英美文选资料复习
《英美文学选读》复习资料
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一． 课程介绍：课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、语言、语言、文化发文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
戏剧、小说、散文等。
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf 3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance 4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献的文学贡献二．练习：二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______. A . Old----Renaissance A. Old----Renaissance B. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of England C . Middle ---- Renaissance C. Middle ---- Renaissance D. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England 2).. 2).. The The The Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English English literature literature literature extends extends extends from from from 1066 1066 1066 up up up to to to the the ______ century. A . mid-13th A. mid-13th B. mid-14th C. mid-15th D. mid-16th 3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons. A . sonnet A. sonnet B. essay C. epic D. novel 4). 4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us us a comprehensive realistic a comprehensive realistic picture picture of of of the the the English English English society society society of of of his his his time time time and and and created created created a a a whole whole whole gallery gallery gallery of of of vivid vivid characters from all walks of life. A. A. Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer B. B. William Shakespeare Shakespeare C. C. Francis Bacon D. William Langland 5). 5). For For For the the the Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, ______ ______ ______ was was was regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the English English English Homer. Homer. His reputation reputation has has has been been been securely securely securely established established established as as as one one one of of of the the the best best best English English English poets poets poets for for for his his wisdom, humor and ______. A . Geoffrey Chaucer----wits A. Geoffrey Chaucer----wits B. William Shakespeare----wits C . Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity C. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity D. William Shakespeare----humanity 6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______. A . Old English, Greek, Latin A. Old English, Greek, Latin B. Old English, French, Latin C . Old English, Greek, French C. Old English, Greek, French D. English, Greek, French 7). 7). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer is is is the the the greatest greatest greatest writer writer writer of of of the the the Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______. A . couplet A. couplet B. blank verse C. heroic couplet D. epic 8). 8). Thematically Thematically Thematically the the the poem poem poem “Beowulf” “Beowulf” “Beowulf” presents presents presents a a a vivid vivid vivid picture picture picture of of of how how how the the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______. A. A. spiritual----hero B . B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster 9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come. A . man A. man B. theory C. doctrine D. era 10). 10). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer introduced introduced introduced from from from France France France the the the rhymed rhymed rhymed stanzas stanzas stanzas of of of various various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse. A . rhymed A. rhymed B. alliterative C. social D. visionary 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). Romance 2). Heroic Couplet 3). Epic 3. Answer the following questions. 1). How many groups do the Old English poetry poetry divided into? What divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why? 2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature? Chapter1. The The Renaissance Period一．重点一．重点前言部分前言部分1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：练习：Renaissance Period 1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). 1). The The The Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, in in in essence, essence, essence, is is is a a a historical historical historical period period period in in in which which which the the the European European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval medieval Europe, Europe, Europe, to to to introduce introduce introduce new new new ideas ideas ideas that that that expressed expressed expressed the the the interests interests interests of of of the the the rising rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. A . Greek and Roman A. Greek and Roman B. humanist C. religious D. loyal 2). 2). Generally, Generally, Generally, the the the ______ ______ ______ refers refers refers to to to the the the period period period between between between the the the 14th 14th 14th and and and mid-17th mid-17th centuries. centuries. It It It first first first started started started in in in Italy, Italy, with with the the the flowering flowering flowering of of of painting, painting, painting, sculpture sculpture sculpture and and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. A. Medieval Period B . B. Renaissance C. Old English Period D . D. Romantic Period 3). ______ is is the the the essence essence of of the the the Renaissance. Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists. A. Humanity---- William Shakespeare B. Humanism-----Francis Bacon C. Humanity---- Geoffrey Chaucer D. Humanism----William Shakespeare 4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The The most most most famous famous famous dramatists dramatists dramatists in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance England England England are are are Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe, Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______. A . novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer A. novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer B. poetry----Francis Bacon C . drama----Ben Jonson C. drama----Ben Jonson D. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer 5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique antique authors authors authors and and and is is is frequently frequently frequently taken taken taken as as as the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance on on on its its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things. A . Roman ---- moral A. Roman ---- moral B. French---- reason C. Roman---- man D. French---- God 6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand. A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Anglo-Saxon 7). 7). Wyatt, Wyatt, Wyatt, in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance period, period, period, introduced introduced introduced the the the Petrarchan Petrarchan Petrarchan ______ ______ ______ into into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse. A. drama----free B . B. sonnet----blank C . C. terzarima----blank D. couplet----free 8). 8). In In In the the the early early early stage stage stage of of of the the the English English English Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, poetry poetry poetry and and and ______ ______ ______ were were were the the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. A. fiction B. dramatic fiction C. poetic drama D. novel 9). 9). By By By emphasizing emphasizing emphasizing the the the dignity dignity dignity of of of human human human beings beings beings and and and the the the importance importance importance of of of the the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. A. humanists B. Protestants C. Catholics D. playwrights 10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England. A . A. A. Edmund Edmund Edmund Spenser Spenser B. B. Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe Marlowe C. C. Francis Francis Francis Bacon Bacon D. Ben Jonson 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). the Renaissance Period 2). blank verse 3). Humanism 3. Answer the following questions. 1). 1). Make Make Make a a a comment comment comment on on on the the the influence influence influence of of of Italian Italian Italian literary literary literary works works works upon upon upon the the literature in the Renaissance England. 2). Make a comment on humanism 3). 3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England? 文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
英美文学复习资料
2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?
Chapter1. The Renaissance Period
一．重点
前言部分
4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. spiritual----hero B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：
识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住
领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别
应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征
2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响
3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征
练习：
Renaissance Period
1. Choose the best answer for each blank.
1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
英美文选总复习
Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin-writer, scientist, political economistLiterary worksStyleSignificanceLiterary worksPoor Richard’s Almanac---gives advice in maxims, that is proverbs with practical wisdom.Autobiography---most important work. It has lasting charm to those who are pursuing their American dream in America.Styleclear and even plainrather formal , but the organization is informal.full of his humor and satire.Significancethe first self-made man in Americaconsidered as the symbol of American dreamsymbol of America in the age of Enlightenmentbrought the colonial era to a close.a Jack of all tradesUnit2 Edgar Allan Poe-writer, poet and criticWorksCommentWorksTales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque 《奇异怪诞故事集》The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街杀人案》The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶酒的故事》The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》The Raven《乌鸦》CommentMaster of horror;the father of the detective story ;the first master of the short-story formadvocacy ―art for art’s sake‖.New England TranscendentalismTranscendentalismRalph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauⅠ.Transcendentalismstarted in the early 19th century and flourished in New Englandsummit of American Romanticism.the first American intellectual movement, represented a new way of intellectual thinking in Americaleaded by Emerson with his book NatureTranscendentalismMajor features ---Spirit or Oversoul: the universe is composed of Nature and Soul. Spirit is everywhere.Individualism: the most important element in society, the divinity of individual.Nature: is a connecting link between God and man. It is a symbol of the Spirit.TranscendentalismInfluences---American: an ethical guide to life for a young nation ; stressed religious tolerance; helped to create the first American renaissanceAmerican culture: individualism; seclusion; morality; environmental protect; women movement; anti-slavery;American literature: Scarlet Letter; Moby Dick; Hackberry Finn; The A wakening;Ⅱ. Unit3 Ralph Waldo Emerson- essayist and poetSignificanceMain WorksInfluencesSignificancebrought back the influence of European Romanticism.founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journalbecame the most eloquent spokesman of Transcendentalism.his aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry.called for an independent cultureMain WorksEssays:Nature ★《论自然》American Scholar《论美国学者》3.Essays《论文集》4.Representative Men 《人类代表》Poems:1. Poems《诗集》2. May Day《五月节》InfluencesNature , the Bible of Transcendentalism“The American Scholar‖, regarded as ―Declaration of Intellectual Independence‖“Self-Reliance‖, the importance of cultivating oneself. ― believe yourself ‖ is his main point of ethicsⅢ. Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau-an essayist, philosopher and poetMain WorksPoints of viewEvaluationWaldenMain Works1. “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience”《论公民的不服从》2.Two very important works：Walden ★《沃尔登》A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River《在康科德与梅里马克河上一周》Points of view1. He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing.2. He hated the human injustices represented by the slavery system.3. Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.4. He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.5. He was very critical of modern civilization.6. He preferred a simplified life.Evaluationinfluenced by Emerson and was Emerson’s man of actionregarded as a prophet of individualism in American literatureHis first major influence is his thought of nonviolent struggle expressed in his ―Civil Disobedience‖second major influence is his call of ―Back to Nature‖.Waldendescribed the author’s extremely simple lifeon self-culture and human perfectibilitycriticized the modern civilization and told people to leave the life of hurry and bustle and to sink themselves in natureSpiritual richness is real wealthUse metaphor, pun, allusionUnit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne-novelist and short story tellerSignificanceMain WorksPoints of ViewThemeStyleThe Scarlet LetterSignificance1. He was a master of psychological insight.2. He was a very important moralist novelist in the 19th century.3. His original writing style profoundly influenced his contemporary writers and some otherAmerican writers after him.Main WorksThe Scarlet Letter ★《红字》Twice-Told Tales《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》Points of ViewHe disagrees with transcendentalism.He believes that evil educates.Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed down from generation to generation.Evil is at the core of human life. Hawthorne has a ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. Theme1. New England regional past and American past2. Secret guilt and evil3. Alienation and solitude4. Original sin and its influence5. Complexity of human psychology; ―interior of the heart‖Style1. The use of symbolism2. Revelation of character’s psychology3. The use of supernatural mixed with the actual4. Allegory—to teach or preach5. The use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertaintyThe Scarlet Letterbest-known novelSocial life of Puritan in New England in 17th centurySymbolism: A = Adultery angel able\abilityCharacters:Hester Prynne: truth, love and beautyDimmesdale: a split personality, hypocrisyChillingworth: wickedness, darkness, hatred, evil, defect in human personalityPearl: hopeUnit 5 Herman Melville-novelist and poetReputationMain WorksReputationan adventure writerregarded as great as Whitman, and Faulknercreates the first American prose epic, Moby DickMoby Dick is recognized as one of the greatest American novelsMain Works1.Novels:Typee《泰比》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Redburn《雷得本》White Jacket《白外衣》Moby Dick ★《白鲸》—Melville’s masterpiece, a significant philosophical work on spiritual exploration PierreThe Confidence Man《骗子的化妆表演》2. Collections of Poems:（了解）Battle Pieces《战事集》Clarel《克拉瑞尔》John Marr and Other Sailors《约翰·玛尔和其他水手》Timoleon《梯摩里昂》The Backround of AmericanRealism时间：19世纪后半页，尤指19世纪70，80年代失去希望的美国人去了西部，人们变得更实际的面对生活因为国家的发展，渐渐有人失去了浪漫的想象逐渐转向务实。
英美文选复习资料.doc
1 .“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of the system, that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation."What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?The sentence is a typical example of irony. What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence s literal meaning.For the "benefit" of exercise, Oliver whipped every morning in a stone yard; for the “pleasure” of society, he was carried away every other day to the dinning hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys; as for the "advantages" of the religious consolation,he kicked out into apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy s prayer tobe guarded against his sins and vices.The ironic statement is, in fact, a bitter denunciation and fierce attack at the brutal, inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority.2. How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best? Neoclassicists upheld that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.Alexander Pope s “An Essay on Criticism" advocated grace, wit (usually though satire / humor), and simplicity in language (and the poem itself is a demonstration of those ideals, too), Henry Fielding s Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel; Gray s Elegy Written in Country Churchyard displays elegance in style, unified structure, serious tone and moral instructions.Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be "spontaneous overflow of strong feelings”， and no matter how fragmentary those experiences are (Wordsworth s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud or The Solitary Reaper or Coleridge s Keble Khan), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual s mind.3. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge s Lyrical Ballads. Why is Lyrical Ballads considered the milestoneto mark the beginning of English Romanticism? In this book, Wordsworth and Coleridge explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry wring. The preface to theLyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. In the preface, Wordsworth defines poetry and poets.Wordsworth s poems in this book differ in marked way from his early poetry: simplicity of the language, sympathy for the poor, and expressions of inward states of mind.4. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen s attitude towards these motivations.Motivation one: to pursue material wealth and social position through marriage. Wickham, Miss Bingley and Charlotte Lucas are examples of this kind.Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty. Lydia and Mr. Bennet are examples of this kind.Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial positions into consideration. Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two motivations.5. “ My boy! said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver started at the s ound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears.” (from Charles Dickens Oliver Twist) Explain why Oliver Twist started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were “kindly” said. The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected; it must be the first time in all his life that the boy Oliver Twist had ever “kindly” greeted, strange words may predict another suffering.6. Discuss the way symbolism is used in Melville s Moby-Dick.To Ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe, or perhaps both. The chase of the white whale symbolizes Ahab s pursuit of truth and fighting against the evil force.To Ishmael, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries. It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe.To the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man. It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature.7. As a rule, an allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?Bunyan s Pilgrim s Progress and Spenser s The Faerie QueeneIt usually concerned with moral, religious, political, symbolic or mythical ideas.8. Take Mark Twain s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.Mark Twain shaped the world s view of America and made the extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature.The novel has become a great contribution to the legacy of American literature.The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by his contemporary writers such as Emerson, Poe and Melville. It is simple, direct, lucid and faith to the colloquial speech. This style of colloquialism is best described as vernacular.He successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate and shed light on the contemporary society. That s why he is known as a local colorist.Mark Twain s humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc. some of them are typical of tall tales. And a great deal of his humor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax. He uses his humor to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.9. How do you philosophically define Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism has been defined philosophi cally as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense". Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind,^. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.10. Thomas Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. Some critics believe that he is emotionally traditional and intellectually advanced. How do you understand this idea?Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as the transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional. In his Wessex novels, there is a nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which wasgradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country. And with those traditional characters he is always sympathetic.On the other hand, the immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon the man is quite obvious, too. He read Darwin s The Origin Species and accepted the idea of "survival of the fittest". He was also influenced by Spenser s The First Principle, which led him to the belief that man s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”，both inside and outside.11. Hemingway Code heroesIt refers to some protagonists in Hemingway s works. In the general situation of Hemingway s novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway code heroes.12. Tn your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel." (from Theodore Dreiser s Sister Carrie)What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”？The “rocking-chair” is a symbol standing for fate. It is like a cradle that makes one feel peaceful. It is also like a tide that ever goes on with life, the destiny of which is uncertain.。
英美文选资料复习.docx
二现实Twain,James,Emily Dickinson,Dreiser（自然主义,三代表，历险记,贵妇人，黛瓯三部曲，嘉丽）一:现实主义时期界定:The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism • 二:历史文化背景:The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism .American had transformed itself from a Jeffersonian agrarian community into an industrialized and commercialized society .The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization .Polarization of the well・being started to show up ,with the poor poorer and the rich richer •三:文学特点:The Realistic period is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature ,especially American fiction from the 1850sonwards .Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions .四:现实主义与自然主义的异同:Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human existence • 五:自然主义:The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism :American naturalism .Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language Jacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure .philosophically ,the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual ,or beyong his control. 六:重要作家：①Mark Twain 马克吐温作品及内容：H.L.Mencken considered he"the true father foor our national literature^.His Roughing It describes a journey that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii .Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ,this time up and down the Mississippi .The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys •里程ti卑Adventures of Huckleberry Finne is a boy's book written for the adults 5and Hemingway described it"all modem American literature comes：人物刻画及语言风格:Mark Twain is the most famous local colorist，jt concerned with the life of a small,well-defined region or province .his humor characterized by puns ,straight-faced exaggeration ,repetition ,and anti-climax Jet alone tricks of travesty and invective ,is remarkable .In Adventures of Huckleberry Finne 解析:Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head .between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape .Huck's final decision—to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality •Setting :he used the Mississippi valley as his fictional kingdom .writing about the landscape and people ,the customs and the dialects of one particular region ,and is therefore known as a local colorist Characters :he creats life-like characters .especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn，who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality ;Language ;it is the kind of colloquial language belong ing to the lower class ,the living local American English •②Henry James亨利詹姆斯:国际标准考虑职业，1876定居伦敦，1915加英国籍:His career is devided into three periods •代表作:The Portrait of A Lady ,which incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in aEuropean culture environment •艺术特色:The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny .And his fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions ,so he is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century u steam-of-conscioueness55novels and the founder of psychologicalrealism .The literary techniques innovated by James to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative^point of view^.Outlook :it is both concerned with form and devoted to human values ,He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him ,even the disagreeable ,the ugly and the commonplace ,The artist should be able to^feel^the life ,tounderstand human nature ?and then to record them in his own art form .《黛西米勒》解析:Published in 1878,Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe ,a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World .However ^innocence ,the keynote of her character ,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different c ultures •③Emily Dickinson 狄金森：文学生涯:She wanted to live simply as a complete independent being ,and so she did ,as a spinster •开始于in the early 1850s •共写了1775 首诗，但生前只有7首发表了o其余于1890年后相继出版.She called this stream of tiny ,aphoristic poems a continuous fragmented^letter to the world^^a way to bridgr her private world with the public 题结构及艺术特色:Her poems concerning death and immorality ganging over the rendering of the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death .Her poems have no titles ,hence are always quoted by their first lines ,there is a particular stress pattern jn which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis .The poetic idiom is famous for its laconic brevity .directn ess and plainness •④Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞的生平及作品:As one of America's literary naturalists ."欲望三部曲"The Financier ,The Titan and The Stoic are called u trilogy of Desire59.1945 年逝世前不久加入the Communist Party •创作思想，艺术特色及写作风格:Dreisefs style has been a point of heated discussion .The consensus that has been reached sa far seems to be that .although Dreisefs novels are formless at times and awkwardly written .and his characterization is found deficient and his prose pedestrian and dull ,yet his very energy proves to be more than a compensation .He is good at employing the journalistic method of reiteration to burn a central impression into the reader's mind .《嘉丽妹妹》解析:In Sister Carrie Dreiser expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness of life and attacking the conventional moralstandards .unsuccessfully ,to find meaning and purpose for their existence .Carrie ,as one of such one ,senses that she is merely a cipher in an uncaring world yet seeks to grasp the mysteries of life and thereby satisfies her desires for social status and material comfort •（Hurstwood,s 自杀）:When they live together ,Carrie becomes mature in intellect and emotion ,while Hurst wood ,away from the atmosphere of success on which his life has been based .steadily declines .So their relations become strained .At last ,she thinks him too great a burden and leaves him .After Carrie deserts Hurstwood ,he is in great despair .Feeble and penniless ,Hurstwood wanders in a cold winter night with no body trying to help .Extremely hopeless and totally devastated ,he turns the gas on in a cheaplodging-house and ends his life .By making that comment .Hurstwood seems to have realized that it is useless to continue to fight against fate •His fate is not controlled by his own efforts but by some social forces too strong for him to resist ,so he decides to give up •七:三代表:William Dean Howells ,Mark Twain ,Henry James :Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the^life^of the Americans ・Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived .Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories .Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the^inner world^of man.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料一.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)人文主义先驱，the father of English poetry..第一个用英语写作的诗人。
二. William Shakespeare1.The four great tragedies by William Shakespeare are _Hamlet_, _Othello_, _King Lear_, Macbeth. 四大喜剧是A Midsummer Night's Dream ;As you like it ;Twelfth Night ;The merchant of Venice .the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩The founder of the“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物代表作:Love lyrics:Songs and sonnets.The Flea.A Valediction: forbidding morning作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)② novelty of subject matter an d point(新颖的题材和视角)③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）was a _radical puritan in politics and religion. 激进清教徒分子。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
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二现实Twain,James,Emily Dickinson,Dreiser(自然主义,三代表,历险记,贵妇人,黛西,三部曲,嘉丽)一:现实主义时期界定:The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism .二:历史文化背景:The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism .American had transformed itself from a Jeffersonian agrarian community into an industrialized and commercialized society .The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization .Polarization of the well-being started to show up ,with the poor poorer and the rich richer .三:文学特点:The Realistic period is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature ,especially American fiction ,from the 1850sonwards .Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions .四:现实主义与自然主义的异同:Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human existence .五:自然主义:The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism :American naturalism .Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language ,lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure .philosophically ,the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual ,or beyong his control. 六:重要作家:①Mark Twain 马克吐温作品及内容：H.L.Mencken considered he“the true father foor our national literature”.His Roughing It describes a journey that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii .Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ,this time up and down the Mississippi .The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys .里程碑Adventures of Huckleberry Finne is a boy's book written for the adults ,and Hemingway describedit“all modern American literature comes”.人物刻画及语言风格:Mark Twain is the most famous local colorist , ,it concerned with the life of a small ,well-defined region or province .his humor characterized by puns ,straight-faced exaggeration ,repetition ,and anti-climax ,let alone tricks of travesty and invective ,is remarkable .In Adventures of Huckleberry Finne 解析:Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head ,between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape .Huck's final decision--to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality .Setting :he used the Mississippi valley as his fictional kingdom ,writing about the landscape and people ,the customs and the dialects of one particular region ,and is therefore known as a local colorist ;Characters :he creats life-like characters ,especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn ,who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality ;Language ;it is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class ,the living local American English .②Henry James亨利詹姆斯:国际标准考虑职业，1876定居伦敦，1915加英国籍:His career is devided into three periods .代表作:The Portrait of A Lady ,whichincarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European culture environment .艺术特色:The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny .And his fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions ,so he is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century“steam-of-conscioueness”novels and the founder of psychological realism .The literary techniques innovated by James to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative“point of view”.Outlook :it is both concerned with form and devoted to human values ,He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him ,even the disagreeable ,the ugly and the commonplace ,The artist should be able to“feel”the life ,tounderstand human nature ,and then to record them in his own art form .《黛西米勒》解析:Published in 1878,Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe ,a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World .However ,innocence ,the keynote of her character ,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures .③Emily Dickinson 狄金森：文学生涯:She wanted to live simply as a complete independent being ,and so she did ,as a spinster .开始于in the early 1850s .共写了1775首诗，但生前只有7首发表了。