第4章 英汉语言对比与翻译(总结)
第四章 汉译英的标准及译文

例2. 你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。 原译:You whoever wants to go spring outing please sign up your name and pay dues before Friday.
译文1:Whoever wants to join the spring outing should sign up and pay the expenses before Friday. 译文2:Those of you who want to go on the spring outing are required to sign up and hand in the payment before Friday. 译文3:If any of you wants to take part in the spring outing, please sign up and pay for it before Friday.
例2. 在战争期间,他私藏了许多珍贵的物品。
In wartime, he accumulated many scarce items. 改译: In wartime, he hoarded many scarce items.
例3I am deeply grieved to hear that your mother kicked the bucket. 改译: I am deeply grieved to hear of your mother’s death.
那男孩大约八九岁。 例6.那男孩大约八九岁。 那男孩大约八九岁
译文: 译文: The boy was about eight or nine years old. 改译: 改译:The boy was eight or nine years old. 他一两个星期后来。 例7.他一两个星期后来。 他一两个星期后来 译文: 译文:He will come after a week or two. 改译: 改译:He will come in a week or two.
英汉语言对比与翻译

“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1 “Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3;52
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Nhomakorabea就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题,傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性,就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神,那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑,而且结果是削足就履,两败俱伤。” 1
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怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:2
关于英汉语言的比喻
陈安定:英语句子好比“一串珍珠”,而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠,散落玉盘,闪闪发光,灿烂夺目。”1
汉英比较与翻译chapter 4

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English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt(麦芽). This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规 范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统 与思维系统是相一致的,要表达一个清晰合 理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。 而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中,思想肯定 也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的思想是没有 意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种 背景之下形成的。
与之相反,中国人重直觉,强调意念流, 只要能够达意,词的形式是无关紧要的, 词语之间的关系常在不言中,语法意义 和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。正所 谓‚子曰:辞,达而已矣‛(《论语.卫灵 公》)。(The master said, in official speeches, all that matters is to get one’s meaning through.)
英汉语言系统对比与翻译

英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译⼀、被动与主动(⼀)英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
2、句法的要求。
(1)为了使句⼦承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。
(2)为了使句⼦平衡。
(3)修辞的考虑。
(4)⽂体的需要。
(⼆)汉英多主动式原因1、汉语被动式的使⽤受到限制。
2、使⽤受事主语(Receptor subject)导致⼤量的“当然被动句”。
3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候,汉语可以采⽤⽆主句或主语省略句来保持句⼦的主动形式。
4、当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采⽤通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。
5、当不便使⽤被动式时,汉语可采⽤某些转换式来表达被动意义。
(1)处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”)(2)“为……所”式。
(3)“是……的”式。
(4)“……的是”(5)“……加以/予以”式。
⼆、物称与⼈称(Impersonal vs Personal )(⼀)、英语常⽤⾮⼈称,主语汉语常⽤⼈称主语1、⽤抽象名词或⽆⽣命的事物名称作主语。
2⽤⾮⼈称代词“it”作主语。
代词“it”除了⽤来代替除⼈以外的⽣物或事物之外还⼴泛⽤作填补词expletive。
(⼆)英语常⽤被动式,采⽤物称表达法:汉语常⽤主动式,采⽤⼈称、泛称或隐称表达法。
三、静态与动态(Static vs. Dynamic)1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之⼀2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代4、名词优势引起的介词优势5、动词的弱化6、形容词副词对动词的替代7、动词连⽤是汉语的常态8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句⼦成份9、汉语句⼦中的动词可重复重叠⼀、被动与主动(Passive vs.Active) 被动语态在英语⾥是⼀种常见的语法现象。
在某些⽂体中,使⽤被动句⼏乎成了⼀种表达习惯。
Baker 指出:“被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长了被动句”。
(⼀)英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
⼈们表达思想的时候,通常使⽤主动句。
英汉句子比较与翻译

英汉句子重心的差异 汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。 英语的习惯是表态在前,叙事在后。
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民 应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友 好相处,这是正确而必要的。
2)汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句: 应该教育儿童说实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态 (static);汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈 动态(dynamic) 英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 英语句子的静态趋向主要体现在句法的名词化 He failed in this exam, so he felt disherateded. His failure in the exam made him disheartened.
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成 就,这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权 宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。
第四章 英汉语言比较

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此外,诗歌翻译中更需要特别注意意义与读音的有机结合。请欣赏李 白《静夜思》(床前明月光,疑是地上霜。 举头望明月,低头思故乡。) 的两种翻译版本:
A Tranquil Night Abed, I see a silver light, I wonder if it’s frost aground. Looking up, I find the moon bright; Bowing, in homesickness I ’m drowned. (许渊冲 译) Night Thoughts
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(o Kennedy’s narrow victory.
译文 人们认为这场辩论对肯尼迪以微弱优势取得胜利起了至关重要的作用。 分析 英语是被动语态,如果翻译成被动语态,则不符合汉语表达习惯,需
要对语态进行调整,这时需要增加词语,才能清楚地表达原意。 (2)The late Deng Xiaoping counseled us to seek truth from facts. At the dawn of the new century, the facts are clear.
译文 美国惟一没有受到经济大萧条影响的行业就是美容业,美
国妇女们花在脸上和身体上的钱像大萧条之前一样。 (3)Our American girls themselves are becoming aware that they need the stimulus, the discipline, the knowledge, the interests of the college in addition to the school, if they are to prepare themselves for the most serviceable lives. (Alice Palmer)
英汉对比翻译知识点总结

英汉对比翻译知识点总结翻译是一门复杂的艺术,尤其是英汉翻译,因为中英两种语言有着根本的差异。
对于翻译工作者来说,了解和掌握英汉两种语言的特点和规律是非常重要的。
在翻译过程中,需要考虑语言的语法、词汇、文化以及表达方式等方面的差异。
下面将对英汉翻译中的一些常见知识点进行总结和比较。
1.语法结构英汉两种语言的语法结构有很大的差异。
中文语法灵活,句子结构简洁,通常不需要使用冠词、时态、语气等。
而英语语法则更为严谨,句子结构复杂,使用了丰富的时态、语气和冠词等。
在翻译时,需要注意将英文句子中的时态和语气等信息准确地转化为中文,同时也要保持句子结构的自然流畅。
2.词汇中英两种语言的词汇差异也是翻译中需要关注的重点之一。
英语词汇丰富多样,有着丰富的同义词和近义词,而中文的词汇相对简洁,往往需要通过上下文来理解词义。
在翻译时,需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语,保持译文的意思准确清晰。
3.文化背景文化背景是影响翻译质量的重要因素之一。
英汉两种文化有着不同的价值观、习俗、传统等,因此在翻译时需要考虑到文化差异。
有些词语、习惯用语或者成语在中英两种文化中可能有着不同的含义和使用方式,因此需要特别留意,以免产生误解或者歧义。
4.表达方式英语和中文的表达方式也有着一定的差异。
中文语言善于表达抽象意义,通过修饰词和成语来表达情感和意象。
而英语语言更注重直接的表达和逻辑推理。
在翻译时,需要根据原文的表达方式来选择合适的中文表达方式,以保持译文的准确和自然。
5.口语和书面语中英两种语言的口语和书面语也有着不同的风格和表达方式。
英语口语更为活泼自然,词汇量较大,而中文口语则更为简洁直接,词汇量较小。
在翻译时,需要根据文体和语境来选择合适的口语和书面语表达方式,以保持译文的自然流畅。
总之,英汉翻译是一项需要耐心、细心和专业知识的工作。
翻译工作者需要对比英汉两种语言的语法、词汇、表达方式以及文化背景等方面的差异,才能够做出高质量的翻译作品。
新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 4 英汉语言对比

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Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. • 【译文】除非人类终于意识到要把人口减 少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供 足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多 的“人造食品”。
• 【译文】因此,究竟是使用测试,其它种类的信息,还是在特定的情 况下两者都使用,取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据,同时还取 决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。
. 英语多前重心,汉语多后重心
• 在表达多逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等 在前,事实或描写等在后,即重心在前;汉语则 是由因到果,由假设到推论,由事实到结论,即 重心在后。 • 例如:I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. • 【译文】由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地 重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。
VIII. 英语多引申,汉语多推理
• 英语有两句俗话:一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them. (词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释 是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说, 这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译时要准确理解这种引 申,译者就需要进行推理。 • 例如: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. • 【译文】尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多,现 代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把历史看作是对过去重大 历史事件的再现和解释。
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Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
狮子型语言
孔雀型语言
英语(视点固定) -“I can lick you.” “No, you can‟t.” “Yes, I can.” “No, you can‟t.” “I can.” “you can‟t.” “Can!” “Can‟t!”
汉语(视点游移)
我要揍你。 你敢! 敢又怎么样? 那你就试试吧! 试试?哼,你等着瞧! 等着瞧?我才不怕呢! 不怕,好,那你休想逃走。 谁逃了?来呀,你揍啊!
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) (正迁移) Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
can can’t
can can’t
can can’t
can can’t
揍 敢 试 瞧 逃 怕
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
moving point of sight
English
fixed point of sight
(视点流动)
(视点固定)
(Time Order 时间先后)
他人老心 不老。
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.
(Concession 让步)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure (竹式结构)
从前这里有一个渔村,村里住 着十户人家,这十户人家全 靠打鱼、种地 为生,生活艰 苦,但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的, 得了绝症后,想开了,抽吧, 拣好的买,想抽就抽。 The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.
Examples of Negative Transfer
2. He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer (词形迁移) Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中,名词和动词都没有形态变化。
English: tree-like sentence structure (树式结构)
As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. -- Jimmy Carter
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
bamboo-like sentence structure (竹式结构) with different sections linked and yet separated
翻 译
Chapter 4 Linguistic Difference between English-Chinese Summary 欢迎光临
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之 间的相似和差异而产生的影响。
Examples of Negative Transfer
3. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of „population‟, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以 用前置数词来修饰。
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer (正迁移) Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异,提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识,把负迁移(干扰)转化为正迁 移(促进)。
Examples of Negative Transfer
1. The writer likes writing at light (night). Phonological transfer (语音迁移) The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中国方言(如南京方言)中没有/n/这个 辅音,而用/l/来替代。
Retaining some inflections 保留一些形态变化 v.(动词): tense, aspect, voice, mood n.(名词): number, case, gender pron.(代词): person, gender, case, number adj.(形容词): degree ad.(副词) : degree
Examples of Negative Transfer
5. -- Your English is wonderful. -- No, no. My English is still poor. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
English
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
Examples of Negative Transfer
4. He suggested me to accept this offer . Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of „suggest‟, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用 “动词+宾语+补语”的结构。