解释语法区别预测和non
英语专四语法
一些名称Imperative mood祈使句request请求≈祈使句Subjunctive mood虚拟语气Dangling participle 虚悬分词Personal pronoun人称代词：包括属格和反身Generic reference 类指用法：定冠词a/an+名词单数”是表示“类指”/The + 名词复数Specific reference特指用法:定冠词the+名词单数或者加了定语修饰Pronoun代词Attributive后置定语Parenthesis插入语语法动名词做主语，常常表示泛指的一般行为或者概念，否定形式应把否定词放在动名词之前不定时作主语表示一次具体的行为1.语法一致原则（principle of grammatical concord）2.意义一致原则（principle of notional concord）3.就近原则（principle of proximity）单位名词（unit noun）：用来表示不可数名词的数量,即不可数名词的个体性；它也能与可数名词搭配,表示“一双”、“一群”等意义.集合名词（Collective noun）意指一种可用来指称一群对象的字，而这些对象，可以是人、动物、或是一群概念等事物。
举例而言，在英语中，“一群狮子”可称为“a pride of lions”，此时“pride”为一个集合名词。
限定词：限定词分为三种：1、前位限定词（pre-determiner）：all，both，half，分数词（one-third，one-fifth等）, 倍数词（double，twice，three times等），such；2、中位限定词（central-determiner）：冠词（a，an，the），指示代词（this，that，these，those），不定代词（some，any，either），否定词（no，neither），全称限定词（every，each），所有格（my，your，John's)；3、后位限定词（post-determiner）：基数词（three，200），序数词（first，second，300th，last），数量词及短语（many，much，little，few，plenty of，a lot of，a large number of）等。
情态动词表推测和虚拟的区分
情态动词表推测和虚拟的区分1，情态动词表推测must表示推测时，可以推测现在/正在发生的动作/过去发生的动作。
He must have a car now. （现在）他一定有辆小汽车。
He must be doing his exercises in the classroom.（正在进行）他一定在教室里做练习。
He must have finished the work.（过去发生）他一定已完成了工作。
2，can’t/couldn’t+ have done，表示对过去发生的动作进行推测。
He can't have gone to Shanghai for I saw him a minute ago.他不可能去了上海，我刚才还看见他。
3，may和might的用法（1）may, might表示推测“可能性”时，意思是“可能”、“也许”（3）may, might可以推测现在正在发生的动作或过去发生的动作。
He may / might be sleeping now.The boy may / might not be watching TV at home.这个男孩可能没在家看电视These students may / might have seen the film before.（过去）这些学生以前可能看过这部电影。
He may / might be American. = It is possible that he is American.他可能是个美国人。
例题1–That man must be Sarah’s husband.--No, he_____ be her husband. She is still single.A. can'tB. mustn'tC. may notD. ought to2 Peter _____come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure.A. mustB. mayC. canD. will3–I saw Mary in the library yesterday.--You_____ her. She is still abroad.A. mustn't seeB. can't have seenC. mustn't have seenD. couldn't see2，情态动词表虚拟should have done过去本来应该（而实际上并没有…)should not have done 过去本不应该做…而实际上却已经…”如：1、We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead . 我们昨晚本应学习的，但我们却去看音乐会了。
构式语法——精选推荐
构式语法国内汉语构式语法研究⼗年张娟摘要：综观国内⼗年构式语法研究，构式语法在引进中国后迅速成为国内汉语研究的⼀个热点领域，同时也是⼀个⾮常年轻的研究领域，仍处于实践与探索阶段!基于这种研究的阶段性特点，本⽂以#理论内涵’’’运⽤研究’’’应⽤研究$为线索，综述国内构式语法的研究现状和发展态势，同时对由此引发的构式语法的研究对象"研究⽅法"研究热点和盲点以及理论建构等核⼼问题进⾏思考，以期促进汉语构式语法研究的发展。
构式语法⼀经引⼊国内便迅速吸引了众多研究者，也涌现出了⼤量的研究成果。
若从张伯江( 1999) 运⽤构式语法"对现代汉语的双及物结构式进⾏由上⽽下的分析算起，构式语法研究在中国的历程只有⼗年多，还是⼀个⾮常年轻的研究领域!由这⼀阶段性的特点所决定，构式语法的理论内涵"研究范围"研究⽅法虽已有⼀定讨论，但还未形成⼀个很完善"系统性很强的理论!⽽构式语法的运⽤和应⽤研究，还处于探索或起步阶段，需要做更多实践性研究!基于此，本⽂以#理论内涵’’’运⽤研究’’’应⽤研究$为线索，综述国内构式语法的研究现状和发展态势，旨在探讨⽬前国内汉语构式语法的理论研究现状"个案研究的热点与盲点"研究⽅法"理论建构等问题，以期促进汉语构式语法研究的发展。
构式的内涵Goldberg 认为，构式是#形式和意义的配对!，Goldberg⼜认为，构式是#形式和功能的配对!#从这个调整过程本⾝就能看到构式的语义/功能是有争议的，不同研究者有不同的看法!严⾠松( 2006) 认为，构式语法中的意义/功能既是语义信息，也包含焦点"话题"语体风格等语⽤意义。
董燕萍、梁君英( 2002) 对Kay(1990)句法不仅包括句法和语义信息，也包括词汇和语⽤信息$这⼀说法进⾏反驳，认为Goldberg说的语义功能是⼀种认知语义，是长时间认知积累的结果，不是纯语⽤义，不需要依赖语境来进⾏推理!张韧( 2006) 指出，" Goldberg（1995）认为语⽤信息⼀旦规约性地与语⾔形式相连，就成了构式的⼀部分，不可能仅仅靠语⽤原则来预测其存在!，并持#基于使⽤$的语法观，认为⼀个语义结构是同其符号形式⼀道从语⾔使⽤领域进⼊语⾔认知系统的，语义和语⽤没有本质的区别，只是规约化的程度不同，都可以容纳在认知语法的意义观之下!我们对Goldberg 这⼀观点的理解是，语义语⽤其实是⼀个连续统，其两端能看到明显的不同，但是⼤部分中间地段不必区分!规约性较强的，对语境依赖程度越低，就越容易被理解为构式的意义; 反之，完全需要依赖语境获得的，越不容易理解为构式的语义!研究热点国内汉语构式语法研究主要是⼀些个案研究以及研究⽅法的探讨!个案研究主要集中在两类构式: ⼀类是特殊句式，如双及物构式("把$字句("被$字句"存在句"供⽤句和祈使句; 另⼀类是有标记构式，即以往认为被处于边缘地带的⼀些习语性结构，如#a是a 了!("爱 a 不a!("aFa的!("不a"不a&!，等等!"结语综观构式语法的理论研究"个案研究和⽅法论的探讨以及对应⽤研究的展望，我们认为，现在的构式语法只是提出了⼀种新的视⾓和想法，仍处于实践和探索阶段!研究者们已逐渐意识到，如果不进⼀步做细致的研究⼯作，不断向前推进，研究者对它的热情会慢慢冷却!这也正是本⽂对近⼗年国内汉语构式语法综述的⽬的，希望通过对这⼗年多研究成果的核⼼问题"研究热点"研究盲点"研究⽅法"理论建构以及未来发展态势的探讨，把汉语构式语法研究所⾯临的机遇和挑战具体清晰地呈现出来，给国内构式语法研究提供⼀点参考，从⽽促进国内构式语法研究的发展。
英语语法限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用法与区别
英语语法限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用法与区别在英语语法中，定语从句（Relative Clauses）扮演着非常重要的角色。
其中，限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clauses）和非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Relative Clauses）是两种常用的定语从句类型。
它们的用法和结构有所不同，本文将详细介绍限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的使用方法及区别。
一、限制性定语从句的用法与结构限制性定语从句用于限制或界定先行词的范围，如果去掉它，主句的意思就不完整或含义发生改变。
常用关系代词有that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when等。
限制性定语从句的结构是：关系代词/关系副词 + 主语 + 谓语。
例句1：The book that you lent me is very interesting.例句2：I know a girl who speaks three languages fluently.二、非限制性定语从句的用法与结构非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行附加说明或解释，不对先行词进行限制或界定。
这种定语从句在句子中起到进一步补充和说明的作用。
非限制性定语从句用逗号隔开，不可以用关系代词that，只能用which, who, whom, whose, where, when等。
非限制性定语从句的结构是：关系代词/关系副词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 逗号.例句1：My brother, who is a doctor, lives in London.例句2：The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris, is a famous landmark.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1. 逗号的使用：限制性定语从句不使用逗号与主句分开，而非限制性定语从句使用逗号与主句隔开。
教资高中英语学科知识与能力 语法专业术语
教资高中英语学科知识与能力语法专业术语（一）词类part of speech实词notional word ['nəuʃənəl]虚词structural word/ form word (e.g. article preposition conjunction interjection) 派生词derivative [di'rivətiv, də'rivətiv]复合词compound ['kɔmpaund,kɔm'paund]词性part of speech名词noun专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun可数名词countable noun不可数名词uncountable noun单数形式singular form复数形式plural form ['pluərəl, 'plurəl]抽象名词abstract noun [æb'strækt,'æbstrækt]具体名词concrete noun ['kɔnkri:t]物质名词material noun集体名词collective noun个体名词individual noun动词verb主动词main verb及物动词transitive verb ['trænsitiv, 'trænsətiv]不及物动词intransitive verb [in'trænsitiv, in'trænsətiv]系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb [ɔ:g'ziljəri]情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb不规则动词irregular verb短语动词phrasal verb ['freizl, 'freizəl]限定动词finite verb ['fainait]非限定动词infinite verb ['infinit, 'infənit]使役动词causative verb ['kɔ:zətiv]感官动词verb of senses动态动词event verb静态动词state verb形容词adjective比较等级degrees of comparison☆原级positive degree☆比较级comparative degree☆最高级superlative degree副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner程度副词adverb of degree时间副词adverb of time地点副词adverb of place修饰性副词adjunct连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb [.intə'rɔgətiv]关系副词relative adverb代词pronoun ['prəunaun]人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun [pə'zesiv]反身代词reflexive pronoun [ri'fleksiv]相互代词reciprocal pronoun [ri'siprəkəl]指示代词demonstrative pronoun [di'mɔnstrətiv]疑问代词interrogative pronoun [.intə'rɔgətiv]关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun [in'definit, in'defənit]名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun [.ædʒik'taivəl]冠词article定冠词definite article ['definit, 'defənit]不定冠词indefinite article介词preposition [prepə'ziʃən]连词conjunction [kən'dʒʌŋkʃən]感叹词exclamation [.eksklə'meiʃən]数词numeral ['nju:mərəl]基数词cardinal numeral ['kɑ:dinl, 'kɑ:dnəl]序数词ordinal numeral ['ɔ:dinəl, 'ɔ:dnəl]分数词fractional numeral ['frækʃənəl]限定动词finite verb form ['fainait]非限定动词non-finite verb form [nʌn'finit]原形base form数number单数形式singular form复数形式plural form规则形式regular form不规则形式irregular form格case普通格common case所有格possessive case主格nominative case宾格objective case [əb'dʒektiv]性gender ['dʒendə]阳性masculine ['mæskjulin, 'mæskjəlin]阴性feminine ['feminin, 'femənin]通性common中性neuter ['nju:tə]人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person（二）句子句子成分members of sentences主语subject谓语predicate ['predikeit,'predikit]宾语object双宾语dual object ['dju:əl]直接宾语direct object间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object ['kɔg.neit]补语complement ['kɔmplimənt, 'kɔmplə.ment,'kɔmpləmənt]主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative ['pridi.kətiv, 'predi.keitiv]定语attribute [ə'tribju:t,'ætribju:t, ə'tribjut,'ætrə.bju:t]同位语appositive [ə'pɔzitiv]状语adverbial [əd'və:biəl]从句clause从属句subordinate clause [sə'bɔ:dineit, sə'bɔ:dn.eit,sə'bɔ:dnit]并列句coordinate clause [kəu'ɔ:dneit,kəu'ɔ:dnit, kəu'ɔ:dəneit]名词从句nominal clause ['nɔminəl, 'nɔmənəl]定语从句attributive clause [ə'tribjutiv, ə'tribjətiv]状语从句adverbial clause [əd'və:biəl]宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause [ə'pɔzitiv]时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession [kən'seʃən]原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition简单句simple sentence并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence [di'klærətiv]疑问句interrogative sentence [.intə'rɔgətiv]一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv]附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question [dis'dʒʌŋktiv]修辞疑问句rhetorical question [ri'tɔrikəl]感叹疑问句exclamatory question [iks'klæmə.təri, ik'sklæmə.təuri]存在句existential sentence [.egzis'tenʃəl]肯定句positive sentence基本句型basic sentence pattern否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence [im'perətiv]省略句elliptical sentence [i'liptikəl]感叹句exclamatory sentence [iks'klæmə.təri, ik'sklæmə.təuri]句法关系syntactic relationship [sin'tæktik]并列coordinate [kəu'ɔ:dneit,kəu'ɔ:dnit, kəu'ɔ:dəneit]从属subordination [səb.ɔ:di'neiʃən, səb.ɔ:dən'eiʃən]修饰modification [.mɔdifi'keiʃən, .mɔdəfə'keiʃən]前置修饰pre-modification [.mɔdifi'keiʃən, .mɔdəfə'keiʃən]后置修饰post-modification [.mɔdifi'keiʃən, .mɔdəfə'keiʃən] 限制restriction [ri'strikʃən]双重限制double-restriction非限制non-restriction时态tense过去将来时past future tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense过去将来完成时past future perfect tense一般现在时present simple tense一般过去时past simple tense一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时past perfect tense过去完成时present perfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice语气mood陈述语气indicative mood [in'dikətiv] 祈使语气imperative mood [im'perətiv]虚拟语气subjunctive mood [səb'dʒʌŋktiv]否定negation [ni'geiʃən]否定范围scope of negation [skəup] 全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation ['pɑ:ʃəl] 转移否定shift of negation语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion [in'və:ʃən]全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion直接引语direct speech 间接引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement ['predikeit,'predikit]语法一致grammatical agreement [grə'mætikəl]概念一致notional agreement ['nəuʃənəl]就近原则principle of proximity [prɔk'simiti, prɔk'siməti]强调emphasis ['emfəsis] /emphasize ['emfəsaiz, 'emfə.saiz]重复repetition [.repi'tiʃən]语音pronunciation 语调tone 升调rising tone 降调falling tone 降升调falling-rising tone 文体style 正式文体formal非正式文体informal用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring ['kʌləriŋ]褒义commendatory [kə'mendətəri, kə'mendə.təuri] 贬义derogatory [di'rɔgətəri, di'rɔgə.təuri] 幽默humorous ['hju:mərəs] 讽刺sarcastic [sɑ:'kæstik]挖苦ironic [ai'rɔnik] 语法grammar句法syntax ['sintæks] 词法morphology [mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 插入语parenthesis。
新大学法语第一册课文语法知识讲解
Unite 2①名词有阴性阳性区分。
表示任何动物的名词按自然性别区分；表示事物的名词在语法上有固定的性别。
①名词②法语的名词有单数和复数的区别，绝大多数单数名词词末加“S ”就变成复数名词。
表示复数的“S ”不发音。
课文A ③法语的名词可以分为普通名词和专有名词注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写②不定冠词和定冠词 1. 形式 （冠词位于名词前表示该名词的性数。
泛指的名词用不定 不定冠词，确指的 名词用定冠词。
）2.用法③第一组动词的直陈式现在时：（表示说话是发生的动作或状态。
）以-er 结尾的动词（除aller 外）为第一组动词，他们的变位是贵州的。
直陈式现在时的变位如下：去掉词尾-er,按人称依次加上-e,-es,-e,-ons,-ez,-ent.①钟点表达法课文B 注意：使用无人称举行“il est..”当“demi ”位于名词前，无 性数变化。
如une Demi-heure 半小 时，当demi 位于名词后，词性随名词变 化，数不变。
如Cinq heures et demie 五点半，mide et demi 中午十二点半②介词a 和de ①a 引出时间或地点状语：Il est temps d ’aller au cin éma(au=a+le)(现在)该去电影院了。
Ma soeur va a l ’ école a sept heures.我妹妹七点钟去学校。
②de 的一个重要用法是表示所属关系。
C ’est la voiture de Martine.这是玛蒂娜的汽车La soeur de Martine a huit ans.玛蒂娜的妹妹八岁。
③缩合冠词注意： 1.不定冠词;a 和省文形式l ’不与介词缩合。
如：C ’est l ’ école de la soeur de Sophie.这是索菲妹妹的学校 Nous sommes toujours a l ’heure.我们总是很准时（时间） 2.缩合冠词des 与不定冠词des 词形一样要注意区别。
情态动词(包括情态动词的基本用法及其推测含义,虚拟语气)
情态动词的用法情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should), will (would), dare (daren’t,dared), need (needn’t,needed), ought to,used to等。
情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用 ,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。
可以有推测意义 ,也可以没有推测意义。
不同的“肯定〞程度可按以下层次排列：1.He is at home. (事实)2.He must be at home.〔非常肯定的推断〕3.He could be at home.〔很可能〕4.He ought to be at home.〔很可能〕5.He may be at home.〔仅仅可能而已〕6.He might be at home.〔或许, 非常不确定〕7.He might not be at home.〔也许不在家〕 8.He may not be at home.〔比might可能〕9.He couldn’t be at home.〔很可能不在家〕10.He can’t be at home.〔一定不在家〕一、can, could(1).can 的用法1.能力(能做某事): Two eyes can see more than one.2.表示客观可能性〔客观原因形成的能力〕〔可以 ,可能〕。
1) They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.2) This hall can hold 500 people at least.3.一时的可能性(有时可能) Children can be very trying(令人厌烦的;难受的).4.同意、允许(可以) Can I come in?在这里can 和may的意思差不多。
英语本科-语法简答及名词解释
1、Modal auxiliaries: meaning of modal auxiliaries can be divided into two categories: predictive and non-predictive. Thepredictive meaning is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probility and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence in the truth of his statement. Eg: it must be Juhn.2、Anaphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text. The anaphoric reference suggestsretrieving information from the foregoing context. Eg: wow, you’ve got a huge house, I didn’t expect it to be so big. The cataphoric reference suggests the information from the forthcoming context.3、Two tenses and two aspects: two tenses- the present tense and the past tense; two aspects-the progressive aspect and theperfective aspect.4、Non-finite verbs: the non-finitive verbs are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. Inform it has the features of aspect and tense, while in its function, it can be object, complement, adverbial, etc. we recognize three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive ( further divided into to-infinitive and bare infinitive,) –ing participle and –ed participle.5、Extraposition: is defined as “the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form”. The extraposed item is almostalways a nominal clause, which satisfies the desire for end-weight. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object;in form, it can be finite or non-finite. When we remove a clausal subject or object to the final position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. (Remove a clausal subject or object to the final focal position.)6、Tex: refers to a unified passage, is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.7、Modal auxiliaries features: are a special group of words that have unique features both in syntax and in semantics. They areoften described as inflectionally defective verbs, because in syntactic terms they lack a full set of forms- not having non-finite forms or being marked for concord with the subject in semantics, modal auxiliaries are all the more complicated because nearly all of them are polysemous and, as a consequence, their interpretation is such that we forever feel the need to resort to context for clues.8、Participles: they are divided into two groups, one is “-ing participle” the other is “-ed participle.” The former used to be called“the present participle ” or “the gerund.” now they are so termed because we attach our concern to form, not to meaning. Eg: she looked depressed. I regret telling you the truth.9、Fronting: refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked postsubject position to the marked presubject position. Eg: into alarge crowd of people the plane dived.10、Ellipsis: refers to leaving out sth. understood. Strictly speaking, we refer to incomplete sentences with such a structureas to presuppose a preceding item. In this sense, ellipsis sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Eg: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.11、The antecedent: is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. A typical antecedent is nominal. i.e: a noun ora noun phrase.12、Relative clauses: restrictive relative and non-restrictive relative clause. Restrictive relative clause is an integral part ofthe noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedents refer to. Eg: the girl who lives next door is now traveling in SH. Non-restrictive clauses which are separated by commas in that the latter only offers additional information which is not needed to indentify the person or thing we are talking about.13、The double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than one relative modifyingthe same head word. Eg: this is the only book I bought which challenges this common belief. Mr. lee is the only person I know who offers an reasonable price.14、Gradable adjectives: refer to most adjectives that can take comparative forms, inflectional, or they can be modified byintensifiers like “very”“so” and graded on a scale of intensity.15、Postponement: is a means to make an emphatic statement by putting the important information at the end of thesentence. It is usually realized by active to passive transformation, by extraposition of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements or by various other means, eg: the flowers were destroyed by the rain.(passive.) it is not fun at all to make fun of a disabled man.(extraposition) she is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar.(discontinuity)16、Simple present: is used to refer to the past in such as: 1 newspaper headlines,2 photographic captions. 3 stage directions.17、The non-finite verbs: are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. ( to infinitive, bareinfinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle)18、Subject complements: denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes.19、Aspect: reflects the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. Two aspects-theprogressive aspect and the perfective aspect.20、Given information: is assumed to be familiar to the receiver of the message because it was explicity provided in thepreceding linguistic context or implicity provided in view of the situational context or the shared cultural background.21、New information: is assumed to be unfamiliar to the receiver and hence is the most important part of the utterance.22、Predictive meaning of modal auxiliaries: is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability. Andin most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence. In the truth of his statement.23、The cataphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text, the cataphoric referencesuggests the information from the forthcoming context. (Anaphoric reference retrieving information from the foregoing context.24、Double genitive: also refereed as the “post genitive.”Is so called because it is a combination the genitive and theof-phrase. eg: a friend of my father’s.25、Double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than on relative clausemodifying the same head word. Falls into two types: one that consists of parallel clauses, it is usually coordinated by and, or or but. And the other of hierarchical clauses.26、WH-question: is a question that normally begins with a WH-series of word.27、Prepositions: are mainly used to relate people or things in place or in time.28、Inherent adjectives: denoting adjectives inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. Non-inherent adjectivesidentify qualities in and indirect way, they are to be interpreted in terms of extended meaning. eg: A big house. A big eater. 29、Stative adjectives: the majority of adjectives are stative in nature. Describing permanent inherent qualities which isparticularly when they are used attributively. Eg: big red tall pretty30、Dynamic adjectives: many adjectives can be used in the dynamic sense, especially when they occur in the predictiveposition to denote subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state. Eg: foolish rude ambition31、Gradable adjectives: most adjective can take comparative forms, inflectional or can be modified by intensifiers like veryand so and graded on a scale of intensity.32、Non-gradable adjectives: adjectives which only act as attribute, denoting provenance, with an absolute meaning arenon-gradable. Eg: mere latter excellent perfect French Chinese33、Restrictive adjective: helps identity the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. Non-restrictiveadjective merely provides some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent. 34、Be-passive: is the normal passive auxiliary, which may occur in different tense and aspect forms and with differentmodal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.35、Get passive: is far less popular than be-passive. 1. get-passive is generally avoided in formal style, and even in informalEnglish it is far less frequent than be-passive. 2.And semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather thana state; 3.to denote the consequence, rather than the process of a event, and to lay emphasis on what happens usuallyunfavorably to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.36、Unit nouns: also refereed to as “partities” are very special class of words that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun.37、Predictive (shall/ will): also called “epistemic.” It expresses the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability of afuture situation.38、Non-predictive (shall/ will): also called non-epistemic, interpretation of will or shall is subject-oriented .it typicallyexpresses the willingness or intention of person as represented by the subject of the sentence.39、Subordination: link of two units, usually two clauses at different syntactic level.40、Unit nouns: also referred to as partitives. Are a very special class of word that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun。
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1．解释语法区别预测和non-predictive情态助动词的使用示例。
语法区别预测和non-predictive使用情态助动词是明确以下两个句子:1)他昨天不能去过。
2)他昨天根本不存在。
两句话揭示两个截然不同的情态助动词的使用。
第一句话,预测不能与不可能和主要动词被标记为过去的时间基准,是指演讲者”年代现在否认过去事件的可能性。
第二,情态助动词本身non-predictive使用,指的是标记为过去时态,过去缺乏能力。
2．关系代词的功能是什么?关系代词充当“链接”关系从句与先行词之间。
它执行两个功能:显示康科德的先行词和表示其功能在相对的老人
3．如果时态与时间,相关的方面是什么?当紧张的指向一个事件的时间位置或状态,方面“反映了动词的方式行动被认为或经验丰富的关于时间”。
4．4。
除了查询语句的真理,其他潜在的功能没有问题可以执行什么?他们可能被视为演讲者的邀请或建议,试探性的方式,因为他们往往制造,而不是消极的假设。
他们就像规则。
例如:不会让你进来吗?你不会坐下来吗?也可以像感叹词:还不可爱吗?是“你傻吗?
5．5。
先行词的类型列表。
先行词分为名义前期和non-nominal先行词。
名义先行词分为不同的子类:他们可能是普通名词和专有名词,代词或指示代词。
Non-nominal先行词可以分为三种类型:从句,表语形容词,动词词组。
6．6。
提供的例子来说明result-adjuncts和purpose-adjuncts,被这样介绍。
他工作努力,他成功地通过考试。
(结果)他更加努力工作,以便能通过考试。
(目的)
7．7。
提供的例子来说明这三个程度的比较。
我的哥哥和我一样高。
(积极程度)我弟弟比我爸爸高。
(比较级)我弟弟在家庭中是最高的。
(最高级)。