英国文学期末考试重点
英国文学期末复习资料整理
英国文学期末复习资料一、名词解释{5题/10分}1.apostrophe: a figure of speech in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person,or an animal, object or abstract idea.2.dramatic monologue: a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a silent listener, revealing unwittingly things about himself or herself.3.satire: a kind of writing that expresses the vices and follies of individuals, institutions,or societies to ridicule and scorn.4.ode: a rhymed lyrical poem which expresses noble feelings often addressed to a person,an object or celebrating an event.5.terza rima: a poetic form consisting of a series of units of three lines rhyming aba,bcb, cdc, ded, etc.6.Byronic hero: a rebel or outlaw who is strong-willed, disillusioned, friendless, alwaysat war with the conventional world.7.parody: the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone and ideas of an author in such away as to make them ridiculous.8.epistolary novel: a novel written in the form of a series of letters exchanged amongthe characters of the story, with extracts from their journals sometimes included.二、文学史常识：作家作品，相关流派{10题/10分}1．William Wordsworth (华兹华斯1770-1850)【1】作品特点{P6}：Close to nature——he had a profound love for nature. He thought that nature had a moral value and has its philosophical significance.【2】相关作品{P6}：●The Recluse:long poem which illustrated his thinking of life, but it remainsunfinished.●The Prelude (1850): long poem which tells the growth of his mind.●Lyrical Ballads (1798): an important piece of literature criticism in English literature.It can be read as a declaration of romanticism.【3】代表作品{P17}：I Wandered Lonely As a CloudI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed--and gazed--but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.2．George Gordon Byron (拜伦1788-1824)【1】作品特点：He is interested in democracy【2】关于作者{P41-42}：●Born of a noble blood both on paternal and maternal lines.●He was good friends with Shelly●In the style of Pope, he satirically attacked Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey,and the Edinburgh critics.●After he attained his M.A. degree, he stayed for some time on his estate and led adissipated(奢靡的) life●From 1809 to 1811, he made a grand tour of the Continent.【3】相关作品：（1）English Bards and Scotch Reviewers: his first important poem（2）Hours of Idleness：a collection of lyrical verse（3）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: first two cantos(篇章)（4）Oriental Tales: a series of romantic narrative verses（5）Prometheus, Sonnet on Chillon, and the Prisoner of Chillon.（6）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: his third and fourth cantos.【4】代表作品{P59}：She Walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudlee climes and starry skies: And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens o’er her face;Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place. And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,So soft, so charm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!3．Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱1792--1822)【1】关于作者{P61-62}：●He eloped with a young girl, Harriet, at last she was committed suicide.●She met Godwin and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother wasMary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797), a champion for women’s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792)●He was drowned in a tempest while sailing in a boat along the coast of Italy. 【3】相关作品：(1)Alastor (1816), The Revolt of Islam(1818), The Mask of Anarchy(1819): allegorical（讽喻的）poems(2)Prometheus Unbound(1820), Hellas（1822），and The Cenci(1819): lyrical dramas.(3)Adonis(1821): a poem he wrote on the death of Keats(4)Ode to the West Wind (1819): the most well-known one.(5)The Defence of Poetry (1821): published in 1840 after the poet’s death.【4】代表作品{P67-70}：Ode to the West Wind1、O Wild West Wind, thou breathe of Autumn’s beingThou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes:O thouWho chariltest to their dark wintry bedThe winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odors plain and hill:Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and presserver; hear, oh, hear!4 、If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee:A wave to pant beneath thy power , and shareThe impulse of thy strength, only less freeThan thou, O uncontrollable! If evenI were as im my boyhood, and could beThe comrade of thy wanderigs over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have strivenAs thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh, lift me as a wave , a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too lke thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.5 、Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leavers are falling like its own!The tmult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike witheered leaves to quicken a new birth!And , by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, is from an unextinguished hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes , can Spring be far behind?4. John Keats (约翰·济慈1795-1821)【1】关于作者{P74}：●Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.●His parents died early. He was forced to serve his apprenticeship and he worked asthe surgeon’s helper for more than two years.●He died when he was only 25 years old.●Most of his best poems were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time ofhis death.●【2】相关作品：(1)Endymion (1818): his long allegorical poem, about love between a Greek shepherdand the moon goddess(2)In 1817 he abandoned his profession and published his first collection of poems. 【3】作品特点：(1)H is poetry is concerned with joy in the beauty of this world. He had ataste of beauty of nature and works of art.(2)H is poetry is always senshous, colorful and rich in imaginary whichexpress the acuteness of his sense.【4】代表作品{P76}：Ode to a NightingaleI.MY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness,—That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,In some melodious plotOf beechen green, and shadows numberless,Singest of summer in full-throated ease.II.O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouth;That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,And with thee fade away into the forest dim:III.Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known,The weariness, the fever, and the fretHere, where men sit and hear each other groan;Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.5. Charles Dickens (狄更斯1812-1870)【1】关于作者{P135-136}：●He was once put into prison with his father. Although he was there only for half ayear, this experience of his childhood left such a deep impression on his mind that it became a recurring subject in his novels.●He later became a parliamentary reporter.●In 1858 he began to give public readings which continued until his death.【2】相关作品：(1) 1836：Sketches by Boz;(2) 1836-1837: The Papers of the Pickwick Club: rapidly brought him fame and wealth.(3) 1837-1838: The Orphan in Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿)(4) 1838-1839: Nicholas Nickleby(5) 1840-1841: The Old Curiosity Shop(6) 1843-1844: Martin Chuzzlewit(7) 1843-1845: Christmas stories which included A Christmas Carol, The Chimes and The Cricket on the Hearth: he showed his profound sympathy for the poor and described how the rich were converted after undergoing severe tests. These stories are permeated with the spirit of brotherhood and are regarded as representatives of the spirit of Christmas.(8) After 1844: he began to write novels of bitter social criticism, such as Dombey and Son (1848), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857), Our Mutual Friend (1865)(9) 代表作：David Copperfield【3】作品特点：（1）He has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd or unusually, fantastically ugly or absurd) characters or events. Most of his characters have a peculiar habit, manner, behavior, dress and catch phrase of his or her own.（2）He loves to instill life into inanimate things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things.（3）He is noted for his description of pathetic scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy. Pathos(激起怜悯) is a distinctive quality in his writings.6. William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷1811-1863)【1】关于作者{P157-158}：He and Dickens were contemporaries(同时代的). They were both novelists andhumorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically.●He was born in a well-to-do family.●名家名言【2】代表作品：Vanity Fair（名利场）the Pilgrim’s Progress(天路历程)【3】作品特点：和Dickens相比(1) The world they described was different. Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich businessmen, that is people of the upper classes and middle classes, whereas Dickens mainly described the underdogs and he unprivileged (例：The Orphan in Oliver Twist)(2) Dickens was a sentimentalist. He liked to avail himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. As for Thackeray, he also showed anger and indignation at hypocrisy, vanity, snobbery etc. but he always heid himself under control. He was seldom sentimental, being usually quiet and effective.(3)Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination. Thackeray was against affectation, Byronic attitudes.7. Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)【1】关于作者{P191}：●He was born in a clergyman’s family.●He became an inspector of schools after he left Oxford; he was professor of poetry atOxford from 1857 to 1867.●He was both a poet and a literary critic. In his poetry he reflects on the doubt of hisage, and the conflict between science and religion.【2】相关作品：(1)1865 and 1888: Essays in Criticism(2)1889: Culture and Anarchy(无政府状态)(3)特点：He attacked the barbarians(野蛮人)8. Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福1661-1731)【1】关于作者{上册，P238}：●He is known as a pioneer novelist of England, and also a prolific writer of books andpamphlets (小册子)on a great variety of subjects.●代表作：Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记1719）Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯1722）9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)【1】关于作者{上册，P289}：●He was the greatest English man of letters between Pope and Wordsworth.●He founded a club and many men of letters gatherd around him.●代表作：(1) A Dictionary of the English Language(2) The Rambler: An imitation of Addison’s The Spectator(3)Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester field (致**爵爷书, 上P 291) 【2】名家名言●The most famous one: Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel(流氓).●Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous mind.● A man should keep his friendships in constant repair. If a man does not make newacquaintances as he advances through life, he will soon find himself alone.●Praise, like gold and diamond.●What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.●The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely nogood.【3】代表作再现Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester fieldMy Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself.Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord,10. 补充几个作家【1】Lord Alfred Tennyson:（1）Break，Break，Break （2）Ulysses(3) Poems by Two brothers (4) The Lady of Shalott(5) Morted’s Arthur【2】Robert Browning：He is famous for dramatic Monologues（1）My Last Duchess （2）Meeting at Night【3】Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights（呼啸山庄）【4】William Blake: (1)London (2)Tyger【5】Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记）三、简答题：二选一，（要有自己观点）20分【I】浪漫主义特点{下册，P4-5}1. Subjectivism（主观想象主义）:●Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the source of which is in theouter world, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous(自发的) overflow of powerful feelings” which expresses the poet’s mind”.●The interest of the romantic poets is not in the objective world or in the action ofmen, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves.●In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism, while neo-classicism is related toobjectivism.●The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is famous for its high degree ofimagination.2. Spontaneity (自发性)●Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. Itreflects spontaneity is opposed to the “rules” and “regulations” imposed on the poets by neoclassic writers.●Romanticism is an assertion(主张) of independence，a departure from theneo-classic rules.● A work of art must be original3. Singularity(奇特性)●Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, thesupernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.4. Worship of nature (钟爱自然)●The romantic poets are worshipers of nature,especially the sublime（超群的）aspect of a natural scene.●Romantic poets read in nature some mysterious force.●Some even regard nature as the revelation of God.5. Simplicity (简单朴实)●Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic(质朴的) peopleas opposed to the poetic diction used by neo-classic writers.●Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, t here was a growthof democratic feelings, and an increasing belief that every human being is worth being praised.●Many poets had a vision of the brotherhood of mankind, universal sharin g, and theultimate freedom of human spirits.【II】维多利亚小说特点{下册，P132}（要有自己观点）20分四、名家名言{5段/10分}除去前边所有作者涉及到的之外，另附William Blake两篇No.1: London ——William BlakeI wandered through each chartered street, Near where the chartered Thames does flow, A mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe. In every cry of every man,In every infant's cry of fear,In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I hear: How the chimney-sweeper's cry Every blackening church appals, And the hapless soldier's sighRuns in blood down palace-walls.But most, through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot's curseBlasts the new-born infant's tear, And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse.No.2 :Tyger –William BlakeTyger Tyger, burning bright,In the forests of the night;What immortal hand or eye,Could frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skies.Burnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand, dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, & what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain,In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? what dread grasp, Dare its deadly terrors clasp!When the stars threw down their spears And water'd heaven with their tears: Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger Tyger burning bright,In the forests of the night:What immortal hand or eye,Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?五、综合评论题+诗歌分析题50分提示：凭以往积累的知识和能力，自由发挥吧！外院07级英教四班张旭整理2010-7-3一整天。
英国文学期末考试必备讲义
Chapter one1.The origin of the English people, their language and literature1)The settlement of the Anglo-Saxons on the island: the mid 5th century2)Seven kingdoms united into one called England: 7th century.The three tribes(Angles,Saxons and Jutes) mixed into a whole people called English.3)Their language: Anglo-Saxon, which is also called old English.4) English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England: a few relics are stillpreserved—poems and songs about the heroic deeds of old time.Beowulf: a folk legend brought to England from their continental homes (Denmark), reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times2.Norman Conquest and its impact on the English language1066: the end of Anglo-Saxon period and the establishment of feudalism in England.The general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant.Two languages were spoken: French and English. By the end of the 14th century English was again the dominant speech—different from the old Anglo-Saxon:Structure: Englishmon words: EnglishMore than 10 thousand French words were introduced – English synonyms.3.Literature of feudal England1). The romance: describing the life and adventure of noble heroes ---the English versions were translated from French or Latin.2). English ballads:a). In various English and Scottish dialectsb). posed collectively\’]c). A variety of themesd). Mainly the literature of the peasants: the outlook of the English mon people in thefeudal societye). The Robin Hood ballads4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340? ----1400): read the introduction in your bookFather of English poetry, one of most greatest poets of England.Romance of rose（玫瑰奇缘）/the house of fame（声誉之宫）/the parliament of fowls(百鸟议会)TheCanterbury tales5.Cha ucer’s contribution to English literature1). His poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance, it reflects the changesof the second half of the 14th century2). As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, qui ck wit and love of life3). Wide learning: a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. Studied philosophical worksof his time; an abundant knowledge of the world. No man could have been better equipped,socially and intellectually to be the founder of English poetry4). His language -----Middle English ----vivid and exact----good master of English ----makingthe dialect of London the foundation of modern English speech----establishing English as the literary language of the country.6.popular balladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.Ballads are divided into several kinds:i.Historicalii.Legendaryiii.Fantasticaliv.Lyricalv.HumorousCharacter:Chapter TwoRenaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.1. Historical background of the English Renaissance1) The founding of the Tudor Dynasty which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.2) A kind of religious movement called Reformation was started: Protestantism — The LatinBible was translated into English: a great influence on the English language and literature. 3) English economy developed at a slow but steady pace. As a result of the Enclosure Movement,a large number of peasants became the forefathers of the modern English proletariat.4) mercial expansion abroad and the establishment of colonies2. Chief characteristics of the Renaissance1)The interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of manand an absorption in earthly life.2) Materialistic philosophy and scientific thought replaced the church dogmas.3) A total new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture of ancient Greece and Rome; a new kind of art and literature emerged through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man.Or:1) A thirsting curiosity for classical literature2) A keen interest in life and human activities3. English literature of the Elizabethan Period (second half of the 16th century)1) Many classical and Italian and French works were translated into English — Don Quixote2) Books on history and about new discoveries were written.3) The sonnet, an exact form of poetry, was introduced to England from Italy.4. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)born in London of a merchant tailor's family;had a progressive scholar as his headmaster, who hold that "It is not a mind, not a body,that wehave to educate, but a man";entered Cambridge in 1569, graduated in 1573 with M.A. degree;started "The Faerie Queen" by 1580, dedicated it to the Queen in 1589;became private secretary of Lord Grey, the Queen's Lord Deputy in Ireland — stayed there for his remaining 19 years, carried out the tyrannical rule of the British government therewrote "The Shepherds' Calendar" in 1597;an Irish uprising broke out in 1599, his house was burnt down, he returned to London, died "for want of bread";his language: modern English — different from Chaucer's Middle English.8. Francis Bacon's life (1561-1626)born in London in 1561, father: Lord Keeper of the Seal; mother: well-educatedsent to CambridgeUniversity at the age of 12;English ambassador in France after graduation;entered Gray's Inn to study law;member of parliament — more on the side of the bourgeoisie — offended Queen Elizabeth James I made him a Knight, gave one important office after another until he became Lord Chancellor;charged with bribery in 1621;The remaining years of his life were spent in literary, philosophical and scientific work.died of cold in 1626;9. Francis Bacon's works: three classes1) Philosophical works:"The Advancement of Learning" 1605, in English"Novum Organum" 1620, in Latin2) Literary works — 58 essays — the first English essayist dealing with a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, studies, youth and age, garden, death and many others — won popularity for their clearness, brevity and force of expression3) Professional works: "Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses"Marx called him "the real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general".12. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)family: born in Stratford-on-Avon in central England;father: a prosperous tradesman with 8 children;mother: daughter of a well-to-do farmer;education: the local grammar school 6 years, also learned Latin and a little Greekworked as a country schoolmaster at 14;married a farmer's daughter (8 years his senior);life as an actor and playwright;well acquainted with theatrical performances when still at Stratford;went to London in 1586-87, and worked at odd jobs in a theatre, became an actor but was not successful;began to write for the stage — revising old plays and wrote new ones — a successful writer of both tragedies and edies;His plete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnetsdied on the 23rd of April, 1616.13. Shakespeare's career as a dramatist: 3 periods1s t period (1590-1600): 9 historical plays, 10 edies, 1 tragedy — imbued with an optimistic atmosphere of humanism, describing the youth, love, and ideals of happiness of young peopleHenry Ⅵ, Richard Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Henry ⅣRomeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, A Mid-Summer Night's Dream, As You Like It 2nd period (1601-1608): reflecting the social contradictions of the age — a transition from greenyouth to maturity;Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Mecbeth3rd period (1609-1612): a general tone of conciliation and a falling off from his previous height, but optimistic faith in the future of humanityThe Tempest, The Winter's Tale, Henry ⅦShakespeare’s edies reflected an optimistic spirit of the humanists at that time. They praised sincere friendship and true love, advocated equality between man and man, and repudiated the feudal moral and feudal system.His tragedies have shown us insurmountable contradictions between human ideal and social reality, and raised a series of questions about t he state, moral, wealth, family and philosophy.十四行诗(the sonnet)是一种形式完整、格律严谨、以歌咏爱情为主的小诗，十三、四世纪盛行于意大利，其最主要的代表者为Petrarch（比德拉克）（1304-1374），十六世纪中叶由Thomas Wyatt传入英国，至莎士比亚一代而臻完美。
英国文学期末复习提纲
英国文学期末复习提纲英国文学提纲一、5个术语上册3个1.Alliteration 头韵Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of tow or more words that are next to or close to each other.Of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Allegory 寓言体An allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning and serve to spread moral teaching.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.3.Heroic Couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentameter五步抑扬格. The second line is usually end-stopped. It was common practice to string long sequences长序列of heroic couplets together in a pattern of aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, ff (and so on).Example:But when to mischief mortals bend their will ,How soon they find fit instruments of ill !(Pope: The Rape of the Lock, III,125-126)4.Humanism 人文主义Humanism is a movement of philosophy and ethics that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought andevidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.5.Sonnet 十四行诗A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.There are three types：(1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave.(2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter.(3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. Therhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.6.Ballads 民谣Ballads are stories told in sound and usually in four-line stanzas with even number lines rhymes. They were created collectly by the people and constantly revised through the process of being handed down with mouth.A. The beginning is often abrupt.B. There are strong dramatic elements.C. The stories are often told through dialogue and action.D. The ballad meter is used.7.Spenserian Stanza 斯宾塞诗节A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene.8.Blank verse 无韵诗V erse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.9.Romance 传奇故事Romance generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures. Romance embody the life and adventures of knights and is characteristic of theearly feudal age, as it reflects the spirits of chivalry. The content of romance is usually about love, chivalry, and religion.10.Epic 史诗Epic is an extended narrative叙事体poem in elevated严肃的or dignified庄严的language, It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary传奇的or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence宏伟. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic. like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey.Features①The hero is a figure of imposing sta ture②The setting is vast in scope③The action consists of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage④A style of sustained elevation and grand simplicity is used下册2个1.Romanticism 浪漫主义In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage束缚of neoclassicism, which emphasized强调reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.2.Modernism 现代主义Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets,novelist,painters,and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the world warⅡ.The term includes various trends or schools,such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.The characteristics of modernist writings can be summed up as /doc/e36199962.html,plexity and obscurity, the use of symbols,allusion,irony.3.Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白诗A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. One famous examples is Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.4.Stream-of-consciousness 意识流Stream of consciousness, which presents the thoughts of a character in the random, seemingly unorganized fashion in whichthe thinking process occurs, has the following characteristics. First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental processes of the characters rather than through the commentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal andoften typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past events and drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association.二、作家作品匹配（看笔记）三、诗歌赏析1. Shakespeare - Hamlet 上册P128 Note 1&2To be or not to be:that is the question,2. Bacon - Of Studies 上册P145Bacon’s 58 essays were published in 1625. They are the author;s reflections and comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth”, “Of Friendship”, and “O f riches”. They are known for their conciseness, brevity, simplicity and forcefulness.◆第一部分：It is about the purpose of studiesA. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.B. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.◆第二部分：It is about the way to study.Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and takefor granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.◆第三部分：It is about the relationship between studies and characteristic.A. Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.B. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.With these two rhetorical devices, the sentences have become more simple and the important points are highlighted. In such sentences, parallelism and ellipsis bring great help to express Bacon’s strong emotions.3. Shelley - Ode to the west wind 下册P52-55第一段If winter comes, can spring be far behind?Death & Rebirthdrive his dead thoughts (like the dead leaves) across the universe in order to prepare the way for new birth in the spring 西风已经成了一种象征，它是一种无处不在的宇宙精神，一种打破旧世界，追求新世界的西风精神。
英国文学简史(期末考试资料)
英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴）Metaphysical poetry （玄学派诗歌）Classism （古典主义)Enlightenment （启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄）Aestheticism(美学主义）Stream of consciousness （意识流）the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) Naturalism （自然主义）Local Colorist （乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）Surrealism （超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代）Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批评主义)Feminism（女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero （海明威式英雄）Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity （后现代主义）Realism （现实主义）Allegory （寓言)Romance （传奇）epic(史诗）Blank Verse （无韵诗）Essay （随笔)Masques or Masks （假面剧）Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities （三一。
原则）Meter （格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy （挽歌）. Action/plot (情节）Atmosphere （基调) Epigram (警句）The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句）Sentimentalism （感伤主义文学)Aside （旁白）Denouement （戏剧结局）parable (寓言）Genre （流派)Irony （反讽）Satire （讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗）Ode （颂歌)Pastoral （田园诗) Canto (诗章）Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image （意象）Dramatic monologue(戏剧独白）Psychological novel （心理小说)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism （象征主义) Existentialism （存在主义）Anti—hero (反面人物）Rhyme (押韵）Round Character （丰满的人物）Flat character （平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步）Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend （传说)Myth (神话) Pessimism （悲观主义）Tragicomedy (悲喜剧）Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography （传记）Foot （脚注）Protagonist （正面人物）Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer）―英国诗歌之父(Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser）《仙后》(The Faerie Queene）•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》(Essays)•克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine)《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr。
英国文学期末重点总结
英国文学期末一.The contributions of Geoffrey Chaucer.1.The first to present a comprehensive and realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.2.Introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to replace the Old English alliterative verse the first to use heroic couplet.3.Contributed to the establishment of English as the literary language of England, based on London dialect. He raised the language to the higher literary level by writing with a polish and ease.二.The feature of humanism.1.It believed that man is the measure of all things, it stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature.2.Against the medieval feudal value and blind faith in after-life, the humanists believed in man's capability of self perfection and emphasized the importance of personal worth and the joy of the present life.三.The character of Shylock.1.Shylock's demand for a pound of flesh has made him one of literature's most memorable villains, but many readers and play gores have found him a powerful and sympathetic figure.Shakespeare makes him seem more human by showing that his hatred is born of the mistreatment he has suffered in a christian society.2.At the same time, when the Merchant of Venice was created, anti-semitism prevailed in England.Traits of the stereotyped Jews:greedy, miserly, cruel, full of hatred and revenge, devoid of gentility and interests in music and poetry.3.In a word,he is a Jews usurer,mean, greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless,a,sophist,but also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution.四.Metaphysical conceit.A conceit is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaborately sustained comparison between two dissimilar things.五.Features of Neoclassicism.1.Reason emphasized: it is inartistic to show unrestrained emotion in lit,reason,order,regularity are admired rather than fancy and imagination.2.Form is stressed rather than content: craftsmanship, balance,proportion,harmony,grace,poetic diction; "what oft was thought, but never so well expressed."(pope)3.Didactic and satirical: writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people, satire being an effective means of correcting people's folly and weakness.4.City life and man-made object preferred: city life gives a sense of order while rural wild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.六.The character of Robinson Crusoe.A real hero, a typical 18th century English middle class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against hostile natural environment and also against human fate.七.Gulliver's Travels.1.Four travels:a. Lilliput (6-inch high people):An allegory of English politics in the early 18th century when the Whigs and Tories were fighting bitterly for the control of the country.Exposure of the corruption,political and religious strife and social vices.b.Brobdingnag,a mock utopia. The inhabitants of the country are gentle and peace,loving and ruled by a fair and merciful king; Gulliver,in contrast,seems petty,vindictive and cruel;The giants are superior the human beings both in wisdom and in humanity.c.The kingdom of Laputa, a flying island and its colonies;the so called philosophers and scientists engrossed in abstract speculation and useless experiments;containing criticism of the malpractices and false illusions about science,philosophy,history and immortality in early 18th C.d.The land of the Houyhnms,the horse are governed totally by reason and created a society perfectly ordered and peaceful the Yahoos are greedy,envious,cruel anddisgusting bruts.The Yahoos represent the worst traits in human nature,and the lowest level to which man might sink.2.The significance of this book.Gulliver's Travel is a biting satire,both humorous and critical,attacking British and European society through its description of imaginary countries.As a whole,the book is one of the most effective and devastating satires of all aspects in the English and European life......socially,politically,religiously, philosophical scientifically and morally.Caused critical controversy,often mistaken for a misanthropist.八.The significance of Tom Jones.The novel is admirable for the panoramic view of the 18th C English society;about 40 characters are portrayed from nearly all classes of society;the setting is wide-ranging and varied, shifting from the country to the city.The superb plot contruction; 18 books equally divided into 3 sections,clearly marked out by the change of scenes; classical effect of balance.九.The features of Romanticism.1.A strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and conventions;favored innovations in subject and form.2.Turned the nature,particularly the rural,wild landscape, for its poetic imagery and subject matter.3.Admired passion and imagination;regarded passion, imagination and originality as something crucial for true poetry.4.Interested in the ancient, the exotic,the uncivilized way of life;turned the the primitive literature for inspiration and models.5.Emphasis upon the individuality of people as against the neoclassicist s’ stress on social virtues.十.Wordsworth's Theory.In the preface the the second edition of lyrical Ballads he explained his poetic theory.It is regarded as the declaration of Romanticism.1.Good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.mon life as subject,scenes and events of everyday life,joys and sorrows of thecommon people most suitable for poetry.3.Simple language:the fresh ,living everyday speech is most suitable for poetry.4.Return the nature,nature as a teacher,the stepping stone between God and Man.十一.What's Byronic Hero?1.The Byronic Hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.2.This Byronic Hero would shoulder the burden of righting all the wrongs in the world and fight alone against any type of tyranny.十二.What's the author's opinion about marriage in Pride and Prejudice?1.We must have good judgment if we want to form good relationships in life.2.Our first impression ually wrong.Maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.3.She regarded love and marriage as the typical theme of her novel,her ideal marriage have three elements:true love ,personal merits and money.十三.Features of Dickens' work.1.His works offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age.2.He believed in the moral self-perfection of class contradictions.There is a tendency for a reconciliation of class contradictions.3.Almost all his novels have happy endings.4.He drew a lot from the experiences of his childhood.5.As a humorist, his novel are full of humor and laughter.十四.Theme of the Vanity Fair.Selfishness and corruption of the upper classes;Showing a society which judges people on money and appearance and ignores the true virtues.十五.The character of Jane Eyre.1.Jane is intelligent,well educated,industrious,compassion:ate,and morally upright,with an independent spirit.2.A woman of high principle,religious faith self-respect and moral strength.3.Desire for independence,self-identification and self-fulfilment.4.For this Charlotte is considered a forerunner of feminism and Jane Eyre a feminist novel.十六．有特殊地位的作家1.Geoffrey Chaucer:Father of English Literature.2.William Shakespeare:The master of language.3.John Donne: Father of the Metaphysical poetry.4.John Milton：The greatest poet of 17th C.5.Three poet laureate:William Wordsworth ; Alfred Lord Tennyson ; Southey6.Daniel Defoe: Father of English novel.7.Charles Dickens: The greatest representative of critical realism.8.James Joyce: Father of stream of consciousness novel.9.Henry Fielding: Father of English realistic novel.10.William Blake: The forerunner of Romanticism.ke poets:William Wordsworth; Coleridge; Southey十七．各个时期的文学潮流1.The Anglo-Saxon period and The Anglo-Norman period: epic and romance.2.The renaissance:humanism.3.The period of revolution and restoration: metaphysical poets.4.The age of Enligtenment: neoclassicism; Gothic novel ; sentimentalism ; Pre-romantic poetry ; drama ; chivalry.5.The romantic period: lake poets ; Byronic hero ; ode6.The victorian age: critical realism; romantically and realistically; novel。
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。
3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。
骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。
英国文学期末考试总结
英国文学期末考试总结Part 1单选.1. old English period 作家的写作特点(alliteration, frequent use of kenning ?)2. The Period of Anglo-Saxon is AD450-1066.3. Alexander PopeWhy can’t he get formal education? (他是Catholicism，disable, )He belongs to Scriblerus Club （涂鸦社）. He lives in enlightenment（英国启蒙运动时期古典主义诗人）主要代表作：An Essay on Criticism; Essay on Man; The Rape of the lock;The Dunciad.4. CharlesDickensFirst novel: Oliver TwistTale of 2 cities 描述了：This is a novel telling about individual destinies ina gigantic and turbulent social change like the French Revolution.5. Daniel DefoeHe is a father of English novel for Robinson CrusoeHe was arrested because wrote sth against Tory(本来是在Tory 党工作，但他政治上偏向Whig)6. Emma 嫁给了Mr George Knightley（不是John Knightley）Jane Austen第一部小说的nickname是A ladyShe usually writes about young girls dilemma in love and marriage. Characters in her novel(小说中的女主角均追求与男子思想感情的平等交流与沟通，要求社会地位上的平等权利，坚持独立观察、分析和选择男子的自由。
(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一、english renaissance 文艺复兴1、william shakespeare 威廉。
莎士比亚Sonnets 骚体十四行诗五步抑扬格四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）、《李尔王》（King Lear）。
四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of venice）、《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）、《第十二夜》（Twelfth Night）。
To be or not to be.That is a question. 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
（哈姆雷特）Hamlet is the greatest tragedy of his hamlet,the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind.二、17世纪早期2、John Dunn约翰·多恩“玄学派诗人” Metaphysical poets“Song”、“devotions upon emergent occasions”紧急时刻祈祷文、“poems”诗歌“The flea”跳蚤（男主人公试图劝诱情人放弃无用的贞操观，与他及时行乐）3、jone milton 约翰。
弥尔顿英国文学巨匠“On the morning of christ’s nativity”圣诞清晨歌、“areopagitica”论出版自由“When I consider how my light is spent”(十四行诗)“Paradise lost”失乐园无韵体五步抑扬格（the story of Satan’s rebellion against God, and of the disobedience and fall of Adam and Eve. It is the only generally acknowledged epic in english literature since Beowulf.）三、复辟和十八世纪4、daniel defoe 丹尼尔。
笛福英国报刊业的奠基人和现实主义小说家“The trueborn englishman”真正的英国人、“the shortest way with the dissenters”消灭不同教派的捷径、“hymn to the pillory”立枷颂、“captain singleton”辛格尔顿船长、“moll flanders”摩尔。
弗兰德斯、“Robinson crusoe”鲁滨逊漂流记(the novel eulogizes the hero of the hard-working class, and shows his sympathy for the poor and the unfortunate in his society.)Spirit: indomitable(不屈不饶的)、adventurous、independentTo-day we love what to-morrow we hate; to-day we seek what to-morrow we shun; to-day we desire what tomorrow we fear.(我们今天所爱的，往往是我们明天所恨的；我们今天所追求的，往往是我们明天所逃避的；我们今天所愿望的，往往是我们明天所害怕的。
)5、jonathan swift 乔纳森。
斯威夫特satire(讽刺文学)、prose（散文）“A tale of a tub”一只桶的故事、“the battle of books”书籍之战、“drapier’letter”布商来信、“A modest proposal”一个温和的建议、“verses on the death of dr. swift”斯威夫特博士死亡之诗“Gulliver’s travels “格列佛游记is designed to ridicule all false taste in learning. But it comes to criticize the dirty society and ugly human nature. It gives a severe and full attack on the english government, society, religion, monarchism, parties and colonialism, and express the auther’s wish of clean politics, humane and virtuous monarch.6、alexander pope 亚历山大。
蒲伯新古典主义的代表neoclassical poet 讽刺诗人作家verse satirist“The rape of the lock”夺发记、“windsor forest”温莎森林、“the dunciad”愚人记“An essay on criticism”论批评the well-received poem cemented his reputation. Its flawless texture and profound critical insights struck the literary world. It expresses Pope’s opinions about the critic s’duties andfunctions. It is a brilliant and comprehensive study of literary criticism, a guide to the poets’and critics’art, written in heroic couplet.To err is human, to forgive, divine.人非圣贤孰能无过。
A little learning is a dangerous thing. 一知半解煞是危险。
While from the bounded level of our mind. Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind. 叹才疏学浅，困于识陋；目光即短，瞻前而忘后。
四、浪漫主义7、william wordsworth威廉。
华兹华斯英国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人、英国“桂冠诗人”“湖畔诗人”（与coleridge、southey）“lyrical ballads”抒情歌谣集“prelude”序曲、①作者评价：he has not only started the modern portry,the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of english poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.②“S he dwelt among the untrodden ways”(她在幽径中) is the best known of his five “lucy” poems. The identity of “lucy” is a mystery. No matter who lucy is, the poet expresses his ardent love for her and his intense grief over her death.③“I wondered lonely as a cloud”(我似一朵孤独的流云) is one of the loveliest and most famous poems in the wordsworth canon. It was a emotional experience in nature.Such unexpected beauty and consistency of nature impress the speaker so much that he not only shows his exhilaration but also turns to contemplation of the scene which he has stored in jis memory. He shows his reflection of the philosophical depth of his mind under then enchantment of nature.④”the solitary reaper””(孤独的割麦女) it shows that the girl’s singing deeply moved the traveler and kept lingering in his heart. he writes specifically about real human music in a beloved rustic setting.8、samuel taylor coleridge塞缪尔。
泰勒。
柯勒津治lake poet、literary critic、philosopher“christable”克里斯特贝尔、“biographia literaria”文学传记“The rime of the ancient mariner”老水手谣/古舟子咏“kubla khan”忽必烈汗was composed in a dream after the poet took the poium. The poet was reading about Kubla Klan when he fell asleep. When he awoke, he wrote down the images of the river, of the magnificent palace and a girl playing a dulcimer and singing.9、jane austen简。
奥斯丁现实主义小说家irony反讽（austen’s works are comedies of manners that depict the self-contained world of provincial ladies and gentlemen who appear in domestic settings. The style of austen is easy and effortless and the plot of her works is tight and well desighed. Her ingenious dialogues, subtle irony, brilliant wit, vivid characters, clear descriptive writing style, penetrating analysis and moral firmness all account for the great popularity of her works.）Sense and sensibility理智与情感、mansfield park曼斯菲尔德庄园、emma 爱玛Pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见(which was originally drafed as First Impressions, mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. the whole story portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day,and focus on the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and the haught Darcy. Their relationship begins with the initial misunderstandingsand ends with their mutual enlightenment. Darcy stands for pride and Elizabeth represents prejudice. And finally they learn that their first impressions, based on pride and prejudice,were incorrect.) 10、Percy bysshe shelley波西。