经济学原理 谭春枝第6章 课后习题答案)
经济学原理练习题答案
经济学原理练习题答案 It was last revised on January 2, 2021《经济学原理》总目录第一篇导论第二篇微观经济理论第三篇宏观经济理论第一章导论一、单项选择1、作为经济学的两个组成部分，微观经济学与宏观经济学是（）A．互相对立的 B．没有任何联系的 C．相互补充的 D．部分联系的2、古典经济学家亚当·斯密所谓的“看不见的手”是指（）A．技术 B．信息 C．价格 D．行政命令3、经济学研究的基本问题是（）A．生产什么 B．如何生产 C．为谁生产 D．以上都是4、资源的稀缺性是指（）。
A．世界上的资源最终会由于人们生产更多的物品而消耗光B．相对于人们无穷的欲望而言，资源总是不足的C．生产某种物品所需资源的绝对数量很少D．由于存在资源浪费而产生的稀缺5、微观经济学解决的问题是（）。
A．资源配置 B．资源利用 C．市场出清 D．完全理性6、宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。
A．失业理论 B．通货膨胀理论C．国民收入决定理论 D．经济增长理论7、关于实证经济学与规范经济学说法正确的是（）A．两者并不是绝对相互排斥的，而应当是相互补充的。
B．规范经济学是以实证经济学为基础，而实证经济学则是以规范经济学作为指导的。
C．一般来说，越是具体的问题，实证的成分越多，而越是高层次的、决策性的问题，就越具有规范性。
D．以上说法都对二、多项选择1、微观经济学的主要内容包括（）A．体格决定理论 B．消费者行为理论C．生产者行为理论 D．市场理论和分配理论等2、宏观经济学的基本内容有（）A．宏观经济政策 B．经济周期与增长理论C．国民收入决定理论 D．失业与通货膨胀理论3、下列关于资源稀缺性的正确的说法有（）A．资源稀缺性是相对于欲望的无限性而言的B．地球上的资源本来就少C．资源稀缺性存在于世界各地D．资源稀缺性存在于人类历史的各个时期三、判断题1、资源的稀缺性决定了资源可以得到充分的利用，不会出现资源浪费的现象。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(同名1326)
第4篇公共部门经济学第10章外部性10.1 复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．外部性的含义外部性是指一个经济主体的行为对其他人产生了影响，但并不为此承担相应成本或获得相应收益。
外部性分为正的外部性和负的外部性。
正的外部性是指经济主体的行为对其他人产生了好的影响，但并没有获得相应收益；负的外部性是指经济主体的行为对其他人产生了不好的影响，但并没有为此承担相应成本。
2．外部性与经济效率外部性的影响会造成私人成本和社会成本，或私人收益与社会收益之间的不一致，因此容易造成市场失灵，使市场无效率。
负外部性使生产的社会成本大于私人成本，所以社会供给曲线位于市场供给曲线之上，市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量，该产品的生产出现过剩。
正外部性使生产的社会收益大于私人收益，所以社会价值曲线位于市场需求曲线之上，市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量，该产品的生产出现短缺。
3．解决外部性的方法（1）科斯定理科斯定理是揭示市场经济中产权安排、交易成本和资源配置效率之间关系的原理。
其内容是：在交易费用为零时，只要产权初始界定清晰，并允许经济当事人进行谈判交易，就可以导致资源的有效配置。
科斯定理在于说明，只要假设条件成立，市场势力就足够大，从而外部性问题总能通过市场自身来解决，而不需要政府的干预。
（2）私人解决外部性的方法①用道德规范和社会约束来解决；②慈善行为；③通过依靠有关各方的私利来解决外部性问题；④利益各方签订合约。
私人经济主体可能通过以上方式解决外部性问题，但在现实中，由于一些限制性因素，使得私人主体并不能很好地解决外部性引起的问题。
《经济学原理》第六章供给word精品文档15页
第六章供给、需求与政府政策在本章你将——考察政府实行价格上限政策的影响考察政府实行价格下限政策的影响考虑对一种物品征税如何影响该物的价格和销售量知道对买者征税和对卖者征税是等价的了解税收负担如何在买者和卖者之间的分摊经济学家有两种作用。
作为科学家，他们提出并检验解释我们周围世界的理论。
作为决策者，他们用自己的理论努力使世界变得更好。
前两章的中心是，他们作为科学家。
我们已经说明了供给和需求如何决定一种物品的价格与该物品的销售量。
我们还说明了各种事件如何使供给与需求移动，从而改变均衡价格和数量。
本章中我们将第一次考察政策。
在这里我们要分析各种仅仅使用供求工具的政府政策。
正如你将看到的，这种分析得出了一些令人惊讶的见解。
政策往往产生出一些使其设计者不想要或没有预见到的影响。
我们从探讨直接控制价格的政策开始。
例如，租金控制法规定了房东可以向房客收取的最高租金。
最低工资法规定了企业可以向工人支付的最低工资。
当决策者认为一种物品或劳务的市场价格对买者或卖者不公正时，通常会实施价格控制。
但正如我们将看到的，这些政策本身会引起一些不公平。
在讨论价格控制以后，我们接着考虑税收的影响。
决策者既要用税收去影响市场结果，又要用税收增加用于公共目标的收益。
虽然我们经济中税收的普遍性是显而易见的，但它们的影响却不然。
例如，当政府对企业向其工人支付的工资征税时，是企业还是工人承担了税收负担?在我们运用供求这种有力的工具之前，答案完全是不清楚的。
价格控制为了说明价格控制如何影响市场结果，我们再来看看冰激凌市场。
正如我们在第四章中所说明的，如果在一个没有政府管制的竞争市场上出售冰激凌，冰激凌的价格调整使供求平衡：在均衡价格时，买者想买的冰激凌的数量正好等于卖者想卖的冰激凌的数量。
具体来说，假设均衡价格是每个3美元。
并不是每个人对这种自由市场过程的结果都感到满意。
比如说，美国冰激凌消费者协会抱怨，3美元价格太高，无法使每个人每天享受一个冰激凌（该协会推荐的食品）。
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解【讲解】
目 录第一部分 笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频讲解]第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第2章 像经济学家一样思考2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题详解第3章 相互依存性与贸易的好处3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题详解第2篇 市场如何运行第4章 供给与需求的市场力量4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题详解第5章 弹性及其应用5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第6章 供给、需求与政府政策6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第3篇 市场和福利第7章 消费者、生产者与市场效率7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题详解第8章 应用：赋税的代价8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题详解第9章 应用：国际贸易9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题详解第4篇 公共部门经济学第10章 外部性10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第11章 公共物品和公共资源11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第12章 税制的设计12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题详解第5篇 企业行为与产业组织第13章 生产成本13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第14章 竞争市场上的企业14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第15章 垄 断15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第16章 垄断竞争16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第17章 寡 头17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第6篇 劳动市场经济学第18章 生产要素市场18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第19章 收入与歧视19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题详解第20章 收入不平等与贫困20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第7篇 深入研究的论题第21章 消费者选择理论21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第22章 微观经济学前沿22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第二部分 模拟试题及详解曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）模拟试题及详解（一）曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）模拟试题及详解（二）第一部分 笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频讲解]第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理1.1 复习笔记1．经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
宏观经济学原理答案
宏观经济学原理（第六版）梁小民改编Unit 4 Application: International Trade1.The supply curve shows the quantity of a good supplied by sellers, and the demand curve shows the quantity of a good demanded by buyers. When the domestic quantity supplied is greater than the domestic quantity demanded, a country sells the good to other countries, thus the country become an exporter of a good, conversely, the country become an importer of a good.2.P57 图3. Tariff is a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.The economic effects of tariff: The tariff raises the domestic price, domestic sellers are better off, and domestic buyers are worse off. In addition, the government raises revenue. First, when the tariff raises the domestic price above the world price, it encourages domestic producers to increase production. Second, when the tariff raises the price that domestic goods consumers have to pay, it encourages them to reduce consumption of goods.4. There are various arguments for restricting trade: protecting jobs, defending national security, helping infant industries, preventing unfair competition, and responding to foreign trade restrictions. Although some of these arguments have some merit in some cases, economists believe that free trade is usually the better policy.Unit 5 Measuring a Nations Income1. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy car. Because market prices measure the amount people are willing to pay for different goods, they reflect the value of those goods. The luxury car has a higher market value.2. The contribution to GDP is 3$, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that is sold.3. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a music CD; investment, such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order for military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russian.4.Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well- being because real GDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts being produced. If nominal GDP rises, you do not know if that is because of increased production or higher prices.Unit 6 Measuring the Cost of Living1. A 10 percent increase in the price of chicken has a greater effect on the consumer price index than a 10 percent increase in the price of caviar because chicken is a bigger part of the average consumer’s market basket.2. The three problems in the consumer price index as a measure of the cost of living are: (1) substitution bias, which arises because people substitute toward goods thathave become relatively less expensive; (2) the introduction of new goods, which are not reflected quickly in the CPI; (3)unmeasured quality change3. If the price of a Navy submarine rises, there is no effect on the consumer price index, since Navy submarines are not consumer goods. But the GDP price index is affected, since Navy submarines are included in GDP as a part of government purchases.4. Since the overall price level doubled, but the price of the candy bar rose sixfold, the real price (the price adjusted for inflation) of the candy bar tripled.5. The nominal interest rate is the interest rate paid on a loan in dollar terms.The real interest rate is the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation.The real interest rate is the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.Unit 7 Production and Growth1. The four determinants of productivity are: (1) physical capital, which is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services; (2) human capital, which consists of the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience;(3)natural resources, which are inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature; and (4)technological knowledge, which is society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.2. Higher saving means fewer resources are devoted to consumption and more to producing capital goods. The rise in the capital stock leads to rising productivityand more rapid growth in GDP for a while. In the long run, the higher saving rate leads to a higher standard of living. A policymaker might be deterred from trying to raise the rate of saving because doing so requires that people reduce their consumption today and it can take a long time to get a higher standard of living.3. Removing a trade restriction, such as a tariff, would lead to more rapid economic growth because the removal of the trade restriction acts like an improvement in technology. Free trade allows all countries to consume more goods and services.4.The higher the rate of population growth, the lower is the level of GDP per person, because there’s less capital per person, hence lower productivity.5. The U.S government tries to encourage advances in technological knowledge by providing research grants through the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Health, with tax breaks for firms engaging in research and development, and through the patent system.Unit 8 Saving, Investment, and the Financial System1. It is important for people who own stocks and bonds to diversify their holdings because then they will have only small stake in each asset, which reduces risk. Mutual funds make such diversification easy by allowing a small investor to purchase parts of hundreds of different stocks and bonds.2.National saving is the amount of a nation’s income that is not spent on consumption or government purchases. Private saving is the amount of income that households have left after paying their taxes and paying for their consumption.Public saving is the amount of tax revenue that the government has left paying for its spending. The three variables are related because national saving equals private saving plus public saving.3. Investment refers to the purchase of new capital, such as equipment or buildings. It is equal to national saving.4. A change in tax code that might increase private saving is the introduction of a consumption tax to replace the income tax. Since a consumption tax would not tax the returns saving, it would increase the supply of loanable funds, thus lowering interest rates and increasing investment.5. A government budget deficit arises when government spends more than it receives in tax revenue. Since a government budget deficit reduces national saving, it raises interest rates, reduces private investment, and thus reduces economic growth.Unit 9 The Basic Tools of Finance1. Purchasing insurance allows an individual to reduce the level of risk he faces. Two problems that impede the insurance industry from working correctly are adverse selection and moral hazard. Adverse selection occurs because a high-risk person is more likely to apply for insurance than a low-risk person is. Moral hazard occurs because people have less incentive to be careful about their risky behavior after they purchase insurance.2. A stock analyst will consider the future profitability of a firm when determiningthe value of the stock.3. The efficient markets hypothesis suggests that stock prices reflect all avaiable information. This means that we cannot use current information to predict future changes in stock prices. One piece of evidence that supports this theory is the fact that many index funds out perform mutual funds that are actively managed by a professional portfolio manager.Unit 10 Unemployment1.(1)Frictional unemplotment is inevtiable because the economy is always changing. Some firms are shringking while others are expanding. Some regions are experiencing faster growth than other regions. Transitions of workers between firms and between regions are accompanied by temporary unemployment.(2)The government could help to reduce the amount of fritional unemployment by public policies that provide information about job vacancies in order to match workers and jobs more quickly, and through public training programs that help ease the transition of workers from declining to expanding industries and help disadvantaged groups escape poverty.2.Minimum-wage laws are a better explanation for unemployment among teenagers than among college graduates. Teenagers have fewer job-related skills than college graduates do, so their wages are low enough to be affected by the minimum wage. College graduates’wages generally exceed the minimum wage.3.Unions may affect the natural rate of unemployment via the effect on insidersand outsiders. Since unions raise the wage above the equilibrium level, the quantity of labor demanded declines while the quantity supplied of labor rises, so there is unemployment. Insiders are those who keep their jobs. Outsiders, workers who become unemployed, have two choices: either get a job in a firm that is not unionized or remain unemployed and wait for a job to open up in the uion sector. As a result, the natural rate of unemployment is higher than it would be without unions.4.Advocates of unions claim that unions are good for the economy because they are an antidote to the market power of the firms that hire workers and they are important for helping firms respond effeiciently to workers’ concerns.5. Four reasons why a firm’s profits might increase when it raises wages are: (1) better paid workers are healthier and more productive; (2) worker turnover is reduced; (3)worker effort is increased; and (4) the firm can attract higher quality workers.Unit 11 The Monetary System1. Money is different from other assets in the economy because it is most liquid asset available. Other assets vary widely in their liquidity.2. Commodity money is money with intrinsic value, like gold, which can be used for purposes other than as a medium of exchange. Fiat money without intrinsic value, it has no value other than its use as a medium of exchange. Our economy today uses fiat money.3. If the fed wants to increase the supply of money with open-market operation, it purchases U.S government bonds from the public on the open market. The purchase increases the number of dollars in the hand of the public, thus raising the money supply.4. Reserve requirements are regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits. An increase in reserve requirement raises the ratio, lowers the money multiplier, and decreases the money supply.5.The discount rate is the interest rate loans that the Federal Reserve makes to banks. If the Fed raises the discount rate, fewer banks will borrow from the Fed, so banks’ reserves will be lower, and thus the money supply will be lower.6. The Fed cannot control the money supply perfectly because: (1) the Fed does not control the amount of money that households choose to hold as deposits in banks, and (2) the Fed does not control the amount that bankers choose to lend. The actions of households and banks affect the money supply in ways the Fed cannot perfectly control or predict.Unit 12 Money Growth and Inflation1.According to the quantity theory of money, an increase in the quantity of money causes a proportional increase in the price level.2. Nominal variables are those measured in monetary units, while real variables are those measured in physical units. Examples of nominal variables include the prices of goods, wages, and the dollar value of GDP. Examples of real variablesinclude relative prices (the price of one good in terms of anthor), real wages, and real GDP. According to the pricinple of monetary neutrality, only nominal variables are affected by changes in the quantity of money.3.Inflation is like a tax because everyone who holds money loses purchasing power. In a hyperinflation, the government increases the money supply rapidly, which leads to a high rate of inflation. Thus the government uses the inflation tax, instead of taxes on income, to finace its spending.4.According to the Fisher effect, an increase in the inflation rate raises the nominal interest rate by the same amount that the inflation rate increases, with no effect on the real interest rate.5. If inflation is less than expected, creditors benefit and debtors lose. Creditors receive dollar payments from debtors that have a higher real value than was expected.Unit 13 Open-Economy Macroeconomics Basic Concepts 1.The net exporys of a country are the value of its exports minus the value of its imports.Net capital outflow refers to the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners.Net exports are equal to net capital outflow by an accounting identity, since exports from one country to anthor are matched by payments of some asset from the second country to the first.2.Saving equals domestic investment plus net capital outflow, since any dollar saved can be used to finace accumulation of domestic capital or it can be used to fiance the purchase of capital abroad.3.If a dollar can buy 100 yen, the nominal exchange rate is 100 yen per dollar. The real exchange rate equals the nominal exchange rate times the domestic price divided by the foreign price, which equals 100 yen per dollar times $10,000 per Ameican car divided by 500,000 yen per Japanese car, which equals 2 Japanese cars per Ameican car.4.The economic logic behindd the theory of purchasing-power parity is that a good must sell for the same price in all locations. Otherwise, people would profit by engaing in arbitrage.5. If the Fed started printing large quantities of U.S. dollars, the U.S price level would increase, and a dollar would buy fewer Japanese yen.Unit 14 A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy 1.The supply of loanable funds comes from natinal saving, the demand for loanable funds comes from domestic investment and net capital outflow. The supply of doallars in the market for foreign exchange comes from net capital outflow, the demand for dollars in the market for foreign exchange comes from net ecperts. The line between the two martkets is net capital outflow.ernment budget deficits and trade deficits are sometimes called the twin deficits because a governmemt budget deficit often leads to trade deficit. Thedovernment budget deficit leads to reduced national saving, causing the interest rate increase, thus reducing net capital outflow, which in reduces net exports.3.If a union of textile workers encourages people tp buy only Aerican-made clothes, imports would be reduced, so net exports would increase for any given real exchange rate. This would cause the demand curve in the market for foreign exchange to shift to the right, as shown in Figure 2. The result is rise in the real exchange rate, but no effct on the trade balance. The textile industry would import less, but other industries, such as the auto industry. Would import more because of the higher real exchange rate.4. Capital flight is a large and sudden movement of funds out of a country. Capital flight cause the interest rate to increase and the exchange rate to depreciate.Unit 15 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply1.Three aggregate-demand curve is downward sloping because: (1) a decrease in the price level makes consumers feel wealthier, which in turn encourages them to spend more, so there is a larger quantity of goods and services demanded; (2) a lower price level reduces the interest rate, enouraging greater spending on investment, so there is a larger quantity of goods and services demanded; (3) a fall in the U.S. price level causes U.S. interest rates to fall, so the real exchange rate depreciates, stimulating U.S. net exports, so there is a larger quantity of goods and services demande.2.The long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical because in the long run, an economy’s supply of goods and services depends on its supplies of capital, labor, and natural resources and on the available production technology used to turn these resources into goods and services. The price level does not affect these long-run dererminants of real GDP.3. The aggregated-demand curve might shift to the left when something (other than a rise in the price level )causes a reduction in consumption spending(such as a desire for increased saving), a reduction in investment spending(such as increased taxes on the returns to investment), decreased government spending(such as a cutback in defense spending), or reduced net exports(such as when foreign economics go into recession, so our exports fall.)Figure 4 traces through the steps of such a shift in aggregate demand. The economy begins in equilibrium, with short-run aggregate supply, AS1, intersectingaggregate demand, AD1 , at point A. When the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left to AD2 , the economy moves from point A to point B, reducing the price level and the quantity of output. Over time, people adjust their perceptions, wages, and prices, shifting the short-run aggregate-supply curve down to AS2 , and moving the economy from point B to point C, which is back on the long-run aggregate supply curve and has a lower price level.4. The aggregate-supply curve might shift to the left because of a decline in the economy’s capital stock, labor supply, or productivity, or an increase in the natural rate of unemployment, all of which shift both the long-run and short-run aggregate supply curves to the left. An increase in the expected price level shifts just the short-run aggregate-supply curve(not the long-run aggregate-supply curve)to the left.Figures 5 traces through the effects of such a shift. The economy starts in equilibrium at point A. The aggregate-supply curve then shifts to the left from AS1 to AS2. The new equilibrium is at point B, the intersection of aggregate-demand curve and AS2. As time goes on; the economy returns to long-run equilibrium at point A, as the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts back to its original position.Unit 16 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand1.The theory of liquidity preference is Keynes’s theory of how the interst rate is determined. According to the thoery, the aggregate-demand curve slopes downward because: (1) a higher price level raises money demand; (2) higher money demand leads to higher interest rate; and (3) a higher interest rate reduces the quantity of goods and services demanded. Thus the price level has a negative relationship with the quantity of goods and services demanded.2. A decrease in the money supply shifts the money-supply curve to the left. The money-supply curve now intersects the money-demand curve at a higher interest rate. The higher interest rate reduces consumption and investment, so aggregate dmand falls. Thus, the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left.3.If the government spends $3 billion to buy police cars, aggregate demand might increase by more than $3 billion because of the mutiple effect on aggregate demand. Aggregate demand might increase by less than $3 billion because of the crowding-out effect on aggregate demand.4. If pessimism sweeps the country, households reduce consumption spending and firms reduce investment, so aggregate demand falls. If the Fed wants to stabilize aggregate demand, it must increase the money supply, reducing the interest rate, which will include households to save less and spend more and will encourage firms to invest more, both of which will increase aggregate demand. If the Fed does not increase the money supply, Congress could increase government purchases or reduce taxes to increase aggregate demand.ernment policies that act as automatic stabilizers include the tax system and government spending through the unemployment-benefit system. The tax system acts as an automatic stabilizer because when incomes are high , people pay more in taxes, so they cannot spend as much. When incomes are low, so are taxes; thus people can spend more. The result is that spending is partly stabilized. Government spending through the unemployment-benefit system acts as an automatic stabilizer because in recessions the government transfers money to theunemployed so their incomes do not fall as much and thus their spending will not fall as much.。
曼昆经济学原理第6版微观经济学分册第6章课后习题答案
曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第 6 章课后习题答案曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第5 章课后习题答案P132-P134第六章供给、需求与政府政策复习题1(举出一个价格上限的例子和一个价格下限的例子。
答: 为了保障城镇中低收入居民的住房需求，国家对城镇居民中的安居工程售房制定最高限价。
为了保护农民种粮的积极性，对粮食的国家合同定购部分收购时制定最低限价，以保护农民的利益; 。
2(什么引起了一种物品的短缺, 是价格上限还是价格下限?用图形证明你的答案。
答: 当价格上限低于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的短缺。
当价格下限高于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的过剩。
3( 当不允许一种物品的价格使供给与需求平衡时，配置资源的机制是什么?答: 当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格上限时，就产生了物品的短缺。
卖者必然在大量买者中配置稀缺物品。
这时的配给机制可能是排长队，或者是卖者根据自己的偏好来配给物品。
当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格下限时，就产生了过剩。
过剩会引起一些不合意的配给机制，例如那些也许由于种族或家族之故而受买者青睐的卖者能比那些没有受到青睐的卖者更好地出售自己的物品。
4( 解释为什么经济学家通常总是反对价格控制?答: 因为在市场经济中，价格对资源配置起着调节作用。
如果人为的控制价格，往往会造成某种物品的过剩或短缺，从而使生产者和消费者的利益受到伤害，破坏市场配置资源的有效性。
5( 假设政府取消向一种物品的买者征税，而向这种物品的卖者征同样的税。
税收政策的这种变动如何影响买者为这种物品向卖者支付的价格、买者所支付的包括税在内的货币量、卖者扣除税收得到的货币量以及销售量,答: 税收政策的变动对它们都不产生影响。
因为税收的归宿取决于供给和需求的价格弹性，而不取决于向买者征税还是向卖者征税。
6( 一种物品的税收如何影响买者支付的价格、卖者得到的价格，以及销售量答:一种物品的税收使买者支付的价格上升，卖者得到的价格下降，销售量下降。
(完整word版)《经济学原理》练习题、答案
《经济学原理》总目录第一篇导论第一章导论第二篇微观经济理论第二章需求、供给与均衡第三章消费者行为理论第四章生产者行为理论第五章产品市场理论第六章生产要素理论第七章微观经济政策第三篇宏观经济理论第八章国民收入的核算与决定理论第九章失业与通货膨胀理论第十章经济周期与经济增长理论第十一章宏观经济政策第十二章开放经济第一章导论一、单项选择1、作为经济学的两个组成部分，微观经济学与宏观经济学是（）A．互相对立的B．没有任何联系的C．相互补充的D．部分联系的2、古典经济学家亚当·斯密所谓的“看不见的手”是指（）A．技术B．信息C．价格D．行政命令3、经济学研究的基本问题是（）A．生产什么B．如何生产C．为谁生产D．以上都是4、资源的稀缺性是指（）。
A．世界上的资源最终会由于人们生产更多的物品而消耗光B．相对于人们无穷的欲望而言，资源总是不足的C．生产某种物品所需资源的绝对数量很少D．由于存在资源浪费而产生的稀缺5、微观经济学解决的问题是（）。
A．资源配置B．资源利用C．市场出清D．完全理性6、宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。
A．失业理论B．通货膨胀理论C．国民收入决定理论D．经济增长理论7、关于实证经济学与规范经济学说法正确的是（）A．两者并不是绝对相互排斥的，而应当是相互补充的。
B．规范经济学是以实证经济学为基础，而实证经济学则是以规范经济学作为指导的。
C．一般来说，越是具体的问题，实证的成分越多，而越是高层次的、决策性的问题，就越具有规范性。
D．以上说法都对二、多项选择1、微观经济学的主要内容包括（）A．体格决定理论B．消费者行为理论C．生产者行为理论D．市场理论和分配理论等2、宏观经济学的基本内容有（）A．宏观经济政策B．经济周期与增长理论C．国民收入决定理论D．失业与通货膨胀理论3、下列关于资源稀缺性的正确的说法有（）A．资源稀缺性是相对于欲望的无限性而言的B．地球上的资源本来就少C．资源稀缺性存在于世界各地D．资源稀缺性存在于人类历史的各个时期三、判断题1、资源的稀缺性决定了资源可以得到充分的利用，不会出现资源浪费的现象。
(NEW)曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理第2章 像经济学家一样思考第3章 相互依存性与贸易的好处第2篇 市场如何运行第4章 供给与需求的市场力量第5章 弹性及其应用第6章 供给、需求与政府政策第3篇 市场和福利第7章 消费者、生产者与市场效率第8章 应用：赋税的代价第9章 应用：国际贸易第4篇 公共部门经济学第10章 外部性第11章 公共物品和公共资源第12章 税制的设计第5篇 企业行为与产业组织第13章 生产成本第14章 竞争市场上的企业第15章 垄 断第16章 垄断竞争第17章 寡 头第6篇 劳动市场经济学第18章 生产要素市场第19章 收入与歧视第20章 收入不平等与贫困第7篇 深入研究的论题第21章 消费者选择理论第22章 微观经济学前沿第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
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第六章课后习题参考答案
1、什么是市场失灵？导致市场失灵的原因有哪些？
市场失灵是指市场机制不能充分有效地配置资源。
市场失灵的主要原因有不完全信息、外部性、垄断和公共物品。
对市场失灵产生的问题，政府应进行有效干预。
2、试举若干个“逆向选择”和“道德风险”的例子。
逆向选择：二手市场；假冒商品的问题；盗版打败正版；
道德风险：经常生病的人更愿意购买保险；公共财产没人爱惜；在职消费。
3、垄断是如何造成市场失灵的？
第一，与竞争企业相比，垄断企业产量低而价格高，垄断企业通过限制产量抬高价格的方式向消费者榨取高额的垄断利润，使消费者福利受到损失，社会收入分配差距扩大。
第二，竞争市场上，企业只能通过改进技术和管理以降低成本、提高产品质量来获取尽可能多的利润；而垄断企业却可以依靠其垄断地位保持高额的垄断利润，缺乏竞争的激励，从而会使改进技术和管理的动力大大下降。
第三，垄断企业垄断地位的获得和维持，往往依靠政府有关部门赋予特权，因此一些垄断厂商为维护自己的垄断地位，往往需要付出一定代价，如向政府官员行贿，把高额垄断利润的一部分转移到有关行政部门，尤其是领导人的手中，这就是所谓的寻租行为。
寻租破坏了公平竞争，干扰了市场秩序，使许多经济资源浪费在非生产性活动上，降低资源配置效率，并滋生腐败。
4、用本章所学知识解释“一个和尚挑水吃、两个和尚抬水吃、三个和尚没水吃”的现象。
此问题只要言之成理就可以。
外部性，排他性都适用。
5、公共物品有什么特点？为什么公共物品只能靠政府来提供？
在消费中具有非排他性和非竞争性物品。
公共物品非排他性和非竞争性的特点决定了我们不用购买也可以消费，这种不为自己所获利益承担成本的行为被称为“搭便车”。
如果所有的社会成员都成为免费搭乘者，公共物品很难在市场上通过收费的方式收回成本，追求利润最大化的利益主体就不可能生产公共物品，因为他们得不到任何激励。
但很多公共物品，如国防，基础研究、消防是任何一个社会发展所必需的。
因此，由政府或公共部门介入公共物品的生产和分配就成为解决“搭便车”问题的唯一选择。
政府一方面可以用税收作为生产公共物品的费用，另一方面面向社会免费提供公共物品，增加社会福利。