国际市场营销章后习题参考答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案

国际市场营销学课后习题答案第一章1、国际市场营销学:是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营管理的科学。
2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学、国际贸易学的区别与联系是什么?答:国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系与区别联系:①理论基础相同②经营理念相同③市场边界的扩大区别:①国际市场环境更加复杂②国际市场营销面对更多不确定因素③国际市场营销方案更多样化④国际市场营销的难度更大国际市场营销与国际贸易的联系与区别联系:①国际贸易是国际市场营销的先导。
②企业的国际市场营销是国际贸易的一部分。
区别:①经营主体不同②商品的流通形态不同③经营动力或行为动机不同④评价经济效益的信息来源不同⑤国际市场营销活动的作业流程比国际贸易更加复杂3、企业开展国际市场营销的动因是什么?答:⑴国市场竞争激烈,利润微薄促使企业走向国际市场⑵企业走向国际市场以延长其产品的生命周期⑶国际市场需求潜力大、机会多⑷对低成本的追求⑸对东道国丰富和廉价资源的吸引⑹本国政府的支持和鼓励⑺东道国市场环境和基础设施条件的吸引4、国际市场营销的发展过程是什么?答:⑴国营销阶段⑵出口营销阶段⑶国际市场营销阶段5、国际市场的研究容有哪些?答:研究对象:国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动、国际市场营销规律研究容:国际市场营销环境、国际市场的选择、国际市场的调研、国际市场营销规划与组织、国际市场营销信息系、国际市场营销策略、国际市场竞争战略。
第二章1、国际政治环境:是指东道国直接或间接影响和制约国际市场营销的各种政治因素的集合,其容主要涉及政府与政党体制、政府政策和政治风险。
2、国际法律环境:影响国际企业开展国际市场营销活动的法律主要有国法律国际法律和东道国法律构成了国际法律环境。
3、如何评估国际政治环境?答:⑴专家调查法⑵实地考察法⑶利用驻外专家调查法⑷利用国际咨询机构法⑸政治体制稳定指数(PSSI)法4、采取什么措施以防国际政治风险?答:⑴回避策略⑵保险策略⑶当地化策略⑷建立合资企业策略⑸树立良好的企业形象策略⑹积极参与东道国经济建设策略5、国际商务争端的解决途径有哪些?答:(1)协商:是指在发生商务争端之后,各方当事人约定在自愿互谅互让、相互妥协的基础上,依据相关法律和合同条款的规定,达成各方都能接受的解决方案。
国际市场营销学课后案例分析答案刘向红

国际市场营销学课后案例分析答案刘向红1.国际市场营销学与市场营销学相同的是理论基础和()。
[单选题] *A.经营理念(正确答案)B.经营范围C.市场环境D.目标顾客答案解析:国际市场营销学与市场营销学相同的是理论基础和经营理念。
2.国际市场营销学的特点主要有()。
*A.研究范围具有国际性(正确答案)B.研究内容具有经验性(正确答案)C.研究方式具有同一性D.研究主体具有唯一性E.研究结论具有很强的应用性(正确答案)答案解析:国际市场营销学的特点主要有:研究范围具有国际性;研究内容具有经验性;研究结论具有很强的应用性。
3.企业开展国际市场营销以追求低成本的动因主要有()。
*A.利用当地优惠政策(正确答案)B.利用廉价的劳动力和原材料(正确答案)C.利用低运费(正确答案)D.利用低关税(正确答案)E.利用较多的配额管制答案解析:企业开展国际市场营销以追求低成本的动因主要有:利用当地优惠政策、廉价的劳动力和原材料、低运费、低关税、较少的配额管制、接近产品的销售市场等。
4.本国政府为了发展国内经济,采取支持和鼓励本国企业到国际市场上开拓经营的政策主要有()。
*A.减税政策(正确答案)B.退税政策(正确答案)C.低息贷款政策(正确答案)D.担保贷款政策(正确答案)E.进口价格补贴政策(正确答案)答案解析:本国政府为了发展国内经济,采取支持和鼓励本国企业到国际市场上开拓经营,即鼓励出口的政策主要有:减税和退税的税收优惠政策、低息贷款、担保贷款、出口价格补贴政策,为企业提供外贸咨询、国际市场信息等一系列配套服务;给具有经营实力的企业向下放进出口自主权等。
5.国际市场营销学的研究对象包括国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动和()。
[单选题] *A.国际市场营销环境B.国际市场营销模式C.国际市场营销进程D.国际市场营销规律(正确答案)答案解析:国际市场营销学的研究对象包括国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动和国际市场营销规律。
(完整版)《国际市场营销(第二版)》章后习题参考答案与提示

附录1章后习题参考答案与提示第1章□知识题1.1 阅读理解1)国际市场营销(International Marketing,简称国际营销,也有的称国际行销)指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易,以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。
这里其主要特点是跨越国境的交易。
与国内营销的主要区别是:①国际营销比国内营销面临更多不可控因素;②国际营销比国内营销面临着更复杂的需求;③国际营销比国内营销更需要统一的协调和控制;④国际营销的目标市场在国外,它的产品(或服务)应该满足国外客户的需要。
2)开展国际市场营销,主要是为了让企业的决策者在综合考虑分析国内外市场营销环境的基础上,捕捉营销机会,避免风险,制定进入国际市场的营销战略、策略,以实现企业的基本目标。
因此,企业开展国际营销的目的是:①拓展企业的市场基础,扩大企业的经营业务;②获得国际市场的经验和资源,参与全球竞争;③获得全球基础上的竞争优势,加强企业的核心竞争能力;④分散化经营,规避经营风险。
3)这些环境因素包括三个方面。
①营销可控因素。
产品、渠道、价格和促销就是营销的可控因素,企业要达到自己的经营目标,必须以目标市场消费者的需求为中心,制定一个适应企业外部环境的营销方案。
企业对外部环境认识得愈深刻,适应得愈好,效益就愈佳。
②国内不可控因素,包括政治力量、经济形势和竞争环境等。
这些因素往往对企业在国际市场上的营销活动产生直接或间接的影响。
有时政府一项政治决定会给企业带来巨大的营销机会;而另一项决定也可能使原来谈妥的生意告吹。
国内经济形势的好坏,也会影响企业海外投资办厂的能力,以及在国际市场购买的多寡。
竞争环境往往构成企业实现营销目标的直接威胁。
③国外不可控因素,包括政治力量、经济形势、社会文化环境、科技条件、竞争因素、地理环境、分销结构等,这些都是无法控制而且更为复杂的环境,但它们又是企业进入国际市场制订营销规划的基础和依据。
4)国际市场营销的主要任务包括:适应环境差距,包括文化差距、行政差距、地理差距和经济差距;进行跨国的组织协调;确定和管理组织的全球化决策,包括战略的全球化决策、企业组织的全球化决策、产品全球化决策及全球品牌决策等。
智慧树答案国际市场营销学(山东联盟-泰山学院)知到课后答案章节测试2022年

第一章1.能够有效地解释企业的跨国经营行为的理论是答案:产品生命周期学说2.国际营销与国际贸易的交易动机都是比较利益答案:错3.多国营销又被称为跨国营销答案:错4.国际市场,又称为世界市场,是世界范围内因国际分工和经济联系而进行商品、服务、技术交换活动的场所。
答案:对5.国际营销和国际贸易均是跨国界的经济活动,二者有类似的理论基础。
答案:对第二章1.市场信息是市场决策的基础。
答案:对2.市场信息的特征包括答案:可压缩性;可储存性;系统性;分散性;时效性3.市场信息系统是由()构成的答案:内部报告系统;情报系统;调研系统;分析系统4.间接资料调研方法也叫做文案调研法或者二手资料收集法。
答案:对5.面谈调查的优势是成本低、速度快。
答案:错第三章1.目前欧盟已经实现了完全经济一体化答案:错2.多变关系主要包括东西方关系和南北关系。
答案:对3.目前主要的区域经济一体化组织包括答案:特惠贸易区;自由贸易区;经济联盟;共同市场;关税同盟4.区域经济一体化对企业国际市场营销的影响主要包括答案:增长效应;特惠效应5.区域经济组织不存在交叉性。
答案:错第四章1.风俗习惯与审美情趣属于社会环境因素。
答案:错2.起飞前的准备阶段是罗斯托经济发展阶段理论中最重要的阶段。
答案:错3.重视效率、尊重女性是阿拉伯商人的商业惯例。
答案:错4.跨国公司可以通过合资、增加税收、增加出口、使用目标国原材料等方式降低在目标市场国的政治风险。
答案:对5.价格管制和劳工问题属于目标市场国的经济风险因素。
答案:错第五章1.最终消费者市场的人数众多,购买频率较低。
答案:错2.AISAS模式中,最后一个S代表share,分享。
答案:对3.产业市场购买者数量多,购买频率高。
答案:错4.政府购买要收到公众的监督。
答案:对5.公办学校的购买行为属于政府购买行为。
答案:对第六章1.有效的国际市场细分应该具有可测量性。
答案:对2.企业可以通过现有的供求差寻找市场机会。
国际市场营销课后答案internationalmarketingplanessayque

国际市场营销课后答案internationalmarketingplanessayqueinternational marketing planDeveloping a Global Vision through Marketing ResearchEssay Questions100. (p. 216) Give the traditional definition for marketing research.Marketing research is traditionally defined as the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data to provide information useful in marketing decision making.101. (p. 216) Discuss the differences between traditional marketing research and international marketing research. Although the research processes and methods are basically the same in traditional marketing research and international marketing research, international marketing research involves two additional plications. First, information must be municated across cultural boundaries. Second, the environments within which the research tools are applied are often different in foreign markets.102. (p. 217) International marketers often collect forms of information not normally collected by domestic marketing researchers. Unisys Corporation gives some guidance as to what forms of information need to be collected in theinternational environment. List and briefly discuss each of the five types of information suggested by the UnisysCorporation model.103. (p. 218 and major section titles for the six) List and briefly characterize the six steps in the research process.The steps are: (a) define the research problem and establish research objectives, (b) determine the sources of information to fulfill the research objectives, (c) consider the costs and benefits of the research effort, (d) gather the relevant data from secondary or primary sources, or both, (e) analyze, interpret, and summarize the results, and (f) effectively municate the results to decision makers. Summaries of the steps can be found in the major sections describing each of the six steps.104. (p. 220-223) There are four major problems with using secondary data in international marketing research. What are these four major problems? Briefly, characterize each problem.The four major problems are: (a) availability of data, (b)reliability of data, (c) parability of data, and (d) validating secondary data. For a brief summary see each of the section titles of the four problem areas.105. (p. 223) As a practical matter, the international marketing researcher should ask four questions to effectively judge the reliability (validating secondary data) of secondary data sources. List those four questions.The four questions are: (a) Who collected the data? Would there be any reason for purposely misrepresenting the facts? (b) For what purposes were the data collected? (c) How were the data collected? (methodology) (d) Are the data internally consistent and logical in light of known data sources or market factors?106. (p. 223-225) Demonstrate the difference between quantitative and qualitative research.In quantitative research, usually a large number of respondents are asked to reply either verbally or in writing to structured questions using a specific response format or to select a response from a set of choices. Questions are designed to obtain specific responses regarding aspects of the respondents' behavior, intentions, attitudes, motives, and demographic international marketing plancharacteristics. In qualitative research, if questions are asked they are almost always open-ended or in-depth, and unstructured responses that reflect the person's thoughts and feelings on the subject are sought.107. (p. 229) Discuss the differences between back translation and parallel translation in international marketing research. In back translation the questionnaire is translated from one language to another, and then a second party translates it back into the original. This process pinpoints misinterpretations and misunderstandings before they reach the public. Back translations may not always ensure an accurate translation because of monly used idioms in both languages. Parallel translation is used to e this problem. In this process, more than two translators are used for the back translation; the results are pared, differences discussed, and the most appropriate translation selected.108. (p. 232) It has been suggested that there are at least seven different uses for the Internet in international research.Assume that you are a marketing director for Ty Beanie Babies and are interested in expanding your pany's phenomenal growth into Asia. What are the seven uses suggested in the textand which of the seven would you propose to use to plish your objective?The seven uses are (a) online surveys and buyer panels, (b) online focus groups, (c) Web visitor tracking, (d) advertising measurement, (e) customer identification systems, (f) e-mail marketing lists, and (g) embedded research. The students could make a case for any or all of the above, therefore, the intent of the question is to get the students to first list and then creatively think about options. Discussion of the seven uses may be found on page 232. If the instructor would like to place additional suggestions or parameters on the question, be sure to do so before assigning the question to students.109. (p. 239, Exhibit 8.3) The text suggests four kinds of pany-agency-customer relationships for managing the cultural barrier in international marketing research. Describe or characterize each of these kinds of relationships and designate which one(s) are better suited for managing the cultural barrier across the chain of munication.The four options are: Option A (pany--agency--customers); Option B (pany--agency--local agency--customers); Option C (pany--subsidiary--agency--customers); and, Option D (pany--foreign agency--customers). The text suggests that Options B and C are best for managing the cultural barrier.Global Marketing Management: Planning and Organization Essay Questions101. (p. 310-312) Briefly, explain the benefits of global marketing.When large market segments can be identified, economies of scale in production and marketing can be important petitive advantages of global panies. Other benefits include: (a) a transfer of experience and know-how across countries through improved coordination and integration of marketing activities, (b) ensures access to the toughest customers, and (c) diversity of markets served carries with it additional financial benefits.102. (p. 311-313) Demonstrate the differences among corporate, strategic, and tactical planning.Corporate planning is essentially long term, incorporating generalized goals for the enterprise as a whole. Strategic planning is conducted at the highest levels of management and deals with products, capital, and research, and long- and short-term goals of the pany. Tactical planning pertains to specific actions and tothe allocation of resources used to implement strategic planning goals in specific markets. Tactical plans are made at the local level and address marketing and advertising questions.international marketing plan103. (p. 315, Exhibit 11.1) List and briefly characterize the four phases of the international planning process.The four phases are: (a) Phase 1--Preliminary analysis and screening (matching pany/country needs); (b) Phase 2--Adapting the marketing mix to target markets; (c) Phase 3--Developing the marketing plan; and, (d) Phase 4--Implementation and control.104. (p. 319, Exhibit 11.2) A pany has four different modes of foreign market entry from which to select. List and briefly characterize each of these modes.The modes are exporting, contractual agreements, strategic alliances, and direct foreign investment. Brief characterizations may be found on page 319 in Exhibit 11.2. More detailed descriptions of each mode may be found in the associated sections found on pages 318-330.105. (p. 32-322) Describe the two basic contractual agreements that most panies follow in their attempt to enter aforeign market.Contractual agreements generally involve the transfer of technology, processes, trademarks, or human skills. The two basic forms of contractual agreements are licensing and franchising. Licensing is associated with patent rights, trademark rights, and the rights to use technological processes in foreign markets. It is a favorite strategy for small and medium-sized panies. Franchising involves offering a standard package of products, systems, and management services.106. (p. 323-324) What is a strategic international alliance (SIA)?A SIA is a business relationship established by two or more panies to cooperate out of mutual need and to share risk in achieving a mon objective. SIAs are sought as a way to shore up weaknesses and increase petitive strengths.107. (p. 325-328) Explain the differences between a joint venture and consortia.A joint venture is differentiated from other types of strategic alliances or collaborative relationships in that a joint venture is a partnership of two or more participating panies that join forces to create a separate legal entity. Consortia are similar to jointventures but have two distinguishing characteristics: (a) they typically involve a large number of participants and (b) they frequently operate in a country or market in which none of the participants is currently active.108. (p. 328-329) You have just been hired as a consultant by Apple Computer to advise them on how to enter the South African market. You have decided that direct foreign investment would be the best mode for Apple to follow at this point in time. Write a one-paragraph memo that outlines the benefits of direct foreign investment in a country.Companies that manufacture locally can capitalize on low-cost labor, avoid high import taxes, reduce the high cost of transportation to market, gain access to raw materials, and gain advantages by being perceived as making an investment in the market (as a way to gain entry).109. (p. 331, Exhibit 11.4) With respect to organizational structures used in international marketing, panies are usually structured around one of three alternatives. Assuming that you were a consultant for ATT who desired to create an organization that was able to merge your organization's expertise and skills with that of Sony's cell phone division so that your new jointventure could enter the Scandinavian market, which of the organizational structure alternatives would make most sense? Comment on why the structure might be a good one to use.international marketing planThe three structures are product, geographic, and a matrix approach. Students could select any of the three options, however, the text suggests that the matrix form is preferable in today's market place. A matrix structure permits management to respond to the conflicts that arise between functional activity, product, and geography. Since the new venture will be a joint venture, the matrix structure might allow both of the panies to bring separate expertise to the table. Since a matrixstructure encourages sharing of experience, resources, expertise, technology, and information, it seem to be a natural in this situation.Products and Services for ConsumersEssay Questions107. (p. 337) Discuss the two dimensions of quality.The two dimensions of quality are market-perceived quality and performance quality. Simply, one dimension deals with how consumers believe the pany, product, or service matches toexpectations of quality. The other dimension, which can be measured, deals with how the product, pany, or service actually performs.108. (p. 339) Describe the process called product homologation.Product homologation is used to describe the changes mandated by local product and service standards. A product may have to change in a number of ways to meet the physical or mandatory requirements of a new market.109. (p. 344-347) Everett Rogers notes that four crucial elements impact the diffusion of new ideas. What are those elements?The elements are (a) an innovation, (b) which is municated through certain channels, (c) over time, and (d) among the members of a social system.110. (p. 350, Exhibit 12.1) Draw and correctly label the product ponent model shown in the text.The model is shown on page 350 (see Exhibit 12.1). Students should include the core, packaging, and support services ponents and the sub-parts of each for full credit.111. (p. 353-355) Consumer services are distinguished byfour unique characteristics. List and characterize each of these four unique characteristics.The characteristics are (a) intangibility--services cannot be touched, (b) inseparability--the service cannot be separated from its consumption, (c) heterogeneous--it is individually produced and is thus virtually unique, and (d) perishability--once created it cannot be stored but must be consumed simultaneously with its creation.112. (p. 356-358) Consumer services face four kinds of barriers as these services are presented to the global market. What are these barriers?The barriers are (a) protectionism, (b) controls on transborder data flows, (c) protection of intellectual property, and (d) cultural requirements for adaptation.113. (p. 358-359, Exhibit 12.2) A successful brand is the most valuable resource a pany has. Comment on why this is true and create an example to illustrate.international marketing planUsing the material on pages 358-359 and including Exhibit 12.2, students should be able to make a case for the value of a brand. To summarize, the brand name passes the years ofadvertising, good will, quality evaluation, productexperience, and other beneficial attributes the market associates with the product. Students may use whatever example they wish, however, it still needs to be appropriate to the material above.114. (p. 363-364) Assuming that you were a new marketing manager for Nike and that your first task was to launch a renewed effort to gain market share in Europe, an Adidas stronghold. Describe the impact that the country-of-origin effect might have on your chances of success.The country-of-origin effect can be defined as any influence that the country of manufacture, assembly, or design has on a consumer's positive or negative perception of a product. Students could discuss stereotypes in the example, mention the difficulties that the U.S. has had with France, the general opinion of American-made products, Nike's publicity as asweatshop broker, or how a home-based rival such as Adidas might react to Nike. If you, as an instructor, would like to set additional parameters for this question, please do so before the exam.International Marketing ChannelsEssay Questions101. (p. 396) Characterize a distribution process.A distribution process includes the physical handling and distribution of goods, the passage of ownership (title), and the buying and selling negotiations between producers and middlemen and between middlemen and customers.102. (p. 397) The Japanese distribution system has four distinguishing characteristics. What are these characteristics? The characteristics are (a) a structure dominated by many small middlemen dealing with many small retailers, (b) channel control by manufacturers, (c) a business philosophy shaped by a unique culture, and (d) laws that protect the foundation of the system--the small retailer.103. (p. 399) How does a manufacturer attempt to control the distribution channel?The manufacturer attempts to control the distribution channel through (a) inventory financing, (b) cumulative rebates, (c) merchandise returns, and (d) promotional support.104. (p. 404) Discuss the impact of the trend from traditional to modern channel structures.The impact of these trends will change traditionaldistribution and marketing systems. While retailing revolution remains in flux, new retailing and middle-men systems will be invented, and established panies will experiment, seeking ways to maintain their petitive edge. Moreover, it is ing more dangerous to think of petitors in terms of individual panies―in international business generally, and distribution systems particularly, a networks perspective is increasingly required. That is, firms must be understood in the context of the mercial networks of which they are a part. These changes will resonate throughout the distribution chain before new concepts are established and the system stabilizes.105. (p. 408) Characterize the difference(s) between agent middlemen and merchant middlemen.The primary difference is that agent middlemen do not take title to the goods they process and the merchant middleman does. Additionally, the merchant middleman normally performs more work tasks that are often general in nature whereas the agent middleman may be more of a specialist.international marketing plan106. (p. 412) Steve Smith has been assigned the task of choosing a foreign market channel that would be mostappropriate for his pany. Assuming that his pany was an automobile pany and he wished to enter the Spanish market, list the four points that were identified in the text as starting places for making the channel selection decision. Be specific with your wording of the points.The points are: (a) identify specific target markets within and across countries; (b) specify marketing goals in terms of volume, market share, and profit margin requirements, (c) specify financial and personnel mitments to the development of international distribution, and (d) identify control, length of channels, terms of sale, and channel ownership.107. (p. 419-421) Channel strategy is thought to have six specific strategic goals. If you were to list these goals for a strategic planner, what would be the six specific goals that the planner should consider?The six Cs of channel strategy are: (a) cost, (b) capital, (c) control, (d) coverage, (e) character, and (f) continuity.108. (p. 396-424) Name and briefly define/describe the five basic points involved in making channel decisions.1. channel decisions - producer's choice of a distribution structure through which goods pass from producer to user. Everycountry market has a distribution structure through which goods pass form producer to user. This structure may have a variety of possible middlmen.2. distribution patterns - the variety of possible distribution paths and distribution channel length through which a product may pass from producer to customer.3. available alternative middlemen - the external middlemen from which specific intermediaries are selected. The middlemen e the means of building and developing the channels for international distribution.4. factors affecting choice of channels - identifying target markets, specifying marketing goals, specifying financial and personnel needs, and identifying control, length of channels, terms of sales, and channel ownership.5. locating, selecting, motivating, terminating, and controlling middlemen - the process of building international distribution requires as a first step locationg prospective middlemen. Selection involves determining which ones can performsatisfactorily. Motivating middlemen may involve financial rewards, psychological rewards, munications, pany support, andcorporate report. Termination is the dismissal of middlemen that have not performed up to standard. Controlling middlemen involves control of the distribution network and includes middlemen meeting standards of performance to insure that product is flowing through desired middlemen.Integrated Marketing Communications and International AdvertisingEssay Questions100. (p. 464) Describe the ponents of integrated marketing munications (IMC).IMC are posed of advertising, sales promotions, trade shows, personal selling, direct selling, and public relations.101. (p. 464) What are sales promotions?Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middleman effectiveness and cooperation.102. (p. 465) Describe the role of public relations.Creating good relationships with the popular press and other media to help panies municate messages to their publics--customers, the general public, and government regulators--is the role of public relations.international marketing plan103. (p. 470-471) List the seven steps in creating an international advertising campaign.The steps are: (a) perform marketing research, (b) specify the goals of the munication, (c) develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected, (d) select effective media, (e) pose and secure a budget, (f) execute the campaign, and (g) evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified.104. (p. 476) List and describe the steps (stages) in the international munication process.The steps are (a) an information source, (b) encoding, (c) a message channel, (d) decoding, (e) receiver, (f) feedback, and (g) noise. See page 479 for details on each stage.105. (p. 486-493)advertising: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, or direct mail.See pages 486-493 for summaries of each of the mass media forms mentioned. If you wish to give additional instructions for answering this question or set question limits, please do so before assigning the question.106. (p. 470-471) Assume that you are the munications manager for a pany that is seeking to begin amunications process with buyers in a foreign market. Take the steps in the international munications process, list them, and indicate which of the steps will probably present the greatest challenge with respect to munication.The steps are: (a) perform marketing research, (b) specify the goals of the munication, (c) develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected, (d) select effective media, (e) pose and secure a budget, (f) execute the campaign, and (g) evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified. Students should build a case for what they perceive to be the most challenging step. See pages 473 for additional aid.107. (p. 491) Belinda is considering Internet advertising to support her pany's international marketing campaign. She knows the Internet has some limitations as an advertising vehicle. What are the current limitations associated with Internet advertising?In many markets the Internet is limited in its penetration of households. Also, there is petition among Internet marketers for Web surfers.Pricing for International MarketsEssay Questions100. (p. 529) Explain the process called parallel importing.Parallel importing occurs when importers buy products from distributors in one country and sell them in another to distributors who are not part of the manufacturer's regular distribution system. For more information and illustrations see page 531, Exhibit 18.1.101. (p. 532) What is the difference between variable-cost pricing and full-cost pricing.In variable-cost pricing, the firm is concerned only with the marginal or incremental cost of producing goods to be sold in overseas markets. In full-cost pricing, the philosophy insists that no unit of a similar product is different from any other unit in terms of cost and that each unit must bear its full share of the total fixed and variable cost.international marketing plan102. (p. 544) There are two distinct views of what constitutes dumping. Explain each of these views.One approach classifies international shipments as dumped if the products are sold below their cost of production. The other approach characterizes dumping as selling goods in a foreign market below the price of the same goods in the home market.103. (p. 545-549) List and briefly characterize the four formsof countertrade.The four forms are (a) barter--the direct exchange of goods between two parties in a transaction, (b) pensation deal--involves payments in goods and cash, (c) counterpurchase--the seller agrees to sell a product at a set price to a buyer and receives payment in cash; however, a second contract stipulates that the original seller will in turn purchase a like amount of goods from the buyer (or a similar arrangement), and (d) product buy-back agreement--the seller may agree to accept partial payment in manufactured goods from the buyer or the seller can accept full payment in manufactured goods. For additional information and examples see pages 545-549.104. (p. 549) What are the benefits of transfer pricing?The benefits are (a) lowering duty costs by shipping goods into high-tariff countries at minimal transfer prices so that duty base and duty are low, (b) reducing e taxes in high-tax countries by overpricing goods transferred to units in such countries, and (c) facilitating dividend repatriation when dividend repatriation is curtailed by government policy.105. (p. 542) A reasonable price for goods in the home market may more than double in the foreign market. How doeschannel length and transportation costs contribute to the price increase?Channel length is determined by the number of middlemen. Middlemen may increase the price of goods to covertransportation costs and to increase their margins; there is little opportunity for a manufacturer to control retail prices in a foreign country. In addition, transportation costs also contribute to the increase in product costs. Transportation costs include insurance, packing, handling, and shipping charges. Such costs are added to the price of goods to determine the landed cost which es the basis of import tariffs. These costs add to the inflation of the final price of goods.106. (p. 551-553) Discuss the meaning of and nature of cartels. Are these groups beneficial or not? Create an example to illustrate your stance.A cartel exists when various panies producing similar products or services work together to control markets for the types of goods and services they produce. The cartel association may use formal agreements to set prices, establish levels of production and sales for the participating panies, allocate territories, and even redistribute profits. The economic role ofcartels is debatable, but their proponents argue that they eliminate cutthroat petition and rationalize business, permitting greater technical progress and lower prices to consumers. Many do not agree with this view. See the text on pages 551-553 for additional information and examples.。
国际市场营销(第十六版)参考答案

Keys to the exercises of Chapter1Marketing’s Value to Consumers, Firms and Society1.Multiple choices.(1)B(2)D(3)C(4)D(5)A2.Terms translation.(1)营销(2)融资(3)顾客满意度(4)计划经济(5)社会责任(6)中间商(7)合作者(8)销售时代(9)营销伦理(10)规模经济3.True or false.(1)F(2)T(3)T(4)T(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks.(1)Economics of scale(2)E-commerce(3)Customer value(4)spatial separation(5)Standardization and grading(6)collaborators(7)command(8)sales(9)marketing(10)micro-macro dilemma5.Answer the following questions.(1)There are seven main functions of marketing:selling,pricing,financing, promotion,distribution or channel management,product or service management, marketing information management.(2)Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client. (3)Micro-marketing refers to the marketing of products or services designed to meet the needs of a very small section of the market.Macro-marketing is a social process that directs an economy’s flow of goods and services from producers to consumers in a way that effectively matches supply and demand and accomplishes the objectives of society.As the same with micro-marketing,macro-marketing is also concerned with the flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to consumer.However, the emphasis with macro-marketing is not on the activities of individual organizations.Instead,the emphasis is on how the whole marketing system works.(4)Production orientation refers to making whatever products are easy to produce and then trying to sell them.Marketing orientation means trying to carry out the marketing concept.Instead of just trying to get customers to buy what the firm has produced,a marketing-oriented firm tries to offer customers what they need. (5)Open-ended.Keys to the exercises of Chapter2:Evaluating Opportunities in theChanging Market Environment1.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)D(4)B(5)A2.Terms translation(1)公司宗旨(2)竞争环境(3)可持续的竞争优势(4)竞争对手分析(5)经济环境(6)文化和社会环境(7)国民总收入(GNI)(8)智能代理(9)民族主义(10)可持续性3.True or false(1)T(2)T(3)F(4)F(5)T(6)F(7)T(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)mission statement(2)monopoly(3)opportunities(4)Artificial intelligence(AI)(5)intelligent agent(6)Nationalism(7)Free trade(8)competition(9)return on investment(10)Sustainability 5.Answer the following questions(1)The marketing manager should be heard when the company is setting objectives. But setting whole-company objectives—within resource limits—ultimately is the responsibility of top management.Top management must look at the whole business, relate its present objectives and resources to the external environment,and then decide what the firm wants to accomplish in the future.(2)Many firms try to avoid this problem by developing a mission statement,which sets out the organization’s basic purpose for being.A good mission statement focuses on a few key goals rather than embracing everything.It should guide managers in determining which opportunities to pursue.(3)To find its strengths or recognize weaknesses,a firm must evaluate its functional areas(production,research and engineering,marketing,general management,and finance)as well as its present products and markets.(4)Sustainable competitive advantage refers to a marketing mix that customers see as better than a competitor’s mix and cannot be quickly or easily copied.The search for some sort of competitive advantage—requires an understanding not only of customers but also of competitors.That’s why marketing managers turn to competitor analysis—an organized approach for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of current or potential competitors’marketing strategies.(5)open-ended.Key to the exercises of Chapter3Focusing marketing strategy with segmentation and positioning1.Multiple choices.(1)A(2)D(3)D(4)C(5)C2.Terms translation.(1)市场细分(2)子市场,次市场(3)定位(4)客户关系管理(5)产品市场(6)差异化(7)定位声明(8)一般市场(9)组合(10)品牌熟悉度3.True or false.(1)F(2)T(3)F(4)F(5)F(6)T(7)T(8)T(9)T(10)F4.Fill in the blanks.(1)Submarkets(2)heterogeneous(3)Clustering(4)Segmenters(5)generic(6)Market segmentation(7)naming segmenting(8)Qualifying(9)Determining(10)Positioning5.Answer the following questions(1)A generic market is a market with broadly similar needs and sellers offering various,often diverse,ways of satisfying those needs.A product-market is a market with very similar needs and seller offering various close substitute ways of satisfying those needs.(2)Market segmentation is a two-step process of①naming broad product-markets and②segmenting these broad product-markets in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes.(3)There are three basic ways to develop market-oriented strategies in a broad product-market.①The single target market approach—segmenting the market and picking one of the homogeneous segments as the firm’s target market.②The multiple target market approach—segmenting the market and choosing two or more segments,and then treating each as a separate target market needing a different marketing mix.③The combined target market approach—combing two or more submarkets into one larger target market as a basis for one strategy.④Kind of relationship,types of customer,geographic,demographic,how product will be used,type of buying situation,purchasing methods.(5)A positioning analysis helps managers understand how customers see their market.It is a visual aid to understanding a product-market.The first time such an analysis is done,managers may be shocked to see how much customers’perceptions of a market differ from their own.Keys to the exercises of Chapter 4:1.Multiple choices (1)B (2)C (3)D (4)A (5)B2.Terms translation(1)消费者购买行为(2)经济需求(3)需求层次(4)空巢家庭(5)参照群体(6)安全需求(7)选择性记忆(8)生理需求(9)可支配收入(10)强化3.True or false (1)T (2)T (3)F (4)T (5)F (6)T (7)T (8)F (9)F (10)T4.Fill in the blanks (1)Learning (2)opinion (3)stimuli (4)Consumer (5)Social (6)classes (7)family (8)attitude (9)psychological (10)Perception5.Answer the following questions.(1)Needs are the basic forces that motivates a person to do something.Wants are “needs”that are learned during a person’s life.A drive is a strong stimulus that encourages action to reduce a need.(2)Maslow is well known for his five-level hierarchy of needs.They are physiological needs,safety needs,social needs,esteem needs and self-actualization.Esteem needs and self-actualization can be simplified as personal needs.(3)The learning process are illustrated as following.(4)Young single,young married without children,young married with children,middle-aged married with children,middle-aged married without dependent children,older married,and widowed.(5)Consumers use extensive problem solving when they put much effort into deciding how to satisfy a need.Limited problem solving is used by consumers when some effort is required in deciding the best way to satisfy a need.A consumer uses routinized response behavior when he or she regularly selects a CuesDriveResponse Reinforcementparticular way of satisfying a need when it occurs.Key to the exercises of Chapter51.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)B(4)D(5)A2.Terms translation(1)企业顾客(2)组织买家(3)采购中心(4)首次购买(5)采购经理(6)供货商分析(7)直接再购(8)外包(9)购买申请(10)竞标3.True or false(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)T(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)derived(2)straight rebuy(3)fewer,emotional(4)New-task(5) local(6)Negotiated(7)buying center(8)dispersed(9)purchasing(10) deciders5.Answer the following questions.(1)Manufacturers;producers of services;retailers and wholesalers;government units(2)Users;influencers;buyers;deciders;gatekeepers(3)A straight rebuy is a routine repurchase that may have been made many times before.A modified rebuy is the in-between process where some review of the buying situation is done—though not as much as in new-task buying.(4)NAICS refers to North American Industry Classification System which are groupsof firms in similar lines of business.(5)Salespeople,others from supplier firms,trade shows,buying center members,outside business associates,consultants and outside expertsKeys to the exercises of CHAPTER61.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)C(4)B(5)C2.Terms translation(1)物流系统(2)实体物流(3)顾客服务层次(4)供应链(5)电子数据交换(6)集装箱化(7)公营仓库(8)私营仓库(9)存货(10)运输方式3.True or false(1)T(2)F(3)T(4)T(5)F(6)T(7)T(8)F(9)T(10)F4.Fill in the blanks(1)logistics(2)trade-offs(3)chain(4)economies(5)valuable(6)carloads(7)distances(8)slowest(9)nonperishable(10)Pipelines5.Answer the following questionsAnswers are open for discussion.Keys to Chapter7Retailers,Wholesalers,and Their Strategy Planning1.Multiple choices(1)C(2)A(3)B(4)A(5)C2.Terms translation(1)专业商店(2)大众营销概念(3)折扣商店(4)量贩零售商(5)零售轮转理论(6)特许经营(7)专门批发商(8)产销直达货运批发商(9)制造商代理人(10)经纪人3.True or false(1)T(2)F(3)T(4)T(5)F(6)F(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)Single-line(2)specialty shop(3)Automatic vending(4)door-to-door(5)franchise operation(6)Wholesaling(7)Service wholesalers(8)Drop-shippers(9)Brokers(10)selling agent5.Answer the following questions(1)A specialty shop—a type of conventional limited-line store—is usually small and has a distinct personality.Specialty shops sell special types of shopping products, such as high-quality sporting goods,exclusive clothing,baked goods,or even antiques. Catering to certain types of customers whom the management and salespeople know well simplifies buying,speeds turnover,and cuts costs due to obsolescence and style changes.Specialty shops probably will continue to be a part of the retailing scene as long as customers have varied tastes and the money to satisfy them.(2)a.Internet retail is still growing.b.Online buying is more or less convenient.c.Online buying gets good information.d.The online costs for retailers and customers could be higher or lower.(3)The main advantage of limited-line retailers is that they can satisfy some target market better.Perhaps some are just more conveniently located.But most adjust tosuit specific customers.They build a relationship with their customers andearn a position as the place to shop for a certain type of product.But these retailers face the costly problem of havingto stock some slow-moving items in order to satisfy their target markets.Many of these stores are small—with high expenses relative to sales.(4)A manufacturers’agent sells similar products for several noncompeting producers—for a commission on what is actually sold.Such agents work almost as members of each company’s sales force,but they’re really independent wholesalers. More than half of all agent wholesalers are manufacturers’agents.Their big plus is that they already call on some customers and can add another product line at relatively low cost—and at no cost to the producer until something sells!If an area’s sales potential is low,a company may use a manufacturers’agent because the agent can do the job at low cost.Manufacturers’reps will continue to play an important role in businesses that need an agent to perform order-getting tasks.But manufacturers’reps everywhere are feeling pressure when it comes to routine business contacts.More producers are turning to telephone selling,websites,email, teleconferencing,and faxes to contact customers directly.(5)a.Wholesaling is in decline.b.Opportunities remain for progressive wholesalers.Those that have survived are adapting their marketing strategies and finding new ways to add value in the channel. Progressive wholesalers are becoming more concerned with their customers and with channel systems.c.Wholesalers need to add value.Progressive wholesalers need to be efficient,but that doesn’t mean they all have low costs.Keys to the CHAPTER81.Multiple choices(1)A(2)B(3)D(4)A(5)D2.Terms translation(1)促销(2)宣传(3)促销(4)公共关系(5)整合营销传播(6)AIDA模式(7)编码(8)信息通道(9)采用曲线(10)基本需求3.True or False(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)T(5)F(6)T(7)T(8)F(9)T(10)T4.Fill in blanks(1)seller(2)Pulling(3)adoption curve(4)innovators(5)early majority(6)selective demand(7)task method(8)Promotion(9)Mass selling(10)reminding5.Answer the following questions(1)a.Sale managers manage salespeople.b.Advertising managers work with ads and agencies.c.Sales promotion managers need many talents.They manage their company’s sales promotion effort.d.The marketing manager talks to all and blends all.They must weigh the pros and cons of the various promotion methods and then devise an effective promotion blend.(2)rming,persuading and reminding are basic promotion objectives.rming is educating.c.Persuading usually becomes necessary.d.Reminding may be enough sometimes.e.Promotion objectives relate to adoption process.(3)The basic promotion objectives and adoption process fit very neatly with another action-oriented model—called AIDA.It consists of four promotion jobs:1)to get attention,2)to hold interest,3)to arouse desire,and4)to obtain action.Getting attention is necessary to make consumers aware of the company’s offering. Holding interest gives the communication a chance to build the consumer’s interest in the product.Arousing desire affects the evaluation process,perhaps building preference.And obtaining action includes gaining trial,which may lead to a purchase decision.(4)a.During market introduction,the basic promotion objective is informing.b.In the market growth stage,more competitors enter the market,and promotion emphasis shifts from building primary demand to stimulating selective demand.c.In the market maturity stage,mass selling and sales promotion may dominate the promotion blends of consumer products firms.d.During the sales decline stage,the total amount spent on promotion usually decreases as firms try to cut costs to remain profitable.(5)The most common method of budgeting for promotion expenditures is to computea percentage of either past sales or sales expected in the future.The virtue of this method is its simplicity.In the light of our continuing focus on planning marketing strategies to reach objectives,the most sensible approach to budgeting promotion expenditures is the task method—basing the budget on the job to be done.It helps you to get priorities so that the money you spend produces specific results.Keys to CHAPTER91.Multiple choices(1)B(2)D(3)C(4)A(5)B2.Terms translation(1)目标利润目标(2)一种价格政策(3)渗透定价政策(4)基本价格表(5)折让(6)数量折扣(7)旧货折让折扣(8)给推销员的佣金(9)优惠券(10)广告补贴3.True or false(1)T(2)F(3)T(4)F(5)T(6)T(7)T(8)F(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)the Price(2)customer value(3)market share(4)Flexible pricing(5)Cumulative discounts(6)coupons(7)Rebate(8)monopolistic(9)Dumping(10)price discrimination5.Answer the following questions(1)a.Target returns provide specific guidelines.Marketing managers should set objectives oriented toward making a profit.A target objective sets a specific level of profit as an objective.Often this amount is stated as a percentage of sales or of capital investment.A target return objective has administrative advantages in a large company.Performance can be compared against the target.Some companies eliminate divisions, or drop products,that aren’t yielding the target rate of return.b.Some just want satisfactory profits.Some managers aim for only satisfactory returns.They just want returns that ensure the firm’s survival and convince stockholders they’re doing a good job.Many private and public nonprofit organizations set a price level that will just recover costs.In other words,their target return figure is zero.c.Profit maximization can be socially responsible.A profit maximization objective seeks to get as much profit as possible.It might be stated as a desire to earn a rapid return on investment or to charge all the traffic will bear.Pricing to achieve profit maximization doesn’t always lead to high prices.Low prices may expand the size of the market and result in greater sales and profits.(2)Marketing managers who administer prices must consciously set a price-level policy.As they enter the market,they have to set introductory prices that may have long-run effects.Marketers often use introductory price dealing—temporaryprice cuts—to speed products into a market and get customers to try them.The aim is to raise prices as soon as the introductory offer is over.By then,hopefully,target customers will have decided it is worth buying again at the regular price.Introductory price dealing should be part of a larger marketing strategy.(3)Cash discounts are reductions in price to encourage buyers to pay their bills quickly.The terms for a cash discount usually modify the net terms.Smart buyers carefully evaluate cash discounts.A discount of2/10,net30may not look like much at first.But the buyer earns a2percent discount for paying the invoice just20days sooner than it should be paid anyway.By not taking the discount,the company in effect is borrowing at an annual rate of36percent.That is,assuming a360-day year and dividing by20days,there are18periods during which the company could earn2 percent—and18times2equals36percent a year.(4)Allowances,like discounts,are given to final consumers,business customers,or channel members for doing something or accepting less of something.a.Advertising allowances are price reductions given to firms in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the supplier’s products locally.b.Stocking allowances,sometimes called slotting allowances,are given to an intermediary to get shelf space for a product.c.PMs,push money,or prize money allowances,sometimes called PMs or spiffs,are given to retailers by manufacturers or wholesalers to pass on to the retailers’salesclerks for aggressively selling certain items.d.A trade-in allowance is a price reduction given for used products when similar new products are bought.Trade-ins give the marketing manager an easy way to lower the effective price without reducing list price.(5)To maintain competition,there are several important regulations in the pricing area.Firstly,you can’t lie about prices.Phony list prices are prices customers are shown to suggest that the price has been discounted from the list.Most businesses,trade associations,and government agencies consider the use of phony list prices unethical.Secondly,pricing fixing is illegal.Price fixing,competitors getting together to raise, lower,or stabilize prices,is common and relatively easy.But it is also completely illegal in the United States.To discourage price fixing,both companies and individual managers are held responsible.Thirdly,producers may set minimum retail prices.Manufactures usually suggest a retail list price and then leave it up to retailers to decide what to charge in their local markets.Fourthly,U.S.antimonopoly laws ban price discrimination unless they are based on cost differences or the need to meet competition.Keys to the exercises of Chapter10:Ethical Marketing in a Consumer-Oriented World:Appraisal and Challenges1.Multiple choices(1)D(2)B(3)A(4)B(5)C2.True or false(1)F(2)F(3)T(4)T(5)F(6)F(7)T(8)F(9)T(10)T3.Fill in the blanks(1)attitude research studies(2)Micro-marketing;macro-marketing(3)consumer(4)society(5)marketing(6)increase(7)lower(8)materialistic(9)social values(10)actual performance4.Answer the following questions(1)open-ended.(2)ck of interest in or understanding of the sometimes fickle customer.b.Improper blending of the Four Ps—lack of understanding of or adjustment to the market environment,especially what competitors do.(3)Too many managers seize on whatever strategy seems easiest rather than seeking really new ways to satisfy customers.Too many companies stifle really innovative yers of bureaucracy and a“that’s not the way we do things”mentality can snuff it out.On the other hand,not every new idea is a good idea for every company.Many firms have lost millions of dollars with failed efforts to jump on the“what’s new”bandwagon—without stopping to figure out how it is going to really satisfy the customer and result in profit for the firm.(4)It seems fair to suggest that marketing managers should be expected to improve and expand the range of goods and services they make available—always trying to add value and better satisfy consumers’needs and preferences.This is the job we’ve assigned to business.If pursuing this objective makes excessive demands on scarce resources or has an unacceptable ecological effect,then consumer-citizens have the responsibility to vote for laws restricting individual firms that are trying to satisfy consumers’needs.This is the role that we,as consumers,have assigned to the government—to ensure that the macro-marketing system works effectively.(5)open-ended.。
国际市场营销学课后答案

单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比,其表现为:(两者的理论来源和基础相同)2.( C .市场营销观念)是企业经营思想上的一次根本性的变革,被认为是现代市场营销学的“第一次革命”。
3.美国福特汽车公司创办人享利·福特曾说:不管顾客需要什么颜色,我的汽车就是黑色的。
这句话体现的是企业营销的( A 生产观念)。
4.( A《巴黎公约)的保护对象是工业产权,包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
5.大多数国家都热衷于“奖出限入”,原因很简单,净出口(出口减进口)是一国国内生产总值的重要组成部分。
另外,出口是很多国家外汇收入的主要来源,有利于保持良好的国际收支,维持本币币值的稳定。
主要的鼓励出口措施有(B 本币升值)6.(B人均国民收入)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度,以及健康、教育、社会福利状况,对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
7.( . D交通设施)不属于自然环境因素。
8.以下四项中,( B居民市场)不属于组织市场。
9.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( A心理需求)。
10.(经济因素)是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
1.( C. 抽样调研)就是从被调研对象的总体中,抽取一部分样本单位进行调研,用以推算总体。
它适用于一些使用量大、涉及面广的产品。
2.(A内部报告系统)是企业最基本的信息系统,它以内部会计系统为主,辅之以销售信息系统而组成。
这是一个报导订单、存货水平、销售额、成本、利润、现金流量、应收帐款及应付帐款等等的系统,其中“订单、发货、帐单”的循环是该系统的核心,即销售人员把顾客的订单送至企业,负责管理订单的机构把有关订单的信息送至企业内部的有关部门,然后企业把帐单和货物一并送至购买者手中。
3.(B国际营销情报系统)是国际市场信息系统的最根本的组成因素,其主要作用是向营销管理人员及时提供外部环境发展变化的有关信息,从而给企业提供改革的动力,、为企业更好地适应外界环境提供基础。
国际市场营销学习题及答案

一、单项选择题本大题共15小题,每小题1分,共15分在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.1.跨国营销是国际营销的发展阶段之一,一般认为该阶段始于A.20世纪50年代B.20世纪60年代C.20世纪70年代D.20世纪80年代2.服务可分为要素性和非要素性两类,下列各项中属于要素性服务的是A.运输B.保险C.劳动力D.咨询3.政府在经济发展中扮演的角色是A.参与者与管理者B.参与者与决策者C.参与者、管理者、决策者D.管理者与决策者4.企业为了明确市场机会或为了明确某一问题的性质、情况和原因等而进行的研究属于A.探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.预测性研究5.在选择目标市场的策略中,不追求在整体市场上占据最大市场份额的策略为A.无差异性营销策略B.差异性营销策略C.集中性营销策略D.分散性营销策略6.在产品生命周期各阶段中,企业需要侧重于加强成本和质量控制,增强、维护产品和商标信誉的阶段是A.投入期B.成长期C.成熟期D.衰退期7.在波士顿矩阵分析法中,销量增长快、市场占有率低的产品称为A.金牛产品B.明星产品C.问题产品D.瘦狗产品8.企业在选择服务水平时,除了服务水平的适应性外,还要考虑的一个因素是服务水平的A.经济性B.选择性C.独创性D.竞争性9.在国际市场进入模式中,以"新产品-新需求-国际市场"为基本格局的是A.市场渗透型模式B.产品开发型模式C.市场开发型模式D.多种经营型模式10.按国际上的通常定义,下列项目中不属于服务产品的是A.保险B.运输C.旅游D.技术专利11.在商品价格构成要素中,最基本、最主要的因素是A.价值B.成本C.利润D.边际效用12.收购和创建是跨国公司对外投资的两种方式,与收购相比,创建这种方式的优点是A.有利于迅速进入市场B.有利于扩大经营范围C.有利于管理D.失败率低13.企业的定价目标的基本类型有A.利润目标、竞争目标、发展目标B.利润目标、市场目标、竞争目标C.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标D.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标14.国际促销的实质是信息沟通的过程,在这个过程中,接收和理解信息的环节是A.编码B.信息渠道C.解码D.反馈15.国内出口中间商类型很多、特点各异,其中不拥有产品所有权的出口中间商是A.国际贸易公司B.出口直运批发商C.出口经营商D.国外设在本国的常驻采购商二、多项选择题本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分在每小题列出的五个选项中有二至五个选项是符合题目要求的,请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.多选、少选、错选均无分.16.国际营销的特殊性主要表现在A.竞争激烈B.经营复杂C.手段多变D.风险及难度大E.利润高17.出口控制的类型有A.出口国控制B.出口产品控制C.出口价值控制D.出口价格控制E.出口品牌控制18.国际营销的法律环境包括A.企业所在国的法律B.东道国的法律C.企业内部规章制度D.国际协议和国际组织E.合同19.国际市场微观细分的要求是A.可衡量性B.可接近性C.稳定性D.足量性E.可实施性20.产品组合一致性是指各产品线在下列哪些方面的相似或相近程度A.最终用途B.目标市场C.分销渠道D.工艺与原料E.成本与价格21.新产品战略的一般模式有A.保持地位战略B.革新战略C.放弃战略D.冒险战略E.多元化战略22.许可贸易是国际技术产品营销的重要形式,把许可协议分为独占许可协议、排它许可协议的依据是A.使用技术的地域范围B.使用权的大小C.使用费的高低D.使用时间的长短E.使用技术含量的多少23.在决定和影响跨国公司内部贸易发展的主要因素有A.节约市场交易成本B.增加营销措施C.在世界范围内利用资源禀赋优势D.保护技术秘密E.调整公司资源配置24.国际促销组合的四种主要方式是A.人员推销B.广告C.公共关系D.营业推广E.展览会25.在国际市场营销中,企业通常采用的定价方法主要有A.成本导向定价B.行为导向定价C.需求导向定价D.心理导向定价E.竞争导向定价第二部分非选择题三、名词解释题本大题共3小题,每小题4分,共12分26.国际市场营销研究27.补偿贸易28.转移价格四、简答题本大题共4小题,每小题6分,共24分29.国际市场营销战略规划的主要步骤是什么30.新产品开发的基本程序是什么31.直接出口方式的优点是什么32.简述国际营销文化环境的构成要素.五、案例题本大题共8分33.阅读下列资料,回答文后所列的问题.睡衣风波1997年美国和加拿大之间围绕"古巴睡衣"问题发生了一场政治纷争,而夹在两者之间的是一家百货业的跨国公司——沃尔-马特公司.当时,争执的激烈程度可以从下面的报纸新闻标题中见得一斑:"将古巴睡衣从加拿大货架撤下:沃尔-马特公司引起纷争"、"古巴问题:沃尔-马特公司因撤下睡衣而陷入困境"、"睡衣赌局:加拿大与美国赌外交"、"沃尔-马特公司将古巴睡衣放回货架."这一争端是由美国对古巴的禁运引起的.美国禁止其公司与古巴进行贸易往来,但在加拿大的美国公司是否也应执行禁运呢当时,沃尔-马特加拿大分公司采购了一批古巴生产的睡衣,美国总部的官员意识到此批睡衣的原产地是古巴后,便发出指令要求撤下所有古巴生产的睡衣,因为那样做违反了美赫尔姆斯——伯顿法.这一法律禁止美国公司及其在国外的子公司与古巴通商.而加拿大则是因美国法律对其主权的侵犯而恼怒,他们认为加拿大人有权决定是否购买古巴生产的睡衣.这样,沃尔-马特公司便成了加、美对外政策冲突的牺牲品.沃尔-马特在加拿大的公司如果继续销售那些睡衣,则会因违反美国法律而被处以100万美元的罚款.且还可能会因此而被判刑.但是,如果按其母公司的指示将加拿大商店中的睡衣撤回,按照加拿大法律,会被处以120万美元的罚款.问题:1造成沃尔-马特公司困难处境的原因是什么4分2结合案例说明政治环境与法律环境之间的关系.4分六、计算题本大题共8分34.某企业生产出口产品,年固定成本2000000元,每件产品的变动成本为10元,投资收益率为20%,若国际市场定货量是50000件,该产品出厂价格应为多少七、论述题本大题共13分35.结合当前实际谈谈我国企业发展跨国经营的必要性.一、单项选择题本大题共15题,每小题1分,共15分1.C2.C3.A4.A5.C6.C7.C8.A9.D10.D11.B12.D13.B14.C15.C二、多项选择题本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分16.ABCD17.ABD18.ABD19.ABDE20.ABCD21.ABD22.AB23.ACDE24.ABCD25.ACDE三、名词解释题本大题共3小题,每小题4分,共12分26.是国际市场营销的一项重要职能,它的任务是有系统、有目的地开发、整理与分析有关国际市场营销方面的信息,提供企业作决策依据.27.是技术输出方向技术输入方提供制造某种产品的技术、机器设备、原材料或零部件、技术服务,在一段时间内,则输入方用进口技术和设备生产的产品或所得的收益偿付输出方的技术与设备价款的贸易方式.28.是指同一跨国公司组织系统内母公司与子公司之间、子公司或分公司彼此之间进行内部交易时采用的价格.四、简答题本大题4小题,每小题6分,共24分29.环境分析;确定目标;确定营销战略与目标市场;确定财务预算;市场营销组合的确定与管理;评价与控制.30.确定新产品战略;新产品组织;新产品构思;新产品评价;新产品的商业化.31.销售及时;节约费用;加强推销;提供服务;控制价格;了解市场.32.物质文化;语言;教育;宗教;价值观和态度;社会组织.五、案例分析题8分33.1是由于东道国加拿大和母国美国政治和法律环境的冲突造成的.2法律环境是由政治环境衍生而来的,国际营销人员应当结合政治环境研究法律环境.六、计算题8分34.目标利润下单位产品价格=总固定成本+单位变动成本×销量+目标利润/销量目标利润=2000000+50000×10×20%=500000元该产品的出厂价格=2000000+10×50000+500000/50000=60元七、论述题13分35.1跨国经营已成为当代国际竞争与合作的重要方式.2是当代科技革命深入发展的客观要求.3地区集团化与贸易保护主义的挑战.4服务产业的国际化发展.5结合我国即将加入WTO的实际加以阐述单项选择题1 、“酒香不怕巷子深”是一种观念.A 、生产B 、产品 C、推销 D 、社会营销2 、生产观念强调的是.A 、以量取胜B 、以廉取胜 C、以质取胜 D 、以形象取胜3 、动机是以注重产品的实际使用价值为主要特征的.A 、求实B 、求名 C、求新 D 、求美4 、型购买行为发生在购买差异性不大的产品的场合.A 、复杂B 、多变 C、习惯 D 、和谐5 、改变消费者对竞争品牌的信念,这是定位.A 、实际的重新B 、心理的重新 C、竞争性反 D 、二次6 、下列组织中, b 不是营销中介单位.A 、中间商B 、供应商 C、银行 D 、保险公司7 、能满足同一需要的各种产品的生产者互为竞争者.A 、愿望B 、平行 C、产品形式 D 、品牌8 、当家庭收入达到一定水平时,随着收入增长,思格尔系数将.A 、下降B 、增大 C、不变 D 、上下波动9 、企业决定生产各种产品,但只向某一顾客群供应,这是.A 、产品/ 市场集中化B 、产品专业化C 、市场专业化 D、有选择专业化10、按照人口的具体变量细分市场的方法就是细分.A 、地理B 、行为 C、心理 D 、人口11、处于的产品,可采用无差异性的目标市场营销策略.A 、成长期B 、衰退期 C、导入期 D 、成熟期12、调查是为了解市场中出现的有关现象之间的因果关系而进行的专题调查.A 、探测性B 、描述性 C、因果性 D 、预测性13、以现有产品开发新市场,这是战略.A 、一体化B 、市场渗透 C、市场开发 D 、产品开发14、利用原有市场,采用不同技术开发新产品,这是战略.A 、产品开发B 、同心多元化 C、综合多元化 D 、水平多元化15、产业用品渠道一般不包括A 、批发商B 、代理商 C、制造商 D 、零售商16、产品价格低,其营销渠道就应.A 、长而窄B 、长而宽 C、短而窄 D 、短而宽17、生产者在某一地区仅通过少数几个精心挑选的中间商来分销产品,这是分销策略.A 、广泛B 、密集 C、强力 D 、选择性18、下列各项中, 不属于产品整体范畴.A 、品牌B 、包装 C、价格 D 、运送19、对现有产品的品质、款式、特点或包装等作一定的改进而形成的新产品,就是新产品.A 、仿制B 、改进 C、换代 D 、完全20、品牌中可以用语言称呼、表达的部分是.A 、品牌B 、商标 C、品牌标志 D 、品牌名称21、品牌就是指一个企业的各种产品分别采用不同的品牌.A 、个别B 、制造商 C、中间商 D 、统一22、在成本费用核算中,总成本费用与总产量之比称为.A 、边际成本B 、平均成本 C、平均固定成本 D、平均变动成本23、若EP ,则降价可扩大产品销售,增加盈利.A 、等于0B 、等于1C 、小于1D 、大于124、在投标定价中,应以时的价格为最佳报价.A 、成本最低B 、目标利润最高 C、中标概率最大 D、预期利润最大25、在衰退期,可采用定价的方法.A 、撇脂B 、渗透 C、驱逐 D 、满意26、工业产品的促销一般多采用的方法.A 、营业推广B 、人员推销 C、公关 D 、广告27、推销结构规定每一个推销员专门负责某一地区的推销.A 、区域B 、产品 C、顾客 D 、复式28、是立足于国内生产的国际营销方式.A 、许可证贸易 B、国际合资经营 C 、在国外装配生产 D、间接出口29、型组织就是在一名总产品经理领导下,再按每个品种分别设一名产品经理,实行分层管理的组织型式.A 、职能B 、地区 C、产品管理 D 、市场管理30、市场的需求具有鲜明的可诱导性.A 、产业B 、中间商 C、政府 D 、消费者多项选择题1 、一个国家的市场营销系统包括等流程.A 、资源B 、人员C 、货物和劳务D 、信息 E、货币2 、是市场导向的市场营销观念.A 、生产观念B 、产品观念C 、推销观念D 、市场营销观念 E、社会营销观念3 、影响消费者购买行为的心理因素包括.A 、需要和动机B 、感觉和知觉 C、学习和态度 D 、教育程度 E、记忆4 、消费者的信息主要有等几个方面的来源.A 、商业B 、间接 C、个人 D 、大众 E 、经验5 、产业用户购买中心是由等人员组成.A 、实际使用者B 、影响者 C、采购者 D 、决定者 E、信息控制者6 、分析营销环境的根本目的是.A 、扩大销售 B、对抗竞争 C、寻求营销机会 D、避免环境威胁 E、树立企业形象7 、社会购买力受到等因素的影响.A 、居民收入B 、币值 C、消费者储蓄 D、消费者信贷 E、消费者支出模式8 、政治法律环境是由那些影响各种组织、个人行为的组成.A 、法律B 、政府机构 C、群体规范 D、传统习惯 E、公众团体9 、市场细分的有效条件是.A 、可衡量性 B、可进入性 C、可获利性 D、长期稳定性 E、全面、综合性10、营销战略任务的确定应考虑等因素.A 、企业历史上的突出特征 B、环境变化 C、企业资源 D、企业的特有能力E 、企业管理当局的意图11、企业营销战略有等几种基本形态. A、稳定战略 B、拓展战略 C、收割战略 D、撤退战略 E、多元化战略12、考察一个中间商,需要综合、考虑其等因素.A 、经营能力 B、所有制结构 C、所在区域 D、经营水平 E、周转能力13、开拓营销渠道的策略大致有.A 、自筑B 、促销拉引 C、通融资金 D、借渠过渡 E、优惠特约14、产品整体概念包括.A 、工业品B 、消费品 C、核心产品 D、形式产品 E、附加产品15、新产品构思的来源主要有.A 、顾客B 、竞争者 C、企业生产部门 D、企业销售部门 E、代理商16、企业的产品组合包括等三个因素.A 、广度B 、深度 C、产品线 D、产品项目 E、关联性17、产品价格是由等要素构成的.A 、生产成本 B、流通费用 C、税金 D 、利润 E、广告费18、按谈判双方接触的方式,谈判可划分为谈判.A 、主场B 、客场 C、口头 D 、书面 E、集体19、在我国,营销合同纠纷的处理方式有.A 、权衡B 、协商 C、调解 D 、仲裁 E、诉讼20、促销组合是等手段的综合运用.A 、广告B 、人员推销 C、公关 D 、产品开发 E、营业推广21、人员推销的要素是.A 、推销策略 B、推销人员 C、推销对象 D、推销品 E 、推销费用单项选择题1 、B2 、A3 、A4 、D5 、C6 、B7 、B8 、A9 、C 10、D 11、C 12、C13、C 14、D 15、D 16、B 17、D 18、C 19、B 20、D 21、A 22、B 23、D 24、D 25、C 26、B 27、A 28、D 29、C 30、D多项选择题1 、ACE2 、DE3 、ABCE 4、ACDE 5 、ABCDE 6 、CD 7、ABCDE 8 、ABE 9 、ABC10、ABCDE 11、ABCD 12 、ADE 13、ABDE 14、CDE 15、ABCDE 16、ABE 17、ABCD 18、CD 19、BCDE 20、ABCE 21、BCD 22、ABCDE 23、ACDE 24、ABCDE 25、ABCD26、ABCDE 27、ABCDE 28、ABD一、单项选择题在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案,并将其号码填在题干的括号内.每小题1分,共10分1.市场的三要素是指A.买卖双方、可供交换的商品、交易条件B.消费者、购买力、购买欲望C.消费者、购买力、交易条件D.购买者、可供交换的商品、购买力2.欧盟的前身欧共体成立于年.A.1957B.1967C.1979D.19893. 是用来如实反映市场经营状况的一种市场研究.A.探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.预测性研究4.企业考虑进入某一国外市场后对该国的顾客进行的细分,这种含义上的细分叫做A.国际市场细分B.国际市场宏观细分C.国际市场中观细分D.国际市场微观细分5.是否具有 ,是科学理论与技术相区别的重要标志.A.系统性B.实用性C.主观性D.客观性6.服务贸易总协定中规定了两种义务,一种是义务,另一种是具体承诺的义务.A.一般性B.特殊性C.主观性D.客观性7.在世界市场上处于中等竞争地位和市场占有率的企业常采用的战略是战略.A.市场领导者B.市场挑战者C.市场追随者D.市场后起者8. 是指有支付能力和愿意购买某种物品的欲望.A.需要B.需要量C.需求D.需求量9. 在促销时,往往广告用得较少,人员推销用得较多.A.高价消费品B.低价消费品C.高价工业品D.低价工业品10. 是指生产企业通过本国的中间商包括出口商向国外出口.A.直接出口方式B.间接出口方式C.直接进口方式D.间接进口方式二、多项选择题在每小题的五个备选答案中选出二个至五个正确答案,并将正确答案的序号填入题干的括号内.错选、多选、漏选均不得分.每小题1分,共10分1.国际市场营销的形成与发展,大体上经历了A.出口营销阶段B.进口营销阶段C.国际化营销阶段D.跨国营销阶段E.全球营销阶段2.价值观是人们评价事物的标准,国际营销人员分析价值观念时要注意分析等.A.时间观念B.财富观念C.风险意识D.血源关系E.习俗3.市场调查的方法有A.类推法B.询问法C.回归法D.观察法E.实验法4.国际营销战略的基本类型可以从等方面加以区分.A.国际化程度B.国际分工C.市场扩展与定位D.国际竞争E.国际协作5.产品生命周期一般可划分为等几个阶段.A.投入期B.成长期C.成熟期D.过渡期E.衰退期6.国际技术经营形式主要有等.A.许可贸易B.技术咨询服务C.合作生产与合作研究D.补偿贸易E.交钥匙工程承包7.国际服务贸易总协定规定的国际服务贸易自由化的原则主要有等.A.最惠国待遇原则B.透明度原则C.市场准入原则D.承认原则E.国民待遇原则8.在保证资产增值的条件下,跨国公司选择的国外投资目标有等几种.A.资源寻求型B.市场寻求型C.成本寻求型D.机会寻求型E.利润寻求型9.国际市场营销的促销方式主要有等几种.A.人员推销B.广告C.营业推广D.公共关系E.销售推广10.在媒介决策时,主要要考虑等因素.A.媒介的国际性B.媒介的可获性C.媒介的覆盖范围D.媒介的费用E.媒介的质量三、填空题每空格1分,共20分1.企业市场经营指导思想经历了______、______、________、社会生态平衡导向观念的演变.2.国际商业纠纷解决的途径有________、________、________.3.电话调查是市场调查________法的一种.4.“对品牌的偏好”细分标准属于市场细分的________因素.5.以现有产品与现有市场相结合,而使企业成长的战略叫________.6.技术生命周期,指某项特定技术从开发研制出来________开始,到该技术逐渐为社会生产部门所________为止的时间过程.7.跨国公司市场竞争战略有市场________战略、市场________战略、市场________战略、市场________战略.8.某企业生产出口产品,年固定成本为20万元,每件产品的变动成本为50元,若预测国际市场定货量为4000件,其保本点的出厂价应为________元/件.9.大规模促销的最主要促销方式是________.10.销售渠道宽度策略有________、________、________.四、简答题每小题6分,共36分1.简述市场营销学的基础理论.2.简述国际市场信息系统的组成.3.请简述国际营销中的商标决策.4.国际服务商品市场包括的内容主要有哪些5.企业定价目标有哪些6.国际公共关系活动,常见的活动形式有哪些五、论述题每小题12分,共24分1.试分析有效市场细分的条件.2.试分析跨国公司的经营特点.浙江省2002年1月高等教育自学考试国际市场营销学试题参考答案课程代码:00098一、单项选择题每小题1分,共10分1.B2.A3.B4.D5.B6.A7.C8.C9.C 10.B二、多项选择题每小题1分,共10分1.ADE2.ABCE3.BDE4.ACD5.ABCE6.ABCDE7.ABCDE8.ABCD9.ABCD 10.ABCDE三、填空题每空格1分,共20分1.生产导向观念推销导向观念市场导向观念2.友好协商法院诉讼仲裁上述答案的次序可以不同3.询问4.行为5.市场渗透6.投入使用淘汰7.领导者挑战者追随者后起者上述答案的次序可以不同8.1009.广告10.广泛销售策略选择销售策略独家销售策略上述答案的次序可以不同四、简答题每小题6分,共36分1.1市场观念;2市场营销战略;3市场细分化;4消费者行为研究;5市场调查与预测;6市场营销管理.2.1内部记录系统;2市场情报系统;3国际市场研究;4市场运筹学系统.3.1要不要商标;2谁来制定商标3商标产品质量的决策;4统一商标或分散商标5扩大商标范围的决策;6复数商标的决策.4.1从一国的国境向任何其他国的国境内提供的服务;2从一国的国境内向任何其他国的服务消费者提供的服务; 3一国的自然人在任何其他国境内提供的服务;4通过一国向任何其他国境内存在的人与物提供的服务.5.1利润目标;2市场目标;3竞争目标.6.1编写新闻;2举办记者招待会;3散发宣传资料;4策划企业领导人的演讲或报告;5制造新闻事件;6社会捐助活动;7维系和矫正性活动.五、论述题每小题12分,共24分1.1可衡量性;2可接近性;3足量性;4可实施性.每一要点须适当的展开2.1以对外直接投资为基础经营手段;2经营组织地域配置的分散性;3经营环境的跨体制性;4公司内部文化的多样性;5内部贸易与外部贸易的并存.一、单项选择题本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内.错选、多选或未选均无分.1. 企业能生产什么就生产什么,能生产多少就生产多少,这种经营观念叫做A. 市场营销观念B. 推销观念C. 社会市场营销观念D. 生产观念2. 社会市场营销观念的基础是A. 生产观念B. 推销观念C. 市场营销观念D. 计划观念3. 在一国国际收支项目中,国际工商企业一般情况下最关注的项目是A. 经常项目B. 资本与金融项目C. 官方储备项目D. 错误与遗漏项目4. 进出口商品经过一国关境时,由政府所设的海关对进出口商品所征的税收称为A. 关税B. 所得税C. 营业税D. 增值税5. 用一组与某产品在潜在需求量密切相关的变量来间接地估计该产品可能的需求量的方法,叫A. 类比估计技术B. 多因素指标技术C. 回归分析技术D. 风险评估技术6. 国际市场营销调研的最后一个环节是A. 问卷设计B. 二手资料搜集C. 数据分析D. 撰写调研报告7. 格特·霍夫施塔德提出从几个方面进行跨文化分析A.2 个B.3 个C.4 个D.5 个8. 欧盟政府部门采购大约占其国内生产总值的A.20%B.25%C.30%D.40%9. 现代市场营销学研究的主要内容是以什么为主的市场营销组合A.3PsB.4PsC.5PsD.6Ps10. 市场细分化是由谁于20世纪50年代提出的营销概念A. 温德尔·史密斯B. 马斯洛C. 霍夫施塔德D. 蒙代尔11. 企业给销往任何市场的产品都制定统一的出厂价格,这种定价法叫做A. 地心定价法B. 竞争导向定价法C. 成本加成定价法D. 标准化定价法12. 倾销是指企业将出口销售价格定得A. 高于“合理的价值”B. 等于“合理的价值”C. 低于“合理的价值”D. 低于生产成本13. 除了那些财力雄厚的企业以外,一般中小企业适宜A. 自己投资建立分销渠道B. 直接将产品销售给最终用户C. 将产品交给政府去销售D. 利用中间商来销售商品14. 一般来说,国际分销渠道的设计直接影响和决定企业对国际市场营销的A. 依赖程度B. 控制程度C. 预测准确程度D. 熟悉程度15. 直接影响企业在公众心目中的形象,影响着企业市场营销目标市场的实现的国际促销方式之一是A. 国际广告B. 人员推销C. 营业推广D. 国际公共关系16. 国际上最古老的、所有的企业都十分重视的促销方式是A. 展览会和交易会B. 博览会C. 商品交易所D. 人员促销17. 有关国际营销的各项经营活动计划的总和,叫做A. 国际营销策略B. 国际营销战略C. 国际营销计划D. 国际营销控制18. 企业要根据对国外市场的分析选择准备进入的国际市场,这就是A. 目标市场选择B. 目标市场定位C. 目标市场细分D. 目标市场调研19. 与市场营销的全球化对应的必然是A. 贸易全球化B. 生产全球化C. 品牌全球化D. 产品组合多样化。
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附录1章后习题参考答案与提示第1章□知识题1.1 阅读理解1)国际市场营销(International Marketing,简称国际营销,也有的称国际行销)指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易,以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。
这里其主要特点是跨越国境的交易。
与国内营销的主要区别是:①国际营销比国内营销面临更多不可控因素;②国际营销比国内营销面临着更复杂的需求;③国际营销比国内营销更需要统一的协调和控制;④国际营销的目标市场在国外,它的产品(或服务)应该满足国外客户的需要。
2)开展国际市场营销,主要是为了让企业的决策者在综合考虑分析国内外市场营销环境的基础上,捕捉营销机会,避免风险,制定进入国际市场的营销战略、策略,以实现企业的基本目标。
因此,企业开展国际营销的目的是:①拓展企业的市场基础,扩大企业的经营业务;②获得国际市场的经验和资源,参与全球竞争;③获得全球基础上的竞争优势,加强企业的核心竞争能力;④分散化经营,规避经营风险。
3)这些环境因素包括三个方面。
①营销可控因素。
产品、渠道、价格和促销就是营销的可控因素,企业要达到自己的经营目标,必须以目标市场消费者的需求为中心,制定一个适应企业外部环境的营销方案。
企业对外部环境认识得愈深刻,适应得愈好,效益就愈佳。
②国内不可控因素,包括政治力量、经济形势和竞争环境等。
这些因素往往对企业在国际市场上的营销活动产生直接或间接的影响。
有时政府一项政治决定会给企业带来巨大的营销机会;而另一项决定也可能使原来谈妥的生意告吹。
国内经济形势的好坏,也会影响企业海外投资办厂的能力,以及在国际市场购买的多寡。
竞争环境往往构成企业实现营销目标的直接威胁。
③国外不可控因素,包括政治力量、经济形势、社会文化环境、科技条件、竞争因素、地理环境、分销结构等,这些都是无法控制而且更为复杂的环境,但它们又是企业进入国际市场制订营销规划的基础和依据。
4)国际市场营销的主要任务包括:适应环境差距,包括文化差距、行政差距、地理差距和经济差距;进行跨国的组织协调;确定和管理组织的全球化决策,包括战略的全球化决策、企业组织的全球化决策、产品全球化决策及全球品牌决策等。
5)国际市场营销的观念包括民族中心主义、多元中心主义、区域中心主义及地球中心主义等。
国际市场营销观念和国际市场营销的发展阶段以及组织形式是紧密相联的。
企业处于什么样的发展阶段,就需要什么样的营销观念作为指导,同时也需要相应的组织形式来实践这些观念。
例如,企业实施出口营销通常是因为贯彻了“国内市场延伸观念”的国际市场营销观念;实施国际市场营销的企业多采用国别市场营销观念,即公司意识到国外市场的重要性以及不同国别市场的差异性;实施全球营销的企业奉行全球营销观念,即认为世界市场是一个具有同质化特征的整体市场,因此,企业可以在全球范围内以近乎相同的营销组合来满足市场需求和欲望。
1.2 知识应用1)选择题(1)ABC (2)C (3)ABCD2)判断题(1)×(2)×(3)×(4)×□技能题1.1 略1.2 操作练习1)实务题(1)可以举一个具体的例子加以说明,例如练习题后面的案例《中国汽车业伸出两只全球触角》,这两个企业在地区市场选择上,都首先是发展中国家,然后是发达国家;在进入模式上,都首先是出口,然后是合资等;在发展战略上,都首先是引进,然后是创新等。
这些策略显然是适合中国企业的特点的,而对于美国企业来讲,其目标市场的选择可能不是按照这个顺序,一般先是发达国家,然后是发展中国家。
(2)跨国公司大规模进入中国的企业,一般可以首先从文化的类似性来考量,例如欧美的企业,其文化与中华文化相距甚远,因而采用合资的形势比较多,而中国香港、台湾的企业,其文化与大陆文化是同根同源的,因此进入大陆市场多采用独资的形式等。
其次需要根据行业特点和产业群的特点来分析,例如中国台湾的企业进入大陆市场,一般某个行业的企业进来的同时也带来了相关行业的进入,例如制鞋业的进入同时带来了印刷业的进入等。
2)综合题这里需要从汽车行业的国际营销环境入手,搜集有关国际汽车行业的政治法律环境、经济环境、自然环境、技术环境和文化环境等因素的第一手和第二手资料。
同时搜集有关行业竞争态势和消费者需求变化趋势的有关信息,然后根据这些信息来确定国际营销组合决策等。
□能力题案例分析1)其技术创新,开拓国际市场的进取精神,正确地运用了目标市场选择的方法以及进入模式等,使其成功地进入了国际市场。
2)这两个企业的国际化的成功之路可以说明很多问题,可以从营销的各个层面加以分析。
例如对于某些大型国有汽车企业来讲,需要学习这两个企业的国际开拓进取精神,把目光放到全球市场来进行布局规划,同时走自主创新之路,模仿是不能模仿出卓越的核心竞争能力的。
在国际市场进入的模式上,需要慎重考虑进入方式以及地区市场选择等问题。
第2章□知识题2.1 阅读理解1)国际市场营销经济环境是指影响国际市场营销活动的互相联系的一些经济因素,包括经济发展程度、经济技术状况、国民收入水平、居民收入水平和居民消费模式以及这些因素的结构等。
这些因素影响到国际市场的购买力和购买容量。
2)国际市场营销政治环境是指影响国际市场营销活动的政治法律因素,包括国家的社会性质、政治体制和政党体制、社会稳定和相关政策体系以及这些政策的制定程序,政府和政策的连续性和稳定性程度等。
这些因素可能带来政治风险,给企业的国际营销带来一定程度的不确定性。
3)国际市场营销法律环境是指主权国颁布的各种经济法规法令,如商标法、广告法、投资法、专利法、竞争法、商检法、环保法、海关税收法及保护消费者的种种法令,当然也包括各国之间缔结的贸易条约、协定和国际贸易法规等。
它们对国际市场营销都有不可低估的作用。
4)国际市场营销文化环境是指影响国际市场营销活动的社会文化因素,包括一个国家或地区的民族特征、价值观念、生活方式、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、伦理道德、教育水平和语言文字等的总和。
2.2 知识应用1)选择题(1)ABCD (2)ABCD (3)BCD (4)ABCD (5)ABCD2)判断题(1)√(2)×(3)×(4)×□技能题2.1 略2.2 操作练习1)实务题:应该重点从经济环境、政治法律环境、社会文化环境、自然环境、技术环境以及竞争环境等方面进行分析。
此外,还要视企业的进入战略而定。
例如珠江啤酒,如果仅仅只是出口到越南,则自然环境特别是交通基础设施等是一个很重要的影响因素,而如果是在越南开设工厂,则又不得不考虑当地有关的劳工法等因素。
2)综合题:该例子主要说明企业在进入国际市场的时候,应当首先对国际市场的环境因素进行扫描,而且需要细致入微,否则可能会遭到失败。
该制药公司在其进入目标国的时候,忽略了对当地的政治法律环境作一详细的分析,以致后面难以收场。
□能力题案例分析1)波音的成功主要是较好地分析了影响客机市场的重要因素,并相应地采取了适当的措施。
在飞机制造市场,波音认为政治因素是一个十分重要的影响因素,当地政府的态度、母国和当地政府的关系等在很大程度上影响飞机的订单,因此波音公司采取了有针对性的措施,一举获得了成功。
2)对于我国企业来讲,依托我国政府开展国际营销活动不失为一种较好的策略。
一是可以避免关系不是很好时遭受巨大损失,二是可以通过良好的政府间关系来推动国际进入战略的实施。
第3章□知识题3.1 阅读理解1)国际市场亦称世界市场,是指本国以外的各个国家市场和地区市场纵横交错地交织在一起形成的市场整体。
国际市场是国际商品经济发展的产物,是随着国际分工和国际商品交换的发展而发展的,是各国进行商品、劳务、技术和资本交换的场所。
通过对国际市场的分析,有助于把握更加多样化的国外消费者需求,把握变化的贸易方式、国际市场的变化特点等,以使我国企业正确地制订市场战略与策略,充分利用资源,在国际市场上取得成功。
2)国际市场容量迅速扩大,构成复杂,垄断加强,竞争激烈,商品结构有所改变。
3)所谓国际市场细分,是指企业按照一定的细分标准,把整个国际市场细分为若干个需求不同的子市场,任何一个子市场中的消费者都具有相同或相似的需求特征,企业可以从这些子市场中选择一个或多个作为其国际目标市场。
其作用是:①有利于发掘国际市场机会;②有利于制订营销方案,根据细分市场的特点,分别采取有效的营销因素组合;③有利于发挥营销效力;④有利于开发新产品。
国际市场细分具有两个层次的含义,即宏观细分与微观细分。
宏观细分的标准有地理标准、经济标准、文化标准和组合法。
微观细分类似于国内市场细分,消费品市场细分有地理环境、人口状况、心理等标准,工业品市场细分有地理环境、用户性质、用户规模和用户要求四大标准。
国际市场细分的几个基本步骤是:①决定粗略市场;②对影响消费者行为的各种因素进行深入研究,以取得进一步的资料,进行细分和比较;③发掘目标群体,选定目标市场。
4)对细分市场的评价,主要是评估它的经济价值。
评价的标准是企业能在哪个市场上获得更多的未来收益,通过对各个细分市场优势的比较,选择最佳的目标市场。
营销策略:无差异性国际市场营销策略、差异性国际市场营销策略、密集性国际市场营销策略。
5)国际产品产地定位、国际产品类别定位、国际产品特点定位、国际产品用途定位、国际产品使用时间定位和国际产品档次定位。
3.2 知识应用1)选择题(1)ABCD (2)BD (3)ABC (4)ABCD (5)ACD2)判断题(1)√(2)×(3)×(4)×□技能题略□能力题3.1 案例分析1)主要使用了年龄和性别作为细分的标准。
可将美国豪华车市场划分为30~55岁的中青年男性顾客群和55岁以上的中老年男性顾客群两大细分市场。
2)从竞争、用户特征和市场前景等方面分析两个细分市场的优劣势,进行比较,应选定中老年男性市场,而事实上凯迪拉克将这两个市场均作为自己的目标市场。
3)实际上,进一步搜集资料可知,当时凯迪拉克是选择了两个市场作为自己的目标市场,而在产品开发方面既想满足中青年的需要,又想满足中老年的需要,结果造成市场上的失利。
因而,应专注于具有优势的中老年市场,使产品设计等方面更加符合目标市场的需要。
3.2 略3.3 单元实践欧莱雅公司采取的是产品档次定位,以收购的小护士和羽西为例,小护士以低档形象面向低端市场,羽西以中档形象面向中端市场。
欧莱雅公司以众多品牌的产品满足不同市场的需求,使用的是差异化市场营销策略。
它通过自建品牌和收购,形成了更强的生产能力、更多的产品品牌、更强的产品知名度等优势,取得了更大的市场和更强的市场竞争力。
第4章□知识题4.1 阅读理解1)国际市场营销调研是指从事国际市场营销活动的企业,针对企业所面临的国际市场营销决策问题,采用科学的方法,系统地、客观地收集、整理、分析、解释和沟通国际市场信息,为营销管理者制定、评估和改进国际市场营销决策提供依据。