工商管理英语
工商管理专业英语
一、名词解释1. The plan of action is, at one and the same time, the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through, and methods to use.2. Human needs are states of felt deprivation. Humans have manly complex needs. These include basic physical needs for food, clothing, warmth, and safety; social needs for belonging and affection; and individual needs for knowledge and self-expression.3. Customer value is the difference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product.4. Place, another key marketing-mix tool, includes the various activities the company undertakes to make the product accessible and available to target customers.5. Group technology is a concept that currently is attracting a lot of attention from the manufacturing community.6. Issuing bank is obligated to honor drawings under the L/C regardless of the buyer’s ability or willingness to pay.7. Letter of credit is an instrument issued by a bank on behalf of the importer (buyer) promising to pay the exporter (beneficiary)upon presentation of shipping documents in compliance with the terms stipulated therein.8. Leader ship is a personal relationship in which one person directs, coordinates, and supervises others in the performance of a common task.9. Advising bank. The correspondent bank in the beneficiary’s country to which the issuing bank sends the L/C is commonly referred to as the “advising”.10. Marketing mix is one of the key concepts in modern marketing theory. Marketing mix is the set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market.11. Total quality management means a comprehensive approach to quality by everyone in an organization to provide customers with reliable products and services.二、简答1. What are the features of a good plan of action? P30一个好的行动计划有什么特点：（1）统一性，即一个既能面向整体又能顾及各个部分的行动计划。
(完整版)工商管理专业英语unit10
➢ Total customer cost: The total of all the monetary, time, energy, and psychic costs associated with a marketing offer.
Business School of Nankai University
Text
More than 35 years ago, Peter Drunker insightfully observed that a company’s first task is “to create customers.” However, creating customers can be a difficult task. Today’s customers face a vast array of product and brand choices, price, and suppliers. The company must answer a key question: How do customers make their choices?
➢ dissatisfied: adj. Feeling or exhibiting a lack of contentment or satisfaction. 不满意的，不高兴的感觉或流露不满意或不满足的
➢ consistently: adv. 一贯地， 一向， 始终如一地 ➢ vow: v. To declare or assert: 宣称或断言： ➢ switch: v. To shift, transfer, or divert 改变转变、转移或改换 ➢ affinity: n. A natural attraction or feeling of kinship. 共鸣，吸引
工商管理专业英语Unit 2 The Scope of Managem
整理课件
5
Glossary
• mission ['miʃən]
• n. 使命、任务、代表团 • v. 派遣、传教
• e.g. A starting point is to write a
mission statement that defines why
affordable transportation available to
every person. • 亨利· 福特设想制造出每个人都能负担得起
的交通工具。
整理课件
4
Glossary
• strive [straiv]
• v. 奋斗、努力 strive after/for为...奋 斗 strive toward 向...奋进
整理课件
10
Glossary
• interpersonal [.intə'pə:sənl]
• adj. 人与人之间的、人际关系的
• e.g. Managers also employ skills that
fall into three basic categories:
interpersonal,
Unit 2 The Scope of Management
整理课件tail [in'teil]
• v. 使必须、带来、伴随 • n. 限定继承权 • e.g. Management entails planning,
organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to efficiently reach these goals. • 管理需要计划、组织、协调、领导和控制 资源来有效地达到这些目标。
工商管理专业英语词汇
Unit 1 The Evolution of Management as a Field of Studyevolution n.the process of developing发展generaliz e v. to infer from many particulars 概括autobiography n.the biography of a person written by thatperson 自传memoir n. an account of the person experiences of anauthor 回忆录，自传extremely ad. Being in or attaining the greatest orhighest degree 极度地anthropologist n.someone who studiesanthropology 人类学家perspective n. the way in which a situation or problem in judged so that proper considerationis given to each part 合理观察，视角turnover n. the number of workers hired by an establishment to replacethose whohaveleft in a given period oftime 人员更替数approach n.the method used in dealing with oraccomplishing 方法contingency n. a possibility that must beprepared for可能事件，可能出现的情况dynamic a. characterized by continuouschange 不断变化的confrontation n. discord or a clash of opinionsand ideas 观点或思想的不断冲撞incur v. to acquire or come into 获得compromise v.something that combines qualities or elements of different things 折中interdependent a. mutuallydependent互相依存的characteristic n. a feature that helps toidentify 特性popularity n. the quality or state of being popular普及sole a. of or relating to only one individualor group 单独的reliance n. the act of relying or the state ofbeing reliant依赖，依靠sufficient a. being as much as is needed 充足的alliance n. the act of becoming allied or the condition ofbeing allied 结盟demographic n. of or relating todemography 人口统计complement v.to serve as a complementto 补足Unit 2 The Scope of Managemententail v. to have, impose, or require as a necessary accompaniment or consequence 伴随conform v. to act or be in accord or 使和谐一致agreementenvision v. to picture in themind 想象affordable a. that can beafforded 买得起的strive v. to exert much effort or energy 努力mission n. special assignment given to a person or group 任务informercial n.a commercial television program orrelatively long commercial segment offering consumerinformation商业信息片franchise n. authorization granted tosomeone tosell or distribute a company ’sgoods orservices in a certainarea 特许经营权tactical a. of, relating to, orusing tactics 战术的departmental a. 部门的peer n. a person who has equal standing with anotheror others 同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人interpersonal a. relating to, occurring among, or involvingseveral people 人与人之间的foster v. to promote the growth anddevelopment of 促进pervasive a.having the quality or tendency to pervade orpermeate 渗透性的stakeholder n. one who has a share or aninterest 股东flourish v. to be in a period of highest productivity 活跃automotive a. moving by itself 自动的nonroutine n. 非常规程序analogue n.something that bears an analogy to something else 类似情况Unit 3 What are Orgnizations ? beast n. something a thing 事物organization n. a group of people with special purpose, such as a club or business 团体，组织，机构，社团invention n. something invented 发明物contrivance n. device or tool, esp. one made by an individual for aparticular puipose 发明物；器械patronage n.all the patrons of a shop, hotel, etc,as a group 为了赞助而产生的impact n. the force of an idea, invention, system, etc.影响力perspective n. the way in which a matter is judged, so thatconsideration andimportanceis five to each part 判断事物的方法association n. the act of joining or the state of being joined with somebody or something 联合；结合；结交very a. (used for giving force to an expression)(用于强调)正是；完全；实在whim n. a sudden idea or wish, often not reasonable 突起的（怪）念头；一时的兴致fancy n. an image, opinion, or idea imagined and not basedon fact无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法achieve v. to finish successfully 完成；实现soul n. a person 人；灵魂guidelines n.the main points about something which is to bedealt with指导方针；行动纲领bridge v. to build a brige across 架桥gap n. an amount of distance prdifference 差异；差距；歧异by virtueof in virtue of 依靠；由于surviva l n.something which has continued to exist from anearlier time 生存behavior n. way of behaving 行为；举动subset n. a set contained within a set 子集maintenance n.the act of maintaining 维持；维护；保养；赡养turnover n. the number of workers that are hired by a firmto fill the places of workers who have left in a particularperiod 人员更新efficiency n. the state or quality of being efficient 功效；效率；效能intellectual a. concerning the intellect 智力的limitation n. the fact or conditions of limiting orbeing limited 限制事实或状态chart n. information written ordraw inthe form of a picture graph,etc. ,usu. Withthe intention of making itunderstood 图表predict v. to see or describe in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 预言；预测Unit 4 Developing Qpality and Competitive Advantageinnovative a. marked by or given to innovations 革新的，创新的optimize v. to make as perfect or effective aspossible使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效medieval a. relating or belonging to the MiddleAges 中世纪的tenant n. one that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property ownedbyanother 佃户usher v. to precede and introduce 宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创exotic a. intriguingly unusual ordifferent 异乎寻常的；奇异的strenuous a.requiring great effort, energy, orexertion 艰巨的，需要巨大努力、能量或投入的hazardous a. marked by danger 带有危险性的；危险的artificial intelligence the ability ofmachine toperform those activities that arenormally thought to requireintelligence 人工智能navigational n.an original type,from,or instance that serves as a model on whichlater stages are based or judged原型chassis n.the rectangular steel frame,supportedon springs and attached to theaxles, that holds the body and motor of an automotivevehicle 底盘carousel n. a circular conveyor on which objects are displayedor rotated 旋转式传送带outmaneuver v. to overcome by artful, clevermaneuvering智胜，在机智、谋略上胜过CEO Chief Executive Officer 执行总裁Unit 5 Competitive Industry Environment Analysislong-term a.involving, maturing after, or being in effect fora long time 长期的aggregation n. a group or formed bythis 集合体carbonated a. containing carbondioxide 充了碳酸气的root beer n. 以黄樟油、冬青油为香料的无醇饮料ale n. any of various type of beer, esp. one that ispale in color麦酒caffeine n. a bitter white alkaloid,C8H10N4O2 咖啡因alignment n.the act of aligning or the condition of being aligned 结盟meaningless a.having no meaning orsignificance 无意义的，无价值的withdrawal n. retreat of military force in the face of enemy or after a defeat撤退verticalintegration垂直统一管理interactive a. acting or capable of acting oneach other互相作用的deli a delicatessen 熟食店n.buffet n. a meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed in a table orsideboard 自助餐nutrition n. the process of nourishing or being nourished 营养slacken v. to make or become less vigorous 缓和pharmaceutical a. of or relating to pharmacy orpharmacists 制药的neuroscience n. any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal withthe nervous system 神经科学inflammatory a. characterized or caused by inflammation 发炎的niche n. a special are of demand for a product or service 产品或服务所需的特殊领域preemptive a. undertaken or initiated to deter or prevent an anticipated, usually unpleasantsituation or occurrence 先发制人的entrant n. one that enters, especially one that enters a competition 参加竞赛者cellular phone n. 便携式电话dramatically ad. catching and holding theimaginationby unusual appearance oreffects 戏剧地，引人注目地replenishment n. something added to complete a thing, make up for adeficiency补给，补充backward integration后向合并alleviate v. to make morebearable 减轻oleomargarine n. margarine 人造黄油，人造奶油tinplate n. very thin sheets of iron or steelcovered with tin 镀锡铁皮；马口铁maturity n. the state or quality of being fully frownor developed 成熟shakeout n.经济衰退cereal n.a grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which areused as food 谷物razor n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument usedespecially forshaving the face orremovingother bodyhair剃刀Unit 6 Materials and Process ~ Management of a Companyinventor y n. the quantity of goods and materialson hand 库存submit v. to commit to the consideration or judgment ofanother 使⋯⋯听从bidder n. one who attempts to win a contract bybidding 投标人obsolete a. outmoded in design, style, orconstruction 过时的establis h v. to set up 建立resource n. the total means available to acompanyfor increasingproductionorprofit, including plant, labor, and raw material储备力量stockpil e v.a supply stored for future use, usually carefully accruedand maintained 储存calculat e v.to make an estimateof 计算interchange v. to give and receive mutually 交换telecommunication n. the electronic systems used in transmitting messages, as by telegragh,cable, telephone, radio, ortelevision电讯executive n. a person or group havingadministrative or managerialauthority in anorganization 经营管理人simulation n. representation of the operation orfeaturesof one process or systemthroughthe use ofanother 模拟principl e n. a fixed or predetermined policy or modeof action 准则eliminat e v. ti get ridof 消除multifunction a. 多功能的flexible a . responsive to adelay 可变通的；灵活的holdup n . an interruption or a delay 停顿incentiv e n. something, such as the fea r of punishment or the expectati onof reward, that induces action or motivates effort 诱因；动机coordinate v . to harmonize in a common action oreffort 调整Unit 7 Operating Statement of aCompanywholesale a. of, relating to, or engaged in the sale of goods in largequantities for resale批发clarity n. clearness of thought orstyle 清晰readabilit y n . interesting or easy toread 易读，可读性concise a. expressing much in few words 简明的，简洁的inventor y n. the quantity of goods and materialson hand 库存grosssales销售总额netsales扣除销货折扣和退货后净额margin n. the minimum return that an enterprise may earn still payfor itself 最低利润grossprofit毛利，总利润，利润毛额salessalaries销售人员的工资advertising expense 广告费用officesalaries办公室或一般文秘人员工资miscellaneous a. made up of a variety of parts or ingredients 混杂的seemingly ad. apparently; ostensibly 表面上地skeleton n. a supporting structure or framework 构架invoice n.a detailed list ofgoodsshipped or services rendered, with an account ofall costs发货清单refund n. a repayment offunds退款cancellations n. the act or an instance of canceling 取消Unit 8 Human Resource Management: An Overviewutilization n. making use of 利用；使用mesh v. to connect结合；相合representative n. a person acting in place of one or more other 代表；代理capitaln. money used for starting a business 资金primary a.chief; main 主要的supervisor n.one who is in charge of a particular department orunit, as in a governmental agency or school system 监督；管理人员cosmetic n. a preparation such as face-cream, body-powder, etc. , intended to make the skinor hair more beautiful 化妆品substantive a. expressing existence表示存在的insight n. the power ofusingone’s mind to understand something deeply,without help from outside information 洞察力；见识catalyst n.a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemicalactivity to quicken 催化剂energizer n. something or somebody that gives energy to 使活跃的人或物quit v. infml to stop andleave 停止；辞职recruitment n. 招聘，招工mission n.a group ofpeople,esp. people acting for their country, who are sentabroad forspecial reason 使团，代表团；任务，使命plague v. to cause continual discomfort, suffering, or trouble to, to makerather angry折磨，烦恼；使得灾祸compensation n. 赔偿金，赔偿费，赔偿物self-esteem n. one’sgood or too good opinion of one ’sown worth 自尊心；自大，自负。
工商管理专业英语答案
工商管理专业英语答案【篇一：工商管理专业英语(郑琦,华东师范大学出版社)课后习题及翻译】翻译contingent dynamic conflict compromise interdependent reliancepopularitysufficientinsightsgeneralizememoirsclassic management sciencebehavioralintegrate sole1、the managers described their own experiences and triedto (generalize) the principles they believed could be applied in similar situations.管理人员描述了自己的经历和试图推广的原则，他们认为可以应用在类似的情况下。
2、even today ,a great deal of what we know about management comes from the autobiographies and （memoirs）of men and women who are or have been practicing managers.甚至在今天, 我们所了解的管理学也都出自于那些管理人员的自传和论文集。
3、according to the text ,the three well-establishedapproaches to management thought are the (classical) approach ,which focuses on the task of managing work and organizations ;the (behavioral) approach ,which focuses on the task of managing people;and the (managementscience)approach,which focus on the task of production and operations.根据本文，管理思想中有三个行之有效的方法，分别是古典方法、行为方法和管理学科学方法，其中古典方法专注于管理工作和组织的任务,行为方法专注于管理人的任务，管理学科学方法专注于生产和运营的任务。
工商管理专业英语
工商管理专业英语第一篇：工商管理专业英语工商管理专业英语重点一．名词解释：1.whatisamanager?答：Amanager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals.2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers?答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers.3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work?答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent)planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense.4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing?答：Modular corporations come into being.二．选词填空1.Adrian was in charge of theallocation of available funds.2.Our firm is orientedtowards the export side of the business.3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.4.Thegraphic displays will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output.panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovativepersonnels.6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management.8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of anorganization.9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production.10.general managers areresponsiblefor the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division.11.He carried out a number offraudson trusting people who lent him money..12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates.14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place.15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision.16.Half of the medical supplies have already beenallocated to the victims of the earthquake.17.Can youdifferentiatethis kind of rose from the others?18.The factory haslaid offworkers because of the drop in sales.19.They were blame for their failure to hold downexpenditure.20.The companyhas slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive.21.The company is trying todiversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares.22.Mr.Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went beyond him to deal with the whole situation.23.Tom, my next door neighbor, isexemptform military service because of his poor health.24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis.25.Mr.White declared that he was notli able for his partner’s debts.26.The employees sued their manager for breach of contract.27.If we cannot keep on holding the edge in the services, we’ll lose our share in market.28.Nowadays, the manufacturing industry cannotmake do without services.29.T o merge or not to merge—that’s the question.The board of the company hasdeferred the decision to do it.30.A country’sinfrastructureservices must develop with its economic growth because no advanced society can be without these services.31.三．翻译英译汉：1.Sometimes, though, a first-line manager is a recent college graduate who is responsible for the work of both hourly employees and professionals.Such a first-line manager is likely to have little hands-on ck of experience isn’t a problem if the new manager is willing to learn and has the competence to communicate with diverse types of people , to coach and counsel subordinates, and to provide constructive constructive feedback.答;然而有时一个第一线经理是新来的大学毕业生，负责管理计时雇员和专业人员的工作。
工商管理专业英语unit1-The-Evolut
• reliance: n.The act of relying or the state of being reliant. 依赖依靠
• sufficient: adj. Being as much as is needed. 充足的 • characteristic: n. A feature that helps to identify, tell
Unit One The Evolution of Management as a Field of Study
Glossary
• evolution: n . The process of developing. 发展 • generalize: v. To infer from many particulars. 概括. • autobiography: n. The biography of a person
➢ Behavioral Approach (to Management)
also called behavioral school to management, （管理学） 行为（研究）方法 here it refers to a body of literature characterized by its concern for human behavior in the work environment. The school’s primary means for acquiring knowledge is scientific method, with emphasis on research. Chronologically, the behavioral approach to management thought followed the classical approach. Its first phase was identified with human relations theory, popular in the 1940s and early 1950s. Its second phase was the behavioral science approach, which came into popular use in the early 1950s.
工商管理专业英语
affordable adj. 支付得起的、不太昂贵的 v. afford 担负得起、提供、给予 affordable housing 经济适用房
3. 3. Focus: specific regional market or customer groups
Managerial Structure
First-line managers middle managers
top managers
Strategic goals
tactical objectives operational objectives
adj. 客观的、真实的、目标的
Management pyramid 管理金字塔、管理组织结构 Top managers 高层管理者（通常包括CEO, COO, CFO, CIO等） Strategic goals 战略目标（全局的、总体的目标） Middle managers 中层管理者（通常包括部门经理、分公司经理等） Tactical objectives 战术目标（部门的目标、服从于strategic
New Manager
1.Thinks of self as sponsor（发起者主 办 者 ） , team leader, or internal consultant（顾问）. 2.Deals with anyone necessary to get the job done. 3.Changes organizational structures in response to market change. 4.Invites others to join in decision making. 5.Shares information.
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The city took on an air of prosperity. 这个城市呈现出繁荣的景象。
for-profit [fə'prɔfit] adj. 营利的
Not-for-profit organization
非营利组织
Coordinate： vt. 调整；整合 ，协调
游泳时你必须使臂和腿的动作相协调。
质量管理 项目管理 信息管理 风险管理 财务管理 quality management project Management information Management risk Management Financial Management
New words
Organization
Effect
[ɪ'fekt]
n.效应；结果；影响；印象；效果；要旨；(pl v.使产生；引起 The aspirins soon took effect. 服下的阿司匹林药片很快见效了。
Efficiently
[ɪ'fɪʃntli]
with efficiency; in an efficient manner adv.高效率地；有效地
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Controlling includes: 设置业绩标准 按照标准衡量当前业绩 采取措施纠正偏差 如果必要的话就调整标准
L/O/G/O
Language Focus
Second, as managers, they are the people responsible for supervising the use of an organization‟s human and other resources to achieve its goals. responsible for supervising the use of an organization‟s human and other resources to achieve its goals.是一个形容词短语，作定语，修饰和限定the people,可 以在该短语前面加上who are 使其变为一个定语从句。To achieve its goals 是一个动词不动式短语，作目的状语。
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Organizing activities include: 吸引人加入组织 明确工作责任 工作分类 资源配置 创造条件使人事和谐
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Leading: is stimulating people to be high performers. It is directing, motivating, and communicating with employees, individually and in group.
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Organizing:
组织就是对人力、财务、物质、信息和其他 实现目标所需资源的分配和协调。
L/O/G/O
rial functions
Organizing activities include: Attracting people to the organization Specifying job responsibilities Grouping jobs into work units Marshalling and allocating resources Creating conditions
Managerial functions
Planning ：
计划就是确定组织目标并确定好实现目标 的方法．
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Three steps in planning process:
goals Action to attain those goals Allocate resources
Assignment
1、Please memorize all the words and phrases we learned 2、please answer the beginning questions with proper information.
3、Preview part B
The
author authority Authorities The authorities believe there is a mole at the Treasury. 当局认为财政部里有内奸。
Phrases
Come to mind Have sth in common Be responsible for Raw material 想起、回忆起 共有 为….负责 原材料
Understanding of the passage
underline all the words and phrases you are not familiar with, and sentences you don‟t understand.
Language points Management: [‘mænidʒmənt] The act, manner, or practice of managing;handling,supervision,or control n. 管理 ；处理；经营 e.g
•You must coordinate the movements of your arms and legs when swimming.
supervise [„suːpəvaɪz] vt. 监督，管理；指导 vi. 监督，管理；指导
在政府的监管下
to be supervised by the government
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Controlling: the management function of monitoring progress and making needed changes.
监督进展并进行必要的改变就是控 制．
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
是对组织的人力及其他资源进行计划、组织、领 导和控制，从而有效率和有效果地实现组织目标。
Management
Team work ? = Working with others
Managerial functions
Four basic managerial functions: Planning 计划 Organizing 组织 Leading 领导 Controlling 控制
Commit 犯罪；承诺；委托；托付 commit oneself on 对...表态 commit oneself to 委身于， 专心致....
committed adj.忠诚的；坚定的；献身于某种事业的；委托的 He was a strongly committed comrade of the Party. 他是一个对党非常忠诚的同志。
Management
It is the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently
管 理
？
全球第一CEO —Jack Welch(杰克· 韦尔奇)
原通用电气（GE）董事长兼CEO
(Chief Executive Officer )
从1981年入主通用电器起，在短短的20年 时间里，他使通用电器的市值达到4500亿 美元，增长30多倍，排名从世界第十位提 升至第二位。杰克· 韦尔奇是二十世纪商界名 副其实的传奇人物 三个圈管理理念 在管理上，杰克更是独创了许多方法，最为 著名的莫过于“聚会”、“突然视察”、“手写 便条” 。杰克懂得“突然”行动的价值。
End
[ɔːrɡənə„zeɪʃn]
n,组织，机构，团体
a group of people who work together a group of persons organized for a particular purpose
New words
prosperity ：[prɒ'speriti] n.繁荣；昌盛
领导就是激励人们成为绩效杰出者，就 是指导、激励与员工个人或群体的沟通。
L/O/G/O
Managerial functions
Leading involves: Close day-to-day contact with employees Helping to guide and inspire employees 与员工保持紧密的日常联系 指导和激励员工
C
hapter
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会计学院-李秀珍
Objectives
1. learning the language points 2. Understand what is organizations 3. Master what is management 4. Know the functions of management
Affect:动词(及物)，主要指一时的影响，着重影 响的动作，可指一般意义的影响(不分好坏)，也 可指不良影响。 affect＝have an effect on
The news did not affect her at all.＝The news had no effect on her at all.
Controlling includes: Set standards of performance Measure current performance against those standards Take action to correct any deviations Adjust the standards if necessary.