初中阅读理解
初中记叙文阅读理解(7篇)含答案
一．阅读下面的文章，回答下列各小题。
回家①已近年关，隐藏在大山褶皱里的小县城年味渐浓。
火车的汽笛声频繁地响起。
一条悠长的巷道里藏着几户人家。
一座陈旧的小四合院里传来清脆的电话铃声。
②妈，再过一两个小时我们就到家了，晚饭回家吃，一年没吃到您做的饭了，呵呵。
③你这孩子，咋突然就改主意了？不早讲，也好让妈提前高兴着，刚才还和苗苗念叨呢，苗苗一直想去看你们呢。
④不是想给您个惊喜吗，呵呵。
⑤好好好，妈这就准备去。
苗苗奶奶放下电话，苗苗，你都听到了吧，你爸妈一会就到家喽，自己好好玩，奶奶给你做好吃的。
奶奶脸上的皱纹一下全舒展开了。
⑥五岁的苗苗听说爸妈要回家了，高兴得手舞足蹈，冲向大门口。
奶奶扶起被门槛绊倒的孙子，轻拍了下孙子的小脑瓜，乐呵呵跑进了厨房。
⑦就是，有钱没钱也得回家过年嘛。
你们不记挂妈，不记挂苗苗，俺祖孙俩可天天伸脖子盼呢。
苗苗奶奶一边自言自语，一边恨不得手脚并用地忙活。
一切准备就绪，额头上竟沁出了一层细密的汗珠。
瞅着还算丰盛的菜肴，关键都是儿子媳妇爱吃的，喜滋滋地擦了擦汗，又捶了几下腰，却并不急着点火。
天寒地冻的，等着儿子媳妇回家边炒边吃。
也就在此时她才忽然想起小孙子，好像老一会没听到动静了，心里不知咋的“咯噔”一下，边喊边出了厨房，无人应答。
⑧苗苗奶奶翻遍了满屋满院，犄角旮旯，仍不见小孙子人影，便心慌慌地跑出院子，挨家挨户寻找。
邻居们都是一样的答案，她大声呼喊着追出巷子，来到街上，四下里飞速扫了一遍，眼里满是失望和惊恐。
⑨这个节骨眼上孙子要是出点啥事，这个年还咋过？我咋向他爸妈交代？老天爷啊！苗苗奶奶双腿如灌了铅，“扑通”瘫坐在地上。
⑩天色渐晚，还飘起了雪花。
⑪咱这儿就巴掌大的地方，何况还报了警，他们很快就能把苗苗找到的。
⑫邻居们正在不住地安慰着精神几乎失控的苗苗奶奶，一阵急促的铃声骤然响起。
⑬真悬哪！苗苗奶奶哆嗦着手听完电话，扯着电话线瘫倒在地。
⑭邻居们急忙把苗苗奶奶搀起来，问：咋了？到底说啥了？⑮孩子在车站警务室呢！苗苗奶奶带着哭腔说。
☆初中语文阅读理解必备100篇
初一语文阅读理解必备100篇（一）丁立梅，笔名梅子，紫色梅子。
江苏东台人。
职业：教师。
中国散文学会会员，江苏省作家协会会员。
出版有散文集《且听风吟》、《忽然花开》、《每一棵草都会开花》等。
（《春风暖》被选为七年级上册语文活页课文链接）作品集《且听风吟》、《忽然花开》、《每一棵草都会开花》、《尘世里的初相见》、《诗经里的那些情事》、《爱，永远不会消失》等。
文章被选进《灵感与感动》等上百种文集。
多篇文章被设计成中考、高考语文现代文阅读题。
四川省凉山市2009年语文中考试题菊有黄花丁立梅一场秋雨，再紧着几场秋风，菊开了。
菊在篱笆外开，这是最大众最经典的一种开法。
历来入得诗的菊，都是以这般姿势开着的。
一大丛一大丛的。
倚着篱笆，是篱笆家养的女儿，娇俏的，又是淡定的，有过日子的逍遥。
（）代陶渊明随口吟出那句“采菊东篱下”，几乎成了菊的名片。
以至后来的人一看到篱笆，就想到菊。
陶渊明大概做梦也没想到，他能被人千秋万代地记住，很大程度上，得益于他家篱笆外的那一丛菊。
菊不朽，他不朽。
我所熟悉的菊，却不在篱笆外，它在河畔、沟边、田埂旁。
它有个算不得名字的名字：野菊花。
像过去人家小脚的妻，没名没姓，只跟着丈夫，被人称作吴氏、张氏。
天地洞开，广阔无边，野菊花们开得随意又随性。
小朵的清秀不施粉黛，却色彩缤纷，红的黄的、白的紫的，万众一心、齐心合力地盛开着，仿佛是一群闹嚷嚷的小丫头，挤着挨着在看稀奇，小脸张开，兴奋着，欣喜着。
乡人们见多了这样的花，不以为意，他们在秋天的原野上收获、播种，埋下来年的期盼。
菊花兀自开放、兀自欢笑。
与乡人各不相扰。
蓝天白云，天地绵亘。
小孩子们却无法视而不见，他们都有颗菊花般的心，天真烂漫。
他们与菊亲密，采了它，到处乱插。
那时，家里土墙上贴着一张仕女图，有女子云鬓高耸，上面横七竖八插满菊，衣袂上亦沾着菊，极美。
掐了一捧野菊花回家的姐姐，突发奇想帮我梳头，照着墙上仕女的样子。
后来，我顶着满头的菊跑出去，惹得村人们围观。
初中学生阅读理解练习题
初中学生阅读理解练习题一、散文类1. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
文章《春》中，作者描绘了春天的哪些景象？请简要概括。
2. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
在《背影》一文中，作者通过哪些细节表现了父亲对儿子的关爱？3. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《济南的冬天》一文，作者如何表达对济南冬天的喜爱之情？二、小说类1. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《孔乙己》一文中，孔乙己这个人物形象具有哪些特点？2. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
在《草房子》中，主人公桑桑经历了哪些成长变化？3. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《骆驼祥子》中，祥子为什么三次买车又三次失去？三、诗歌类1. 阅读下面的诗歌，回答问题。
《静夜思》中，诗人李白表达了怎样的思乡之情？2. 阅读下面的诗歌，回答问题。
《春晓》一诗，诗人孟浩然是如何描绘春天早晨的景象的？3. 阅读下面的诗歌，回答问题。
《登鹳雀楼》一诗，王之涣通过描绘哪些景物，表达了怎样的哲理？四、说明文类1. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《恐龙消失之谜》一文中，科学家提出了哪些关于恐龙消失的假说？2. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《海洋生物之光》一文中，介绍了哪些海洋生物的发光现象？3. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《神奇的纳米技术》一文中，纳米技术在未来有哪些应用前景？五、议论文类1. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《论读书》一文中，作者阐述了哪些关于读书的观点？2. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《低碳生活，从我做起》一文中，作者提出了哪些低碳生活的建议？3. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
《网络利弊谈》一文中，作者如何分析网络对我们生活的影响？六、古诗文阅读1. 阅读下面的文言文，回答问题。
《伯牙鼓琴》一文中，伯牙与子期的故事传达了什么样的友谊观？2. 阅读下面的古诗，回答问题。
《泊船瓜洲》一诗中，王安石是如何表达对家乡的思念之情的？《岳阳楼记》中，范仲淹提出了怎样的政治抱负和人生理想？七、现代文阅读1. 阅读下面的文章，回答问题。
初一初中语文阅读理解专项训练含答案
初一初中语文阅读理解专项训练含答案一、现代文阅读1．现代文阅读阅读下面的文字，回答问题。
绣眼与芙蓉赵丽宏①曾经养过两只鸟，一只绣眼，一只芙蓉。
②绣眼体型很小，通体翠绿的羽毛，嫩黄的胸脯，黑色的小嘴，它黑色的眼睛被一圈白色包围着，像戴着一副秀气的眼镜，绣眼之名便由此而得。
绣眼是江南的名鸟，据说无法人工哺育，一般都是从野地捕来笼养。
它的动作极其灵敏，虽在小小的笼子里，上下飞跃时却快如闪电。
它的叫声并不大，但却奇特，就像从树林中远远传来群乌的齐鸣，回旋起伏，变化万端，妙不可言。
③那只芙蓉是橘黄色的，毛色很鲜艳，头顶隆起一簇红色的绒毛，黑眼睛，黄嘴，黄爪，模样很清秀。
它的呜叫婉转多变，如银铃在风中颤动，也如美声女高音，清泠百啭。
晴朗的早晨，它的鸣唱就像一丝丝一缕缕阳光在空气中飘动。
④两只鸟笼，并排挂在阳台上。
绣眼和芙蓉能相互看见，却无法站在一起。
它们用不同的呜叫打着招呼，两种声音，韵律不同，调门儿也不一样，很难融合成一体，只能各唱各的曲调。
它们似乎达成了默契，一只鸣唱时，另一只便静静地站在那里倾听。
⑤在鸟儿的欢唱中，日子不觉也欢快起来。
⑥一次在为芙蓉加食后我忘记了关笼门，发现时已是一个多小时以后，想那笼子可能已经空了。
却没想到，芙蓉依然在笼中欢快地高歌，全然无视洞开的笼门。
更没想到的是，从此以后，绣眼的鸣唱声却莫名其妙地消失了。
阳台上只剩下芙蓉的独唱，时而高亢，时而低沉。
⑦有一天，我突然发现，芙蓉的叫声似乎有了变化，它一改从前那种清亮高亢的音调，声音变得轻幽飘忽起来。
那旋律，分明有点像绣眼的鸣啼。
莫非是芙蓉在模仿绣眼的歌声来引导它重新开口？然而绣眼不为所动，依然保持着沉默。
芙蓉执着地独自鸣唱着，而且唱得越来越像绣眼的声音。
而绣眼不仅停止了鸣叫，也停止了那闪电般的上下飞跃。
它只是瞪大了眼睛默默地立在那里，仿佛在回忆，在思考。
它是在回想自己昔日的歌声，还是在回忆那遥远的自由时光？我感到困惑。
⑧日子一天天过去，芙蓉照旧每天欢歌，已多日无语的绣眼显得更落寞了，它整日在笼中一声不吭，常常一动不动地呆立在横杆上。
初三阅读理解20篇
初三阅读理解20篇 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN(一)Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Sheep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things home for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them.Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk.We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is""It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry.""Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back.""We can't ".said my sistter."Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!"1.The writer and Mary didn't know______.A.what Zip's first present wasB.how Zip carried its first present homeC.who owned Zip's first presentD.what Zip's first present was made of2.Tom calls Zip "the keep dog"because ______.A.the dog likes keeping thingsB.the dog likes playing with shoesC.he doesn't know the dog's nameD.he can't pronounce the word "sheep"well3.What made the shoe strange was ______.A.its colourB.its smellC.its sizeD.that it was a silk one4.The word "keep"in the last sentence means "_____"A.keeping things for itselfB.bringing things for other to keepC.not letting it run aboutD.taking care of a small child5.We can know from the reading that the dog _____.A. likes to give presents to peopleB.has been kept in at the writer's homeC.has brought some troubleD.likes to be called "the keep dog"Key: 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C（二）An old lady in a plane had a blanket（毯子）over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hoste ss spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am the captain of this plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide.So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry, young man, but I don’t likeplanes and I am never going to fly again. But I’ll say one thing, ”She continued kindly,“You and your wife keep your plane very clean!”1. An old lady had _________ .A. glassesB. a blanket over her headC. a coatD. a basket2. A. She didn’t want to ________ .A. take it offB. turn it offC. get onD. talk about it3. _________ spoke to her .A. The air hostessB. The man next to herC. her husbandD. one of her friends4. The old lady had never been _________ before .A. abroadB. homeC. in a planeD. in hospital5. The woman didn’t like planes and she was never going ________ .A. to fly againB. to travelC. to go abroadD. to go homeKey: 1－5 BAACA（三）Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, "I'm going to fly to New York next week because I've got some work there." "Where are you going to stay there"his wife asked. "I don't know yet." Dick answered. "Please send me your address from there in a telegram (电报)," his wife said. "All right," Dick answered.He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of his hotel in it.In the evening he didn't have any work, so he went to a cinema. He came out at nine o'clock and said, "Now I'm going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner."He found a taxi (出租车) and the driver said, "Where do you want to go"But Dick didn't remember the name and address of his hotel."Which hotel are my things in" he said, "And what am I going to do tonight" But the driver of the taxi did not know. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, "Please send me my address at this post office."Choose the right answer1. Dick flew to New York because ___.A. he went there for a holidayB. he had work thereC. he went there for sightseeing (观光)D. his home was there2. Why did his wife want a telegram from him?A. Because she didn't know his address yetB. Because she wanted to go to New York, tooC. Because she might send him another telegramD. Because she couldn't leave her husband by himself in New York3. Where did Dick stay in New YorkA. In the center of the city.B. In a hotel.C. In a restaurant.D. At his friend's house.4. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel?A. The manager (经理) of his hotel.B. The police office.C. The taxi driver.D. His wife.5. Which of the following is not true?A. Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city.B. Dick didn't work on the first night of his arrival.C. Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.D. Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi.Key: 1-5 B A B D C（四）Bob and Jim once worked in the same factory. One day, Bob lent Jim ten dollars, but then Jim left his work and went to work in another town without paying back the money.Bob didn't see Jim for a year, and then he knew from another friend that Jim was in another town and staying at a hotel. So he went there to see him late in the evening.When he got to Jim's room, he saw his shoes near the door. "Well, he must be in,"he thought, and knocked again, and said, "I know you are in, Jim. Your shoes are outhere.""I've gone out in my boots," answered Jim.True or False1. Bob and Jim once worked in different factories.2. One day Jim borrowed ten dollars from Bob.3. Jim paid back the money to Bob and went to work in another town later.4. Bob hadn't seen Jim for a year when he learned that Jim was in another town.Key: 1-4 F T F T（五）I think the most terrible thing in life for my little brother is getting up in the morning. He is almost sick when my mother calls, "Herbert! It's seven o'clock! Get up!"Herbert answers, "I'm coming!" and goes right back to sleep. I'm not at all like my brother. I don't like to go to bed at night but I don't mind getting up in the morning. I usually wake up before my mother calls me. I jump out of bed and go into the bathroom to take ashower. I get dressed, brush my teeth, comb my hair, and get ready to go downstairs for breakfast as soon as my mother calls.But not Herbert. He just sleeps. A military band (军乐队) in our bedroom could not wake him up. I call him and say, "Get up! Mum will be up here to pull you out of bed if you don't get up immediately!"But he just sleeps. After calling a few more times my mother has to come upstairs and pull Herbert out of bed. It's that way every day with my little brother. Perhaps some dayhe'll learn to get up on time, but I really don't think so.True or False1. The most terrible thing in life for my little brother is going to school.2. I'm not like my brother because I like to go to bed early at night and get up early in the morning.3. I usually jump out of bed and go into the bathroom for a shower before my mother calls.4. When mother calls, Herbert doesn't answer and remains in bed.5. My mother often has to go upstairs and pull Herbert out of bed as he refuses to get up.6. Sometimes we have to send for a military band to wake Herbert up.7. The writer thinks some day Herbert will learn to get up on time.Key: 1-7. F T T F T F F（六)In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience (经历) four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella (伞)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret (后悔) later in the day.1. Why do people in England often talk about the weather?A. Because they may have four seasons in one dayB. Because they often have very good weatherC. Because the weather is warm just like in springD. Because the sky is sunny all day2. From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A. sunshine and snowB. black cloudsC. summer and winterD. spring and autumn3. "People can also have summer in winter." Means "it is sometimes too ______in winter."A. warmB. coolC. coldD. rainy4. In the sunny morning some English people usually take a raincoat or an umbrella with them because ________.A. their friends ask them to do soB. it often rains in EnglandC. they are going to sell themD. they are their favourite things5. The best title (标题)for this passage is ________.A. Bad SeasonsB. Summer or WinterC. The Weather in EnglandD. Strange English PeopleKEY: ABABC（七）Mr Brown was going away for a week. Before he left, he said to his son, "if anyone asks for me, you can tell him that your father has been out for doing something, and will be back in a week, then be sure to ask him to sit down for a cup of tea.""OK, Dad," said his son. But he was afraid his son couldn't remember this, he wrote these words down on a piece of paper and gave it to him. His son put it into his small pocket, took it out and looked at it every now and then.Four days passed, but no one came to see his father. The boy thought that there was no man to come and that the piece of paper was of no more use for him, so he burnt it that evening.The next afternoon, someone knocked at the door. The boy opened it. A man was standing at the door and said, "Where is your father" The boy put his hand into his pocket at once and looked for the piece of paper. He could not find it. He suddenly remembered he had burnt it, so he shouted, "No more."The man was very surprised. He asked, "No more I met your father last week. When did it happen""Burnt yesterday evening."1. Mr Brown told his son that _____.A. he would be away from home for four daysB. he would be back in seven daysC. he would be back in a monthD. he liked a cup of tea2. Mr Brown wrote the words down on ________.A. the wallB. the doorC. a piece of paperD. his son's pocket3. A man came to visit the boy's father on ________.A. the second dayB. the third dayC. the fourth dayD. the fifth day4. The man was very surprised because _________.A. he thought the child's father was deadB. the child didn't ask him to sit downC. the child gave him a cup of teaD. he couldn't find that piece of paper5. What was burnt ___________.A. The piece of paperB. Mr SmithC. The visitorD. The boyKEY: BCDAA（八）One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to someone talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary (必要的) to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples.1. "What's the matter" "I went to a party last night, so I…"2. "I feel so tired these days."" I think you'd better…"3."Of course, she never stops talking. She is one of the most…"You can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So "guessing "is very important in understanding English, especially (尤其)spoken English.1.This passage tells us mainly about _________.A. the importance of "guessing " in learning a foreign languageB. how to guess what one is going to talk aboutC. some examples of right guessingD. how important it is to guess all the time2.from the context, we can see maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE I is _________.A. "… so I didn't have a good time."B. "…so I went to bed very late."C. "…. So I felt unhappy."D. "… so I got up very early."3. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 2 is ________.A. "I think you'd better have a good rest and take good care of yourself."B. "I think you'd better have something to drink."C. "I think you'd better get some help from your friends."D. "I think you'd better be more careful."4. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is ______.A. "… she is one of the most famous film stars."B. "…she is one of the most be autiful women."C. "… she is one of the most famous speakers."D. " .. she is one of the most talkative women."5. From the passage we can infer (推断) that guessing is _______in learning a foreign language.A. the only wayB. more important in spoken English than in written EnglishC. more important than any other wayD. more important in written English than in spoken EnglishKEY: ABADB（九）Uncle Li and Uncle Wang are good friends. They live next to each other and their farms are both at the foot of the mountain. So they can help each other. But neither of them likes to use his head. They're both poor though they work hard. Most villagers have built new houses, but they still live in the low and broken houses. They never find out why.Once Uncle Li went to town to buy some medicine for his wife. In the town he heard the apples in a city were expensive. He told Uncle Wang about it as soon as he went back. They decided to carry some apples to the city. They borrowed some money from their friends and bought nearly 1,000 kilograms of apples in the villages and carried them to the city on a tractor. Bad luck! A lot of apples has already been carried there when they arrived. A few days later they had to sell them at a low price (价格)。
初中语文阅读理解练习题及答案
初中语文阅读理解练习题及答案初中语文阅读理解练习题及答案「篇一」邻居阿麻①我与邻居阿麻结怨已经很久了，瞧他那副样子，够你烦心：脸麻，腿跛，背驼。
因为这副尊容，他已经四十多岁了还是个“快乐的单身汉”。
②单身汉有空闲，管闲事管到了我的头上。
我和我的伙伴们在玩的方面个都是天才。
下雪天，我们拆别人的篱笆学大人烧炭，他提起一桶水，“噗”的一声，将炭窑冲得稀烂：“烧了镇上的房屋，你们去坐牢？”秋天，我们有土炸药炸别人家菜园的南瓜，炸得“瓜肉横飞”，我们高兴得直翻跟斗。
正当得意忘形之时，阿麻的手钳住我：“看我不告诉你们爷娘！”回家后，我们都挨到一顿打，皮肉受苦，奇痛难忍。
我们奈何不了阿麻，只能编歌谣泄恨：“麻子麻叮当，骑马上洪江，听到锣鼓响，麻子脸上痒。
”这时，阿麻便要追击，我们“哗”的`一声跑散，望着他一跛一跛的样子，我们开心得像喝了“可口可乐”。
③我们不喜欢他，小镇上的大人们也不怎么喜欢他。
这中间有个缘故。
④小镇的西边有一条河，是学生上学和大人外出的必经之路，河上有座年久失修的桥，桥上桥板朽了，常常跌倒人；木桥墩烂了，走在上面摇摇晃晃像荡秋千。
www.终于，一场大雨，猛然的山溪水将它冲走，还带走了我的一个好伙伴春山。
我庆幸那天贪玩旷课，拣得了一条小命。
阿麻请人做了个小木船，干起了摆渡的行当。
第一天过渡免费，镇里的人都说他在积德。
可是，第二天收费1角，后来竟然涨价到了4角。
阿麻“发”了，腰包胀鼓鼓，有人骂他“黑良心，赚昧心钱”，但他默默地忍受了。
⑤风里来，雨里去。
阿麻摆渡六年，操劳过度，脸色蜡黄，日渐消瘦。
人们担心，他总有一天会栽倒在小河里。
⑥后来，小河上砌起了一座石拱桥，小巧玲珑，像一把小金锁，锁住了放荡不羁的小河。
从此，小镇的人们过河如履平地，都说修桥人泽被后世。
⑦小桥落成的前两天，阿麻死了。
医生说他患的是癌症。
⑧小桥落成那天，正逢小镇赶集，人山人海，好不热闹。
桥上没有彩灯，没有横幅，没有红绸。
一挂20xx响，响过以后，镇长讲话了：“今天，我们在这里举行小桥落成典礼暨阿麻同志追悼会。
初中语文阅读理解二十篇
【一】冰雪精灵——雾凇①如果说冰雪是冬天的信使，那么，雾凇一定是信使的精灵。
②“寒江晓雾，正冰天、树树松花云叠。
昨夜飞琼千万缕，谁剪条条晴雪？冰羽晶莹，霓裳窃窕，欲舞高寒阙。
烟波照影，翩翩恩与谁约?”③从古至今、赞美雾松的诗词太多了，但好像千言万语都无法描述那种通透灵动的美。
它不仅仅是一种自然现象，更是天地间的造化,是可遇不可求的上天的赠予。
④雾凇非冰非雪，是冬季低温环境中，空气中水汽直接凝华或者是无数0℃以下的过冷雾滴随风在树枝等物体上不断积聚冻黏的结果，表现为白色不透明的冰品沉积物。
⑤形成雾凇的气象条件非常苛刻，要求冬季寒冷漫长，而且空气中水汽充足。
【甲】其次，雾凇的形成要求天晴少云，静风或是风速很小。
【乙】冬季，空中的云像是大地的一床被子，夜间有云时，削弱了向外的长波辐射，使地面气温降低较慢，昼夜温差相对较小，近地面空气中的水汽就不会凝结。
【丙】若是掀掉了这床被子，热量就更多地散发出去，使得地面温度降低，为水汽的凝结提供了必要条件。
【丁】大风是雾凇形成过程中的天敌，它总能把形成过程中结构松收的冰品吹散，即使簇拥在一起的雾凇也会被吹得无影无踪，微风或静风条件为水汽凝结凝华成雾凇提供保障。
⑥雾凇形状主要有两种:一种是过冷雾滴碰到冷的地而物体后迅速冻结成粒状的小冰块，叫粒状雾凇（或硬凇），它的结构较紧密;另一种是由雾滴蒸发时产生的水汽凝华而形成的晶状雾凇（或软凇），结构较松散稍有震动就会脱落。
⑦由于雾松中雾滴与雾滴间空隙很多，不仅看起来轻盈洁白附着在树米上，宛如琼树银花、清秀雅致，也具有很多内在的优秀品质。
人们在观赏玉树琼花极的吉林雾松时，都会感到空气格外清新舒爽、滋润肺腑，这是因为雾松蓬松的结构能够吸附大量空气中的污染颗粒，是空气的天然“净化器”。
⑧雾凇是天然的“负氧离子发生器”，在有雾松时，负氧离子增多。
据测，吉林松花江畔在有雾凇时负氧离子每立方米可达上子至数千个，比没有雾凇时的负氧离子数量多5倍以上。
初中语文现代文阅读理解精选(含参考答案)
初中语文现代文阅读理解精选(含参考答案)一、现代文阅读1．阅读《书院与乡愁》，完成问题。
书院与乡愁①这是我见到的藏书最丰的个人书院，位于川西德阳市旌阳区，名叫高槐书院。
高槐是这个村子的名字，是有着高大的槐树吗？槐树是有的，却不高大，在村子之外和房前屋后，谦卑地站立于深秋的微雨里。
因此显眼的不是槐树，而是民谣小院、高槐书院、高槐木刻、染云山房，木刻与染房，都是非遗项目，做民谣的是几个从丽江过来的年轻人，自创自唱。
在村庄入口处，下一段小小的斜坡，就到了书院的院坝，站在院坝里，就见屋内书架林立。
进门，抬眼就看到伦茨的《德语课》，那是我喜欢的小说，也是我一直没读完的小说；不急着读完，正因为喜欢。
在陌生的环境里，遇见自己喜爱之物，喜爱就化为喜悦了。
然后是我们熟知的世界名著，中国古典和现当代名著，层间很高的两层木楼，包括楼梯两侧，满满当当排列着，足有二十多万册。
②一个壮实的年轻人守在那里，说自己刚大学毕业，回来是帮助父亲。
这个书院，这些书，都是他父亲的。
德阳我不可谓不熟悉，跟这里的作家和学者多有来往，但从没听说谁有这么多藏书，于是问他父亲的名字。
“他叫舒銮兵”，年轻人说。
想了想，竟不认识。
“他是个厨师”，年轻人又说。
③这让我暗暗吃了一惊，同时平添了几分敬意。
厨师爱书，当然并不稀奇，难得的是拥有如此巨大的数量，且品质高雅，种类繁多，除文学、历史、哲学，还有音乐、医学、农科……二楼的一间屋子里，放了八千多册创刊号。
据悉，全国私人收藏的创刊号，唯上海一藏书家比舒銮兵丰富，那人有上万册。
名著可不断翻印，创刊号却是唯一的，是一个时代文化风尚的见证。
我小心翼翼翻开一本，打头是茅盾先生的文章，发黄的纸页，留下时间走过的足迹，也留下那个时代特有的气息。
茅盾的那篇文章里，无非是简述办刊的缘起，文字平顺，却字字句句给我仓廪殷实的感觉。
是旧书赋予的感觉。
很长时间以来，我都读电子书了，手不那么累，也便于携带，而电子书不会给予我那样的感觉。
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初中阅读理解
（一）行者⑴他总是深夜来访。
⑵我打量着这个行者――现在叫探险家。
我打量着这个从外貌到内心都与众不同的能人，这个异人。
我甚至心里有一种怀疑，是不是行者武松乘夜从蜈蚣岭突然来到了我的面前？
⑶他的长发是武松式的长发，而不是现代派艺术家的长发。
他的这种长发，是一绺一绺的，不卷曲，无光泽，没有修饰美化的痕迹，披散在胸前、肩头，似乎没有梳开，像一股股粘住的绳子，蒙着汗尘。
他有一副经常垂下的眼皮和一个苍老的、多皱的、会做出各种表情反应的额头。
他说话的声音很小。
更多的时候，他是用额头上的反应来回答你。
⑷他是一个极古怪的人，貌古而神怪。
你无法看清他有多少岁，皱纹和活力、奇异的装束和强健的体魄在他身上交织着。
⑸他把自己从城市的人群中放逐出去，整整九年了。
⑹在两年多的岁月里，他用他的脚掌和心灵抚摸了一遍长城，从头至尾。
最后他留下这样一句真实感受，他说：“从我踏上寻找长城的那一天起，我就知道，我再也不会找到家门了。
”
⑺他还用76天时间牵了几峰骆驼，独自纵穿了塔克拉玛干大沙漠。
那是怎样的76天，他没有详细去说，他仅仅讲了一个细节。
当他最终走出沙漠时，他在沙丘上发现了一个烟头，他捡起来，放在鼻子上嗅着。
“我终于又闻到了人味儿!”他说，然后他
划了一根火柴，点着这半支香烟，他吸到了另一个不知名姓的生命留在这上面的气味。
⑻行者为自己设计了18次行动，准备了43个目标。
他的这些目标任选几个刻在下面，都会令人感到强大的挑战性――长城丝绸之路黄土高原神农架罗布泊喜马拉雅山墨脱各拉丹东雪山玉珠峰
⑼还有五大沙漠：巴丹吉林、毛乌素、腾格里、塔克拉玛、千古尔班通古特。
⑽一个人，在今天这样追求享乐、艳羡豪华的人世间，却给自己的生命摆出这样一系列豪迈、阔大的目标，他追求这样的“享乐”，艳羡这样的一类大自然的“豪华”，应该算得上是一位行者了。
⑾行者说：“给我次生命，一百次生命，我做过的都不算什么。
对于宇宙来说，我们不算什么。
”
⑿行者又说：“物质精神之外，还应有一个谁也不知道的第三级阶梯，或更多的阶梯。
”
⒀行者还说：“人不能忘本――不能忘记人的遗传序列之上的来源。
”
⒁他总是深夜来访。
⒂我打量着他，他处处与周围的习见的人群不同，怪异而令人生疑。
我想，如果不是他失常了，就是浸泡在世俗生活中的我们麻木了。
⒃难道探险家与诗人之间有什么相通的东西的吗？或者探险家在本质上都是诗人？总之都是不安于平庸生活的人，都渴望去掀开那神秘的一角。
最后的结局也一样，因为走得太远了，他们被好奇心引领得远远离开了众人。
读万卷书――读者；行万里路――行者。
⒄求知者啊，你何等固执，何等褴褛，何等艰辛饥渴而又神色庄严啊……
⒅夜很深时，他告辞走了。
⒆行者行在很深的、如墨的夜里了。
谁也听不见他的脚步声。
⒇他走路是很轻、很轻的。
(选自《中华散文珍藏本》，略有改动)
1、作者着重叙述了这位探险家的两次经历：
_________________和___________________。
2、第(8)段划线句中的“抚摸”一词，表现了行者怎样的内心情感？
3、作者为什么称这位探险家为“行者”？请用原文的句子回答。
4、第⒄段作者发出了疑问，那么你认为是他失常了还是我们麻木了？结合全文和自身的生活，谈谈感悟。
（二）放牛⑴大约六岁的时候，生产队分配给我家一头牛，父亲就让我去放牛。
记得那头牛是黑色的，性子慢，身体较瘦，却很高，大家叫它“老黑”。
⑵父亲把牛牵出来，把牛缰绳递到我手中，指了指远处的山，说：“就到那里去放牛吧。
” ⑶我望了望牛，又望了望远处的山。
那山我可从未去过呀。
我有些害怕，说：“我怎么认得路呢？” ⑷父亲说：“跟着老黑走吧，老黑经常到山里去吃草，它认得路。
” ⑸父亲又说：“太阳离西边的山还剩一竹竿高的时候，就跟着牛下山回家。
”
⑹现在想来仍觉得后怕，把一个六岁的小孩交给一头牛，交给荒蛮的野山，父亲竟那样放心。
⑺我跟着老黑向远处的山走去。
上山的时候，我人小爬得慢，远远地落在老黑后面。
我怕追不上它我会迷路，很着急，汗很快就湿透了衣服。
⑻老黑在山路转弯的地方把头转向后面，见我离它很远，就停下来等我。
⑼这时候我发现老黑对我这个小孩是体贴的。
我有点喜欢和信任它了。
⑽听大人说，牛生气的时候，会用蹄子踢人。
可我觉得老黑待我似乎很忠厚，它的行动和神色慢悠悠的，倒好像生怕惹我生气，生怕吓着了我。
⑾我的小脑袋就想：大概牛也知道大小的，在它面前，我是小小的。
它大概觉得我就是一个还没有学会四蹄走路的小牛儿，需要大牛的照顾，它会可怜我这个小牛儿的吧。
⑿在上陡坡的时候，我试着抓住牛尾巴借助牛的力气爬坡。
牛没有拒绝我，我看得出它多用了些力气。
它显然是帮助我，拉着我爬坡。
⒀很快地，我与老黑就熟了，有了感情。
⒁牛去的地方，总是草色鲜美的地方，即使在一片荒凉中，牛也能找到隐藏在岩石和土包后面的草丛。
我发现牛的鼻子最熟悉土地的气味，牛是跟着鼻子走的。
⒂牛很会走路，很会选择路。
在陡的地方，牛一步就能踩到最合适、最安全的路；在几条路交叉在一起的时候，牛选择的那条路，一定是到达目的地最近的。
我心里暗暗佩服牛的本领。
⒃有一次我不小心在一个梁上摔了一跤，膝盖流血，很痛。
我趴在地上，看着快要落山的夕阳，哭出了声。
这时候，牛走过来，站在我面前，低下头用鼻子嗅了嗅我，然后走下土坎，后腿弯曲下来，牛背刚刚够着我。
我明白了：牛要背我回家。
⒄(A)我骑在老黑背上，看夕阳缓缓落山，看月亮慢慢出来，慢慢走向我。
我觉得月亮想贴近我，又怕吓着了牛和牛背上的我，月亮就不远不近地跟着我们。
整个天空都在牛背上起伏，星星越来越稠密。
牛驮着我行走在山的波浪里，又像漂浮在高高的
星空里。
不时有一颗流星，从头顶滑落。
前面的星星好像离我们很近，我担心会被牛角挑下几颗。
⒅牛把我驮回家，天已经黑了多时。
母亲看见牛背上的我，不住地流泪。
当晚，母亲给老黑特意喂了一些麸皮，表示对它的感激。
⒆秋天，我上了小学，两个月的放牛娃生活结束了。
老黑又交给了别的人家。
⒇半年后，老黑死了，据说是摔死的。
听到这个消息，我忍不住号啕大哭起来。
人们都觉得好笑，他们不理解一个小孩和一头牛的感情。
（21）前年初夏我回到家乡，专门到童年放牛的山上走了一趟，在一个陡坡上，我找到了我第一次拉着牛尾巴爬坡的大石阶，上面有两处深深凹下去，是两个牛蹄的形状，那是由无数头牛无数次地踩踏成的，肯定，在三多年前，老黑也是踩着这两个凹处一次次领着我上坡下坡的。
（22）(B)我凝望着这两个深深的牛蹄窝。
我嗅着微微飘出的泥土的气息和牛的气息。
我在记忆里仔细捕捉老黑的气息。
我似乎呼吸到了老黑吹进我生命的气息。
（23）我忽然明白，我放过牛，其实是牛放牧了我呀。
我放了两个月的牛。
那牛却放了我几年。
（24）也许，我这一辈子，都被一头牛隐隐约约牵在手里。
（25）有时，它驮着我，行走在夜的群山，飘游在稠密的星光里……
1、请你从文中筛选或概括能够体现出这一过程的关键词语，补充“我”对老黑感情的发展变化过程。
（）→（）→感激→（）→怀念
2、第15自然段中说，“我暗暗佩服牛的本领”，联系上文概括，牛有哪些本领？
3、从文中的
A、B两句划线句中任选一句赏析，走近人物的内心。
句子：（）赏析：
4、结合全文谈谈对25段这句话的理解。
（一）行者
1、寻找长城沙漠探险
2、“抚摸”一词，表现出行者热爱长城，对它的考察细致，对它的体验深入，对野外探险痴迷。
3、第10段：“一个人，在今天这样追求享乐、艳羡豪华的人世间，却给自己的生命摆出这样一系列豪迈、阔大的目标，他追求这样的“享乐”，艳羡这样的一类大自然的“豪华”，应该算得上是一位行者了。
”
4、结合全文来看，行者有着明确的人生目标和精神追求，有过人的志气、勇气和豪气。
他对大自然和生命有着独特而深刻的认识。
对他来说，物质生活反而是无关紧要的。
这与我们这些世俗中浸淫的人不同，我们在世俗中待久了，为物质的牢笼所羁
绊，反而丢失了精神世界和人生的目标，丧失了探索人生、自然和宇宙的勇气和决心。
（可以举自己的例子加以分析）（二）放牛
1、害怕、喜欢和信任、悲伤
2、牛总是可以凭借鼻子找到草色鲜美的地方、牛很会选择最合适、最安全的路
3、A句运用了环境描写，通过拟人的修辞手法，还有“慢慢、缓缓”这些词营造出了悠闲舒缓的意境，表现了我当时愉快、悠闲的心境。
B句：“凝望”“嗅”这两个词语可看出我当时沉浸于过往和老黑的那段回忆，表现了我内心对老黑的怀念。
4、“我”在放牛的过程中受到感染，熏陶。
老黑的品质，一直影响着"我"，激励着"我"。