《医学免疫学与微生物学》实验报告
医学免疫学和微生物学
医学免疫学和微生物学1.免疫（immune）：机体识别和排斥清除抗原性异物，维持体内平衡和稳定的生理功能。
2.现代免疫的概念：机体免疫系统识别“自己”和“非己”，对自身成分产生天然免疫耐受，对非己异物产生排除作用的一种生理反应。
（名词解释）3.免疫系统：是机体执行免疫功能的组织系统，有免疫器官，免疫细胞，免疫分子三部分组成。
（名词解释）4.免疫细胞：泛指所有参加免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞及前体细胞，主要包括造血干细胞，单核吞噬细胞，树突状细胞，T淋巴细胞，B淋巴细胞，NK细胞，粒细胞，肥大细胞和红细胞。
5.免疫分子：可分为分泌型和膜型分子两大类。
抗体，补体，细胞因子属于分泌型；主要组织相容性抗原（HLA），CD分子属于膜型分子。
6.免疫系统的三大主要功能：a免疫防御：是机体抗御、清除病原微生物等外来抗原性异物侵袭时的一种免疫保护，即通常所知道抗感染免疫作用。
免疫防御反应异常增高引起超敏反应；过低或缺失导致免疫缺陷病或对病原体高度感染。
b免疫自稳：机体免疫系统及时清除体内衰老、损伤或变形细胞，而自身成分处于耐受状态，以维持内环境稳定的一种生理功能。
功能失调引起自身免疫性疾病（如类风湿性关节炎，甲亢，SLE）。
C 免疫监视：机体免疫系统及时识别、清除体内突变（畸形）细胞核病毒感染细胞的一种生理性保护作用。
功能失调引起肿瘤或病毒持续感染。
（问答或填空）7.抗原（Ag）：一类能够刺激机体免疫系统发生特异性免疫应答而产生抗体和（或）致敏淋巴细胞，并与相应的抗体或致敏淋巴细胞载在体内（青霉素过敏、花粉过敏）或体外（凝集反应，即血型测定）发生特异性结合的物质。
（名词解释）8.抗原决定簇（抗原决定基，Ad）：是指抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团，又称表位。
即它是决定抗原具有抗原特异性的物质基础。
9.影响（决定）抗原免疫原性的因素：一、抗原的理化特性：(1)化学性质。
具有免疫原性的物质通常是大分子有机物（蛋白质，糖蛋白，脂蛋白等），无机物没有免疫原性。
医学免疫学与微生物学 实验指导
《医学微生物学与医学免疫学》实验指导前言医学微生物学与免疫学是医学院校必设的基础课程之一，该学科具有理论与实践紧密结合的特点及实验教学在学科中的重要性。
本课程设置要求学生不仅要掌握基础理论、基本知识，而且要学习和掌握各项基本技能。
本书结合中药学专业的教学工作实际，编实验项目，每个实验说明实验目的，实验原理，实验内容方法，实验要求及注意事项，并附有一定量的思考题。
本书依教学进程安排实验次序，可帮助学生巩固基础理论知识，培养学生基本技能，提高教学效果。
实验学时：4学时形态二《医学微生物学》实验指导实验一细菌分布检测、理化及药物因素对细菌影响的检测（一）细菌分布的检测【实验目的与要求】1.掌握无菌操作技术。
2.熟悉细菌菌落的观察及计数方法。
3.了解微生物在自然界及正常人体的分布，增强无菌观念。
【实验原理】细菌广泛分布于自然界中，人的体表和与外界相通的腔道中也有细菌存在。
通过本次实验理解微生物学科实验中强调无菌操作、防止污染和感染的重要性，为今后在医疗实践中建立牢固的无菌观念打下基础。
【实验仪器、器材与试剂】1.实验仪器和器材：无菌平皿、普通琼脂平板、血平板、高层琼脂培养基、微波炉、无菌吸管、胶帽、酒精灯、打火机、无菌试管、试管架等。
2.实验试剂：自来水或纯净水、生理盐水等。
【实验项目、方法与步骤】1.空气中细菌分布的检测——沉降法（1）取一个普通琼脂平板并作好标记。
（2）置于实验室某处，揭开盖。
操作时不要用手接触培养基，以免造成结果误差。
（3）让培养基暴露在空气中30min，然后盖好皿盖，置37℃生化培养箱内培养18～24h。
（4）取出观察并纪录结果。
2.水中细菌分布的检测——倾注培养法（1）取已灭菌的吸管，套上胶帽。
（2）右手持吸管带胶帽的一端，其余部分迅速通过火焰，以杀灭吸管表面可能存在的细菌。
（3）以挤压胶帽的办法，吸取1ml自来水或纯净水，置于无菌平皿中（注意：不要错放入平皿盖内）。
（4）取已融化并冷却至50℃左右（手握感觉热而不烫手）的高层琼脂培养基，迅速倾15～20ml 入已盛有1ml待测水的平皿中，立即加上平皿盖，在实验台上轻轻水平摇动，使琼脂与水样充分混合，静置于台面，等待琼脂凝固。
浅淡《医学免疫学与微生物学》的教学体会
揖文章编号铱2095-3089渊2015冤09-0253-01
着可以讲述微生物的最适生存条件等相关内容遥 比如可以问学 生野为什么打乙肝疫苗可以预防乙肝钥 为什么 AIDS 病那么难 治尧难预防钥 酸奶如何制备的钥 抗生素是如何得的钥 冶等等袁 让学生带着问题有目的地去学习袁效果就会事半功倍遥 许多微 生物与肿瘤的发生有关袁 有些微生物感染后袁易诱发肿瘤袁例如 HBV尧HCV 与肝癌袁幽门螺杆菌与胃癌袁真菌毒素致癌渊黄曲霉 素冤等袁结合在相关章节把微生物学内容从防治传染病引深到 更广范围袁加强学生对微生物所致疾病的认识袁激发学习兴趣袁 拓宽思路 遥
课程教育研究
பைடு நூலகம்
Course Education Research
2015 年 9 月 上旬刊
浅谈叶医学免疫学与微生物学曳的教学体会
考索窑探微
薛华
医学免疫学与微生物学(Medical immunology and Microbiology)
医学免疫学与微生物学（Medical immunology and Microbiology）"Medical immunology and Microbiology" syllabus _ syllabus _ medical immunology and microbiology __ filterlingTeaching outline of medical immunology and MicrobiologyFirst, the nature and task of curriculumAccording to the National College of medical professional training objectives, higher medical college students characteristics of educational system and the State Education Commission formulated the basic requirements of main courses (College), medical immunology and medical microbiology for setting a course. This course is divided into two chapters. The first is medical immunology, which mainly teaches basic immunology, and the second is medical microbiology, including bacteriology, virology, and other three parts of microbiology.Medical immunology is one of the fastest growing subjects. It has penetrated into various fields of preclinical medicine and clinical medicine, and has formed many branches and interdisciplinary subjects. Medical immunology is the science of studying the composition and function of human immune system, the law and effect of immune response, and the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of disease. Medical microbiology is the study of biological characteristics, heredity and variation, pathogenicity and immunity, laboratory diagnosis and prevention principles of pathogenic microorganisms related to medicine.Medical immunology and microbiology is a compulsory basicmedical course for clinical medical students. The task is to enable students to master the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills of medical immunology and microbiology, and lay the foundation for studying other basic medical courses and clinical medicine courses.Two, the basic requirements of curriculum teachingThe basic teaching requirement of this course is divided into two parts; in medical immunology teaching, students are required to master the composition and function of the immune system, immune response and regulation of physiological function, the basic mechanism of hypersensitivity reaction and the principle of prevention and treatment, and understand the relationship between immunological diseases, immunological applications in the medical practice; in medical microbiology teaching, students are required to master the bacteria, viruses and fungi, pathogenic microorganism morphology, structure, growth and reproduction, genetic variation and other biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of pathogenic microorganisms, inspection methods and principle of prevention and treatment of microbial infections and pathogens, disinfection and sterilization method.The number of hours in this course is 90, the number of TV teaching hours is 18, and the experimental class hours are 27. This course is 5 credits.The first basic immunologyOverview (1 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of modern immunology and ImmunologyTwo. The composition and function of the immune system[teaching requirements]Grasp the concepts of modern immunity and immunology, and the function of immune system.Be familiar with the composition of the immune system.To understand the main characteristics of immunology development today.Chapter 1 immune organs (3 hours)[teaching content]The structure and function of central immune organsTwo. The structure and function of peripheral immune organs[teaching requirements]To master the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral immune organs.Familiarity with the structure and function of the central andperipheral immune organs.Understanding the pathway of lymphocyte recirculation.The second chapter: immune cells (3 hours)[teaching content]Hematopoietic stem cellTwo, lymphocyte 1.T lymphocyte, 2.B lymphocyte 3.NK cellThree. Mononuclear phagocyteFour. Antigen presenting cellsFive. Other immune cells[teaching requirements]To grasp the surface markers, subclasses and functions of T and B lymphocytes, and the concept of antigen-presenting cells.Familiar with the concept of hematopoietic stem cells, the characteristics and functions of NK cells, the surface markers and major functions of mononuclear phagocytes, and understand the characteristics and functions of other immune cells.The third chapter: immunoglobulin (3 hours)[teaching content]The concept of immunoglobulin and antibodyTwo. The structure, functional region and enzymatic fragments of immunoglobulinThree. Biological activity of immunoglobulinFour. Immunoglobulin serotypes (antigenicity)Five. Characteristics and functions of various immunoglobulinsSix. Immunoglobulin genes and biosynthesisSeven. Artificial antibodies[teaching requirements]Grasp the concept of immunoglobulin and antibody, the structure, function and enzymatic fragments of immunoglobulin, biological activity of immunoglobulin.Familiar with the characteristics and functions of various immunoglobulins, and the concept of monoclonal antibodies.Understanding the serotypes, genes, and biosynthesis of immunoglobulins.The fourth chapter: complement system (3 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of complementTwo. Composition and properties of complement systemThree. Activation of complement system1. activation of classical pathways2. alternative pathway activationFour. Regulation of complement system activationFive. The biological function of complement system[teaching requirements]Mastering the concept of complement and the biological function of complement system.Be familiar with the activation and regulation of complement system.Understanding the site and nature of complement formation.The fifth chapter cytokines (1.5 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of cytokinesTwo. Kinds of cytokinesThree. Characteristics of cytokinesFour. The biological role of cytokinesFive. Characteristics and biological activities of major cytokines[teaching requirements]To grasp the concept and classification of cytokines.Understanding the characteristics and biological functions of cytokines.The sixth chapter antigen (2 hours)[teaching content]The concept of antigenTwo. The factors that determine immunogenicityThree. Specificity and cross reactivity of antigenFour. Classification of antigensFive. Important antigen substances in medicine[teaching requirements]The basic concepts of antigen, antigen determinant, thymus dependent antigen, non thymus dependent antigen, complete antigen and hapten are mastered.Familiar with the factors that determine immunogenicity, important antigen substances in medicine.The seventh chapter is mainly about the histocompatibility complex and its products (2 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of MHCGene structure of two and HLAThree. Structure, distribution and function of HLA moleculeThe medical significance of four and HLA[teaching requirements]Master the basic concepts of MHC.Familiar with the structure, distribution and function of HLA molecules.Understanding the genetic structure of HLA and its medical significance.The eighth chapter was immune response (5 hours)[teaching content]- overview of immune responseTwo, B cell-mediated humoral immune response(I) the process of B cell response induced by thymus dependent antigen(two) the general law of antibody production and its medical significance(three) humoral immune effectThree. Cell-mediated immune response(1) cell-mediated immune response mediated by TD cells(two) cell-mediated immune response mediated by Tc cellsFour. Immune tolerance(1) the concept of immune tolerance(two) factors affecting the formation of immune tolerance(three) the characteristics and clinical significance of immune toleranceFive. Negative feedback regulation of immune response(1) negative feedback regulation of antibodies(two) Regulation of Ts cells[teaching requirements]To understand the concept and characteristics of immune response, the process of B cell response induced by thymus dependent antigen, the general rule of antibody production, the cell-mediated immune response mediated by TD cells and Tc cells, and the concept of immune tolerance.Familiar with the characteristics of immune tolerance.To understand the negative feedback regulation of immune response and the factors influencing immune tolerance formation.The ninth chapter hypersensitivity (4 - 5 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept and classification of hypersensitivityTwo. The pathogenesis of various types of hypersensitivity and common diseasesPrinciple of prevention and treatment of type three and I hypersensitivity diseases[teaching requirements]To understand the concept and classification of hypersensitivity, and the pathogenesis of each type of hypersensitivity reaction.Familiar with the clinical types of hypersensitivity diseases, I type hypersensitivity disease prevention and treatment principles.The tenth chapter immunology application (2 hours)[teaching content]First, immune prevention and control(1) artificial immunity and artificial passive immunity(two) commonly used biological agents for artificial immunity(three) precautions for vaccination 122Two 、 immunological detection(1) antigen and antibody reactions and their detection methods1. characteristics of antigen antibody reaction in vitro2. factors affecting antigen antibody reaction3. commonly used antigen antibody reaction detection method(two) detection of immune function of organism1. commonly used in vitro detection2. commonly used in vivo detection[teaching requirements]Master the concepts of artificial immunity and artificial passive immunity, and commonly used biological agents for artificial immunity.Familiar with the types of vaccination and precautions.To understand the characteristics, influencing factors and common detection methods of antigen antibody reaction in vitro, it is commonly used in vitro and in vivo detection methods of immune function.Second Medical MicrobiologySummary[teaching content]First, the concept and classification of microorganismsTwo. The relationship between microorganisms and human beingsThree. The concept and category of medical microbiologyFour. General situation and current situation of medical microbiology[teaching requirements]Grasp the concepts of microorganisms, pathogenic microorganisms and medical microbiology.Familiar with the classification of microorganisms and their relationship with human beings.To understand the category and development of medical microbiology.Bacteriology part (eleventh to twenty-third)The eleventh chapter is the morphology and structure of bacteria (2 hours, including an overview)[teaching content]First, the size and morphology of bacteriaTwo. The structure of bacteria(1) the basic structure of bacteria(two) the special structure of bacteriaThree. The principle of bacterial morphology examination[teaching requirements]Master the typical and atypical bacteria morphology, cell wall structure and characteristics of G and G + bacteria, special structure and medical significance of bacteria.Familiar with the units for measuring bacteria, the basic structure of bacteria, and the significance of gram staining.To understand the examination method of bacterial morphology.The twelfth chapter is the growth, reproduction and metabolism of bacteria (2 hours)[teaching content]First, the nutrients of bacteriaTwo. Growth and reproduction of bacteriaThree. Metabolites of bacteria and their significanceFour. Artificial culture of bacteria[teaching requirements]Grasp the conditions, methods and speed of bacterial growth and reproduction, the types and significance of bacterial synthetic metabolites.Familiarity with bacterial growth curves and the significance of catabolic products.To understand the methods of artificial culture of bacteria, the common medium, the growth of bacteria in the culture medium and the practical significance of artificial culture of bacteria.The thirteenth chapter: heredity and variation of bacteria (2 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of heredity and variationTwo. Examples of bacterial variationThree. The material basis of bacterial genetic variationFour. The mechanism of bacterial variationFive. The practical application of bacterial variation[teaching requirements]Grasp the basic concepts of heredity, variation, plasmid and bacteriophage.Familiar with bacterial common variation and the mechanism of variation.Understanding the practical application of bacterial variation.The fourteenth chapter: pathogenicity of bacteria (3 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of pathogenicity and virulence of bacteriaTwo. Invasive ability of bacteria(1) surface structure of bacteria(two) invasive enzymesThree. Bacterial toxins(a) exotoxin(two) endotoxinFour, the number of bacteria and invasion of the portalFive. The occurrence, development and outcome of infection(1) the source of infection(two) the way of infection(three) the type of infection[teaching requirements]Master the concept of bacterial virulence factors, bacterial invasion, characteristic and difference between inside and outside the bacterial toxin, the concept of dominant recessive infection infection, bacteremia, sepsis, carriers, sepsis, sepsis.Be familiar with the source and mode of infection.Understanding the number of bacteria and the relationship between portal invasion and disease.The fifteenth chapter is antibacterial immunity (1 hours)[teaching content]First, the nonspecific defense function of organism(1) barrier structure(two) phagocytes(three) antibacterial substances in body fluidsTwo. Specific antibacterial immunity of organism(1) the function and characteristics of humoral immunity(two) the function and characteristics of cellular immunity[teaching requirements]To master the antibacterial action of skin, mucous membrane, placenta and blood-brain barrier, and the process and result of phagocytosis and sterilization by phagocytes.Familiarity with antibacterial activity and characteristics of humoral and cellular immunity.To understand the types and functions of antibacterial substances in body fluids.The sixteenth chapter disinfection and sterilization (1 hours)[teaching content]First, physical disinfection and sterilization method(1) thermal sterilization(two) ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation sterilization(three) filtration sterilization methodTwo. Chemical disinfection(1) chemical disinfectants(two) the action mechanism of chemical disinfectant(three) factors affecting the action of chemical disinfectants[teaching requirements]Grasp the concepts of disinfection, sterilization, asepsis and aseptic operation.Familiar with the commonly used thermal sterilization method, ultraviolet sterilization method, commonly used chemical disinfectants.To understand the action mechanism and influence factors of commonly used chemical disinfectants.The seventeenth chapter is the laboratory detection principle of bacterial infection (2 hours)[teaching content]Detection of pathogenic bacteria and their components(1) collection and submission of specimens(two) commonly used detection methodsTwo. Detection of bacterial specific antibodies(1) serological tests commonly used(two) precautions for detecting antibodies and analysisresults[teaching requirements]Familiar with specimen collection and submission, isolation, cultivation and identification of pathogenic bacteria, serological detection methods commonly used to understand the results of the note.The eighteenth chapter ~ twenty-three chapter bacteriology each part (8 hours)[teaching content]A pathogenic cocci: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus (including pneumococcus), Neisseria gonorrhoeaeTwo. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, and other intestinal bacteriaThree. Vibrio and Campylobacter; Vibrio cholerae and CampylobacterFour, anaerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacterium, PI anaerobicbacteriaFive. Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leprosy bacillusSix. Other pathogenic bacteria[teaching requirements]This part is mainly based on self-study. Familiar with the main biological characteristics of pathogenic bacteria, pathogenicity and immunity, laboratory examination principles and principles of prevention and treatment.Virology part (twenty-fourth to thirty-second)Summary[teaching content]Basic concepts and characteristics of virusesThe twenty-fourth chapter is the basic character and classification of virus (3 hours)[teaching content]The morphology, structure and chemical composition of the virus(1) the size and morphology of the virus(two) the structure and chemical composition of virusesTwo. Virus proliferation and interference(1) proliferation of viruses(two) the interference of virusThree, physical and chemical factors on the impact of the virusFour. Classification of viruses(1) modern classification(two) clinical classification[teaching requirements]Grasp the basic concept, basic structure, proliferation mode and proliferation cycle of virus.Familiar with the chemical composition and interference phenomenon of virus.To understand the influence of physical and chemical factors on the virus, and to classify the virus.The twenty-fifth chapter: virus infection and immunity (3 hours)[teaching content]Infection and pathogenicity of viruses(1) the route of viral infection and its diffusion in vivo(two) the results and pathogenesis of viral infection(three) the type of virus infectionTwo. Antiviral immunity(1) nonspecific immunity(two) specific immunity[teaching requirements]Grasp the way of virus infection and the way of diffusing in vivo.Be familiar with the pathogenesis of viral infection and the type of infection.Understanding the mechanism of organism antiviral infection.The twenty-sixth chapter is the laboratory detection principle of virus infection (1.5 hours)[teaching content]First, specimen collection and processingTwo, commonly used detection methods(1) detection of virus bodies(two) detection of viral antigens and antibodies(three) detection of viral nucleic acids[teaching requirements]To understand the sample collection, treatment and common detection methods of virus infection.The twenty-seventh chapter is the prevention and cure principle of virus infection (O.5 hours)[teaching content]First, the specific prevention of viral infection(1) artificial immunity(two) artificial passive immunityTwo. Prevention and treatment of viral infectionThe twenty-fifth chapter: virus infection and immunity (3 hours)[teaching content]Infection and pathogenicity of viruses(1) the route of viral infection and its diffusion in vivo(two) the results and pathogenesis of viral infection(three) the type of virus infectionTwo. Antiviral immunity(1) nonspecific immunity(two) specific immunity[teaching requirements]Grasp the way of virus infection and the way of diffusing in vivo.Be familiar with the pathogenesis of viral infection and the type of infection.Understanding the mechanism of organism antiviral infection.The twenty-sixth chapter is the laboratory detection principle of virus infection (1.5 hours)[teaching content]First, specimen collection and processingTwo, commonly used detection methods(1) detection of virus bodies(two) detection of viral antigens and antibodies(three) detection of viral nucleic acids[teaching requirements]To understand the sample collection, treatment and common detection methods of virus infection.The twenty-seventh chapter is the prevention and cure principle of virus infection (O.5 hours)[teaching content]First, the specific prevention of viral infection(1) artificial immunity(two) artificial passive immunityTwo. Prevention and treatment of viral infection[teaching requirements]Be familiar with artificial immune preparations commonly used in viral infections. Understand the commonly used drugs for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.Twenty-eighth chapters to thirty-two chapters on Virology (9 hours)[teaching content]Respiratory viruses(1) influenza virus(two) other respiratory virusesTwo. Enterovirus(1) poliovirus(two) the coxsackie and echovirus (three) other enterovirusesThree. Hepatitis virusFour, China(1) Japanese encephalitis virus (two) epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus Five. Other viruses(1) rabies virus(two) human immunodeficiency virus (three) herpes virus(four) rubella virus[teaching requirements]To grasp the main biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of influenza virus, hepatitis virus and human immunodeficiency virusFamiliar with the main biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of poliovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, herpes virus and rubella virus.Understanding: common types of respiratory viruses, enteroviruses, and herpes viruses. Detection and prevention of the above viruses thirdThirty-third chapter to thirty-seven chapter other pathogenic microorganism (2 hours)[teaching content]Mycoplasma aChlamydia trachomatis twoRickettsia threeFour, helicoidFive. Pathogenic fungi[teaching requirements]Grasp the basic concepts of mycoplasma, chlamydia, Rickettsia, leptospira and fungi.Familiar with the main biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of mycoplasma, chlamydia, Rickettsia, leptospira and fungi.To understand the detection and prevention principles of pathogenic microorganisms.Experiment (27 hours, 3 hours per experiment)Precipitation reaction(1) two-way agar diffusion test(two) one way agar diffusion testTwo. Agglutination reaction(I) agglutination test in vitro(two) slide agglutinationThree. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assayDouble antibody sandwich method for the detection of early pregnancy (using Kit)Four. Bacterial morphology, special structure observation and microscope use(1) observation of basic morphologyCoccus, bacillus, vibrio.(two) observation of special structureSpores, capsule, flagella, fimbriae.(three) microscopeFive. Bacterial culture and staining examination(1) colony observationSmooth, rough, mucoid.(two) observation of pigment and hemolysis(three) Gram staining methodIn experiment six, tetanus exotoxin of pathogenic and antitoxin protective effect (animal experiment)Seven. Determination of anti streptococcal hemolysin "O" (using Kit)Eight, endotoxin (pyrogen) -- Determination of limulus test (the kit)Nine. Methods of virus culture and laboratory diagnosis。
2024版年度医学免疫学与微生物学电子教案
医学免疫学与微生物学电子教案contents •免疫学基础•微生物学概述•医学免疫学应用•医学微生物学应用•实验技术与研究方法•学科前沿与未来展望目录01免疫学基础03免疫分子包括抗体、补体、细胞因子等，参与免疫应答和免疫调节过程。
01免疫器官包括骨髓、胸腺、淋巴结、脾脏等，是免疫细胞生成、成熟和定居的场所。
02免疫细胞包括T 淋巴细胞、B 淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞等，发挥免疫应答和免疫调节功能。
免疫系统的组成与功能抗原与抗体概述抗原指能刺激机体免疫系统产生特异性免疫应答，并能与相应免疫应答产物在体内或体外发生特异性结合的物质。
抗体指免疫系统在抗原刺激下，由B淋巴细胞或记忆细胞增殖分化成的浆细胞所产生的、可与相应抗原发生特异性结合的免疫球蛋白。
非特异性免疫，对多种病原体有防御作用，包括屏障结构、吞噬作用、炎症反应等。
固有免疫应答适应性免疫应答免疫记忆特异性免疫，针对特定病原体产生免疫应答，包括T 细胞介导的细胞免疫和B 细胞介导的体液免疫。
免疫系统对特定抗原的记忆能力，再次遇到相同抗原时能快速、高效地产生免疫应答。
030201免疫应答过程及机制免疫系统通过自身调节机制维持免疫稳态，包括免疫细胞间的相互作用、细胞因子的调节等。
免疫调节机体对抗原的特异性无应答或低应答状态，有利于维持自身免疫稳定和防止自身免疫病的发生。
免疫耐受病原体通过某些机制逃避免疫系统的攻击，导致感染持续存在或反复发作。
免疫逃逸免疫调节与免疫耐受02微生物学概述微生物的分类与特点分类微生物包括细菌、病毒、真菌、原生动物等，根据形态、结构、代谢方式等特征进行分类。
特点微生物具有体积小、表面积大、生长繁殖迅速、代谢类型多样、适应性强等特点。
微生物的遗传与变异遗传微生物的遗传物质为DNA或RNA，通过基因复制、转录和翻译等过程实现遗传信息的传递。
变异微生物在遗传过程中会发生基因突变、基因重组等变异现象，导致微生物的性状发生改变。
微生物的生长繁殖与培养生长繁殖微生物通过吸收营养物质、合成细胞成分、分裂增殖等过程实现生长繁殖。
医学免疫学实验-设计性实验报告模板
医学院医学微生物学设计性实验报告专业：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿班别：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿学号：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿组员：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿时间：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿一、设计性实验报告书写说明（一）四位同学一组，任选一病例，讨论分析病例并设计实验诊断该病例。
（二）设计实验并书写报告，书写要求如下：1．标题（医学微生物学设计性实验）2实验目的3．病例（将选择的病例抄写下来）4．病例分析（分析可能感染何种细菌）5．鉴定程序（拟诊断路线，用流程图表示）作，如鉴定结果与预期结果不符，应立即重新分析并设计方案。
（四）总结实验并书写报告，要求如下：1．标题（医学微生物学设计性实验）2．实验目的3．病例（可不抄，但注明病例几）4．病例分析（分析可能感染何种细菌）5．鉴定程序（在原来设计的基础上修改）8．防治措施二、病例（选一）病例1王某某，女，51岁，农民主诉：右手指割伤5天，发热、头疼2天病史：患者于5天前手指被镰刀割伤，除稍加包扎外未作任何处置。
包扎伤口因洗菜等多次被水弄湿，次日手指肿痛，开始服用去痛片及磺胺等，近两天自觉发热、头疼、全身不适而求医。
体检：右手食指伤口红肿，有少许粘稠黄白色分泌物，右液窝淋巴结可触及，余均正常。
体温37.8℃，白细胞总数12000/mm3，中性粒细胞80%。
病例2任某某，男，21岁，医学院学生主诉：持续发热5天，伴全身不适。
病史：患者于2周前到校外的小食店进食凉菜，于5天前无明显诱因出现发冷发烧，全身不适，多汗，食欲不振等。
体检：患者呈急性面容、潮红、神清但略有呆滞，前胸见散在的细小红色丘疹。
体温39.4℃，脉缓52次/min，心、肺无阳性体症，睥可触及，白细胞3600/ mm3，中性粒细胞60%。
病例3患者黄××，男，65岁，因外伤手术后持续发热，腹痛，于2007年3月31日再次会诊。
患者于一周前因车祸，造成腹部外伤，肠穿孔，紧急送医院作肠吻合术，输入青霉素。
微免实验报告(赛)
广西中医药大学赛恩斯新医药学院医学免疫学与微生物学实验报告（供本科各类专业选用）广西中医药大学医学免疫学与微生物学教研室二○一八年三月实验一、溶血实验原理：方法与结果：摇匀，置37℃水浴30分钟结果分析：实验二、环状沉淀试验原理：结果分析：实验三、ELISA 、淋巴细胞转化与E 花环观察一、ELISA 双抗体夹心法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg ）原理：二、淋巴细胞转化与E 花环观察淋转 E 花环三、未转化与转化淋巴细胞形态特征比较实验四、凝集实验一、试管凝集反应原理：管号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9生理盐水（ml）1:10病人血清（ml）0.5 0.5诊断菌液（ml）0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5血清稀释度充分混匀，置 52℃水浴箱孵育45分钟左右结果血清凝集效价：二、玻片凝集反应原理：实验步骤：实验结果：0.5实验五、细菌的革兰氏染色、细菌形态与结构观察一、基本形态观察：球菌杆菌弧菌菌名：特点：二、细菌的特殊结构观察：菌名：结构：功能：实验六、细菌的培养与代谢产物观察一、细菌的培养二、细菌代谢产物观察（一）细菌对糖发酵作用——糖发酵试验（二）细菌对蛋白质或氨基酸的分解作用（三）色素的产生实验七、细菌分布的检测一、结果记录二、结果分析实验八、理化因素对细菌的影响一、物理因素对细菌的影响二、化学因素对细菌的影响三、抗菌药物对细菌的影响。
《微生物学与免疫学》实验教学大纲
《微生物学与免疫学》实验教学大纲课程代码：1001526010 开课学期：第三学期开课专业：药学总学时/实验学时：48/16 总学分/实验学分：2.5/0.5综合实验室（实验中心）名称：医学实验中心二级实验室名称：形态实验室（微免）一、课程简介《微生物学与免疫学》是研究与医学有关的病原微生物的性状，以及病原微生物在一定环境条件下，与人体间相互关系的科学；随着生物医学科学技术的迅猛发展，免疫学已渗透到现代医学各学科领域，在一些疾病的诊断、治疗和预防上发挥重要作用。
作为一门重要的医学基础课程，其任务是通过教学使学生掌握和运用这门学科的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能，为学习相关药学专业课程奠定基础。
二、实验的地位、作用和目的地位：《微生物学与免疫学》实验课在药学专业课程学习中占有一定地位,是学好其他药学相关课程的重要环节。
通过实验，使药学学生能进一步掌握和运用这门学科的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能，为今后学习其他相关药学专业课程打下基础。
作用：通过实验，使学生学会观察细菌的形态、初步掌握细菌的染色法、细菌的培养接种法、药敏试验；掌握常用消毒、灭菌的基本方法，了解细菌代谢产物检查的意义；了解化脓性球菌、肠道杆菌的分离鉴定程序、厌氧菌和其他微生物的形态。
了解病毒的培养方法，病毒感染的检测方法和病毒血凝及血凝抑制试验等。
免疫学实验对学生进行免疫学基本技能训练,使学生熟悉免疫学实验诊断的原理和基本方法。
在实验中培养和提高学生的动手能力。
目的：通过实验来验证和巩固已学的理论知识，通过实验课基本技能训练，培养药学生严谨的科学态度和实事求是、独立思考、实践创新的能力、分析和解决问题的能力。
为进一步学习其他药学专业课程打下良好的基础。
三、实验方式与基本要求1、每班实验分2个小班进行，分别由2位教师带教，根据不同实验内容，学生每2～4人为1组，实验以学生操作为主，个别实验由带教师示教进行。
2、学生掌握油镜的使用与保养、细菌的常用染色法、划线培养、接种斜面、药敏实验、化脓性球菌、肠道杆菌的分离鉴定和病毒血凝及抑制试验等。
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［实验名称］:沉淀反应 ［实验目的］:通过单向琼脂扩散测定待测血清Ig 含量
［实验材
料］: 打孔器
(1)
将溶解后的离子琼脂冷却到4 5 °C ，加入适
当浓度的抗原混 合均匀，吸取3—4毫升加在载玻片上，使其均匀布满载玻片 而又
不流失。
(2) 琼脂凝固后制成凝胶板，然后隔适当距离打孔。
(3) 在孔内滴加待测可溶性抗体。
(4) 将凝胶平板放入带盖瓷盘中，下面垫一湿纱布以保持湿度，置 于3
7 °0恒温箱中2 4小时，观察沉淀环。
单向琼脂扩散是一种定量试验，主要用来测定标本中各种免疫球
蛋白或补体成分的含量。
在孔中加入待测抗体使其向四周扩散，经一定时间后抗体与琼脂
中抗原相遇，在比例适宜处生成白色沉淀环。
沉淀环直径与抗体浓度成正比。
根据测试样品沉淀环直径的大
小，可从已知的标准曲线中查出样品中抗体的含量。
实验二
［实验名称］:间接凝集抑制试验（妊娠试验）
［实验目的］:测定待检尿液中是否含HCG （绒毛膜促性腺激素）以诊断妊娠
［实验材料］:孕妇尿液、非孕妇尿液、HCG 致敏乳胶抗原、抗HCG 血清、载
实验一
1%离子琼脂、白喉类毒素、白喉抗毒素、载玻片、毛细吸管
［试验步骤］: ［实验结果］: (沉淀环直径) 测量沉淀环直径:
毫米
［实验分析］
玻片等
［试验步骤］:
（1）取一片载玻片，标记出左右。
（2）在载玻片左侧加一滴待检尿液，右侧加一滴非孕妇尿液。
（3）在两侧尿液中分别加一滴抗HCG血清，摇动混匀2 —3分钟。
（4）在两侧液滴中分别再加一滴HCG致敏乳胶抗原，摇动混匀2 — 3分钟。
（5）观察判定结果。
［实验结果］:（凝集和非凝集的描述）
左侧（待检尿液侧）呈现均匀的乳状液状态，无凝集颗粒。
间接凝集抑制阳性。
右测（非孕妇尿液侧）出现明显的凝集颗粒。
间接凝集抑制阴性。
［实验分析］:（结合实验原理）
孕妇尿液中的HCG含量显著增高。
尿液中的HCG与加入的抗HCG结合, 抗HCG被消耗，使得加入的HCG乳胶抗原不能再与抗HCG结合，不出现乳胶抗原间接凝集反应（凝集被抑制），所以液滴呈现均匀乳状液，为乳胶间接凝集抑制阳性反应。
非孕妇尿液中HCG含量极少，不足以抑制抗HCG与HCG乳胶抗原发生间接凝集反应，所以出现乳胶颗粒的凝集，为乳胶间接凝集抑制阴性反应。
实验三
认识细菌的基本形态和特殊结构，学会使用显微镜油镜头 显微镜、香柏
油、—甲苯、镜头纸、球困标本片、杆困标本片、弧 菌标本片、荚膜标本片、芽抱标本片、鞭毛标本片
［试验步骤］: （一）显微镜油镜头的使用
1、用油镜观察时光线宜强，可将聚光器升高，开大光圈。
2、在标本片上滴加一滴香柏油。
3、 眼睛从镜筒侧面观察，同时缓慢将镜筒调至镜头浸入香柏油中（勿接触标本片）。
4、 眼睛移至目镜。
先用粗调焦螺旋缓慢将油镜调离标本玻片直至观察到模糊物象，
再用细调焦螺旋调至物象清晰。
观察。
5、观察完毕后把油镜头擦拭干净，显微镜复位收好。
（二）细菌基本形态的观察 （三）细菌特殊结构的观察（示教） ［实验结果］:（绘图）根据观察结果绘制细菌基本形态、 特殊结构图（不少于两幅） ［实验分析］:（结合结构的功能）
1、细菌的基本形态有球形、球杆形、杆形、弧形、螺旋形五种形态。
2、某些细菌在生长繁殖时，可分泌一些粘液性物质包绕在细胞壁外围， 称为荚膜,
用特殊染色法可将荚膜染成与菌体不同的颜色。
荚膜具有抗原性，可以鉴别细
菌或细菌分型；细菌的荚膜与其致病性有关。
3、某些细菌由细胞质伸出的细长弯曲的蛋白质丝状物，称为鞭毛。
鞭毛是细菌的
运动器官，鞭毛具有较强的抗原性，有些细菌的鞭毛与其致病性有关。
4、某些G ―的菌体上有比鞭毛细、短而直、数量多的丝状物，称为菌毛，主要成
分是蛋白质。
菌毛分普通菌毛（与细菌致病力有关）和性菌毛（传递遗传物质、
使受体菌获得某些相应性状）
5、某些G "在体内外营养物质缺乏的环境下，细胞浆发生脱水浓缩，在菌体内形
［实验名称］: 细菌形态、特殊结构观察及显微镜油镜头使用
［实验目的］: ［实验材料］:
成一个折光性强、通透性低的圆形或椭圆形小体，称为芽抱。
用特殊染色法可将芽抱染成与菌体不同的颜色。
芽抱的大小、形态和位置随菌种不同而有差异,
有助于细菌的鉴别；芽抱对热、干燥、化学消毒剂和辐射都有较强的抵抗力。
《医学免疫学与微生物学》实验报告
实验四
观察细菌菌落形态、溶血现象、色素；细菌标本的涂片和革兰氏染 色法检
查 细菌人工培养性状观察示教片、大肠杆菌菌落、葡萄球菌菌落、载
玻片、生理盐水、接种环、酒精灯、结晶紫染液、卢戈氏碘液、95% 酒精、复红染液、显微镜等
［试验步骤］: （一）细菌菌落形态、溶血现象、色素等观察（示教） （二）细菌标本的涂片
1、取两张洁净的载玻片，分别滴加一滴生理盐水。
2、以无菌操作法，用接种环分别挑取少许大肠杆菌菌落和葡萄球菌菌落，分别
涂于两张载玻片的生理盐水中研成均匀混浊的菌膜 （不可过厚）后自然干燥。
3、将干燥后的标本片在酒精灯的火焰上方快速通过三次，予以固定。
（三）染色将制好的标本片按下列步骤进行染色
1、在两片标本片上分别滴加结晶紫染液初染1分钟，水洗。
2、滴加卢戈氏碘液媒染1分钟，水洗。
3、滴加9 5%酒精，摇动载片0 .5 — 1分钟脱色至恰无紫色退下，水洗。
4、 滴加稀释复红染液，复染0 .5 — 1分钟，水洗，干燥。
5、 镜检。
葡萄球菌（G +球菌）染成紫色，大肠杆菌（G —
菌）染成红色。
［实验结果］:（描述不同细菌菌落的区别，绘图表示革兰氏染色的镜下结果） 1、液体培养基中：葡萄球菌呈均匀混浊生长，链球菌呈沉淀生长，枯草杆菌形成
菌膜；在普通琼脂平板上：金黄色葡萄球菌产生脂溶性金黄色色素使菌落呈现 金黄色但培养基颜色不变，绿脓杆菌产生水溶性色素使培养基呈现绿色；在血
琼脂平板上：金黄色葡萄球菌菌落周围形成透明的溶血环，甲型溶血性链球菌
［实验名称］: 细菌人工培养性状观察及革兰氏染色法
［实验目的］: ［实验材料］:
《医学免疫学与微生物学》实验报告
菌落周围形成狭窄的草绿色溶血环，乙型溶血性链球菌菌落周围形成宽而透明
的溶血环。
2、绘图表示大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌经革兰氏染色后的镜检结果
［实验分析］:（结合细菌细胞壁构造分析革兰氏染色法结果及意义）
结果:
G"菌的细胞壁由肽聚糖（三维空间结构）和磷壁酸组成，在酒精作用下通透
性降低，而且G "菌的等电点较低，带负电荷多，结合碱性染料多，因此结晶紫与
碘的复合物不易被酒精脱除被染成紫色。
G-菌的细胞壁由肽聚糖（疏松薄弱的二维结构）、脂蛋白、外膜、脂多糖等成
分组成，在酒精作用下通透性增高，而且G -菌的等电点较高，结合碱性染料较少,
因此初染的结晶紫被酒精脱色而被复红复染成红色。
意义:
1、鉴定细菌
2、指导临床选择药物
3、研究和了解细菌的致病性。