和影响。
七、评价与反馈1. 设计评价策略：通过小组报告、口头反馈、观察学生的参与度等方式进行评价。
2. 为学生提供反馈：对学生的表现给予肯定和鼓励，同时指出不足之处，提供改进建议。
八、作业布置1. 收集一些中英文表达方式不同的句子，分析其中的差异。
2. 写一篇短文，描述自己学习本节课的感受和收获。
英汉语言对比与翻译教案
英汉语言对比与翻译教案一、教学目标1. 让学生了解英语和汉语在语音、语法、词汇、表达习惯等方面的差异。
2. 培养学生运用翻译技巧进行英汉互译的能力。
3. 提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际能力。
二、教学内容1. 英汉语言对比：语音、语法、词汇、表达习惯等方面的差异。
2. 翻译技巧：直译、意译、借译、归化等。
3. 文化差异：英汉文化背景、习俗、价值观等方面的差异。
三、教学方法1. 对比分析法：通过对比分析英汉两种语言的差异，让学生深入了解并掌握其特点。
2. 案例教学法：提供典型英汉互译案例，引导学生运用翻译技巧进行实践。
3. 讨论法：组织学生就文化差异展开讨论，提高他们的跨文化交际能力。
四、教学安排1. 英汉语音对比：4课时2. 英汉语法对比：4课时3. 英汉词汇对比：4课时4. 英汉表达习惯对比：4课时5. 翻译技巧讲解与实践：8课时6. 文化差异讨论：4课时五、教学评价1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的发言和讨论情况，评估他们的学习积极性。
2. 翻译练习：布置英汉互译练习，评估学生的翻译能力和对翻译技巧的掌握程度。
六、教学活动与实例1. 英汉语音对比：通过播放英汉两种语言的语音样本，让学生识别并对比其差异。
例如，英语中的元音和辅音发音规则与汉语的声调特点对比。
2. 英汉语法对比：分析英汉两种语言的句子结构、时态、语态等方面的差异。
例如，英语的被动语态和汉语的无主句对比。
3. 英汉词汇对比：对比英汉两种语言中词汇的构成、词义差异和词性转换。
例如，英语的派生词和汉语的成语对比。
4. 英汉表达习惯对比：通过对比英汉两种语言在日常交流中的习惯用法，让学生了解并掌握其差异。
例如，英语的直接引语和汉语的间接引语对比。
七、翻译技巧训练1. 直译：在忠实原文的基础上，将英汉两种语言的词汇、语法结构等进行直接对应翻译。
例如，将英语的被动语态直接翻译为汉语的被动语态。
2. 意译：在忠实原文的基础上，根据汉语的表达习惯对英汉两种语言的词汇、语法结构等进行调整。
英汉语言对比及翻译
3
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
他也谈到了改变句法结构和保留句法 结构之间的辩证关系：“我不是说原 文的句法绝对可以不管，在最大限度 内我们是要保持原文句法的，但无论 如何，要叫人觉得尽管句法新奇而仍 不失为中文。这一点当然是不容易做 到的，……” 1
1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74
2
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
思果说：“千万不能跟英文走。” 2
1.刘宓庆.翻译与语言哲学[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001: 78.)
2.思
果. 翻译研究[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001:23)
6
汉语的线性序列 与英语的空间结构
7
关于英汉语言的比喻
英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构 （grapevine structure），意为在短短的主 干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；
英汉语言对比与翻译 (一)
1
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”1
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag fo r transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been agarden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( T ess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraord inary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。
六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。
契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。
（萨克雷）4.It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.翻译：长期以来，大家都知道心脏与肝脏的关系最为密切。
5.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.翻译：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
6.The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.翻译：我们的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
7. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 翻译：这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
8. A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.翻译：伴随着一团雪茄烟雾，欧吉维进屋了。
”9. “Hi! Hi!”said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler.翻译：“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机一瞅见有客人就叫道，同时碰地一声打开车门。
10．I am afraid of your misunderstanding me.翻译：我害怕你误解我。
11. A woman with fair opportunities, and without anabsolute hump may marry whom she likes.翻译：一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
12. A chemical change is one in which the structure ofparticles is changed and a new substance is formed.翻译：化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
13. You should help him since you have promised to do so.翻译：你既然已经答应帮忙就应该帮助他。
14. Factories known to produce components for missilesand submarines are being camouflaged, as are missilelaunching and test sites throughout the USSR .翻译：人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。
苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地，也都进行了伪装。
15. Thales thought water was the beginning of everything;Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.翻译：泰利斯认为水是万物的之源，阿那克西美尼认为气是万物的之源；赫拉克利特认为火是万物的之源。
16. 非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。
翻译：The Africans are fighting hard for the Africa 's absolute liberation英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses inblazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。
六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。
契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。
（萨克雷）4.It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.翻译：长期以来，大家都知道心脏与肝脏的关系最为密切。
5.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.翻译：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
6.The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.翻译：我们的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
7. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 翻译：这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
8. A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.翻译：伴随着一团雪茄烟雾，欧吉维进屋了。
”9. “Hi! Hi!”said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler.翻译：“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机一瞅见有客人就叫道，同时碰地一声打开车门。
10．I am afraid of your misunderstanding me.翻译：我害怕你误解我。
11. A woman with fair opportunities, and without anabsolute hump may marry whom she likes.翻译：一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
12. A chemical change is one in which the structure ofparticles is changed and a new substance is formed.翻译：化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
13. You should help him since you have promised to do so.翻译：你既然已经答应帮忙就应该帮助他。
14. Factories known to produce components for missilesand submarines are being camouflaged, as are missilelaunching and test sites throughout the USSR .翻译：人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。