专四阅读详解 三

星期3 WednesdayHe who doesn’t advance lose groud.学如逆水行舟，不进则退。

Text ALike all animals, humans are territorial. But unlike other creatures, we are also attached to the soil by an emotional motherland. What nation doesn’t have its rural landscape — its fatherland or motherland — as one of the wellspring of its poetry, music and folklore? So the luckiest of people mus t surely be farmers. As the poet Virgil, a smaller farmer himself, put it: “How blessed beyond all blessings are farmers, if they but knew their happiness! Far from the clash of arms, the most just earth brings forth from the soil an easy living for them.”But Virgil wrote those lines in about 30 B.C. Today, how many small farmers in Europe would share his view that the living is easy? The truth is that the image city people love to hold of farmers — with their wheat rippling in the sunshine, brown cows and battered red tractors — is in danger of becoming restricted to storybooks. A great many of Europe’s millions of small farmers are deep in financial mire, unable to battle modern intensive agribusiness, and suffering the humiliation of earning a big chunk of their income by being paid not to grow crops or raise animals.The depth of the crisis was brought home earlier this year in Britain, when about 280,000 country people marched quietly through the streets of London carrying placards pleading “Listen to U s”, and “Don’t Take the Backbone out of Farming”. As well as farmers, there were people wanting to preserve rural jobs and ways of life: hunters and foresters. Thousands were there simply because they know that the countryside is an economic, recreational and spiritual resource that, once lost, cannot be replaced, says one of those marchers, Peverell Bruce, a dairy and arable farmer in Hampshire: “I see my life’s work as being for my children. I want to nurture my land for them. I hope there’s a future in f arming for my sons.”The fact that there is no future on the land for the children of many farming families is popularly blamed on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union — probably unfairly. The CAP aimed to provide farmers with a guaranteed price for their goods, help peasant farmers adapt to modern, sustainable agriculture and offer rural workers “a fair standard of living”. Behind those noble goals was the need to boost food production in a post-war Europe plagued by shortage.1. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that[A] land is important to humans, especially farmers.[B] Virgil is a great and fruitful poet.[C] humans are different from animals.[D] farmers should be satisfied with their living.2. In Europe, modern farmer’s attitude towards Virgil’s view is[A] indifferent. [B] neutral.[C] opposite. [D] favorable.3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?[A] There are many songs and poems in praise of the rural landscape.[B] Many city people still believe in the beauty of rural life.[C] Small farmers’ living is threatened by modern agribusiness.[D] Farmers are unwilling to be bound to their land.4. The reason why British country people marched is that[A] they were not allowed to read those storybooks anymore.[B] they wanted to keep their rural life unchanged.[C] they needed government to enlarge their farming land.[D] they required government to hasten modernizations in agriculture.5. According to the passage the CAP tried to[A] strengthen the modern influence on farming life.[B] take care of children’s life.[C] help farmers adjust to new situations.[D] import more from other continents.Text BIn the whole of French literary history, there is, perhaps, no subject of such inexhaustible and modern interest as that of George Sand. Of what use is literary history? It is not only a kind of museum, in which a few masterpieces are preserved for the pleasure of observers. It is this certainly, but it is still more than this. Fine books are, before anything else, living works, they not only have lived, but they continue to live. They live within us, underneath those ideas which form our conscience and those sentiments which inspire our actions. There is nothing of greater importance for any society than to make an inventory of the ideas and the sentiments which are composing its moral atmosphere every instant that it exists. For every individual this work is the very condition of his dignity. The question is, should we have these ideas and these sentiments, if, in the times before us, there had not been some exceptional individuals, who seized them, as it were, in the air and made them practicable and durable? These exceptional individuals were capable of thinking more vigorously, of feeling more deeply, and of expressing themselves more forcibly than we are. They leaved these ideas and sentiments to us. Literary history is, then, above and beyond all things, the everlasting examination of the conscience of humanity.George Sand wrote for nearly half a century. For fifty times three hundred and sixty-five days, she never let a day pass by without covering more pages than other writers in a month. Her first books shocked people, her early opinions were greeted with storms. From that time forth she rushed head-long into everything new, she welcomed every fantasy and passed it on to us with more force and passion in it. Vibrating with every breath, electrified by every storm, she looked up at every cloud behind which she fancied she saw star shining. The work of another novelist has been called a repertory of human documents. But what a repertory of ideas her work was! She has said what she had to say on nearly every subject: on love, the family, social institutions and on the various forms of government. And with all this she was a woman. Her case is almost unique in the history of letters. It is intensely interesting to study the influence of this woman of genius on the evolution of modern thought.The share which belongs to George Sand in the history of the French novel is that of havingimpregnated the novel with the poetry in her own soul. She gave to the novel a breadth and a range which it had never hitherto had. She celebrated the hymn of nature, of love and of goodness in it. She revealed to us the country and the peasants of France. She gave satisfaction to the romantic tendency which is in every one of us, to more or less degree.George Sand’s literary ideal may be read in the following words, which she wrote to Flaubert: “You make the people who read your books still sadder than they were before. I want to make them less unhappy.” She tried to do this, and she often succeeded in her attempt. What greater praise can we give to her than that? And how can we help adding a little gratitude and affection to our admiration for the woman who was the good fairy of the contemporary novel?6. What’s the usage of the literary history?[A] It is just a kind of museum.[B] It is an inventory of ideas and sentiments.[C] It records ordinary people’s life.[D] It exams the moral or ethical awareness of human being forever.7. According to the passage, exceptional individuals have all the following characteristics EXCEPT[A] they have more active thought.[B] they feel more deeply.[C] they have strong expressive power.[D] they can forecast the future.8. The author thinks that George Sand[A] was a productive writer.[B] was the first female writer in the literary history.[C] wrote on all subjects except politics.[D] had a significant influence on moral atmosphere.9. The word “impregnated” in Para. 3 is closest in meaning to[A] communicate. [B] filled up.[C] jointed. [D] associated.10. According to the passage, we can know that George Sand described[A] the life of upper-class society. [B] the life of children.[C] French country and peasants. [D] the economic development.11. What was George Sand’s literary ideal?[A] She wanted to make readers happy.[B] She attempted to record the life in her generation.[C] She tried to satisfy her readers.[D] She wanted to encourage women in those days.Text CAmerican federalism has been described as a neat mechanical theory. The national government was said to be sovereign in certain areas of governmental concern, such as the regulation of interstate commerce. State governments were said to be sovereign in certain other areas, such as regulation of intrastate commerce and exercise of the police power. One writer has described this as the “layer cake” concept of American federalism. In the top layer are neatly compacted all the powers of the national government; in the bottom layer are found the separate and distinct functions and powers of state governments.How nice it would be if the American federal system could be so easily and conveniently analyzed. But Professor Martin Grodzins of the University of Chicago has gone to describe federalism in practice as more like a marble cake, with an intermingling of functions, than like a layer cake, with functions separate and distinct. The intermingling can be seen best, perhaps, by examining the example of railroad traffic. If it crosses a state line, it constitutes interstate commerce, coming under control of national government. Rail shipments originating and ending within a single state constitute intrastate commerce, thus — the theory tells us — falling under regulation of state government. However, both the interstate and intrastate shipments may have moved over the same rails. In this simple example, one might easily read the urgent necessity for close cooperation between state and national governments. This need has not gone unrecognized by administrators of governmental programs at the state, local, and national levels.Nonetheless, national and state interests often conflict in the political area. Pressures may be brought to bear down on state legislators which differ from those felt by members of the national Congress. Disagreement over the proper division of powers between states and the national government often lies beneath a conflict of interests. But no best formula has been discovered for drawing a dividing line between state powers and national powers.The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could in the face of circumstances which confronted them at the time. The state-national power dispute has raged persistently ever since. What are “states rights”? It is obvious that, throughout the United States history, the issue of “states rights” has arisen repeatedly as the painful wailed for any interest which they felt being treated unsympathetically at a given moment by the national government. The source of the cry would seem to depend on whose ox is being gored.12. “L ayer cake” concept is cited to show[A] separate and distinct functions and power between governments.[B] sovereign power of the national government.[C] regulation of intrastate commerce in state governments.[D] exercise of the police power in state governments.13. In which paragraph does the author indicate his/her view about American federalism?[A] 1 [B] 2 [C] 3 [D] 414. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the author?[A] This need for close state-national cooperation has not been recognized.[B] Conflict of interests often accounts for the state-national power disputes.[C] At the very beginning federalism was an ideal one without state-national power disputes.[D] Those who wrote the United States Constitution should be blamed for the present confusion.15. Since there is no clear-cut formula for dividing state and national powers,[A] interstate cooperation is primarily a thing of the past.[B] state governments have been forced to delegate certain functions to the federal government.[C] states constantly cry to the national government for more rights.[D] state governments have been losing power since the foundation of federalism.Text DIn 1943 as a bright-eyed 14-year-old, Akira Ogasawara joined the Japanese army, partly because the officials who enrolled army members promised him a ride in an airplane. Instead of getting his flight, he was assigned to a secret medical unit that performed experiments on prisoners in Manchuria. Now 65 and a construction worker, he is still tormented by the memory of his twoy ears with Unit 731 as it worked on developing a “germ bomb”, which Tokyo hoped would help win World WarⅡ. “I myself did not put any prisoner under the knife.” he tells a mostly middle-aged audience of about 50 people at Hachioji, near Tokyo. “But when I th ink that the rats and fleas I bred were used in experiments which killed so many people, I feel that it’s my task to tell everyone that such things took place.” The audience stirs uneasily, sharing a hideous secret from the past.Until the early 1980s, few Japanese were eager to learn about events like Unit 731’s activities in Manchuria, a region in northern China conquered and governed by the Japanese army from 1932 to 1945. Untold thousands of Russians, Koreans and Chinese suspected of anti-Japanese activities were brought to the Unit 731 base at Pinfang, near Harbin. Clinically referred to as maruta, or “logs”, they were initially treated well since the experiments required healthy subjects. Eventually, however, some of the prisoners were infected with contagious diseases — typhoid(伤寒症), tetanus(破伤风), anthrax(炭疽热), syphilis(梅毒)— or poisoned with mustard gas(芥子气); others, stripped and tied to poles, were exposed to the -20℃Manchurian winter to develop frostbite and subsequently gangrene(坏疽). Some were even dissected while still alive, according to former unit members. At least 3,000 prisoners died.In the late summer of 1945 the surviving prisoners were put to death, and Ogasaware was among the men assigned to dispose of the bodies. After the war, senior officers of Unit 731 captured by the Soviets were sent to Siberian labor camps. The U.S. agreed not to prosecute unit members in exchange for the death camp’s medical data.Today an exhibition about Unit 731, complete with photographs and man-made things, is touring Japan, with 40 stops planned around the country; Ogasawara — along with other former unit members — offers his testimony at the exhibition whenever he can. For a Japan that still has not totally come to terms with the wartime past, his words are painful reminders of one of the darkest chapters in the country’s history.16. According to the passage, why did Akira Ogasaware join the army?[A] He was inspired to devote himself to world peace.[B] He was well-prepared to sacrifice himself for his country.[C] He was so childish that he was keen on taking the plane.[D] He was cheated that he could join in the Air Force.17. The following information about Unit 731 and “germ bomb” is true EXCEPT[A] Japan intended to abuse germ in war.[B] Japan ever cut down many logs for experiments.[C] Japan also experimented on Russians besides Chinese.[D] Japan infected maruta with contagious diseases.18. The prisoners were primitively treated well because[A] Japanese cared about the health of maruta.[B] the aim of the experiments was a top priority for Japanese.[C] Japanese were eager to inquire of them about Manchuria.[D] they were infected with contagious diseases.19. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Japanese’s deeds in Manchuria?[A] Inhuman. [B] troublesome.[C] Historic. [D] rude.20. Which of the following is NOT correct?[A] The U.S.A. ever lacked the sense of justice in accusation of Japanese prisoners of the war.[B] The true wartime past does not completely come to light in Japan.[C] Akira Ogasaware’s testimony reminds the world of the true history of Japan in the war.[D] Akira Ogasaware himself operated on “logs”.语境词汇Text A1. territorial a.地盘性的；领土的2. be attached to 依附于3. wellspring n.源泉4. bring forth 产生，引起；提出，引证5. ripple v.(使)起微波n.细浪；水的潺潺声6. battered a.磨损的7. mire n.困境；泥潭，沼泽8. a big chunk of 大部分9. bring home 以强调形式清楚地显示（或证实）10. placard n.标语牌；布告，海报11. plague vt.使受灾祸；使染瘟疫n.瘟疫；祸患Text B1. inexhaustible a.无穷无尽的，用不完的；不会疲劳的，不倦的2. sentiment n.情操，思想感情；情绪3. make an inventory of 编制…清单，盘点4. repertory n.贮存，库存；仓库5. social institution 社会制度6. impregnate vt.注入，灌输；使怀孕Text C1. sovereign a.有主权的；最高的n.君主2. police power 治安权；警察部队3. compact v.使紧密结合；使结实a.紧密的；简洁的4. bear down on sb. 对某人施加压力5. dividing line 分界线，界限6.rage v.猛烈进行；发怒n.盛怒7. wail for 为…恸哭8. gore v.用角伤害；把…剪成楔形三角布n.（伤口流出的）血，凝固的血Text D1. assign sb. to do sth. 指定某人做某事2. hideous a.令人惊骇的；极丑的；庞大的3. germ bomb 细菌炸弹4. contagious disease 传染性疾病5. typhoid n.伤寒a.伤寒性的6. tetanus n.破伤风7. anthrax n.炭疽热8. syphilis n.梅毒9. mustard gas 芥子气10. frostbite n.冻伤，冻疮v.使遭霜害，使冻伤11. gangrene n.坏疽12. come to terms with 达成协议，让步难句突破Text A1. Thousands were there simply because they know that the countryside is an economic, recreational and spiritual resource that, once lost, cannot be replaced, says one of those marchers, Peverell Bruce, a dairy and arable farmer in Hampshire.【分析】复合句。