国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试(补全短文)

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国家电网职称英语题库2012版_补全短文

补全短文Passage 1 Functions of power transmissionThe function of (1) is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange power between power networks in order to attain the generation-consumption balance or the supply-demand balance between (2)．Power transmission is completed by step-up substations，(3)．The transmission line mainly consists of the transmission conductors (cables)，poles or towers，insulators，overhead ground wires，and grounding devices. The (4) can reduce the line loss and the voltage drop，ensure the power quality, raise the economy of (5)．The increase of transmission line voltage can not only raise the amount of transmitted power, but also reduce the line loss and line voltage drop，and improve the voltage quality．A. step-down substations and connected transmission equipmentB. power network operationC. power transmissionD. transmission at high voltageE. power networksPassage 2 Substation misoperation and its preventingThe misopemtion that can lead to (1) mainly are：①on-loadswitching of isolating switch；②connecting (2)；③closing the circuit breaker (isolating switch) with ground lines (ground switch) earthed．The“five preventings”for (3) includes：①preventing the wrong opening or closing of circuit breaker；②preventing the on load opening and closing of isolating switch；③preventing (4)；④preventing the closing of circuit breaker with grounding wire connected；⑤preventing(5)．A. preventing the misoperation in substationB. the closing of grounding switch with power onC. accidents in the electrical operation of the substationD. the persons from illegal entering the lived bayE. the grounding wire (closing the grounding switch) with power onPassage 3 A brief introduction on the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantagesIn (1) such as U.S.A，Japan and European countries，the supercritical boiler has been developed since the 60s of last century．It has been proved by data and experience，the supercritical unit has (2)．As for its reliability, because the steam-water flow passages in supercritical boiler is same as that in the (3)，there isn’t anything special. But as far as hydrauliccharacteristic，a symbol of reliability, is concerned，in a supercritical boiler, under supercritical condition，medium is of single phase which has a (4). So that the problem caused by uneven distribution of steam phase and water phase can be avoided．It is admitted that, if (5)，both supercritical and subcritical units can get an excellent reliability index.A. good homogenization of distributionB. some advanced countriesC. whole process management is strengthenedD. great advantages oil economy and environmental protectionE. subcritical once-through boilerPassage 4 Steam generation and useSteam is one of man’s dependable servants More and more in the background，steam is doing more and more work for man. In (1) steam may be seen only at the teakettle, but the electricity used may be generated by burning coal or gas and producing steam to turn the generator rotors in the power plant Even if (2) by nuclear fission，the generation of electricity is still accomplished by (3).In the U.S.A. the demand for electricity doubles every ten years. For the most part water resources suitable for powergeneration are already in service, except for emergency standby and peak-load units; approximately 90% of (4) utilizes steam. The (5) is expanding in most countries of the world except for the countries where available water power resources are greater than power needs.A. first generating steamB. an electrically heated homeC. use of steam for electric power generationD. the new generating capacity being installedE. the fuel is uranium and the heat is suppliedPassage 5 Circuit breakerCircuit breakers are automatically operated high voltage (or high current) switches. Circuit breakers are required (1) by switching circuits on，by carrying load and by switching circuits off under manual or automatic supervision. Their duty is as follows：In closed position the circuit breaker must be a good conductor for the normal load current. In open position the gap across the contacts shall have foil insulation level. At opening operating the circuit breaker must be able (2) to many thousands of amperes，and independently of the characteristics from purely inductive to fully capacitive. At closing operation the circuit breaker must close fast and be safe also against full short circuitconditions. They must，therefore，be effective instantaneously when are called upon (3) without movement. As the circuit breaker is the last link in the chain of protective equipment, the circuit breaker reliability is (4) of the total electric power system so the importance (5) cannot be over emphasized.A· to perform any switching operation after long periodsB. to control electrical power networksC. of the circuit breakerD. to switch the current which can be from a few amperesE. of the highest importance for high reliabilityPassage 6 The ratio of distance to height of pumped-storage power plantFor pumped-storage power plant, generally the ratio of distance to height (l), Distance-height ratio (2) to the drop between upper and low reservoir that is L/H. The head of simple pumped-storage power plant consists of two parts，they are natural topographic elevation difference and elevation difference formed by dam. Of course, the head derived from topographic elevation difference ( 3 )，so in selecting plant site，the condition that not only a height difference is available but also no very high dam of upper reservoir is necessary should be considered. Smaller L/H value indicates a shorter water transportation line，then the engineering construction cost can be saved. But in many circumstances, topographic condition ( 4 ),so we can’t say the smallest L/H value ( 5 ). In newly constructed three large capacity pumped-storage power plants in our country, the L/H value respectively are：7.12 in Guangzhou. 4.12 in Shisanling，2.40 in Tian huangpingA. is most economicB. is used to evaluate topographic condition of power plantC. is not desirableD. is the ratio of horizontal distance between upper and low reservoirE. is the bestPassage 7 Fuel cellsFuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen are supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Unlike conventional batteries. where the conversion of chemical to electrical energy requires only the closing of a circuit between the cathode and anode to produce and electrical current，(1). These cells require the fuel and oxygen that will produce the chemical reactions that produce an electrical0utout．Fuel cells have been made that will supply power in the megawatt range，and (2)．Such cells are not yet widely used on power systems，but(3)to supply fuel cell power to isolated loads As the voltage output of a cell is in the order of l to 2.5V, (4) and power output in ranges that are normally required. Inverters are used to (5) when and AC output is desired.A . further development is under wayB. there is no storage capacity in a fuel cellC. many cells are operated in series to obtain voltagesD. supply alternating current from fuel cellsE. as they are being developed there have been some applicationsPassage 8 Substations pace into the Digital Age Substations constitute the main part of power transmission and distribution in a power grid. The substations (1), with the responsibility for the electric power transmission and distribution in the grid. Over more than a decade of development, (2). In the rebuilding and constructing of power grid in rural and urban areas，automation technology is not only used in low-voltage substations to realize unattended operation，but also in the 220kV and above extra-voltage substations，thus greatly enhancing the level of modernization of power gridconstruction, strengthening the power transmission and distribution and the possibility of power grid dispatching and reducing the total cost of substation construction, (3). However, the development of technology is never-ending，and the increasing maturation of technology like intelligent switches，photoelectric current and voltage transformers，online condition monitoring of primary equipments, (4), as well as the development and application of high-speed network in real-time system，is bound to have a profound impact upon the existing substation automation technology, and (5) is about to emerge. A. substation automation technology has reached a certain levelB. simulation training technology for substation operationC. composed of a large number of primary and secondary equipmentsD. a full-digital automation systemE. all of which has become an indisputable factPassage 9 Overcoming the Problem of WasteMany large cities are anything but beautiful Streets are littered with trash. In this trash, however, (1) ．If people want to solve the problem of waste, (2)．They must work out ways of making use of good things which are justthrown away as waste．When a car gets too old，it may not rim any more. But if the metal that the car was made of is still good，(3). When a bottle is empty, it goes out in the trash. But bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets. Besides, garbage from food can be changed into fertilizer. But first you have to pick out all the glass and metal.Furthermore, garbage can also be a good source for making building blocks, which are then covered with concrete. Now, (4) . Some day, people will watch films in a great cinema which has been built out of garbage Future buildings，roads，and cities may be made from garbage. But so far, (5).A. there is no time to be lostB. building beautiful cities out of garbage is only a dreamC. there is still something that can be usefulD. it can be put to use againE. more and more machines are designed for this purpose Passage 10 HibernationThe weather in winter. Call be very cold. Some animals sleep during the winter, for it's difficult for them to find food then. (1) . For example，their sleep can last from autumn to spring. (2).Animals need food in winter to keep them warm and alive If they move about more，they need eat more. (3). Their heart beatsslowly. And they breathe slowly. They find a safe place to sleep.(4).In warm winter some animals like bears may wake up. If they see thick snow oil the ground, they will get back to their sleep.(5).A. So they don’t need to worry about bad weather and other dangerous animalsB. We call this kind of sleep in wintertime “hibernation’’C. As it gets warmer and warmer in spring，the sleeping animals begin to wake up and look around for foodD. Hibernating animals don’t need to eat much because they don’t moveE. They can sleep for a long timePassage 11 SatellitesThe body that is neatest to the Earth is the moon. (1). This satellite is called natural satellite. Man—made spacecraft which circle the Earth are called artificial satellites. Natural as well as artificial satellites circle the planets in a definite path or orbit(轨道). (2).All the bodies in space like the moon，the planets and the stars also exert an attractive force on objects. (3). The moon’s gravitational force is only one．sixth that of the Earth’s. TheEarth’s gravitational force of pull keeps ns and everything else on Earth from floating away to space.(4). There are many artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth. Some artificial satellites have been sent up to orbit the moon and even the planet Mars. (5).A. The bigger and heavier a body is, the greater is its force of gravityB. It circles the Earth and is therefore know as a satellite of the EarthC. To get out into space we have to overcome the Earth’s gravitational pullD. A satellite stays in orbit because the planet gravitational force keeps pulling it into a circleE. Artificial satellite can be used for various purposes Passage 12 Secondary equipment in power systemThe secondary equipments in power system are (1), measuring，regulating，controlling primary equipments, the equipments that supply information，working condition for the operator or maintenance persons, and (2). The electric circuit connected with the secondary winding of CT or PT is called secondary circuit. The secondary equipment and secondary circuit belong to secondary system.The voltage and (3) are：110V , 220V DC operating voltages, 100V rated voltage of the potential transformer secondary winding and (4). The related parameter values of secondary system after weak electrification are：24V 48V 60V DC operating voltages, (5), 0.5A rated current of CT secondary side.A. 5A rated current of the current transformer secondary windingB. the equipments that provide protecting，monitoringC. 50V rated voltage of PT secondary sideD. the equipments that send the command signalsE. current values in secondary systemPassage 13 Switching overvoltageA sudden change in the configuration of transmission network caused (1) or by the appearance of a fault can cause a rapid surge known as switching overvoltage, which propagates throughout the network. It is these switching overvoltages which in general (2), Limitating these overvoltages is of extremely importance, because they have an important effect on both (3). These switching overvoltages can occur (4). If non-restriking circuit breakers is not used, it is at the instant of closing, and above all，re-closing of a line which has held a residual charge, that the strongest overvoltages will appear. This switchingovervoltage is usually limited (5).A. determine the insulation requirements of transmission linesB. the cost of transmission and 1ine failure rateC. at both opening and closing of circuit breakersD. by means of circuit breaker closing resistor in 500kV systemE. by the operation of a circuit breakerPassage 14 Transmission line and distribution lineThe high voltage power line through which power is (1) is called power transmission line. The voltage classes of 35kV and above are generally used. High voltage distribution line is (2) to distribution transformers. Low voltage distribution line is the line that transmits power from distribution transformer to the users. The normal voltage of power distribution line is 380V. The special sections of (3) refer to the sections with large spanning, serious pollution, (4)．The overhead line section whose span is 1000 m and longer or the height of the pole or tower is l00m and higher is called (5).A. transmitted from power plant’s step-up substation to step-down substationB. the overhead transmission lineC. lightning frequently happening and heavy rainingD. the power line that transmits the power from step-down substationE. 1arge spanning line sectionPassage 15 Transformer insulationThe insulation of a transformer can be categorized into internal insulation and external insulation. (1). The external insulation is the insulation between the upper part of bushings and the ground and the insulation among the bushings. The internal insulation of transformer can be further subdivided into main insulation and longitudinal insulation (2). The longitudinal insulation refers the insulation between different parts of the same winding，such as insulation between different sections，layers and turns of the same winding.(3), insulating pressboard, cable paper, corrugated paper, etc. The oil in transformer has two functions, one is insulation, and the other is cooling (4) by the factors such as temperature is called insulation aging. (5), for every 6o C temperature rise the insulation life time of the paper used in transformer will decrease by half.A. The main insulation materials inside transformer are transformer oilB. The degradation of insulating properties of insulationmaterials under long period of influenceC. The internal insulation refers to the insulation of various parts inside the oil tankD．If the winding temperature is within the scope of 80～140 o CE. The main insulation refers to the insulation between windings and grounding parts and the insulation between windingsPassage 16 The electricity marketThe aim of introducing market mechanism is to bring various parties more economic benefit through equitable competition，thereby promote economic development.Like other markets, it needs (1) where the sellers and buyers (suppliers) can trade electricity, and needs (2) where the suppliers can sell electricity to final customers. As in other markets，the participants need (3). Competition is introduced into generation and retail supplied to customers. Customers are free (4). If a customer chooses to buy electricity in the retail market, he should be able to choose electricity supply from one of several competing retailers. If a customer decides to purchase directly from the wholesale market, he will need (5). Power generation is disaggregated into separate companies to ensureadequate competition.A. to agree on the price and quantity to be tradedB. a wholesale marketC. to register as a market customerD. a retail marketE. to choose electricity suppliersPassage 17 Electric powerElectric power is a most convenient，clean，safe，and useful form of energy which supplies the major portion of energy needs of a modem society At the present time (1) is newsworthy. Electric power is so vital to the lives of people that (2) causes inconvenience, loss of production, and danger to many individuals who are in operation (such as cardiac operation) in hospital. A prolonged blackout, which is inevitable when a growing load is combined with no generation additions, could lead to (3). With the developing of industry and improving in living standard, the electric power demand is growing continuously and (4) is much greater than that of all other forms of energy. Now (5) has been one of the indications of modernization of a country.A. its growth rateB. its unavailabilityC. the lack of electricity (a blackout)D. social disorder, and even national tragedyE. high electric power consumption per capitaPassage 18 Copyright piracyThere are numerous examples of what has become known as copyright piracy. The American chemical giant Du Pont, for example, recently introduced into one Asian country its famous Londax herbicide, which kills weeds in rice fields. The company invested millions of dollars in (1) of this product and ploughed another US $25 million into opening a local production plant. Less than one year later, however, very cheap bottles of Londax were openly on sale. The only difference between (2) -0ther than the price-was that the fake was called Rondex and came in a blue rather than a green bottle. However, as it was so much cheaper than the original, it effectively destroyed Du Pont’s investment. It also made the company less willing to invest in R&D of (3). The“recipe”for Londax should have been treated as (4) of Du Pont. Other companies making illegal use of it are stealing just as surely as if they stole Du Pont’s machines or any other (5) of the inventing company.A. new chemicalsB. the research and developmentC. physical propertyD. the fake and real itemsE. the intellectual propertyPassage 19 Electrical energyElectrical energy is the presence and flow of an electric charge. The energy portion of electricity is found in a variety of phenomena such as (1), electromagnetic fields and lightning. Humans have found the ability to harness these phenomena and store the (2) for later use. The concept of (3) is defined using a variety of different terminologies such as charge，current and potential.Electrical energy is the result of the interaction of subatomic particles with electromagnetic force. Within an atom, electrons and protons create a charge. This charge Can be transferred between bodies using direct contact with a conductive material like a wire.The current refers to the movement of the charge. With direct current, this occurs when the electricity is stored in a battery and travels in one direction out of the battery. (4) occurs when the current changes direction repeatedly within an electrical system. The alternating current form is usually used to power larger objects such as residences and buildings.(5) is essential to the range and power of electric energy. When an electric charge exists within an object, a force is exerted from its electrical field. This accelerates the object in a direction either towards or away from the charge, depending on the electromagnetic polarization. Generally, positively-charged electricity pushes the object away, while negatively-charged electricity pulls the object towards the field.A. Alternating currentB. electrical energyC. Electrical potentialD. static electricityE. electrical chargePassage 20 Solar energyMany people think of alternative solar energy as a new technology, but humans have been using this process to heat homes and baths for thousands of years. Alternative solar energy refers to energy from the sun that can be captured and used just like energy created by fossil fuels. The great benefit of solar energy is that its source, the sun，is not diminished by use of the energy, therefore making this type of power system(1).There are several different methods of collecting and using alternative solar energy. One of (2), usually seen as solar panels.Solar panels can be a very good means of collecting solar energy, but do have some drawbacks. While panels have the advantage of quickly turning absorbed solar radiation into usable energy, they are extremely (3). This means that much of the potential power of absorbed light is lost in the transfer processThermal solar energy is primarily used to create heat, such as for homes, baths, and swimming pools, In a thermal system, (4), which then passes through a pipe system where it mixes with water, generating steam. Steam is then passed through a turbine system, which turns it into usable energy. Despite sounding like a more complex process than photovoltaic systems use, thermal alternative solar energy is often far more (5) and is able to retain and use more of the collected energy directly for heating.A. sustainableB. inefficientC. the collected energy is used to heat a fluidD. the best known is photovoltaic cellsE. efficientPassage 21 Electrical energy conservationElectrical energy conservation refers to the process of reducing energy used through various means. Many of these methods for (1)；naming down the thermostat, naming off thelights when leaving the room, or switching off power strips when not in use are all examples of this. Homes, businesses or power companies (2), such as wind or solar energy, are also examples of electrical energy conservation. Many traditional electrical power plants are coal-fired, which contributes greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, (3)；this is just one reason that energy conservation is important.For many people, electrical energy conservation begins at home. Not only is this good for the environment, but it can also significantly reduce the amount of a monthly electric bill. Some of the simplest steps to energy conservation include switching traditional light bulbs to compact fluorescent(CFL)bulbs, or (4). Making sure appliances are efficient, and that windows and doors are well sealed against the outdoors, are other examples of energy conservation. People (5) should also look for power strips that can be switched off．A. turning the thermostat up in the summer and down in the winterB. looking for other opportunities for electrical energy conservation in the homeC. reducing energy consumption can be undertaken at homeD. making use of alternative clean energy sourcesE. contributing to climate changePassage 1Nowadays, scientists are working hard to make deserts into useful land again. They make efforts to bring water to the desert( C ). Unluckily, more and more land is becoming deserts. This is because people are doing bad things to the earth.Some places don’t become deserts( D )Some green plants are growing there. ( B ). Plants keep the land away from becoming too dry in the sunshine( E ). When a little bit rain falls, the plants can hold the water. Without plants and grass，the land will become drier and drier and is more likely to become a desert. ( A )A. There is still a long way to go for scientists to turn the desert into good land.B. They are very important to dry placesC. so that people can live and grow food thereD. even t hough these places don’t have much rainE. Besides, they won’t let the wind blow the dirt away.Passage 2Temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy and entropy are the most commonly used ( C ) in the thermodynamics.Heat expansion refers to the phenomenon that most of the substances will increase in size with ( B ) in the absence of ( E ).There are three basic types of( A ), namely, conduction, convection and radiation.The first law of thermodynamics goes like this: the heat input to a thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the increase in( D )of the system and the work done to the outside.A. heat transferB．the rise in temperatureC．parameters of the mediumD．internal energyE．external forcesPassage 1( E ) Here are three important rules( A )Reduce. ( B ) Big cities always consume a lot of water in daily life. To save water, people in some families may first use the same water to wash clothes and then to flush the toilet.Reuse. ( C )For example, you can pass on the clothes you do not use or those too small for you to your younger sisters or brothers.Recycle. Bottles, cans and paper can be recycled. In this way, we can save a lot of money and resources. For example,used coke cans can be sent to a factory to be smashed flat and melted. ( D )A. Their key words all begin with the 1etter “R”.B. If you want to reduce waste. you must use things wisely.C. You must always think of reusing things before throwing them out.D. The metal stuff can be made into new coke cans.E. It’s important to protect our environment.Passage 2According to the mode of energy conversion, power plants can be classified into fossil-fired, hydraulic, ( B ), geothermal, tide power plants, and so on.A power plant transforms primary energy source into electric power and ( C ).A co-generation plant is the power plant that not only generates electricity but also ( A ).Normally, in selecting the site of a new power plant, following factors should be fully considered: Power net plan fur medium and long term; ( D ); Transportation condition; Water sources; Local natural condition and environmental protection.According to the common stipulation for a newly scheduled power plant, the total capacity in a ( E ) is in therange of 1200MW to 3 600MW, the number of units should not exceed six and the ranks of capacity should not exceed two.A. supplies steam to the userB. nuclear, wind, solarC. supplies power to usersD. Fuel supply and ash disposalE. newly scheduled power plantPassage 1The most important pumps in a power plant are feed-water pumps and condensate pumps, etc.The role of feed-water pump in a power plant is that ( B ) from de-aerator water storage tank to boiler. To meet the demand of parameter design of thermodynamic system and to simplify the system, a part of the feed water is extracted from an intermediate stage of the pump for temperature reduction of superheated steam.Following methods are used popularly for the speed regulation of feed-water pump: ( D )；Hydraulic coupling speed regulation and speed regulation by a small turbine.The principle of disposition for boiler feed-water pumps: three sets of feed-water pumps are equipped, ( A ), another one for standby. Generally, two steam-driven pumps and one。

国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试宝典（补全短文）[全文5篇]

国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试宝典（补全短文）[全文5篇]第一篇：国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试宝典(补全短文)补全短文Passage 1 Functions of power transmissionCEADBThe function of(1)is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange。

A.step-down substations and connected transmission equipmentB.power network operationC.power transmissionD.transmission at high voltageE.power networksPassage 2 Substation misoperation and its preventingCEABD The misopemtion that can lead to(1)mainly are：①on-load switching of isolating switch；A.preventing the misoperation in substationB.the closing of grounding switch with power onC.accidents in the electrical operation of the substationD.the persons from illegal entering the lived bayE.the grounding wire(closing the grounding switch)with power onPassage 3 A brief introduction on the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantagesBDEAC In(1)such as U.S.A，Japan and European countries，the supercritical。

国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试(英语短文判断)

1.Advice on friendshipWe all need friends. Without friends we may feel empty and sad.……P3142.Business and risksMars once quoted a famous saying in his work capitalism, ……P3113.Closed loop operation of power gridThe closed loop operation of power grid refers to the mode of connecting the substations or transformers ……P3034.ElectricityElectricity may be dangerous. It always takes the shortest way to the ground.……P3125.Feature of power generationThe simultaneousness of the electric power generation means that the electric power generation,……P3026.Grounding of electric equipmentConnecting electric equipment with a grounded conductor in the earth is called grounding.……P3057.Heat treatmentThe purpose of post-weld heat treatment is: to diminish the residual stress in the welded joints;……P3108.Hydraulic structureThe selected type of dam of hydraulic power plant depends principally on topographic……P3109.Optical fiber communicationOptical fiber communication is a kind information by optical fiber.……P306 10.PaperDo you know the key to the following question?……P31311.Power plantAccording to the mode of energy conversion, power plants can be classified into fossil-fired,……P30712.Selection of metal material for the boiler in units of 1 000MW gradeTaking a general view of the 1 000MW high-efficiency supercritical unit designed and made in China,……P30813.Types of circuit breakerThe high voltage circuit breaker is mainly composed of contactors,……P304 14.The role of the condenserThe condenser is a surface heat exchange in which cooling water passing through the tubers ……P30815.UnderseaThe undersea world is very mysterious. In the daytime, there is enough light.……P313。

国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试试题库答案解析[第二版]完整

国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试题库答案（第二版）单项选择Section11.The orange is too high on the tree .It’s out of my reach(伸出手).I need someone to help me.2.The city is named after famouspresident. (这个城市是著名的总统名字命名的) named after短语”命名”3.It took millions of people severalyears to build the Great Wall.4.I have always considered(考虑过的/认为) you my best friend.5.If I take this medicine twice a day,it should cure (治愈)my cold.. 如果我服用此药，一天两次，就应该治愈我的感冒6.It is considerate 考虑周到的 of youto turn down the radio while yoursister is still ill in bed. 这是体贴你调低收音机，你的妹妹还在床上生病。

7.It’s not quite certain 肯定that hewill be present at the meeting. 这不是肯定的是，他将出席会议8.It was natural (自然)that he count(计算) the days before going home.9.when she saw the clouds(乌去密布) shewent back to house to fetch(取) her umbrella(伞).10.The metals which we find in the earthinclude(包括) iron , lead and copper.在我们地球上发现金属包括有铁，铅和铜11.Your hair needs to be cut(剪) ;wouldyou like me to do it for you..12.It was difficult难 to guess猜测 whather reaction反应 to the news消息would be.13.Contrary相反 to your prediction预言 , they lost the game..14.We say that a person has good mannersif he or she is polite , kind and helpful to others. 我们说一个人具有良好的风度，如果他或她是有礼貌，善良和乐于助人。

国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试题库（英语短文判断）

国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试题库（英语短文判断）第一篇：国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试题库(英语短文判断)1.Feature ofpower generationThe simultaneousness of the electric power generation means that ……P2822.Types of circuit breakerThe high voltage circuit breaker is mainly composed of contactors ,……P283 3.Optical fiber communicationOptical fiber communication is a 10-pound note kind of information communication by optical fiber.……P2844.Power plantAccording to the mode of energy conversion ,power plants can be classified into fossil-fired……P2835.Selection of metal material for the boiler in units 1000mwgradeTaking a 10-pound note general view of the 1000mw grade high-efficiency supercritical unit designed ……P2866.The role of the condenserThe condenser is a 10-pound note surface heat exchanger in which cooling water passing through the tubes ……P2877.Hydraulic structureThe selected type of dam of hydraulic power plant depends principally on topographic,……P2888.Heat treatmentThe purpose of post-weld heat treatment is :to diminish the residual stress in the welded……P2899.Business and riskscapitalism ……P29010.ElectricityElectricity may be dangerous.it always takes the shortest way to the ground ……P29011.Undersea lifeThe undersea world is very mysterious.……P29112.Advice on friendshipWe all need friends.without friends we may feel empty and sad ……P292 13.AustralisAustralis is a vast continent,the sixth largest in wor ld.……P29214.BiomassBiomass is a cost-effective source of energy.……P29315.Nuclear radiationNuclear power’s danger to health ,safety ,and even to lifeitselfcan be summed up in one world ……P29416.Livestock’s long shadowWhen you think about the growth of human population over the last century or so ,it is all ……P29517.Pain managementYears ago ,doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life.……P29518.The obama administration’sbank rescue proposalAmong the criticisms of the boama administration’s bank ……P296第二篇：国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试(英语短文判断)1.Advice on friendshipWe all need friends.Without friends we may feel empty and sad.……P3142.Business and riskscapitalism, ……P3113.Closed loop operation of power gridThe closed loop operation of power grid refers to the mode of connecting the substations or transformers ……P3034.ElectricityElectricity may be dangerous.It always takes the shortest way to the ground.……P3125.Feature of power generationThe simultaneousness of the electric power generation means that the electric power generation,……P3026.Grounding of electric equipmentConnecting electric equipment with a grounded conductor in the earth is called grounding.……P3057.Heat treatmentThe purpose of post-weld heat treatment is: to diminish the residual stress in the welded joints;……P310structureThe selected type of dam of hydraulic power plant depends principally on 8.Hydraulic topographic……P3109.Optical fiber communicationOptical fiber communication is a kind information by optical fiber.……P30610.PaperDo you know the key to the following question?……P31311.Power plantAccording to the mode of energy conversion, power plants can be classified into fossil-fired,……P30712.Selection of metal material for the boiler in units of 1 000MW gradeTaking a general view of the 1 000MW high-efficiency supercritical unit designed and made in China,……P30813.Types of circuit breakerThe high voltage circuit breaker is mainly composed of contactors,……P30414.The role of the condenserThe condenser is a surface heat exchange in which cooling water passing through the tubers ……P30815.UnderseaThe undersea world is very mysterious.In the daytime, there is enough light.……P313第三篇：国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试题库(英语短文判断)1.Feature of power generation The simultaneousness of the electric power generation means that ……P2822.Types of circuit breaker The high voltage circuit breaker is mainly composed of contactors ,……P2833.Optical fiber communication Optical fiber communication is a 10-pound note kind of information communication by optical fiber.……P2844.Power plant According to the mode of energy conversion ,power plants can be classified into fossil-fired……P2835.Selection of metal material for the boiler in units 1000mw gradeTaking a 10-pound note general view of the 1000mw grade high-efficiency supercritical unit designed ……P286 6.The role of the condenser The condenser is a 10-pound note surface heat exchanger in which cooling water passing through the tubes ……P287 7.H ydraulic structure The selected type of dam of hydraulic power plant depends principally on topographic,……P288 8.Heat treatment The purpose of post-weldheat treatment is :to diminish the residual stress in the welded……P289 9.Business and risks Marx once q uoted a famous saying in his work capitalism ……P290 10.ElectricityElectricity may be dangerous.it always takes the shortest way to the ground ……P29011.Undersea life The undersea world is very mysterious.……P291 12.Advice on friendship We all need friends.without friends we may feel empty and sad ……P292 13.Australis Australis is a vast continent,the sixth largest in world.……P292 14.BiomassBiomass is a cost-effective source of energy.……P293 15.Nuclear radiationNuclear power’s danger to health ,safety ,and even to lifeitself can be summed up in one world ……P294 16.Livestock’s long shadow When you think about the growth of human population over the last century or so ,it is all ……P295 17.Pain management Years ago ,doctors often said that pain was a normal par t of life.……P295 18.The obama administration’s bank rescue proposal Among the criticisms of the boama administration’s bank ……P296第四篇：国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试题库-4英语阅读理解阅读理解Passage 1Have you ever seen a moon that looks unbelievably big?1.To what do—harvest moon(All of these)2.The main purpose—is to(inform)3.The author knew—the moon(mysterious)4.The moon looks bigger if(it is--horizon)5.The autumm moon(help farmers--crops)Passage 2Strange thing happens to time when you travel.1.The best title—is(how time--world)2.The difference in—is(one hour)3.From this –ocean(is divided--zones)4.The international—name for(the point--begins)5.If you cross—clock(ahead one--zone)Passage 3Holidays in the United States usually occur at least once a month1.The government—have a(3-day)2.Workers in the—from(Tuesday to Friday)3.Which statement—passage?(All the--vacation)4.The reason—that(no one--place)5.Which of the—passage?(Something—U.S)Passage 4Sarah Winchester was a very rich woman.1.What did—house(Making it bigger)2.The story—had(7 floors)3.Who did—house(Carpenters--workers)4.How long—continue(For 38 years)5.Sarah’s—finished(when she died)Passage 5The diner is only a humble restaurant,1.What’s the—2(The attraction--people)2.The purpose—to(gove a--passage)3.Why do—diner?(It’s--loneliness)4.Diners attract(many--people)5.Diners are(fascinating)Passage 6In the past two years,millions-1.The word—to(make use of)2.It can—fitness,(bicyle--rise)3.The bicycle is(enjoying--revival)4.The reader—are(concerned--lives)5.in the—means(a rapid--sale)Passage 7Doctors have known for a long time that— Or loss1.Doctors have—that(one many--noise)2.This passage—hearing(will be--second)3.According to—aspirin(makes hearing--worse)lions of—they(take--aspirin)5.The purpose—find(whether aspirin--noises)Passage 8Just two month ago,Ana,a teenager,was—1.Ana realizes that(she must--exam)2.Ana has—for(seven years)3.Ana experiences—with(the--lectures)4.Ana tells—about(her family)5.The best—is(Ana comes--colors)Passage 9Any mistake made in the printing of a –Collectors.1.A postage—if(a mistake--printing)2.In 1847—were(not--stamps)3.In 1847—in the(wording)4.＄16800—of(the--blue)5.The valuable—by(British printers)Passage 10In the English educational system,1.The purpose—to(describe--on)2.The exam—age of(fifteen)3.We may—that(the exam--exams)4.The passage—that(schooling--England)5.As used—means(to take--of)Passage 11For centuries,in the countries of south and—the1.What can—passage?(It is hard--them)2.Thailand was—because(white—1920s)3.Why is—author?(Because--owners)4.Which of—times?(Today--5150)5.The passage—from(a research report)Passage 12The communications explosion is on the scale of the rail,1.By saying—to(display--life)2.The author—is(amazing)3.Which of—true?(The--functionally)4.According—us to(talk and--are)5.The phrase—by(each car)Passage 13Many private institutions of higher education around the—danger.1.According to—of(their characteristics)2.The author—mean(get into difficulties)3.We can—support(private schools)4.Which of-NOT-schools?(Private--schools)5.Which of--schools?(National--support)Passage 14Japan is getting tough about recycling—and------kind of way.1.According to—of(the consumers)2.Which of—plastics?(It retains--reprocessing)3.According to—to(a kind--layer)4.In the—that(21-inch—so far)5.The author—to(inform)Passage 15A friend of mine,in response to aconversation—of life,1.The author—because(like--unfair)2.Surrendering—will(make--things)3.The second—discusses(it’s—of life)4.In the—fact that(life--fair)5.From the—life is(positive)Passage 16People appear to be born to compute.1.What does—discuss?(The--children)2.From the—children(begin—and talk)3.In his—is(objective)4.According to—children(didn’t think)5.Which of—of?(Children--easily)Passage 17The small coastal town of Broome,in northwest Australia,1.The first—that(Broome--vast)2.Sun Pictures—in that(the—the grass)3.Gregory Peck—(a movie star)4.The non—refers to(an insect--incident)5.It can—by(the Sun Pictures)Passage 18A new technology is going to ripe,one that could transform—lives,1.As is—superconductivity(is--development)2.The new—that(it is being--world)3.What does—wold?(Dramatic)4.From the—that(Asian--technology)5.Which of—passage?(Superconductivity:)Passage 19More surprising,perhaps,than the current difficulties—and thriving.1.By calling—that(more--Europeans)2.From the—that(traditional--difficulty)3.Which of—families?(Many--acceptable)4.Part-time children(are--spouses)5.Even though—families,(the--marriage)Passage 20People become quite illogical when they try to decide—cannot.1.The wold—means(disgusting)2.We can—author(was angry--plants)3.The author—snails(are the--food)4.The best—be(One--Poison05.As indicated—because(they learn--families)Passage 21All the use ful energy at the surface of the earth comes from the activity of the sun.1.The sun is the source---EXCEPT(atomic power)2.Radiant energy is stored---by(plants)3.The sun’s energy provides---all EXCEPT(water)4.The largest part lf the---earth is(absorbed by the earth’s atmosphere)5.Of the sun’s total---receives(a very samall portion)Passage 22The market is a concept---for the passage?1.Which of the following---passage?(What Is the Market?)2.All of the following---EXCEPT(attending a night school)3.You are buying---when you(dine at a restaurant)4.The word---probably mean(concrete)5.In what way is the market---something?(It tells you what to produce)Passage 23X-rays wer first discovered by a German scientist---togethe.1.What puzzled Rontgen---was(some radiation---tube)2.The screen didn’t---when(it was moved to the next room)3.Rontgen put his hand---to(find out more about the rays)4.The rays proved to---through(bone)5.From the passage---are(invisible)Passage 24“Body clocks”are biological methods of controlling---were doing.1.According to the passage(one can help---“body clocks”)2.Irregular signs shown---warning of(possible illnesses)3.We tend to do physical---because(our body is most active then)4.The author suggests---study is(at night)5.According to the---day-dream(every hour in the day time)Passage 25Plastics are materials which are softened---cheaply1.The word“sympathetic”in---means(agreeable)2.It can be concluded from this passage that(plastics are cheap as antiques)3.Which of the following---plastics?(Carbon)4.Plastics that harden----called(thermosetting)5.Which lf the following---passage?(The Development---Material)Passage 26When we analyze the salt salinity of ocean---of the world1.This passage mainly tells us about(the causes of the--salinity)2.It can be inferred from—by(evaporation)3.Which of the following---salinity(Formation of sea ice)4.Which of the following---passage(The temperature---salinity)5.The purpose--Weddell Sea is(to give an example of---salinity)Passage 27The science of meteorology is concerned with---meteorology1.Which of the following is –-passage(Approaches to--Meteorology)2.The predictions of synoptic---based on the(preparation r----maps)3.Which of the following is not---weather forecasting(Sports)4.The author implies—will lead to(greater protection--property)5.In the last sentenceof-refers to(mathematics and physics)Passage 28As we have seen,the focus of medical care in our—of daily life1.Today medical care is placing-on(removing peoples bad living habits)2.In the first paragraph—that(good health is more than not being ill)3.Traditionally,a person—if he(is free from any kind of disease)4.According to the author---(to strive to maintain—possible health)5.According to what—healthy?(People who try to--limitations)Passage 29IF you want to teach your---is not1.If a mother adds—(the childs may feel that--apolgy)2.According to the author—(I’m aware--blame)3.It is not advisable—(it is vague and ineffective)4.We lean from—(their ages should--account)5.It can be inferred—(not as-seems)Passage 30Scratchy throats---catching one1.According to the—(shorten the--illness)2.We learn from the passage that(over-the-counter---)3.According to the passage—(one should take_disease)4.Which of the—cold(A high temperature)5.If children have –(are advised not to--aspirin)Passage 31Sign has become a scientific—stuff1.The study of sign—(a challengeto---)2.The present growing—(an English--deaf)3.According to Stokoe—(a genuine language)4.Most educators objected—(a language could--sounds)5.Stokoe’s argument is—(language is a product of the brain)Passage 32It is hard to track the blue—miles1.The passage is chiefly about(the civilian--system)2.The underwater---(to trace and locate---)3.The deep-sea---(the unique property--)4.It can be inferred—(military---)5.Which of the following—(it is now partly--)Passage 33You never see them—recovered1.What does the author—(It is an indispensable--)2.What information –(Data for analyzing--)3.Why was the black—(The early models often---)4.Why did the Federal—(To make them--)5.What do we know—(there is still---)Passage 34New technology links------to the firm1.What is the author’s attitude—(positive)2.With the increased---(are attaching more-----)3.In this passage—(missing opportunities for---)4.According to the—(Ability to speak---)5.The advantage of—(better control the---)第五篇：国家电网公司专业技术人员电力英语水平考试宝典(补全短文)补全短文Passage 1 Functions of power transmissionCEADBThe function of(1)is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange。

国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试(模拟精彩试题)

模拟试题一Part I.单选(30%)1. There’s something wrong with the thermometer. Don’t worry . I’ll make it works 。

2. Now people can learn huge amounts of information from the computer。

3. The expert you saw at the liaison meeting is a friend of mine 。

4. You have worked more carefully this week, for there are few mistakes in your calculation 。

5. Although the three workers got very tired in repairing the boiler, none of them would give it up。

6. Now computers can work out problems much faster than human beings。

7. There is too much cream on the cake。

8. Don’t worry. It is not difficult for us to treat the fault。

9. Ms, Chang doesn’t look well today . What is wrong with her?10. I’d like to lend you my electrical engineering handbook, but you’d better not lend it to others。

11. I think English is quite different from Chinese。

国家电网公司电力英语水平考试短文判断、补全短文、阅读理解题库

In the past two years,millions……；答案：1.The word"embrace"in the……（A.make use of）;2.It can be concluded……（D.bicycle sales will continue to rise）;3.The bicycle is (A.enjoying a strong revival);4.The reader can…… (C.concerned with the quality kf their lives);5.In the sentence……(A.arapid increase in sale). It is hard to track the blue……答案：1.the passage is chiefly……(A.the civilian……);2.the underwater……(D.to trace……);3.the deep-sea……(D.the unique……);4.it can be……(itary technology……);5.which of the following ……(B.it is now……) Japan is getting……；答案：1.According to the present……(C.the consumers);2.Which of the following……(B.It retains its……);3.According to the passage,the……(B.a kind of plastics with different integration……)；4。In the passage,it is……(C.21-inch TV……)；5.The author writes……(rm) Just two months ago,Ana,a……；答案：1.Ana realizes that(B.she must do well… …)；2.Ana has been studying English for(A.seven years);3.Ana experiences…… (C.the professor's lectures);4.Ana tells the……(B.her family);5.The best main… …(C.Ana comes through……) Many private institutions……；答案：1.According to the……(D.their characterristics);2.The author used the……(A.get into difficulties);3.We can reasonably……(B.private schools);4.Which of the following……(D.Private schools ……);5.Which of the following……(C.National awareness and support) More surprising.perhaps,than the……；答案：1.By calling Americans……(B.more Americans prefer……);2.From the first paragraph……(A.traditional marriage… …);3.Which of the following……(D.Many types of family……);4."parttime"children(C.are shared……);5.Even though great……(C.the vast majority……) New technology links the world……答案：1.what is the……(D.plsitive);2.with the increased……(C.are attaching……);3.in this passage,……(C.missing opportunities……);4.according to the……(B.ability to……);5.the advantage…… (A.better control……) People appear to be born to……；答案：1.What does the……（A.The development of……）;2.From the passage……（B.begin to master……）;3.In this passage…… (D.objective);4.According to the study……(A.didn't think);5.Which of the following……(A.Chidren leam mathematics) People become quite illogical……；答案:1.The word "repulsive"…… (A.disgusting);2.We can infer from……(B.was angry because……);3.The author finds……(C.are the most……);4.The best title……(A.one Man's……);5.As indicated in the passage.……(B.they learn to eat……) Plastics are materials which……答案：1.the word"sympathetic…… (B.agreeable);2.ti can be……(D.plastics are cheap……);3.which of the…… (A.carbon);4.plastics that……(D.thermosetting);5.which of the……(C.the development……) Sarah Winchester was a very rich……；答案：1.What did Sarah……(C.Making it bigger);2.The story says……(A.7 floors);3.Who did the……(C.Carpenters and plumbers and other workers);4.How long did……（B.For 38 years）;5.Sarah's house ……(C.when she died) Scratchy throats.……答案：1.according to……(A.shorten the……);2.we learn from……(D.over-the-counter……);3.according to the passage,……(C.one should take……);4.which of the……(B.a high temperature);5.if children……(A.are advised not……)

电力英语水平考试题库(第二版)补齐短文

补全短文1 The function ofpower transmission/powernetworks/step-down substations andconnected transmissionequipment/transmission at highvoltage/power network operation 2In ( ) such as U.S.Asome advanced countries/greatadvantages on economy andenvironmental protection/goodhomogenization of distribution/wholeprocess management is strengthened3 Circuit breakers are automatically tocontrol electrical power networks/to switchthe current which can be from a fewamperes/to perform any switching operation after long periods/of the highest importancefor high reliability/of the circuit breaker4，Fuel cells are devices thatthere is no storage capacity in a fUelcell/further development is under way/asthey are being developed there have beensome applications/many cells are operatedin series to obtain voltages/supplyalternating current from fuel cells5 Many large cities are anything there is still something that can be useful/there is no timeto be lost/it can be put to use again/more and more machines are designed for thispurpose/building beautifUl cities out ofgarbage is only a dream 6,The weather inwinterThey can sleep for a long time/We call thiskind of sleep in wintertime“ hibernation/Hibernating animals don’ t need to eat much because they dont move/So’ they don5t need to worry about bad weatherand other dangerous animal/As it getswarmer and warmer in spring, the sleeping animals begin to wake up and lookaround for food7,The body that isIt circles the Earth and is therefore know as a satellite of the Earth/A satellite stays in orbit because the planet gravitational force keeps pulling it into a circle/The bigger and heavier a body is, the greater is its force of gravity/Toget out into space we have to overcome the Earths gravitational pull/Artificial satellite canbe used for various purpose8，The secondary equipmentsthe equipments that provide protecting, monitoring/the equipments that send the command signal/current values in secondary system/5 A rated current of the current transformer secondary winding/50V rated voltage of PT secondary side9,A sudden change in the configuration bythe operation of a circuit breaker/determinethe insulation requirements of transmissionline/the cost of transmission and line failurerat/at both opening and closing of circuit breakers/by means of circuit breaker dosing resistor in 500kV system10,The high voltage power transmitted from power planfs step-upsubstation to step-down substatio/the powerline that transmits the power from step-down substation/the overhead transmissionline/lightning frequently happening andheavy raining/large spanning line section11 ,The aim of introducing marketa wholesale market/a retail market/toagree on the price and quantity to betraded/to register as a market customer/tochoose electricity suppliers12,Electric power is a mostthe lack of electricity (a blackout)/itsunavailability/social disorder, and evennational tragedy/its growth rate/high electricpower consumption per capita 13,There arenumerous examplesthe research and development/the fakeand real items/new chemicals/theintellectual property/physical property14, Electrical energy is the presence staticelectricity/electrical charge/electricalenergy/Alternating current/Electricalpotential15,Many people think ofSustainable/the best known is photovoltaiccells/inefficient/the collected energy is used toheat a fluid/efficient16,Electrical energy conservation reducingenergy consumption can be undertaken athome/making use of alternative cleanenergy sources /contributing to climatechange/turning the thermostat up in thesummer and down in the winter/looking forother opportunities for electrical energyconservation in the home 17,AdvancedDistribution AutomationThe electrical power grid/distributionsystems/at lower voltages/to control smallerentities/for a number of reasons18,Solar energy is laudedlike satellites in Earth orbit/buildings andfuturistic cars/such as a battery/to collect thesun's energy/United States19, The American idea offrom the very beginning/how much itemscost/have paid for/after the sale/Thecustomer service representative 20,Thenecessity of reliable developingcountries/there are morepeople/renewable energy systems inparticula/highly reliable/For this reason21, “ Look it upin the dictionaryBut it was not until 1604 that a book ofuncommon English words appeared/Eachtime, it has been updated/Dictionaries thatlist all kinds of words are known as generaldictionaries/General dictionaries are not theonly kind/Thus there are many kinds ofspecial dictionarie22,temperature,pressure,specificParameters of the medium/the rise intemperature/external forces/heattransfer/internal energy 23,according to themode of energy Nuclear,wind,solar/suppliespower to users/supplies steam to theuser/fuel supplyand ash disposal/newly scheduledpower 24,the most important pumpsIt must be located/motor frequency/threesets/two of them/it pressurizes and。

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P1 Functions of power transmissionThe function of (power transmission)is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange power between networks in order to attain the generation-consumption balance or the supply-demand balance between (power networks)、Power transmission is pleted by step-up substations, (step-down substations and connected transmission equipment)、The transmission line mainly consists of the transmission conductors (transmission at high voltage) can reduce the line loss and the voltage drop, ensure the power quality, raise the economy of (power network operation)、The increase of transmission line voltage can not only raise the amount of transmitted power, but also reduce the line loss and line voltage drop, and improve the voltage quality、功率传输功能(输电)得功能就是要把电力从发电厂负荷中心或功率交换网络之间为了达到代消费平衡或供求之间得平衡(电网)。

电力传输就是通过升压变电站完成,(降压变电站与连接传输设备)。

输电线路主要由输电导线(高压输电),可以减少线路损耗与电压降,保证电能质量,提高经济性(电网运行)。

输电线路电压得增加不仅可以提高输电线路得传输功率,而且可以降低线路损耗与线路压降,提高电压质量。

A 、step-down substations and connected transmission equipment降压变电站与连接传输设备B、power network operation 电网运行C、power transmission 功率传输D、transmission at high voltage 高压直流输电E、power networks一。

电力网络P2 A brief introduction on the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantagesIn ( some advanced countries )such as U、S、A, Japan and European countries, the supercritical boiler has been developed since the 60s of last century、It has been proved by data and experience, the supercritical unit has (great advantages on economy and environmental protection)、As for its reliability, because the steam-water flow passages in supercritical boiler is same as that in the (subcritical once-through boiler),there isn’t anything special, But as far as hydraulic characteristic, a symbol of reliability, is concerned, in a supercritical boiler, under supercritical condition, medium is of single phase which has a (good homogenization of distribution)、So that the problem caused by uneven distribution of steam phase and water phase can be avoided、It is admitted that, if (whole process management is strengthened), both supercritical and subcritical units can get an excellent reliability index、超临界锅炉得发展及其主要优点在(发达国家)如美国,日本与欧洲国家,超临界锅炉已自上世纪60年代以来发达。

数据与经验证明,超临界机组具有经济与环境保护得巨大优势。

作为其可靠性,因为在超临界锅炉得水蒸汽流通道相同得作为,在得(亚临界直流锅炉),那里就是没什么特别,但至于水力特性,可靠性得象征,有关,在超临界锅炉,超临界条件下,介质就是单相(良好得同质化分布)。

从而避免了汽相、水相分布不均造成得问题。

这就是承认,如果(全过程管理加强),超临界与亚临界机组可以得到一个极好得可靠性指标。

A、good homogenization of distribution 良好得均匀分布B、some advanced countries一些发达国家C、whole process management is strengthened全过程管理加强D、great advantages on economy and environmental protection具有经济与环境保护得巨大优势E、subcritical once-through boiler亚临界直流锅炉P3 Circuit breakerCircuit breakers are automatically operated high voltage (or high current) switches、Circuit breakers are required (to control electrical power networks)by switching circuits on, by carrying load and by switching circuits off under manual or automatic supervision、Their duty is as follows: In closed position the circuit breaker must be a good conductor for the normal load current、In operating the circuit breaker must be able contacts shall have full insulation level、At operation the circuit breaker must close be able (to switch the current which can be from a few amperes)to many thousands of amperes, and independently of the characteristics from purely inductive to fully capacitive、At closing operation the circuit breaker must close fast and be safe also against full short circuit conditions、They must, therefore, be effective instantaneously when are called upon (to perform any switching operation after longperiods )without movement、As the circuit breaker is the last link in the chain of protective equipment, the circuit breaker reliability is (of the highest importance for high reliability )of the total electric power system、So the importance (of the circuit breaker )cannot be over emphasized、断路器断路器就是自动操作高压(或大电流)开关。

断路器就是必需得(以控制电力网络)得开关电路,通过负载与开关电路得手动或自动监控。

她们得职责如下:在闭合位置,断路器必须就是正常负载电流得良好导体。

在操作断路器必须能够接触应具有完全得绝缘水平。

在操作断路器必须关闭能(开关电流可从几安培到几千安培),与独立得特点,从纯感性充分电容。

在关断操作时,断路器必须要关闭快速,并能安全地进行全短路工况。

因此,她们必须就是有效得瞬间被调用时(长时间)执行任何切换操作不运动。

断路器就是保护设备链中得最后一个环节,其可靠性就是全电力系统中(最高)得可靠性。

因此,重要性(断路器)不能过分强调。

A、to perform any switching operation after long periods在长时间后执行任何切换操作B、to control electrical power networks控制电力网C、of the circuit breaker断路器得D、to switch the current which can be from a few amperes开关得电流可从几安培E、(of the highest importance for high reliability高可靠性得最高重要性P4 Fuel cellsFuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich pounds and oxygen are supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, bine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy、Unlike conventional batteries where the conversion of chemical to electrical energy requires only the closing of a circuit between the cathode and anode to produce and electrical current, (there is no storage capacity in a fuel cell)、These cells require the fuel and oxygen that will produce the chemical reactions that produce an electrical output、Fuel cells have been made that will supply power in the megawatt range, and (further development is under way)、Such cells are not yet widely used on power systems, but (as they are being developed there have been some applications)to supply fuel cell power to isolated loads、As the voltage output of a cell is in the order of to 2、5V, (many cells are operated in series to obtain voltages) and power output in ranges that are normally required、Inverters are used to (supply alternating current from fuel cells)when and AC output is desired、燃料电池燃料电池就是,当一个燃料如氢或氢化合物丰富与氧气供给排列像传统电池得阳极与阴极材料,结合转换化学能量直接转化为电能得装置。