专业英语翻译(路桥方向,第三版)2
专业英语(土木工程路桥方向)李嘉第三版翻译中英对照
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运输系统Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other.在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。
这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。
这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。
这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。
道路桥梁专业 中英文对照---毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译
附录一英文翻译原文AUTOMATIC DEFLECTION AND TEMPERATURE MONITORING OFA BALANCED CANTILEVER CONCRETE BRIDGEby Olivier BURDET, Ph.D.Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, SwitzerlandInstitute of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete SUMMARYThere is a need for reliable monitoring systems to follow the evolution of the behavior of structures over time.Deflections and rotations are values that reflect the overall structure behavior. This paper presents an innovative approach to the measurement of long-term deformations of bridges by use of inclinometers. High precision electronic inclinometers can be used to follow effectively long-term rotations without disruption of the traffic. In addition to their accuracy, these instruments have proven to be sufficiently stable over time and reliable for field conditions. The Mentue bridges are twin 565 m long box-girder post-tensioned concrete highway bridges under construction in Switzerland. The bridges are built by the balanced cantilever method over a deep valley. The piers are 100 m high and the main span is 150 m. A centralized data acquisition system was installed in one bridge during its construction in 1997. Every minute, the system records the rotation and temperature at a number of measuring points. The simultaneous measurement of rotations and concrete temperature at several locations gives a clear idea of the movements induced by thermal conditions. The system will be used in combination with a hydrostatic leveling setup to follow the long-term behavior of the bridge. Preliminary results show that the system performs reliably and that the accuracy of the sensors is excellent.Comparison of the evolution of rotations and temperature indicate that the structure responds to changes in air temperature rather quickly.1.BACKGROUNDAll over the world, the number of structures in service keeps increasing. With the development of traffic and the increased dependence on reliable transportation, it is becoming more and more necessary to foresee and anticipate the deterioration of structures. In particular,for structures that are part of major transportation systems, rehabilitation works need to be carefully planned in order to minimize disruptions of traffic. Automatic monitoring of structures is thus rapidly developing.Long-term monitoring of bridges is an important part of this overall effort to attempt to minimize both the impact and the cost of maintenance and rehabilitation work of major structures. By knowing the rate of deterioration of a given structure, the engineer is able to anticipate and adequately define the timing of required interventions. Conversely, interventions can be delayed until the condition of the structure requires them, without reducing the overall safety of the structure.The paper presents an innovative approach to the measurement of long-term bridge deformations. The use of high precision inclinometers permits an effective, accurate and unobtrusive following of the long-term rotations. The measurements can be performed under traffic conditions. Simultaneous measurement of the temperature at several locations gives a clear idea of the movements induced by thermal conditions and those induced by creep and shrinkage. The system presented is operational since August 1997 in the Mentue bridge, currently under construction in Switzerland. The structure has a main span of 150 m and piers 100 m high.2. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF BRIDGESAs part of its research and service activities within the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), IBAP - Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete has been involved in the monitoring of long-time deformations of bridges and other structures for over twenty-five years [1, 2, 3, 4]. In the past, IBAP has developed a system for the measurement of long-term deformations using hydrostatic leveling [5, 6]. This system has been in successful service in ten bridges in Switzerland for approximately ten years [5,7]. The system is robust, reliable and sufficiently accurate, but it requires human intervention for each measurement, and is not well suited for automatic data acquisition. One additional disadvantage of this system is that it is only easily applicable to box girder bridges with an accessible box.Occasional continuous measurements over periods of 24 hours have shown that the amplitude of daily movements is significant, usually amounting to several millimeters over a couple of hours. This is exemplified in figure 1, where measurements of the twin Lutrive bridges, taken over a period of several years before and after they were strengthened by post-tensioning, areshown along with measurements performed over a period of 24 hours. The scatter observed in the data is primarily caused by thermal effects on the bridges. In the case of these box-girder bridges built by the balanced cantilever method, with a main span of 143.5 m, the amplitude of deformations on a sunny day is of the same order of magnitude than the long term deformation over several years.Instantaneous measurements, as those made by hydrostatic leveling, are not necessarily representative of the mean position of the bridge. This occurs because the position of the bridge at the time of the measurement is influenced by the temperature history over the past several hours and days. Even if every care was taken to perform the measurements early in the morning and at the same period every year, it took a relatively long time before it was realized that the retrofit performed on the Lutrive bridges in 1988 by additional post-tensioning [3, 7,11] had not had the same effect on both of them.Figure 1: Long-term deflections of the Lutrive bridges, compared to deflections measured in a 24-hour period Automatic data acquisition, allowing frequent measurements to be performed at an acceptable cost, is thus highly desirable. A study of possible solutions including laser-based leveling, fiber optics sensors and GPS-positioning was performed, with the conclusion that, provided that their long-term stability can be demonstrated, current types of electronic inclinometers are suitable for automatic measurements of rotations in existing bridges [8].3. MENTUE BRIDGESThe Mentue bridges are twin box-girder bridges that will carry the future A1 motorway from Lausanne to Bern. Each bridge, similar in design, has an overall length of approximately 565 m, and a width of 13.46 m, designed to carry two lanes of traffic and an emergency lane. The bridges cross a deep valley with steep sides (fig. 2). The balanced cantilever design results from a bridge competition. The 100 m high concrete piers were built using climbing formwork, after which the construction of the balanced cantilever started (fig. 3).4. INCLINOMETERSStarting in 1995, IBAP initiated a research project with the goal of investigating the feasibility of a measurement system using inclinometers. Preliminary results indicated that inclinometers offer several advantages for the automatic monitoring of structures. Table 1 summarizes the main properties of the inclinometers selected for this study.One interesting property of measuring a structure’s rotations, is that, for a given ratio of maximum deflection to span length, the maximum rotation is essentially independent from its static system [8]. Since maximal allowable values of about 1/1,000 for long-term deflections under permanent loads are generally accepted values worldwide, developments made for box-girder bridges with long spans, as is the case for this research, are applicable to other bridges, for instance bridges with shorter spans and other types of cross-sections. This is significant because of the need to monitor smaller spans which constitute the majority of all bridges.The selected inclinometers are of type Wyler Zerotronic ±1°[9]. Their accuracy is 1 microradian (μrad), which corresponds to a rotation of one millimeter per kilometer, a very small value. For an intermediate span of a continuous beam with a constant depth, a mid-span deflection of 1/20,000 would induce a maximum rotation of about 150 μrad, or 0.15 milliradians (mrad).One potential problem with electronic instruments is that their measurements may drift overtime. To quantify and control this problem, a mechanical device was designed allowing the inclinometers to be precisely rotated of 180° in an horizontal plane (fig. 4). The drift of each inclinometer can be very simply obtained by comparing the values obtained in the initial and rotated position with previously obtained values. So far, it has been observed that the type of inclinometer used in this project is not very sensitive to drifting.5. INSTRUMENTATION OF THE MENTUE BRIDGESBecause a number of bridges built by the balanced cantilever method have shown an unsatisfactory behavior in service [2, 7,10], it was decided to carefully monitor the evolution of the deformations of the Mentue bridges. These bridges were designed taking into consideration recent recommendations for the choice of the amount of posttensioning [7,10,13]. Monitoring starting during the construction in 1997 and will be pursued after the bridges are opened to traffic in 2001. Deflection monitoring includes topographic leveling by the highway authorities, an hydrostatic leveling system over the entire length of both bridges and a network of inclinometers in the main span of the North bridge. Data collection iscoordinated by the engineer of record, to facilitate comparison of measured values. The information gained from these observations will be used to further enhance the design criteria for that type of bridge, especially with regard to the amount of post-tensioning [7, 10, 11, 12, 13].The automatic monitoring system is driven by a data acquisition program that gathers and stores the data. This system is able to control various types of sensors simultaneously, at the present time inclinometers and thermal sensors. The computer program driving all the instrumentation offers a flexible framework, allowing the later addition of new sensors or data acquisition systems. The use of the development environment LabView [14] allowed to leverage the large user base in the field of laboratory instrumentation and data analysis. The data acquisition system runs on a rather modest computer, with an Intel 486/66 Mhz processor, 16 MB of memory and a 500 MB hard disk, running Windows NT. All sensor data are gathered once per minute and stored in compressed form on the hard disk. The system is located in the box-girder on top of pier 3 (fig. 5). It can withstand severe weather conditions and will restart itself automatically after a power outage, which happened frequently during construction.6. SENSORSFigure 5(a) shows the location of the inclinometers in the main span of the North bridge. The sensors are placed at the axis of the supports (①an d⑤), at 1/4 and 3/4 (③an d④) of the span and at 1/8 of the span for②. In the cross section, the sensors are located on the North web, at a height corresponding to the center of gravity of the section (fig.5a). The sensors are all connected by a single RS-485 cable to the central data acquisition system located in the vicinity of inclinometer ①. Monitoring of the bridge started already during its construction. Inclinometers①,②and③were installed before the span was completed. The resulting measurement were difficult to interpret, however, because of the wide variations of angles induced by the various stages of this particular method of construction.The deflected shape will be determined by integrating the measured rotations along the length of the bridge (fig.5b). Although this integration is in principle straightforward, it has been shown [8, 16] that the type of loading and possible measurement errors need to be carefully taken into account.Thermal sensors were embedded in concrete so that temperature effects could be taken into account for the adjustment of the geometry of the formwork for subsequent casts. Figure 6 shows the layout of thermal sensors in the main span. The measurement sections are located at the same sections than the inclinometers (fig. 5). All sensors were placed in the formwork before concreting and were operational as soon as the formwork was removed, which was required for the needs of the construction. In each section, seven of the nine thermal sensor (indicated in solid black in fig. 6) are now automatically measured by the central data acquisition system.7. RESULTSFigure 7 shows the results of inclinometry measurements performed from the end ofSeptember to the third week of November 1997. All inclinometers performed well during that period. Occasional interruptions of measurement, as observed for example in early October are due to interruption of power to the system during construction operations. The overall symmetry of results from inclinometers seem to indicate that the instruments drift is not significant for that time period. The maximum amplitude of bridge deflection during the observed period, estimated on the basis of the inclinometers results, is around 40 mm. More accurate values will be computed when the method of determination ofdeflections will have been further calibrated with other measurements. Several periods of increase, respectively decrease, of deflections over several days can be observed in the graph. This further illustrates the need for continuous deformation monitoring to account for such effects. The measurement period was .busy. in terms of construction, and included the following operations: the final concrete pours in that span, horizontal jacking of the bridge to compensate some pier eccentricities, as well as the stressing of the continuity post-tensioning, and the de-tensioning of the guy cables (fig. 3). As a consequence, the interpretation of these measurements is quite difficult. It is expected that further measurements, made after the completion of the bridge, will be simpler to interpret.Figure 8 shows a detail of the measurements made in November, while figure.9 shows temperature measurements at the top and bottom of the section at mid-span made during that same period. It is clear that the measured deflections correspond to changes in the temperature. The temperature at the bottom of the section follows closely variations of the air temperature(measured in the shade near the north web of the girder). On the other hand, the temperature at the top of the cross section is less subject to rapid variations. This may be due to the high elevation of the bridge above ground, and also to the fact that, during the measuring period, there was little direct sunshine on the deck. The temperature gradient between top and bottom of the cross section has a direct relationship with short-term variations. It does not, however, appear to be related to the general tendency to decrease in rotations observed in fig. 8.8. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTSFuture developments will include algorithms to reconstruct deflections from measured rotations. To enhance the accuracy of the reconstruction of deflections, a 3D finite element model of the entire structure is in preparation [15]. This model will be used to identify the influence on rotations of various phenomena, such as creep of the piers and girder, differential settlements, horizontal and vertical temperature gradients or traffic loads.Much work will be devoted to the interpretation of the data gathered in the Mentue bridge. The final part of the research project work will focus on two aspects: understanding the very complex behavior of the structure, and determining the most important parameters, to allow a simple and effective monitoring of the bridges deflections.Finally, the research report will propose guidelines for determination of deflections from measured rotations and practical recommendations for the implementation of measurement systems using inclinometers. It is expected that within the coming year new sites will be equipped with inclinometers. Experiences made by using inclinometers to measure deflections during loading tests [16, 17] have shown that the method is very flexible and competitive with other high-tech methods.As an extension to the current research project, an innovative system for the measurement of bridge joint movement is being developed. This system integrates easily with the existing monitoring system, because it also uses inclinometers, although from a slightly different type.9. CONCLUSIONSAn innovative measurement system for deformations of structures using high precision inclinometers has been developed. This system combines a high accuracy with a relatively simple implementation. Preliminary results are very encouraging and indicate that the use of inclinometers to monitor bridge deformations is a feasible and offers advantages. The system is reliable, does not obstruct construction work or traffic and is very easily installed. Simultaneous temperature measurements have confirmed the importance of temperature variations on the behavior of structural concrete bridges.10. REFERENCES[1] ANDREY D., Maintenance des ouvrages d’art: méthodologie de surveillance, PhD Dissertation Nr 679, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1987.[2] BURDET O., Load Testing and Monitoring of Swiss Bridges, CEB Information Bulletin Nr 219, Safety and Performance Concepts, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1993.[3] BURDET O., Critères pour le choix de la quantitéde précontrainte découlant de l.observation de ponts existants, CUST-COS 96, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 1996.[4] HASSAN M., BURDET O., FAVRE R., Combination of Ultrasonic Measurements and Load Tests in Bridge Evaluation, 5th International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 1993.[5] FAVRE R., CHARIF H., MARKEY I., Observation à long terme de la déformation des ponts, Mandat de Recherche de l’OFR 86/88, Final Report, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1990.[6] FAVRE R., MARKEY I., Long-term Monitoring of Bridge Deformation, NATO Research Workshop, Bridge Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation, NATO ASI series E: vol. 187, pp. 85-100, Baltimore, USA, 1990.[7] FAVRE R., BURDET O. et al., Enseignements tirés d’essais de charge et d’observations à long terme pour l’évaluation des ponts et le choix de la précontrainte, OFR Report, 83/90, Zürich, Switzerland, 1995.[8] DAVERIO R., Mesures des déformations des ponts par un système d’inclinométrie,Rapport de maîtrise EPFL-IBAP, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1995.[9] WYLER AG., Technical specifications for Zerotronic Inclinometers, Winterthur, Switzerland, 1996.[10] FAVRE R., MARKEY I., Generalization of the Load Balancing Method, 12th FIP Congress, Prestressed Concrete in Switzerland, pp. 32-37, Washington, USA, 1994.[11] FAVRE R., BURDET O., CHARIF H., Critères pour le choix d’une précontrainte: application au cas d’un renforcement, "Colloque International Gestion des Ouvrages d’Art: Quelle Stratégie pour Maintenir et Adapter le Patrimoine, pp. 197-208, Paris, France, 1994. [12] FAVRE R., BURDET O., Wahl einer geeigneten Vorspannung, Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, 92/3, 67, Germany, 1997.[13] FAVRE R., BURDET O., Choix d’une quantité appropriée de précontrain te, SIA D0 129, Zürich, Switzerland, 1996.[14] NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, LabView User.s Manual, Austin, USA, 1996.[15] BOUBERGUIG A., ROSSIER S., FAVRE R. et al, Calcul non linéaire du béton arméet précontraint, Revue Français du Génie Civil, vol. 1 n° 3, Hermes, Paris, France, 1997. [16] FEST E., Système de mesure par inclinométrie: développement d’un algorithme de calcul des flèches, Mémoire de maîtrise de DEA, Lausanne / Paris, Switzerland / France, 1997.[17] PERREGAUX N. et al., Vertical Displacement of Bridges using the SOFO System: a Fiber Optic Monitoring Method for Structures, 12th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, San Diego, USA, to be published,1998.译文平衡悬臂施工混凝土桥挠度和温度的自动监测作者Olivier BURDET博士瑞士联邦理工学院，洛桑，瑞士钢筋和预应力混凝土研究所概要：我们想要跟踪结构行为随时间的演化，需要一种可靠的监测系统。
公路桥梁专业词汇英语翻译
桥梁bridge公路干道highway工程工程学engineering公路工程highway engineering路基roadbase路面pavement构造物建造构成制造construct施工（名）construction试验室laboratory现场检测field test（名）试验检验（不）进行试验experiment 试验检测测量test质量上流社会的quality合格，取得资格qualify材料material沥青柏油以沥青铺（一般指沥青路）asphalt 沥青（指原材料）bitumen沥青的bituminous沥青混合料bituminous mixture混凝土concrete钢筋混凝土RC (reinforced concrete)信誉信用贷款credit进度快慢tempo计划plan评定evaluation检查（名）检验inspection标准水准规格标准的合格的standard技术性的工业的technical技术技巧技术的工艺的专门的technic水泥cement碎石路碎石路macadam砂砾碎石砂砾层gravel钢筋reinforcing steel bar或reinfored steel石石头石场石的石制的stone检查员inspector测量（名）measuring测量（及）检测（及）勘测测绘（名）survey 设备仪器装置device申请application铺路工人paver经理manager加强reinforce（被加强的reinforced ）sign 签字署名通知list 表名册目录列举tabulation 制表列表表格mapping 绘图制图camera 照相机photo 照片给。
拍照拍照lime 石灰petrol 汽油diesel-oil 柴油planer 计划者planed 有计划的根据计划的pile 柱桩把桩打入用桩支撑weld 焊接焊牢焊接点welder 焊接者焊工laborer 劳动者劳工辅助工manpower 人力劳动力人力资源雇佣使用利用employ职业租用受雇employment项目条款item关税税款税impostresign 放弃辞去辞职document 公文文件证件time limit from project 工期weighbridge 地磅台秤transbit 经纬仪mention 提到说起表扬career 职业经历skill 技术技能trade 行业商业owe 欠债organization 组织机构团体traffic 交通交往通行交易买卖spend 预算花钱浪费interest 股息股份兴趣cost 费用成本花费wage 薪水报酬earning 工资收入利润cash 现金现款把...兑现tax 税负担向...纳税deficit 赤字不足额业主owner（北美用）、employer（英语国用）发展商（房屋等业主）client 或developer承包商contractor总承包商prime contractor或general contractor 分承包商nominated contractor专业承包商specialist contractor咨询公司consulting firm 或consultants咨询工程师consulting engineer建筑师architect建筑工程经理constraction manager项目经理program manager材料供应商supplier建筑经济学contraction economics亚洲开发银行asian development bank世界银行集团world bank group学会institute协会association组织结构organizational styucture基础设施infrastructure环境environment质量管理体系qulity management system 质量方针quality policy质量目标quality objective职能，函数，职务function计量的metrological鉴定qualification评审review效率efficiency验证verification顾客,消费者customer过程process产品product项目,预计的，计划的project程序procedure特性characteristic记录record检验inspection文件document信息information能力capabitily 满意satisfaction投标邀请书invitation for bids公开招标unlimited competitive open biding 投标者须知instruction to bidders银行保函bank guarantee担保公司security company支付保函payment guarantee资质说明statement of qualification单位成本cost per unit成本计划cost plan成本价price cost业主要求client´s requirements投标书tender 或bid 或proposal 合同条件condition of contract合同协议书agreement图纸drawings工程量表bill of quantities投标保证bid security保价offer开标tender 或bid评标bid evaluation施工项目work items总价合同lump sum contract专题报告subjective report审核audit 审核员auditor测量控制measurement control测量设备measureing equipment技术专家technical expert习惯，惯例custom选择selection确定，决定definition合格conformity不合格nonconformity缺陷defect预防措施preventive action纠正措施corrective action返工rework降级regrade返修repair报废serap让步concession放行release。
路桥工程专业英语词汇(顺序版)
3-axle truck 三轴汽车abut 邻接，毗邻，贴近，靠紧，接近abutment 桥台accessibility 易接近，可到达的accommodating 乐于助人的，随和的accompanying 陪伴的，附随的account 计算，账目，说明，估计，理由，总计有，认为，得分aesthetic 美学的，审美的，有审美感的air temperature 气温algebraic 代数的，关于代数的algorithm 运算法则alternaive bid 替补性投标alternative 二者选一，替补ambient air temperature 周围（介质）温度，环境温度ambush 伏击；埋伏（处）amplification 扩大appearance 外观approach 引道approval 赞成，承认，正式批准apron 裙板arbitrary 任意的，武断的，独裁的，专断的arch bridge 拱桥arterial 动脉的arterial 干线的asphalt binder 沥青结合料assign 分配，指派assignment 分配，委派，任务，作业，atterberg limits 土的特性湿度界限bearing 支座bituminous 沥青的，含沥青的bottom slab 底板bow string girder 系杆拱梁，弓弦梁cable-stayed bridges 斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥cantilever 悬臂capacity 容量，生产量，智能，才能cease 停止，终了centroid 质心centroid 质心channelization 管（渠）道化characteristic特有的，表示特性的，典型的clearance 净空clearance 清除code 标准commence 开始，着手comply 顺从，答应，遵守compression 压力comprise 构成，组成conservative 保守的，守旧的consistent 一致的，调和的，坚固的，consultant 顾问，商议者，咨询者contingent 可能发生的，暂时的，附随的，偶然的事情converting 吹（炉冶）炼，转炉炼钢corrosion 锈蚀creep 徐变crossroad 十字路，十字路口，歧途cross-section 横截面currently 普遍的，通常的，现在，当前curvature 曲率cut-back asphalt 轻质（地）沥青，稀释（地）沥青cycle track 自行车道dead load 静载deck slab 顶板deem 认为，相信deflection 歪斜，偏，偏向deflectometer 挠（弯，偏，挺）度计deformation 变形depressed 降低的，悲伤的，沮丧的destination 目的地，目的文件，目的单元格destructive 分解蒸馏，毁馏deteriorate 恶化deviation 背离differentiate 区别，区分dilute 稀释，discrepancy 相差，差异，矛盾distinct 清楚地，明显的，截然不同的，独特的diversion 绕行绕路ductile 韧性的durability 耐久的dwelling 住处eccentric 偏心的，偏心装置efficiency 效率，功率eigenfrequency 本征频率，特征频率element 单元，元件，要素elevation 高程emulsified asphalt 乳化沥青emulsify 使乳化erect 架设essentially 本质的，本来，根本europe-wide 欧洲范围exception 例外，反对，除外expanded 扩大的，膨胀的expansive 易扩张的，广阔的，豪爽的，豪华的expedite 加快，促进，迅速做好exponential 指数，倡导者，演奏者，例子，指数的，幕数的expressway 快速路external prestressing 体外预应力extrapolation 外推法，推断facility 容易，简易，灵巧，熟练falsework 支架flag 薄层；薄层砂岩flexibility 弹性，适应性，机动性foundation 基础frost 霜冻，严寒，结霜，霜generate 产生，发生gorge 峡谷grade separations 立体交叉gradient 坡度granular 有小粒而成的，粒状的grout 薄胶泥薄浆，石灰浆，用薄泥浆填塞grout 压降handbook 手册，便览handrail 护栏hard-surfaced road 硬质路面道路heavens 冻胀histogram 柱状图hostile 敌人的，敌方的household 家庭的，家族的，家属的，普遍的，平常的hybrid construction 混合施工hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物，烃hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢impedance 阻抗，安全阻，implement 工具，器械，贯彻，实现，执行impose 释….强加于，利用，强使incremental launching 顶推inherent 固有的，内在的，与生俱来的internal prestressing 体内预应力intrusion 闯入，侵扰iterative 重复的，反复的，迭代的jughandle 不均衡的，单方面的，片面的lane （乡间）小路，巷，里弄，狭窄的通道，航线lateral 侧面的latex 乳胶，橡胶lens 透镜，镜头liquefy 液化logarithmic 对数的longitudinal 纵向的loss-of-prestress 预应力损失maintenance 维持，保持，生活费用，扶养maintenance 维修maneuver 机动manual 手册，指南masonry 砌体mass 群众的，大规模的，集中的，块，大多数，质量，materially 本质上，物质上，重大median 中央的，中线的，中值的methodology 方法论，方法学methodology 方法学，方法论minimize 将……减到最少minimum 最小的，最低的，最小值，最小化mitigate 减轻moisture 潮湿，湿气moment of inertia 惯性矩mound 土墩，护坡，堆起，筑堤necessitate 成为必要node 节点occupancy 占有optimal 最佳的ordinary temperature 常温orthotropic 正交的oscillation 振动overall length 全长overpass 天桥，路桥oxidation 氧化（作用）oxidize 氧化，使氧化parameter 参数，参量，起限定作用的因素parish 教区partial prestressing 部分预应力passage 通道peak 山顶，顶点，最高峰，缩小peak 山顶，顶点，最高峰，消瘦，缩小pedestrian 徒步的，呆板的，通俗的，步行者pedestrian 行人penetration（沥青）针入度，灌入，贯入度perceive 感知，感到，认识到performance grading 沥青的性能等级petroleum 石油pier 桥墩pilot 试点的，引导的pipeline 管线pitch 硬沥青，硬煤沥青placed放，安装，排列，整顿plasticity 可塑的，塑性，portal frame门架post-tensioned method 后张法potential 潜在的，可能的，潜能，潜力，电压precast 预制prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土prioritize 把…...区分优先次序process 过程，作用，方法，程序，步骤，进行profile 侧面，外形，轮廓proposed 被提议的prosper （使）兴隆，（使）繁荣，（使）成功prototype 原型prudent 谨慎的R.C. 钢筋混凝土reduction 减少refine 提炼removal 移动，免职，切除replaceable 可替换的residential 住宅的，与居住有关的resilient 弹回的，有回弹力的resistance 抵抗restrained 受限制的，有限的，拘谨的retaining wall 挡墙right-of-way 公路用地rigid frame bridge 刚架桥rigidity 刚性，刚度roadway 路幅roller 转轴rubble 毛石，块石saddle 鞍座scaffold脚手架scatter 分散，散开，撇开，驱散semi-solid半无限固体semi-weathered 半风化的shrinkage 收缩shuttering 模板shy 怕羞的，畏缩的，害羞的sidewalk 人行道significance 重要（性），紧要，重大significantly 意味深长的，值得注目的simply supported 简支simulate 模仿sinuous 曲折的，错综复杂的slab bridge 板桥slenderness 细长比slope 斜坡，斜面，倾斜sodden 泡胀了的soft coal 烟煤span-by-span 逐孔spectra 范围，光谱spilt 劈开，裂开，分裂，分离stiffness 刚度stiffness 坚硬，硬度submit 服从，顺从，提交，递交subsoil 地基substructure 下部结构sufficient 充分的，足够的sulphur dioide 二氧化硫sulphur extened asphalt 掺硫沥青sulphur 硫硫磺硫化的硫磺的summary 概要，摘要superimposed load 附加荷载superstructure 上部结构susceptible 易受影响的，易感动的，容许…..的suspension bridge 悬索桥swampy 沼泽的，多沼泽的，潮湿的tack coat （沥青）黏层，黏结层tank 箱t-beam T梁tender 投标tendon 钢束tension 拉力terminate 停止，结束，终止terrain 地形thaw 解冻three-dimensional 三维的tie beam 系梁topography 地形学topography 地形（测量）学，地形，地势tower 塔transit 经过，通行，搬运，通过，经过transmit 传递transverse 横向的trend 倾诉，趋势，伸向，通向truss 桁架turnpike 收费公路up to 直到usable 可用的，合用的，便于使用的versatility多能性，多换性，多用途version 译文，译本，翻译versus 与……相对vibration 振动waterproof 防水的，不透水的，防水物料，防水布weakening 弱化well 井wingwall 翼墙zonal 带状的。
公路工程专业词汇翻译(汉英)
公路highway道路road公路工程highway engineering公路网highway network公路网密度highway density公路等级highway classification公路自然区划climatic zoning for highway公路用地highway right—of-way高速公路freeway等级公路classified highway辅导relief road干线公路arterial highway支线公路feeder highway专用公路accomodation highway国家干线公路（国道）national trunk highway省级干线公路(省道) provincial trunk highway县公路（县道) county road乡公路(乡道) township road辐射式公路radial highway环形公路ring highway绕行公路bypass交通结构traffic structure交通组成traffic composition混合交通mixed traffic交通流traffic flow交通流理论traffic flow theory车流vehicle stream交通密度traffic density车头间距space headway车头时距time headway车间净距vehicular gap延误delay地点速度spot speed行驶速度running speed运行速度poerating speed临界速度critical speed平均速度average speed计算行车速度（设计车速）design speed交通量traffic volume年平均日交通量annual average daily traffic月平均日交通量monthly average daily traffic 年第30位最大小时交通量thirtieth highest annualhourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum annual hourly设计小时交通量design hourly volume通行能力traffic capacity基本通行能力basic traffic capacity可能通行能力possible traffic capacity设计通行能力design traffic capacity 道路服务水平level of service公路交通规划traffic planning交通调查traffic survey交通量调查traffic volume survey交通量观测站traffic volume observationstation起迄点调查(OD调查）origin-destination study 出行trip境内交通local traffic过境交通through traffic交通发生traffic generation交通分布traffic distribution交通分配traffic assignment交通预测traffic prognosis行车道carriageway分离式行车道divided carriageway车道lane变速车道speed—change lane加速车道acceleration lane减速车道deceleration lane爬坡车道climbing lane停车道parking lane错车道turn-out lane自行车道cycle path路侧人行道sidewalk分隔带lane seperator中央分隔带median divider中间带central strip路肩shoulder；verge路缘带marginal strip路缘石kerb;curb侧向余宽lateral clearance路拱camber；crown路拱横坡crown slope公路建筑限界clearance of highway公路路线highway route公路线形highway alignment平面线形horizontal alignment纵面线形vertical alignment线形要素alignment elements平曲线horizontal curve极限最小平曲线半径limited minimum radius ofhorizontal curve复曲线compound curve反向曲线reverse curve断背曲线broken-back curve回头曲线switch—back curve缓和曲线transition curve竖曲线vertical curve弯道加宽curve widening加宽缓和段transition zone of curve超高superelevation超高缓和段supere levation runoff纵坡longitudinal gradient最大纵坡maximum longitudinal gradient 最小纵坡minimum ongitudinal gradient 变坡点grade change point平均纵坡average gradiant坡长限制grade length limitation高原纵坡拆减highland grade compensation 缓和坡段transition grading zone合成坡度resultant gradent视距sight distance停车视距non—passing sight distance;stopping sight distance超车视距passing sight distance道路交叉road intersection;道口railroad grade crossing平面交叉at—grade intersection ;grade crossing正交叉right-angle intersection斜交叉skew intersection环形交叉rotary intersection十字形交叉“+"intersectionT形交叉T intersection错位交叉offset intersection；staggered junction Y形交叉Y intersection立体交叉grade separation分离式立体交叉simple grade separation，separate grade crossing互通式立体交叉interchange首蓿叶形立体交叉full cloverleaf interchange部分首蓿叶形立体交叉cloverleaf interchange菱形立体交叉diamond interchange定向式立体交叉directional interchange喇叭形立体交叉three—leg interchange环形立体交叉rotary interchange匝道ramp交叉口road crossing; intersection交叉口进口intersection entrance交叉口出口intersection exit加铺转角式交叉口intersection with widenedcorners拓宽路口式交叉口flared intersection分道转弯式交叉口channelized intersection渠化交通channelization交织weaving交织路段weaving section合流converging分流diverging 冲突点conflict point交通岛traffic island导流岛channe lization island中心岛central island安全岛refuge island沿线设施roadside facilities交通安全设施traffic safety device人行横道crosswalk人形地道pedestrian underpass人形天桥pedestrian overcrossing护栏guard fence防护栅guard fence，safety barrier 遮光栅anti-dizzling screen应急电话emergency telephone反光标志reflective sign反光路钮reflective button弯道反光镜traffic mirror道路交通标志road traffic sign警告标志warning sign禁令标志regulatory sign指示标志guide sign指路标志information sign辅助标志auxiliary sign可变信息标志changeable message sign路面标线pavement marking防雪设施snow protection facilities 防沙设施sands protection facilities 隔音墙acoustic barrier停车场parking area踏勘reconnaissance可行性研究feasibility study线形设计highway alignment design 公路景观设计highway landscape design 选线route selection路线控制点control point定线location比较线alternative line展线line development初测preliminary survey定测location survey地貌topographie fcature地物culture地形topography台地terrace垭口pass；saddle back平原区plain terrain微丘区rolling terrain重丘区hilly terrain山岭区mountainous terrain沿溪线valley line山脊线ridge line山坡线hill-side line越岭线ridge crossing line土方调配cut-fill transition土方调配图cut-fill transition program土方调配经济运距economical hauling distance导线traverse导线测量traverse survey中线center line中线测量center line survey施工测量construction survey竣工测量final survey（路线）平面图plan交点intersection point虚交点imaginary intersection point转点turning point转角intersection angle方位角azimuth angle象限角bearing方向角direction angle切线长tangent length曲线长curve length外（矢）距external secant测站instrument station测点observation point中桩center stake加桩additional stake护桩reference stake断链broken chainage水准测量levelling survey水准点bench mark绝对基面absolute datum高程elevation地面高程ground elevation设计高程designed elevation(路线)纵断面图profile中桩填挖高度cut and fill at center stake地形测量topographic survey基线base line地形图topographic map等高线contour line横断面测量cross—sectional survey横断面图cross—section坑探pit test钻探boring摄影测量photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photogrammetry地面立体摄影测量ground stereophoto grammetry 地面控制点测量ground control-point survey航摄基线aerophoto base影像地图photographic map像片索引图(镶辑复照图) photo index航摄像片判读aerophoto interpretation 综合法测图planimatric photo全能法测图universal photo微分法测图differential photo像片镶嵌图photo mosaic路基subgrade路堤embankment路堑cutting半填半挖式路基part cut—partfill subgrade 台口式路基benched subgrade路基宽度width of subgrade路基设计高程design elevation of subgrade （路基）最小填土高度minimum height of fill边坡side slope边坡坡度grade of side slope（边)坡顶top of slope（边）坡脚toe of slope护坡道berm边坡平台plain stage of slope碎落台berm at the foot of cutting slope 护坡slope protection挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall横重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall柱板式挡土墙column—plate retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods 锚碇板式挡土墙anchored bulkhead retaining wall 石笼rock filled gabion抛石riprap路基排水subgrade drainage边沟side ditch截水沟intercepting ditch排水沟drainage ditch急流槽chute跌水drop water蒸发池evaporation pond盲沟blind drain渗水井seepage well透水路堤permeable embankment过水路面ford填方fill挖方cut借土borrow earth弃土waste取土坑borrow pit弃土堆waste bank回填土back-filling黄土loess软土soft soil淤泥mud泥沼moor泥炭peat盐渍土salty soil膨胀土expansive soil冻土frozen soil流砂quicksand软弱地基soft ground强夯法dynamic consolidation预压法preloading method反压护道loading berm砂井sand drain路基沙垫层sand mat of subgrade压实compaction压实度degree of compaction（标准)最大干容重maximum dry unit weight相对密实度relative density毛细水capillary water土石方爆破blasting crater抛掷爆破blasting for throwing rock爆破漏斗blasting crater松动爆破blasting for loosening rock爆破作用圈acting cire les of blasting路面pavement弹性层状体系理论elastic multilayer theory(回弹)弯沉deflection加州承载比（CBR）California bearing ratio(CBR）路面宽度width of pavement路槽road trough刚性路面rigid pavement柔性路面flexible pavement路面结构层pavement structure layer面层surface course磨耗层wearing course联结层binder course基层base course垫层bed course隔水层aquitard隔温层thermal insulating course封层seal coat透层prime coat保护层protection course补强层streng thening layer 高级路面high type pavement次高级路面sub—high type pavement中级路面intermediate type pavement 低级路面low type pavement水泥混凝土路面cement concrete pavement沥青路面bituminous pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous macadam pavement 沥青贯入碎（砾）石路面bituminous penetrationpavement沥青表面处治bituminous surface treatment 块料路面block pavement石块路面stone block pavement泥结碎石路面clay—bound macadam pavement水结碎石路面water—bound macadam pavement级配路面graded aggregate pavement稳定土基层stabilized soil base course工业废渣基层industrial waste base course块石基层telford base层铺法spreading in layers拌和法mixing method厂拌法plant mixing method路拌法road mixing method热拌法hot mixing method冷拌法cold mixing method贯入法penetration method铺砌法pitching method缩缝contraction joint胀缝expansion joint真缝true joint假缝dummy joint横缝transverse joint纵缝longitudinal joint施工缝construction joint传力杆dowel bar拉杆tie bar路面平整度surface evenness路面粗糙度surface roughness路面摩擦系数friction coefficient of pavement 附着力adhesive force水滑现象hydroplaning phenomenon桥梁bridge公路桥highway bridge公铁两用桥highway and rail transit bridge 人形桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥overpass bridge高架桥viaduct永久性桥permanent bridge半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge临时性桥temporary bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge钢桥steel bridge圬工桥masonry bridge木桥timber bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge弯桥curved bridge坡桥bridge on slope斜桥skew bridge正桥right bridge上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half-through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁桥beam bridge简支梁桥simple supported team bridge 连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge联合梁桥composite beam bridge板桥slab bridge拱桥arch bridge双曲拱桥two-way curved arch bridge空腹拱桥open spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥filled spandrel arch bridge系杆拱桥bowstring arch bridge桁架桥truss bridge钢构桥rigid frame bridgeT形钢构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续钢构桥continuous rigid frame bridge 斜腿钢构桥rigid frame bridge with inclinedlegs斜拉桥(斜张桥) cable stayed bridge悬索桥suspension bridge漫水桥submersible bridge浮桥pontoon bridge开启桥movable bridge装配式桥fabricated bridge装拆式钢桥fabricated steel bridge涵洞culvert管涵pipe culvert拱涵arch culvert箱涵box culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力式涵洞non-pressure culvert压力式涵洞pressure culvert半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert倒虹吸涵siphon culvert 上部结构superstructure主梁main beam横梁floor beam纵梁longitudinal beam，stringer挂梁suspended beam拱圈arch，ring拱上结构spandrel structure腹拱spandrel arch拱上侧墙spandrel wall桥面系floor system，bridge decking桥面铺装bridge deck pavement伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint 桥面伸缩装置bridge floor expansion andcontraction installation安全带afety belt桥头搭板transition slab at bridge head下部结构substructure桥墩pier墩身pier body墩帽coping盖梁bent cap破冰体ice apron重力式桥墩gravity pier实体桥墩solid pier空心桥墩hollow pier柱式桥墩column pier排架桩墩pile bent pier柔性墩flexible pier制动墩braking pier单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier桥台abutment台身abutment body前墙front wall翼墙wing walls台帽coping锥坡conical slope耳墙wing wallsU形桥台U—shaped abutment八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment一字形桥台head wall abutment，straight abutment 重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment扶壁式桥台counterforted abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment 支撑式桥台supported type abutment地基subsoil加固地基consolidated subsoil天然地基natural subsoil基础foundation扩大基础spread foundation沉井基础open caission foundation管柱基础cylindrical shaft foundation桩基础pile poundation桩pile预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in—place concrete pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile承台bearing platform支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expansion bearing索塔cable bent tower索鞍cable saddle调治构造物regulating structure丁坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam桥位bridge site桥梁全长total length of bridge主桥main bridge引桥approach span跨径span桥涵计算跨径computed span桥涵净跨径clear span矢跨比rise span ratio计算矢高calculated rise of arch桥下净空clearance of span桥面净空clearance above bridge floor桥梁建筑高度construction height of bridge 荷载load永久荷载permanent load可变荷载variable load偶然荷载accidental load荷载组合loading combinations车辆荷载标准loading standard for design vchicle 设计荷载design load施工荷载construction load梁beam简支梁simple-supported beam连续梁continuous beam悬臂梁cantilever beam板slab拱arch桁架truss刚构rigid frame柱column强度strength刚度stiffness ，rigidity 抗裂度crack resistance稳定性stability位移displacement变形deformation挠度deflection预拱度camber流域catchment basin集水面积runoff area径流runoff水文测验hydrological survey河床river bed河槽river channel主槽main channel边滩side shoal河滩rlood land河床宽度bed width河槽宽度channel width过水断面discharge section水位water level最高(或最低)水位maximum(minimum)water level 通航水位navigable water level设计水位design water level水面比降water surface slope河床比降gradient of river bed湿周weffed perimeter糙率coefficient of roughuess水力半径hydraulic radius水文计算hydrological computation设计流量designed discharge设计流速designed flow velocity行近流速approach velocity洪水调查floor survey洪水频率floor frequency设计洪水频率designed flood frequency潮汐河流tidal river悬移质suspended load推移质bed material load水力计算hydraulic computation水头water head冲刷scour桥下一般冲刷general scour under bridge桥墩（或墩台)局部冲刷local scour near pier自然演变冲刷natural scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring淤积silting壅水back water流冰ice drift先张法pretensioning method后张法post-tensioning method缆索吊装法erection with cableway悬臂拼装法erection by protrusion悬臂浇筑法cast-in—place cantilever mathod移动支架逐跨施工法span by span method纵向拖拉法erection by longtitudinal pullingmethod顶推法incremental launching method 转体架桥法construction by swing浮运架桥法erecting by floating顶入法jack-in method围堰cofferdam护筒pile casing隧道tunnel洞门tunnel portal衬砌tunnel lining明洞open cut tunnel围岩surrounding rork隧道建筑限界structural approach limit of runnels 明挖法open cut method矿山法mine tunnelling method盾构法shield tunneling method沉埋法(沉管法）lmmersed tunnel导坑heading隧道支撑tunnel support构件支撑element support喷锚支护lock bolt support with shotcrete 隧道通风tunnel ventilation隧道照明tunnel lighting养护maintenance定期养护periodical maintenance巡回养护patrol maintenance大中修周期maintenance period小修保养routine maintenance中修intermediate maintenance大修heavy maintenance改善工程road inprovement抢修emergency repair of road加固strengthening of structure回砂sand sweeping罩面overlay of pavement路面翻修pavement recapping路向补强pavement strengthening车辙rutting路面搓板surface corrugation路面网裂net-shaped cracking路面龟裂alligator cracking路面碎裂pavement spalling反射裂缝reflection crack路面坑槽pot holes 路面冻胀surface frost heave路面沉陷pavement depression路面滑溜surface slipperiness露骨suiface angularity啃边edge failure泛油bleeding拥包upheaval拱胀blow up错台faulting of slab ends错位slab staggering滑坡slide坍方land slide崩塌collapse碎落debris avalanche沉降settlement沉陷subsidence泥石流mud avalanche（振动）液化liquefaction翻浆frost boiling岩溶karst沙害sand hazard雪害snow hazard水毁washout好路率rate of good road养护质量综合值general tating of maintenancequality路容road appearance路况road condition路况调查road condition survey路政管理rlad administration民工建勤civilian labourers working onpublic project养路费toll of road maintenance养路道班maintenance gang粒料granular material集料（骨料）aggregate矿料mineral aggregate矿粉mineral powder砂sand砾石gravel砂砾sand gravel卵石cobble stone碎石broken stone,crushed stone片石rubble块石block stone料石dressed stone石屑chip工业废渣industrial solid waste结合料binder有机结合料organic binding agent沥青bitumen地沥青asphalt天然沥青natural asphalt石油沥青petroleum asphalt煤沥青coal tar乳化沥青emulsified bitumen氧化沥青oxidized asphalt路用沥青road bitumen无机结合料inorganic binding agent粉煤灰fly ash混合料mixture沥青混合料bituminous mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam mixture 沥青砂asphalt sand沥青膏asphalt mastic水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土cement concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力（钢筋)混凝土prestressed concrete早强混凝土early strength concrete干硬性混凝土dry concrete贫混凝土lean concrete轻质混凝土light-wehght concrete纤维混凝土fibrous concrete外掺剂admixture减水剂water reducing agent加气剂air entraining agent早强剂early strength agent缓凝剂retarder钢筋steel bar预应力钢材prestressing steel高强钢丝high tensile steel wire钢铰线stranded steel wire冷拉钢筋cold-stretched steel bar冷拔钢丝cold—drawn steel wire高强螺栓high strength bolt空隙率porosity孔隙比void ratio粒径grain size颗粒组成grain composition细度fineness筛分sieve analysis级配gradation级配曲线grading curve最佳级配optimum gradation含水量water content 最佳含水量optimum water content稠度界限consistency limit液限liquid limit塑限plastic limit缩限shrinkage limit塑性指数plasticity index水泥标号cement mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mark水泥混凝土配合比proportioning of cement concrete 水灰比water cement ratio和易性workabillty坍落度slump硬化hardening水硬性hydraulicity气硬性air hardening离析segregation徐变creep老化ageing(沥青)稠度consistency （of bitumen)针入度penetration粘(滞）度viscosity软化点softening point延度ductility闪点flash point溶解度dissolubility热稳性hot stability水稳性water stability油石化asphalt—aggregate ratio含油率bitumen content压碎率rate of crushing磨耗率abrasiveness弹性模量modulus of elasticity回弹模量modulus of resilience劲度（模量) stiffness modulus模量比modulus ratio泊松比poisson’s ratio疲劳试验fatigue test劈裂试验splitting test三轴试验triaxial test击实试验compaction test触探试验cone penetration test弯沉试验deflection test环道试验circular track test承载板试验loading plate test透水性试验perviousness test车辙试验wheel tracking test马歇尔试验Marshall stability test压实度试验compactness test铺砂法sand patch method硬练胶砂强度试验earth-dry mortar strength –test 软练胶砂强度试验plastic mortar strength—test (水泥）安定性试验soundness test（of cement）击实仪compaction test equipment长杆贯入仪penetration test equipment承载板loading plate杠杆完沉仪beam lever deflectometer路面曲率半径测定仪surface-curvature apparatus路面平整度测定仪viameter路面透水度测定仪surface permeameter五轮仪fifth—wheel tester制动仪skiddometer速度检测器speed detector万能试验机universal testing machine三轴（剪切)仪triaxial shear ratiotester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪California bearingratiotester标准筛standard sieves（沥青）针入度仪penetrometer（沥青)粘度仪viscosimeter(沥青）延度仪ductilometer(沥青）软化点仪(环—球法）softening pointtester（ringball method)闪点仪(开口杯式) flash point tester（open cupmethod)马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability apparatus （沥青混合料）抽提机bitumen extractor砂浆稠度仪mortar penetration tester坍落度圆锥筒slump cone标准工业粘度计standard concrete consistometer 饱和面干吸水率试模saturated—surface—duiedmoisture retention tester撞击韧度试验机impact toughness machine圆盘耐磨硬度试验机wear hardness machine狄法尔磨耗试验机Deval abrasion testing machine 洛杉矶磨耗试验机Los Angeles abrasiontestingmachine压碎率试模crushing strength tester单斗挖掘机single-bucket excavator推土机bulldozer除根机rootdozer铲运机scraper平地机grader挖沟机trencher耕耘机cultivator松土机ripper松土搅拌机pulvi-mixer稳定土拌和机stabilizer凿岩机rock breaker碎石机stone crusher 碎石撒布机stone spreader装载机loader羊足压路机sheep—foot roller手扶式单轮压路机walk behind single drum蛙式打夯机frog rammer内燃夯实机internal comtustion compactor 铁夯(铁撞柱) tamping iron压路机roller振动压路机vibratory roller沥青加热器asphalt heater沥青泵asphalt pump沥青洒布机asphalt sprayer沥青洒布车asphalt distributor沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt paver散装水泥运输车cement deliver truck水泥混凝土混合料拌和设备concrete mixing plant (水泥混凝土混合料）搅拌运输车concrete delivertruck水泥混凝土混合料摊铺机concrete paver振捣器concrete vibrator水泥混凝土混合料整面机concrete finisher真空泵vacuum pump水泥混凝土路面切缝机concrete joint cutter水泥混凝土路面锯缝机concrete saw水泥混凝土路面清缝机concrete joint cleaner水泥混凝土路面填缝机concrete joint sealer水泵pump泥浆泵mud pump张拉钢筋油泵prestressed steel bar drawing oil pump 砂浆泵mortar pump水泥混凝土混合料泵concrete pump钢筋切断机bar shear钢筋冷轧机cold—rolling mill钢筋冷拉机steel stretcher钢筋冷拔机steel bar cold-extrudingmachine钢筋冷镦机steel bar heading press machine 钢筋拉伸机steel extension machine钢筋弯曲机steel bar bender钢筋调直机steel straighten machine对焊机butt welder钻孔机boring machine打桩机pile driver拔桩机pile extractor千斤顶jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶prestressed steel bar drawingjack手拉葫芦chain block起重葫芦hoisting block卷扬机hoister缆索吊装设备cableway erecting equipment 起重机crane架桥机bridge erection equipment砂筒sand cylinder盾构shield全气压盾构compressed air shield半盾构roof shield隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine全断面隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine for fullcection喷枪shotcrete equipment装碴机mucker盾构千斤顶main jack拉合千斤顶pull-in jacks复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer路面铣削机pavemill回砂车sand sweeping equipment除雪机snow plough装雪机snow loader洗净剂喷布车detergent spray truck清扫车sweeper洒水车water truck划标线机line maker振动筛vibrating screen撒布机spreader输送机conveyer提升机elevator翻斗车dump—body car自卸汽车dumping wagon牵引车tow truck拖车头tractor truck挂车trailer平板车flat truck工程车shop truck万能杆件fabricated universal steel members 交通规划traffic rules交通事故traffic accident交通事故率traffic accident rate人口事故率population accident rate车辆事故率vehicle accident rate运行事故率operating accident rate交通控制traffic control中央控制台central control unit点控制spot control线控制line control面控制area control交通信号traffic signal交通信号灯traffic signal lamp 信号周期signal cycle绿信比split ratio信号相位signal phase相位差phase difference 绿波green wave交通监视系统traffic surveillance 交通公害vehicular pollution。
专业英语(土木工程 路桥方向)李嘉 第三版 翻译
1、土木工程中的各种业务1、土木工程中的各种业务Engineering is a prof ession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the examination f or a lawyer, bef ore they can actively start on their careers.工程是一种专业，这就是说工程师必须受过专业大学教育。
许多政府管辖部门还有（一套）认证程序，这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始他们的职业生涯之前，通过（认证）考试, 这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。
In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout theengineering curriculum, but particularly in the f irst two or three years. Mathematic is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classif ying, and using numerical data, or pieces of inf ormation. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are dif f erent f actors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Bef ore the construction of a bridge is undertaken, f or example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traf f ic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variable such as water pressure on the f oundation, impact, the ef f ects of dif f erent wind f orces, and many other f actors must be considered.大学里,工科课程中着重强调数学、物理,和化学,尤其在开始的两到三年。
路桥工程专业英语词汇
建设,建筑,修建to build, to construct建筑学architecture修筑,建筑物building房子house摩天大楼skyscraper公寓楼block of flats (美作:apartment block)纪念碑monument宫殿palace庙宇temple皇宫,教堂basilica大教堂cathedral教堂church塔,塔楼tower十层办公大楼ten-storey office block柱column柱列colonnade拱arch市政town planning (美作:city planning)营建许可证,建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地greenbelt建筑物的三面图elevation设计图plan比例尺scale预制to prefabricate挖土,掘土excavation基foundations, base, subgrade打地基to lay the foundations砌好的砖列course of bricks脚手架scaffold, scaffolding质量合格证书certification of fitness 原材料raw material底板bottom plate垫层cushion侧壁sidewall中心线center line条形基础strip footing附件accessories型钢profile steel钢板steel plate熔渣slag飞溅welding spatter定位焊tacking引弧generating of arc熄弧quenching of arc焊道welding bead坡口beveled edges外观检查visual inspection重皮double-skin水平方向弧度radian in horizontal direction成型molding直线度straightness accuracy焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion水平度levelness铅垂度verticality翘曲变形buckling deformation角尺angle square对接焊缝butt weld母材parent metal法兰密封面flange sealing surface夹层interlayer表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion concentration挠曲变bending deformation超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination压力容器pressure vessel预制下料prefabrication baiting排版直径set-type diameter焊缝welding line中幅板center plate测量方法measuring method基准点datum mark跳焊skip welding允许偏差allowable variation补强板stiffening plate开孔tapping对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing角钢angle iron安装基准圆installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱hoisting upright column焊接钢管welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋centripetal canting pull rope 带板band plate槽钢胀圈channel steel expansion ring环口collar extension局部变形local distortion环缝circumferential weld顶板top plate拱顶vault顶板加强肋stiffening rib对接butt joint胎具clamping fixture卷板机plate bending rolls中心支架center bearing bracket椭圆度ovality等分线bisectrix搭接宽度lap width点焊spot welding搭接焊overlap welding对称symmetrically螺旋爬梯cockle stairs放料阀baiting valve液位计content gauge芬兰维萨拉Vailsla OY美国美科"Met-coil, USA"集中式空调系统centralized air conditioning system 裙房annex热源heat source平面位置的空间space of planimetric position密封性能sealing performance机房machine room节点timing专业"profession or discipline 都可以,要根据上下文" 连体法兰coupling flange垂直井笼vertical well cage变风量variable air rate施工面展开construction unfolds违约行为noncompliance合同交底- contract presentation管理承包商Management Contractor party工程量work amount实施的形象进度progress of implementation完工资料as-built documentation文整clear-up审核review汽车式起重机Autocrane深化图纸deepen drawing设备配置计划equipment furnishment plan结构预埋配合阶段Structure pre-embedment assistance stage精装修阶段Fine fitment stage工程施工阶段Construction stage工程竣工阶段Completion stage台钻Bench drill冲击钻Churn drill手电钻Electric portable drill砂轮切割机Abrasive cutting off machine角钢卷圆机Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器Pipe cutting machine铜管调直机Copper pipe straightening machine管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes角向磨光机Angle polishing machine电动套丝机Electric threading machine电动卷扬机Electric winch电动试压泵Motor-driven pressure test pump手动试压泵Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机Valve pressure test device阀门试压机Valve pressure test deviceTDC(F)风管加工流水线TDC(F)air ductwork fabrication stream line等离子切割机Plasma cutting machineTDC(F)法兰条成型机TDC(F) flange strip shaping mill勾码成型机Forming machine for flange clampTDC(F)风管加工成型机TDC(F) duct fabrication shaping mill 多普勒超声波流量检测仪Doppler ultrasonic flow detector 温、湿度传感器"Temperature, humidity senor"精密声级计Precision sound level meter风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置"Duct air leakage tester, airchamber air leakage testing device"风罩式风量测试仪Air hood air rate tester微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪"Micromanometer , pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope"潜水泵Submerged pump电动弯管机Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机Copper pipe bender液压弯管机Hydraulic pipe bender电动剪刀Electric clipper液压铆钉钳Hydraulic riveting clamp线槽电锯Trunking electric saw开孔器Tapper电动空压机Electric air compressor液压千斤顶Hydraulic jack液压手推车Hydraulic trolley焊条烘干箱Welding rod drying box手拉葫芦Chain block道（垫）木Sleeper转速表Tachometer电流钳型表Clip-style ammeter压力表Pressure gauge接地电阻测试仪Earthing resistance testing device 氧气表Oxygen gauge乙炔表Acetylene gauge对讲机Walkie talkie文件和资料documents and information?建设单位Construction unit安装单位Installation unit。
专业英语[土木工程专业(路桥方向)]
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Lesson 1 Careers in Civil EngineeringMany civil engineers, among them the top people in the field work in design. As we have seen ,civil engineers work on many diferent kinds of structures , so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind . In designing buildings ,engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firm.Dams, bridges, water supply systems and other large project ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a system enginneer who is in charge of the entire project . In many cases engineers from other disciplines are involved .In dam project , for example , electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases , civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field ; in the space program , for instance ,civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities .Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible . Safty factors must also be taken into account , since construction can be very dangerous . Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.11许多土木工程师在设计领域工作,他们中的许多人是这个行业的佼佼者。
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Lesson9线形设计竖直曲线和水平曲线的布置组成了高速公路的线形，竖曲线包括直的纵坡线和连接纵坡线的抛物线.平曲线包括直线段和连接它们并改变方向的圆曲线段.线形的设计主要依赖于高速公路设计速度的选择，与自然地形相符合的线形造价最小。
通常这种情况是不可能的，然而，因为设计师必须遵循一定的设计标准，而这些标准也许并不能适应地形○1，重要的是既定部分的线形必须遵循一致的标准来避免高速路在竖直和水平定线时产生突变，同样，竖曲线和平曲线在设计是要相互补充协调，，这样才能设计出一条安全的和更有吸引力的高速公路。
为了达到这一点，一个应该考虑的因素是适当地保持直线坡度和平曲线曲率的平衡，处理好平曲线和竖曲线间的相互位置。
例如，在较大半径的陡坡上设置平曲线是一种较差的设计，同理，如果在一个明显的凸形竖曲线的顶部或附近设置小半径平曲线，或在明显的凹形竖曲线底部或附近设置小半径平曲线，，这将导致这里是一个危险部分。
因而在初步设计阶段把竖曲线和平曲线的协调综合考虑是很重要的。
高速公路的竖向线形是有被称之为纵坡或切线的直线部分和与之相连的竖曲线组成，因而竖向线形的设计包括直线部分合适坡度的选择和竖曲线的设计。
路线所穿越区域的地形对书香线形设计有极其重要的影响。
坡度对重交通路线的影响必须被考虑，，如果是陡坡或长坡会使重交通车辆的车速降低很快，注意到陡坡不仅影响重车的性能还影响轿车的性能，为了限制坡度对车辆的影响，任何高速路的最大坡度都应明智选择。
高速公路的最大坡度取决于设计速度和设计车辆，普遍认为4%--5%的坡度对小客车的影响不大或没有影响，除非是重量与功率比比较高的车，例如那些小型车和微型车。
○2当坡度大于5%时，客车在上坡时速度进一步降低在下坡时进一步增加，坡度对卡车的影响大于对客车的影响，广泛的研究结果表明，卡车在下坡时速度增加5%，而在上坡时减小接近7%，这取决于坡度比例和坡长。
最大坡度的确立依据是高速公路上的设计车辆的操作性能，最大坡度的变化范围从设计时速70英里时的5%到设计时速为30英里时的7%-12%,这取决于高速公路的类型。
另一方面，当坡长不足500英尺时，且下坡方向为单向路线时，最大纵坡或许可以提高1%-2%，特别是在交通量较低的乡村道路。
最小纵坡取决于排水条件，零坡度的道路被用在有足够横坡足以排尽路表水的路段，当路面有限定时，纵坡应能排尽纵向流动的路表水，在这种情况下习惯上选用最小0.5%的坡度，有时，在有合适路拱和硬地的高等级路面建设中，这个坡度可能会被减小到0.3%。
竖曲线通常用于直线纵坡间的逐渐过渡以利于车辆平顺的通过高速路，这些竖曲线通常是抛物线形的，竖曲线的最小长度的选定取决于所选抛物线的特性，竖曲线分凸形和凹形竖曲线。
竖曲线的设计应满足的主要标准有：能提供最小的停车视距，要有充足的排水，行车舒适，外观良好。
凸形竖曲线仅需满足第一条标准，而凹形竖曲线四条标准都要满足。
水平线形有直线和平曲线组成，平曲线通常是被分割的圆曲线，他有一定的半径可使车辆平顺的通过。
因此，水平线性的设计必须确定最小半径，曲线长度，以及计算从切线到曲线的平面支距，以有助于曲线的定线，○4在有些情况下，为了避免直线段的曲率半径无限大到圆曲线段曲率半径为一定值之间的突变，通常需要在他们之间插入一段曲率半径逐渐变化的曲线，这种曲线称之为回旋线或缓和曲线。
有四种类型的水平曲线：简单曲线，复曲线，反向曲线，回旋线。
简单曲线是圆弧的一段,然而复曲线由两条或两条以上的转向相同的连续曲线组成，任何两条曲线都有一个相同的切点，，这些曲线可用来获取较理想的水平线形，特别是在立体交叉处，交叉匝道，特殊地形区情况下的高速公路，为了避免线形的突变，任何两条依次相连的简单曲线组成的复曲线半径不宜相差过大，。
美国公路学会建议，在交叉路口复曲线半径的最大半径和最小半径之比不能超过2：1，在这里司机可以适应曲率和速度的突变,让人满意的立体交叉道的最大比率为1.75:1.虽然2:1也被使用。
为使大曲率曲线与急弯曲线间平缓过度，并使曲线半径的减小有一个合理的渐变率，每条曲线的长度不能太短。
反向曲线通常是由两条半径相等且具有同一切点转向相反的简单曲线组成，他们经常用于高速路的线形改变。
反向曲线很少被推荐使用是因为突变的线形是司机感到很难在同一车到驾驶，如果有必要设计反向线形，合理的设计是由简单曲线组成，中间插入一段有足够长度的直线以达到全超高。
○5作为一种选择，简单曲线或许被等效长度的回旋线隔开。
缓和曲线设置在直线段与圆曲线段之间或两个不同半径的圆曲线之间，缓和曲线的作用是在车辆进入或离开圆曲线时为车辆提供一个逐渐增加或降低的向心力，设置直线段与圆曲线之间的缓和曲线的曲率由直线段末端的0变化到圆曲线段的接点时与圆曲线同样的曲率，当要设置两个圆曲线时，缓和曲线的曲率从与一个圆曲线相同的曲率变化到与第二个圆曲线相同的曲率。
Lesson10 立体交叉与互通式立体交叉路口的平面交叉可以通过立体分离结构消除，使过往交通在不同高度通行而没有相互干扰，这种分离的优点是避免了交叉冲突，节省时间和提高了交通通行的安全性。
立体分离和立交可能被采用在（1）作为高速公路的一部分缓解大交通量（2）消除瓶颈（3）减少事故（4）受地形限制其他设计不可行时（5）车流量很大，采用平面交叉会超过合理尺寸（6）当用路在平面交叉口减少耽搁的利益超过了升级费用。
立交桥是一个立体分离式交叉口，车辆可沿一个方向行驶通过相连的道路改变方向，这些相连的道路被称为匝道。
英国采用许多立交桥和匝道的类型和形式，它们有：T型和Y型立交桥，单象限立交桥，菱形立交桥，单点立交桥部分苜蓿叶立交桥和全苜蓿叶立交桥，定向式立交。
图10.1展示了在三路叉口立交的典型设计，通过提供大转弯半径，立交的几何尺寸可以被改变成特定的形式，去适应选址的地形。
已发现喇叭形立交适合正交或倾斜的十字路口。
图10.1a）显示了通过提供一个半直接式匝道支持左转。
图10.1b)表明了一个十字路口的转弯到哪儿都采用这种方式。
图10.1描述了一个单象限立交桥的例子，这种结构能方便减少靠近两条主干线交叉处的冲突，然而，低速设计使他不能满足自由道路的条件。
这种形式的立交适合没有太多车的小交通量位置，如公园道路立交。
菱形立交可适用城乡使用。
主要的交通流立体分离，而进入和驶离次要交通流的转弯运行与次要交通流上的直行交通分流和合流运行。
○1只有小交通流直行有交叉。
在农村地区，这通常是可以接受的，由于在小交通流中式轻型车辆。
在城市地区，交叉口通常要求信号控制，防止严重干扰匝道交通和交通路口主要干道大街。
交叉路应该这样设计：设置的信号不能降低主要街道的通行能力。
○2为了达到这个目的，在交流区域扩大主干道可能是必要的。
在设计匝道时，必须仔细考虑保证等候离开匝道的车辆将不会阻塞主要车流的直行车道。
○3菱形立交的一个缺点是可能存在非法错路转弯，这会导致严重事故。
如果交叉口的几何特征导致这些转弯，设计者可以采用渠化交通，附加标志和地面标识。
有种更新型的叫单象限立交桥。
所有直行和左转车流都集中到一个单一的信号交叉口，来替代像寻常其他立交上可以找到的两个分离交叉口。
这样设计的优点是：所有交叉车流可以被单一信号所服务，通过这个交叉口至多需要停一次。
单象限立交桥的支持者们宣布：它可以提供改良过的车流更安全的操作，相比其他的立体交叉结构，可以减少对路权的需求。
单象限立交桥要求交叉路的司机非常依赖引导指示，路面标线，车道用途标志。
为了安全驾驶通过交叉口区域。
设计者们将需要特别留意，以确保交叉口设施的完善。
有时可采用部分苜蓿叶式和全苜蓿叶式立交桥来代替菱形立交桥。
车辆可以在交叉口之前或之后离开主要车流方向，这依赖于各个象限的分布。
对于菱形立交而言，次要道路平面交叉优先存在，非法转弯的可能性被降低。
对任意方向的主要道路提供驶入匝道，次要道路的左转交通就被消除。
更为常见的立交时全苜蓿叶式立交，它可以被用于非正式设计，可以消除所有车辆方向包括主要车流和次要车流的平面交叉。
匝道可以是单向车道，双向分离车道，双向无分隔车道。
尽量消除所有平面交叉，但是苜蓿叶式立交也有缺点（1）设计布局需要很大的地面空间（2）减速车辆希望使出直行车道必须与进入直行车道的加速车辆相交。
使用集合分离车道可以克服这两个缺点。
集合分离车道有一定的操作布置优势。
当高速行驶时，大量设施时一个紧张的司机可以根据大量的设施采取一个决定。
第二个决定，例如，高速的设施继续向南或继续向北。
定向式立交被用于一条高速公路并入或交叉另一条高速公路。
这种立交与众不同的特点是采用高速通过，采用大半径曲线或匝道。
定向式立交对土地的需求很大。
以防在转弯时运动空间过小。
设计速度应减小和支路通过一个圈产生效果达到目的。
现在，定向立交的实践与左手出入口匝道有关的实践操作问题。
大多数司机希望高速的出口和入口都在右边。
当这些期望受得不到满足时，混乱，不稳定，事故就会发生。
10-1i图的设计是一个定向式立交，这种立交使得希望右转的驾驶者向右转，希望左转的向左转。
一个驾驶员当他接近第一个出口时，必须作出决定（1）他打算从这个出口离开高速（2）或者他的目的是向右（东）或者向左（西）。
面对这样的立交配置司机可能在右边车道上决定他必须向西才能达到他的目的。
他为了从左边出口出去要面对通过几条车道的高速交通。
设计图10.1j是一个在北行的司机在很短时间内作出决定首选地单一出口。
司机到右边出口，然后决定是否继续向右还是向左。
或者以较低速度减少拥挤在出口匝道。