研究生专业英语讲义
物理学专业英语讲义
Physics in EnglishThe scientist does not study nature because it is useful;he studies it because he delights in it,and he delights in it because it is beautiful.If nature were not beautiful,it would not be worth knowing,and if nature were not worth knowing,life would not be worth living."------ Henri PoincareDepartment of PhysicsSchool of scienceXian Technological University 2012.9Chapter 1 What is Physics?Physics is natural science studying nature's LawsPhysics was called natural philosophy and fundamental science.The history of physicsThe history of physics encompasses two broad time periods in which classical physics and modern physics developed. Classical physics developed between 1600 and 1900. It embraces the general areas of physics known as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, culminating in relativity. Modern physics began developing between about 1890 and 1930, when it was realized that classical physics could not account for the newly discovered behavior of nature at the atomic and molecular level. Modern physics includes the theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics and most of the subsequent new physics discovered and developed during the 20th century.Classical physicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); Acoustics, the study of sound, is often considered a branch of mechanics because sound is due to the motions of the particles of air or other medium through which sound waves can travel and thus can be explained in terms of the laws of mechanics. Among the important modern branches of acoustics is ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at restThe Emergence of Classical PhysicsClassical mechanics has its roots in the work of Johannes Kepler, who, between 1600 and 1619, became the first person to describe quantitatively and accurately the elliptic paths of the planets around the Sun.The problem of the shape of the planetary orbits was not easy to solve, because all historical observations of the planets were made from the Earth, itself a moving planet. Although a crude heliocentric(Sun-centered) model of the solar system using circular orbits was proposed by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus in the third century B.C. and resurrected by Copernicus in 1542,the planetary positions predicted by Copernicus were not as accurate as those found using Ptolemy's complicated geocentric (Earth-centered} model of the second century A.D.The pure Copernican model was inaccurate because Copernicus refused to abandon the flawed concept of early Greek thought that the natural path of a moving "perfect" celestial object, such as a planet, had to be in the shape of the "perfect" geometrical figure---a circle---with the planet moving at constant speed. a scientist living at the time of Copernicus would have been forced to reject the Copernican theory with its circular planetary orbits, since they did not account for the observed motions of the planets as accurately as the existing, but more complicated, geocentric theory of Ptolemy.The change from the accurate but complex Ptolemaic geocentric model of the solar system to the accurate and simple heliocentric model of Kepler illustrates the characteristics of a good theory. With Kepler's work, accuracy and simplicity blossomed simultaneously from the heliocentric hypothesis. Kepler's model and mathematical methods began the development of physics as we know it. His work was a watershed of quantitative thought and a new worldview.Observation of nature and experimental results typically precede the general theories that account for them. The extensive observations of the planets by Tycho Brahe just prior to 1600 provided Kepler with the data he needed to model the solar system accurately and precisely。
专业型硕士研究生英语课文讲义unit 3
Idea Diagram
Great outdoor activities:
Many Americans prefer camping in vehicles called “campers‟. Others travel the country in four-wheel drives carrying canoes or rafts. Other outdoor adventures.
Paragraph 4
• The unique contributions of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National Parks and State Parks. They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of trees .Wherever you go ,you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables and benches, garbage cans and restrooms.
•
As for the landscape, it is enormously varied and spectacular. In the west there are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, with their snow-capped peaks, and in the east the wild, forestcovered Appalachians, whose highest summit is nearly 7000 feet. There is an abundance of waterfall, gentle rivers, lakes that are small and intimate or vast like the Great Lakes, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world
专业型研究生英语课文讲义unit 1
Paragraph 4 Translation
• 然而，有时候作家（的预言）也会出错。 比如说，没有谁预测到个人电脑的出现。 尽管外星人早就是科幻小说的经典题材， 但同来自其他星球的外星人接触似乎仍然 是遥遥无期。
Paragraph 5
• Over the years, the time between the prediction of new technology in science fiction and its actual discovery has become shorter. It took 100 years before the moon landings predicted by the French writer Jules Verne actually took place. The idea of robots first emerged in the 1920s. The first robots were built in the 1970s.And in the 1940s, Arthur.C.Clarke predicted that communication satellites would circle the globe by the year 2000. These arrived 30 years before they were due.
Paragraph 3 Translation
• 科幻小说使得这两个相互对立的群体得以 相遇并交流思想。顾名思义，科幻小说是 预测未来技术以及它给人类社会所带来的 影响的文学形式。多年以来，他们的很多 构想竟然惊人的准确。在成为事实之前， 太空旅行、通讯卫星、核能、机器人、克 隆和移动通讯早已经出现在科幻小说中。
（完整版）复试专业英语
（完整版）复试专业英语复试的专业英语应该是一样的，题型是单词翻译（10个中译英，10个英译中，只要和物理有关的都有可能考，像电容、电阻、电感等词语），1篇中译英的小短文，1篇中译英的小短文，还有两个计算题吧（有记得有一个是和德布罗意波有关的），英语的话需要复习的内容也不太多。
如果你复试考固体物理的话，可以复习下课本上一些重要的名词，要名词解释，其它的你还是参考一下学校复试的参考书目或考查范围吧。
参考那个复习一下。
回复龙腾江:具体的题目我是不记得了，短文都是物理或物理史相关的。
涉及的内容很广，到时候看你平时的积累了。
回复龙腾江: 什么专业的? 去年的英语50分试题10分的中英互译20小题（10个英翻中，10个中翻英）都是关于光学和电学的单词比如晶闸管，二极管，放大器，干涉，衍射，光伏等然后15分的段落英汉互译，我只记得有一个是介绍伽利略的比萨斜塔实验的。
后面两道英文物理应用题，一题是子弹打入木块的经典物理力学题目，动量守恒和动能守恒就可以求解的，比较简单，还有一个光学的题目要用到普朗克常量和定理。
回复龙腾江:专业英语的分数直接记入复试总分。
复试总分=笔试150分+面试100分所以英语考的好或者不好直接影响你的总分。
所以不能单靠英语分数拉开差距这个是一个整体。
英语不能考的太差悄悄话回复龙腾江: 全院统考去年的题目和光学相关的比较多。
因为我这块是学电子的所以你问的那个光学应用题我当时没写出来只记得给的条件很少。
好像是只要有λ=h/p 这个公式答案就出来了不过当时根本不记得公式不记得普朗克常理是多少。
这个英语分数是算在整个复试笔试的分数范畴里的每个专业的专业试题不同导致最后的差距被拉开去年就有初试第一复试后总分倒数的情况出现所以还是要保持状态认真复习的悄悄话回复龙腾江:反正整体来讲不难。
名词互译那里，我其实当时也没有准备。
力学、热学、光学、电磁学和原子物理的专业名词都有出。
你可以看看大学物理书后面附录一般都有专业中英文名词对照表，看个眼熟就可以了吧。
上海交通大学第二学期英语讲义详解版答案Key to Exercise Two
Key to Exercise TwoSection 1. Compound DictationMartha Leathe’s belief is derived from（come from）her experience with children, not so much the one she is taught but her own, the task of raising children is often a test of belief as parents come to realize that their actions provide the lessons that children (1) assimilate同化to be similar . Here is Martha Leathe with her essay for this I believe.Several weeks ago, I got a call from a good friend whose husband had just been diagnosed with (被诊断为)prostate cancer(前列腺癌). “Do we tell the kids?” she asked.“Absolutely,” I answered.“Do we use the C-word （cancer委婉语）?”“Yes, I think you do,” I said. “The boys deserve to know the truth, however heartbreaking it is.”Adults always insist that children be honest, but how many of us are honest with our kids, particularly about the tough stuff: death, sex, (2) corruption（腐败）, our own failings?I believe in telling children the truth. I believe this is vital for their understanding of the world, their (3) confidence and the development of their morals and values.This does not mean kids need to be unnecessarily (4) frightened, or told more than they can handle. When our son was 6, he tagged along紧跟，尾随while his older sister got her nose-ring changed. In the shop, he sifted through （check and sort carefully）a big bin of brightly (5) packaged condoms. “What are these?” he said.“Condoms,” I replied.“What are they for,” he asked. Briefly, I explained what condoms are, (6) precisely where you put them and how they work.“Oh,”he said, clearly (7) disappointed, I think, that they weren’t candy. It wasn’t a lot of information, but it was the truth.Many people think they are protecting children when they spare them the truth. I disagree. I believe children (8) possess an enviable (to be envied) ability to cope with and make sense of what even adults find confounding困惑的.When we are honest with children, we also validate their intuition. If we can admit that, yes, people can be mean, grandma does have a drinking problem, divorce is painful, we allow children to trust their gut. (9) They can begin to recognize and rely on their own inner voice, which will speak to them throughout their lives.Kids also have an uncanny (surpassing the normal异乎寻常) sense of when something is up: They realize when we’re uneasy, they can tell when we’re lying.One night, I was in the car with our two oldest daughters. (10) It was dark and cozy — the perfect time for a heart-to-heart conversation.Out of the blue, one of our kids said, “So, Mom, have you ever smoked pot（大麻）?” I stalled a little, but the girls persisted. They had me, and they knew it. So I told them the truth, albeit（虽然）somewhat abridged（缩略）. What ensued was a frank discussion about the lures and perils of drugs. I believe my honesty was much more effective than warnings or platitudes（陈词滥调）.These same daughters are in college now; we have two other kids still at home. (11) And while I have made plenty of mistakes as a parent, I do have clear and open relationships with each of our kids. I believe that my being truthful with our children has paid off, because I’m pretty sure that now they are honest with me.上述是一篇叙述型的文章，不是考试类型，就练习一下dictation题型及熟悉语音语调和速度。
社会工作专业英语-课堂讲义
Profess ional English for Social Work课程导入:社会工作究竟是一门什么样的课程？我们为什么要学习社会工作？学习它有什么用？对社会工作有多少了解？请说出你所知道的社会工作概念。
请说出你所知道的社会工作学者。
请说出你所知道的社会工作著作。
请你说说社会工作和社会学是什么关系。
一个简单的说明:《社会工作：专业英语》是社会工作的基础理论学科，也是社会工作的必修课程。
本课程的教学安排旨在提供基本的概念和理论知识，是进入社会工作领域高阶学习的基础。
Chapter One Social work: IntroductionPart 1、专业知识点学习-句子1、Social work is a profession that focuses particularly on helping people.2、Social work helps people to solve their personal, family and community problems.3、Social work emphasizes human values.4、Social work practice is an art with a scientific and value foundation.5、The family is often regarded as the case in social work.6、Social work has distinctive professional bodies.7、The relationship is the key in the social work process.8、Most social workers are employed in agency settings.9、Traditionally social workers have provided services and therapy for individuals and families.10、The basic functions of social work are intertwined and interdependent.11、Most social workers are on fixed salaries.12 、Fees are utilized for the welfare of the agency.13 、We find that people are still center of the world and its values.14 、As people live together, problems of relationship and interaction emerge.15 、Fifteen-second ads channeled into our homes are common.16 、Use of drugs is on the increase around the world.17 、”computer criminals” are on the scene18 、The school counselor and the social worker share much in common.19 、In one sense, social work is a part of marriage counseling.20 、Social work today is utilized in a variety of settings and agencies.Part 2、专业知识点学习-翻译1、有些人将咨询员的角色与作用和社会工作者的角色与作用混为一谈。
考研英语复习诀窍+所有复习资料下载地址
考研英语复习诀窍+所有复习资料下载地址前几月也写过一个帖子，谈了医学考研的复习思路，好像已经石沉大海了。
今天又有学弟学妹问我考研心得，问我有没有什么窍门之类的，我苦想了3分钟，说“没有什么啊”。
现在想一想，研究生英语考了不错的分数，其中一定还是有些值得注意的东西吧，叫做窍门也好，经验也罢，总之拿出来，给大家开阔一下思路吧。
首先是要用多长时间复习英语，这是个问题。
应该说，我从来都没有完全丢开英语。
英语是一门语言，想提高英语成绩必须按照语言自身的规律。
首当其冲的就是培养对英语的兴趣。
有很多人在一开始就把英语视为仇敌，还有很多人从来都把英语丢在一边，到了要考试了才开始突击背单词、做阅读。
这些都是不对的，也不可能英语的高分。
如果你能在过去的1年里，经常看英文书报，杂志，小说，网站，听英文广播，英文歌，看欧美电影，那么你会有良好的语感。
事实证明，良好的语感对阅读和写作有太大的帮助了。
如果你能做到专业书尽量读英文版的，那么你的英语阅读水平一定了得了。
所以说，英语的复习是从平时的点滴积累中开始的。
没有平日的积累很难靠突击来提高多少成绩。
当然，考前的针对性复习的主要意义在于使你适应考试的氛围。
而且，临阵磨枪不快也光啊！其次，需要背多少单词？其实问这个问题就是错误的。
再一次，英语是一门语言。
考研大纲规定了大约5500个单词。
即使你对这5500个单词都很熟悉了，可能你读到考研英语阅读的文章还是会磕磕绊绊，而当你读到外国小说的时候你才会发现原来不认得的单词更多。
那么我们应该怎么看这5500单词呢？首先，这是一个基础。
当你达到这5500的词汇量的时候也意味着你对英语的构词法则有了一定的了解，对词根、词缀有了一定的认识，由此你可以在阅读中通过推测，派生等办法认得更多的单词。
但是单词本身毕竟不是语言，最终还是要回到语言中去。
我们中国人学外语还是主要以书面语言为主，所以，多阅读是唯一的出路。
我发现现在周围的人特别是工作以后，越来越没有阅读的习惯了。
数学专业英语第2章课后答案上课讲义
数学专业英语第2章课后答案上课讲义2.12.比:ratio 比例:proportion 利率:interest rate 速率:speed 除:divide 除法:division 商:quotient 同类量:like quantity 项:term 线段:line segment 角:angle 长度:length 宽:width高度:height 维数:dimension 单位:unit 分数:fraction 百分数:percentage3.(1)一条线段和一个角的比没有意义,他们不是相同类型的量.(2)比较式通过说明一个量是另一个量的多少倍做出的,并且这两个量必须依据相同的单位.(5)为了解一个方程,我们必须移项,直到未知项独自处在方程的一边,这样就可以使它等于另一边的某量.4.(1)Measuring the length of a desk, is actually comparing the length of the desk to that of a ruler.(3)Ratio is different from the measurement, it has no units. The ratio of the length and the width of the same book does not vary when the measurement unit changes.(5)60 percent of students in a school are female students, which mean that 60 students out of every 100 students are female students.2.22.初等几何:elementary geometry 三角学:trigonometry 余弦定理:Law of cosines 勾股定理/毕达哥拉斯定理:Gou-Gu theorem/Pythagoras theorem 角:angle 锐角:acute angle 直角:right angle 同终边的角:conterminal angles 仰角:angle of elevation 俯角:angle of depression 全等:congruence 夹角:included angle 三角形:triangle 三角函数:trigonometric function直角边:leg 斜边:hypotenuse 对边:opposite side 临边:adjacentside 始边:initial side 解三角形:solve a triangle 互相依赖:mutually dependent 表示成:be denoted as 定义为:be defined as3.(1)Trigonometric function of the acute angle shows the mutually dependent relations between each sides and acute angle of the right triangle.(3)If two sides and the included angle of an oblique triangle areknown, then the unknown sides and angles can be found by using the law of cosines.(5)Knowing the length of two sides and the measure of the included angle can determine the shape and size of the triangle. In other words, the two triangles made by these data are congruent.4.(1)如果一个角的顶点在一个笛卡尔坐标系的原点并且它的始边沿着x轴正方向，这个角被称为处于标准位置.(3)仰角和俯角是以一条以水平线为参考位置来测量的,如果正被观测的物体在观测者的上方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的角叫做仰角.如果正被观测的物体在观测者的下方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的的角叫做俯角.(5)如果我们知道一个三角形的两条边的长度和对着其中一条边的角度,我们如何解这个三角形呢?这个问题有一点困难来回答,因为所给的信息可能确定两个三角形,一个三角形或者一个也确定不了.2.32.素数:prime 合数:composite 质因数:prime factor/prime divisor 公倍数:common multiple 正素因子: positive prime divisor 除法算式:division equation 最大公因数:greatest common divisor(G.C.D) 最小公倍数: lowest common multiple(L.C.M) 整除:divide by 整除性:divisibility 过程:process 证明:proof 分类:classification 剩余:remainder辗转相除法:Euclidean algorithm 有限集:finite set 无限的:infinitely 可数的countable 终止:terminate 与矛盾:contrary to3.(1)We need to study by which integers an integer is divisible, that is , what factor it has. Specially, it is sometime required that an integer is expressed as the product of its prime factors.(3)The number 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number;A composite number in addition to being divisible by 1 and itself, can also be divisible by some prime number.(5)The number of the primes bounded above by any given finite integer N can be found by using the method of the sieve Eratosthenes.4.(1)数论中一个重要的问题是哥德巴赫猜想,它是关于偶数作为两个奇素数和的表示.(3)一个数,形如2p-1的素数被称为梅森素数.求出5个这样的数.(5)任意给定的整数m和素数p,p的仅有的正因子是p和1,因此仅有的可能的p和m的正公因子是p和1.因此,我们有结论:如果p是一个素数,m是任意整数,那么p整除m,要么(p,m)=1.2.42.集:set 子集:subset 真子集:proper subset 全集:universe 补集:complement 抽象集:abstract set 并集:union 交集:intersection 元素:element/member 组成:comprise/constitute包含:contain 术语:terminology 概念:concept 上有界:bounded above 上界:upper bound 最小的上界:least upper bound 完备性公理:completeness axiom3.(1)Set theory has become one of the common theoretical foundation and the important tools in many branches of mathematics.(3)Set S itself is the improper subset of S; if set T is a subset of S but not S, then T is called a proper subset of S.(5)The subset T of set S can often be denoted by {x}, that is, T consists of those elements x for which P(x) holds.(7)This example makes the following question become clear, that is, why may two straight lines in the space neither intersect nor parallel.4.(1)设N是所有自然数的集合,如果S是所有偶数的集合,那么它在N中的补集是所有奇数的集合.(3)一个非空集合S称为由上界的,如果存在一个数c具有属性:x<=c对于所有S中的x.这样一个数字c被称为S的上界.(5)从任意两个对象x和y，我们可以形成序列（x，y），它被称为一个有序对，除非x=y，否则它当然不同于（y，x）.如果S和T是任意集合，我们用S*T表示所有有序对（x,y),其中x术语S，y属于T.在R.笛卡尔展示了如何通过实轴和它自己的笛卡尔积来描述平面的点之后，集合S*T 被称为S和T的笛卡尔积.2.52.竖直线:vertical line 水平线:horizontal line 数对:pairs of numbers 有序对:ordered pairs 纵坐标:ordinate 横坐标:abscissas 一一对应:one-to-one 对应点:corresponding points圆锥曲线:conic sections 非空图形:non vacuous graph 直立圆锥:right circular cone 定值角:constant angle 母线:generating line 双曲线:hyperbola 抛物线:parabola 椭圆:ellipse退化的:degenerate 非退化的:nondegenerate 任意的:arbitrarily 相容的:consistent 在几何上:geometrically 二次方程:quadraticequation 判别式:discriminant 行列式:determinant3.(1)In the planar rectangular coordinate system, one can set up aone-to-one correspondence between points and ordered pairs of numbers and also a one-to-one correspondence between conic sections and quadratic equation.(3)The symbol can be used to denote the set of ordered pairs （x，y）such that the ordinate is equal to the cube of the abscissa.（5）According to the values of the discriminate，the non-degenerate graph of Equation （iii）maybe known to be a parabola， a hyperbolaor an ellipse.4.（1）在例1，我们既用了图形，也用了代数的代入法解一个方程组（其中一个方程式二次的，另一个是线性的）。
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词缀有语法意义（屈折词缀－－比较级， 单复数），或表次要意义（派生词缀）。
precept pre-
detain
de-
insist
in-
monograph mono-
overrate over-,
前缀
accidentally physicist tailless government synonymous
用连字符：reading-room, show-off, world-famous
也有分开写的：dining room, steam engine, home sickness, chewing gum， traffic sick
转化法 (conversioБайду номын сангаас)
一个词不改变词的形态，只是使词从一种 词类转化为另一种词类，从而具有新意和 作用，成为一个新词。
前两个属于积极词汇（active vocabulary) 后两个属于消极词汇（passive vocabulary)
英语单词的结构
词素(morpheme)：是词的组成成分，是语
言中语音和语义的最小结合体。
自由形式（free form): book, walk, table, bad, … 粘着形式（bound form): telegram, tolerate,
构词能力强的动词：-ise/ize, -ify, …
注意: 在专业英语中构词能力强弱与出现频率 的差别,如-ful, -ly, …
复合法 (compound)
把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在 一起构成新词的方法。
homework, flowerpot, fire power, hard disk, whenever, chewing gum, …
构词能力强的前缀：re-, pre-, non-, un-, de-, anti-, mis-, mal-, co-, pro-, super-, ex-, inter-, over,…
构词能力强的后缀：-er, -ness, -ese, -ism, -ist, -ics, …
构词能力强的形容词：-able, -ish, -less, -ic, …
• 《Oxford English Dictionary》（1989年）500 000个词汇。加上专业术语、方言和新词，超 过 2 000 000个。
受过高等教育的英国人：25000个 中文汉字：3500个足够用。
词汇量的层次
四个层次，掌握的数量依次递增：
1、能说的词汇（speaking vocabulary) 2、能写的词汇（writing vocabulary) 3、能读的词汇（reading vocabulary) 4、能猜的词汇（guess vocabulary)
复合词与词组短语的区别
1）语义－－非简单相加; greenhouse, greenhand
2) 语法结构－－比较特殊; home-made, new-born
3）读音－－重音落在第一个 组成部分上。 blackboard, darkroom
复合词的书写
连写：bedroom, Sunday, fifteen, update
microscope，conductor …
单词可以由一个词素组成，也可以 由两个或两个以上词素组成。
词根和词缀
词素分为：词根（root)和词缀（affix)
词根有词汇语义，表主要意义。
book, case, the, we, and, house, big,
sea, … 自由词根
tolerate, television, microscope,
-ly -ist -less -ment -ous,
后缀
词素列表
自由词根 词根
粘着词根
自由形式
词素
词缀
派生词缀 屈折词缀
前缀 后缀
粘着形式
morpheme, root, affix, derivative, inflection, prefix, suffix
基本构词方法
派生法 (derivation)
专业英语
Special English or
Professional English
教学安排
1、英语词汇的基本构词方法 2、研读专业英文 3、科技英文特点分析 4、专业英语论文写作简介 5、分组英语学术报告
课堂及作业：20% 学术报告：10% 论文写作：70%
英语的词汇
• 英语是一种国际性语言。(80%科技文献） • 英语使用人数近8亿。（使用最广泛）
bike, bicycle kilo, kilogram gas, gasoline
2)、首字母缩略词
IOC International Olympic Committee UN United Nations PRC People’s Republic of China TV television CAD computer assisted design PVC polyvinyl chloride DNA deoxyribonucleic acid cm centimeter g gram
smoke, smoke; hunt, hunt; walk, walk; play, play; elbow, elbow; list, list; skin, skin 主要转化是：动词－名词， 名词－动词
其它构词方法
缩略法 (abbreviation)
1)、截短词
ad, advertisement; exam, examination; photo, photograph; math, mathematics
词缀和词根结合，或者词根和词根 结合构成单词的方法。
duc- (引导，传输)及其变体 duct- 为例：
conduct, introduce, produce, reduce, abduct, deduce, seduce, transduce, …
conduct 1. conductive, 2. conductiveness, 3. conductance, 4. conductible, 5. conductivity, 6. conduction, 7. conductometer, 8. conductor, 9. semiconductor