网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建外文翻译大学毕业论文英文文献翻译
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
如何进行大学毕业论文的外文翻译与引用
如何进行大学毕业论文的外文翻译与引用大学毕业论文是学生完成学业的关键性任务之一，而在撰写论文时，外文翻译与引用是不可避免的环节。
如何进行准确、规范的外文翻译与引用，对于提高论文质量和可信度至关重要。
本文将介绍如何进行大学毕业论文的外文翻译与引用，旨在提供参考和指导。
一、外文翻译1. 确定翻译需求：在开始外文翻译工作之前，需要确定哪些外文文献是需要翻译的。
审视毕业论文的需求，明确哪些内容需要外文翻译，并制定相应的计划。
2. 寻找合适的翻译资料：选择合适的翻译资料是确保翻译准确性和可信度的重要一步。
优先选择权威性的外文期刊、学术文献和专业书籍等，确保翻译的内容与自己的研究方向和论文题目相符。
3. 了解翻译要求：在进行外文翻译之前，需要了解论文所在学院或指导教师对翻译的具体要求。
例如，是否要求逐字逐句翻译，还是根据自己的理解进行意译，对参考文献的翻译是否需要加注标注等。
了解翻译要求能够帮助你更好地完成任务。
4. 深入理解原文内容：在翻译时，要充分理解原文的意思，尽量还原作者的原意。
通过阅读原文多次，结合词典或翻译软件可以解决一些困难的词汇或句子。
同时，根据自己的研究目标和论文需求，可以注重翻译原文中的重点部分。
5. 注意语言表达和格式：在翻译中，要注意语言表达的规范性和准确性，并尽量使用学术性和专业性的语言。
此外，还要注意翻译中的格式问题，如文献引用格式、标点符号的使用等。
二、外文引用1. 确定引用需求：在撰写毕业论文过程中，外文引用是支撑自己研究的重要依据。
在选择外文引用时，要结合自己的研究目标，选取有助于论证和支撑自己观点的文献，确保引用的内容与自己的论文主题相契合。
2. 引用格式准确：外文引用需要按照学术规范和论文要求进行，确保引用格式的准确性。
根据不同的学术领域和论文所在学院的要求，选择适合的引用风格，如APA、MLA或Chicago等。
3. 注重引言与解读：在引用他人观点时，要注重引言和解读。
基于web的学生成绩与管理系统计算机毕业设计英文文献及中文翻译
文档从互联网中收集，已重新修正排版，word格式支持编辑，如有帮助欢迎下载支持。
实用文档毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学专JA V A programming language and JA V A platform The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services .Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to preventcross-corruption and improve security.The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developers no longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Everybody is probably familiar with eBay and Amazon have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites.You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code.Amazon has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, listprice, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision.Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals and Knowledge Management Systems are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an applicationso that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supportsJ2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EEinfrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBs designed for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on data from diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API.Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language, the time needed for application development is minimal.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringingtogether data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems.Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages.ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
选课系统英文作文
选课系统英文作文英文：Choosing courses is an important part of college life. As a student, I have experienced the process of selecting courses several times. In my opinion, a good course selection system should have several key features.Firstly, it should be user-friendly. The system should be easy to navigate and understand, with clear instructions and helpful feedback. This will ensure that students can make informed decisions about their course choices.Secondly, the system should be efficient. It should be able to handle a large volume of students and courses without crashing or experiencing delays. This will save students time and frustration, and ensure that they can select the courses they need without any issues.Finally, the system should be flexible. It should allowstudents to make changes to their course selections iftheir circumstances change, such as if they need to drop a course or switch to a different one. This will give students more control over their academic experience and help them to achieve their goals.In my experience, the best course selection systems are those that combine these features. For example, my college uses an online system that is easy to use, efficient, and flexible. I can easily search for courses by subject, time, and instructor, and the system provides me with feedback on my choices. If I need to make changes to my selections, I can do so quickly and easily.Overall, I believe that a good course selection system is essential for a successful college experience. It helps students to make informed decisions, saves them time and frustration, and gives them more control over their academic journey.中文：选课是大学生活中重要的一部分。
基于jsp的高校选排课系统的设计与实现生(外文翻译学士学位论文
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：基于JSP的高校选排课系统的设计与实现外文题目：Overview of JSP Technology译文题目：JSP技术概述学院：软件学院专业：软件工程学生姓名：学生班级：软件工程1102班学生学号：指导教师：Overview of JSP TechnologyAutor: Zambon Giulio/ Sekler MichaelSource: Springer-Verlag New York Inc1.Benefits of JSPJSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which you choose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone: It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.2. Advantages of JSP Over Competing TechnologiesA number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend."Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, ColdFusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did..So, the question becomes: why use JSP instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone should. Several of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some situations. In other situations, however, JSP is clearly better. Here are a few of the reasons.2.1Versus .NET and Active Server Pages (ASP)NET is well-designed technology from Microsoft. is the part that directly competes with servlets and JSP. The advantages of JSP are two fold.First, JSP is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers; you aren't locked into deploying on Windows and IIS. Although the core .NET platform runs on a few non-Windows platforms, the ASP part does not. You cannot expect to deploy serious applications on multiple servers and operating systems. For some applications, this difference does not matter. Forothers, it matters greatly.Second, for some applications the choice of the underlying language matters greatly. For example, although .NET's C# language is very well designed and is similar to Java, fewer programmers are familiar with either the core C# syntax or the many auxiliary libraries. In addition, many developers still use the original version of ASP. With this version, JSP has a clear advantage for the dynamic code. With JSP, the dynamic part is written in Java, not VBScript or another ASP-specific language, so JSP is more powerful and better suited to complex applications that require reusable components.You could make the same argument when comparing JSP to the previous version of ColdFusion; with JSP you can use Java for the "real code" and are not tied to a particular server product. However, the current release of ColdFusion is within the context of a J2EE server, allowing developers to easily mix ColdFusion and servlet/JSP code.2.2 Versus PHPPHP (a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor") is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that is somewhat similar to both ASP and JSP. One advantage of JSP is that the dynamic part is written in Java, which already has an extensive API for networking, database access, distributed objects, and the like, whereas PHP requires learning an entirely new, less widely used language. A second advantage is that JSP is much more widely supported by tool and server vendors than is PHP.2.3 Versus Pure ServletsJSP doesn't provide any capabilities that couldn't, in principle, be accomplished with servlets. In fact, JSP documents are automatically translated into servlets behind the scenes. But it is more convenient to write (and to modify!) regular HTML than to use a zillion println statements to generate the HTML. Plus, by separating the presentation from the content, you can put different people on different tasks: your Web page design experts can build the HTML by using familiar tools and either leave places for your servlet programmers to insert the dynamic content or invoke the dynamic content indirectly by means of XML tags.Does this mean that you can just learn JSP and forget about servlets? Absolutely not! JSPdevelopers need to know servlets for four reasons:JSP pages get translated into servlets. You can't understand how JSP works without understanding servlets.JSP consists of static HTML, special-purpose JSP tags, and Java code. What kind of Java code? Servlet code! You can't write that code if you don't understand servlet programming.Some tasks are better accomplished by servlets than by JSP. JSP is good at generating pages that consist of large sections of fairly well structured HTML or other character data. Servlets are better for generating binary data, building pages with highly variable structure, and performing tasks (such as redirection) that involve little or no output.Some tasks are better accomplished by a combination of servlets and JSP than by either servlets or JSP alone.2.4 ersus JavaScriptJavaScript, which is completely distinct from the Java programming language, is normally used to dynamically generate HTML on the client, building parts of the Web page as the browser loads the document. This is a useful capability and does not normally overlap with the capabilities of JSP (which runs only on the server). JSP pages still include SCRIPT tags for JavaScript, just as normal HTML pages do. In fact, JSP can even be used to dynamically generate the JavaScript that will be sent to the client. So, JavaScript is not a competing technology; it is a complementary one.It is also possible to use JavaScript on the server, most notably on Sun ONE (formerly iPlanet), IIS, and BroadVision servers. However, Java is more powerful, flexible, reliable, and portable.3. Misconceptions About JSPForgetting JSP Is Server-Side Technology,Here are some typical questions Marty has received (most of them repeatedly).Our server is running JDK 1.4. So, how do I put a Swing component in a JSP page?How do I put an image into a JSP page? I do not know the proper Java I/O commands to read image files.Since Tomcat does not support JavaScript,how do I make images that are highlighted when the user moves the mouse over them?Our clients use older browsers that do not understand JSP. What should we do?When our clients use "View Source" in a browser, how can I prevent them from seeing the JSP tags?All of these questions are based upon the assumption that browsers know something about the server-side process. But they do not. Thus:For putting applets with Swing components into Web pages, what matters is the browser's Java version—the server's version is irrelevant. If the browser supports the Java 2 platform, you use the normal APPLET (or Java plug-in) tag and would do so even if you were using non-Java technology on the server.You do not need Java I/O to read image files; you just put the image in the directory for Web resources (i.e., two levels up from WEB-INF/classes) and output a normal IMG tag.You create images that change under the mouse by using client-side JavaScript, referenced with the SCRIPT tag; this does not change just because the server is using JSP.Browsers do not "support" JSP at all—they merely see the output of the JSP page. So, make sure your JSP outputs HTML compatible with the browser, just as you would do with static HTML pages.And, of course you need not do anything to prevent clients from seeing JSP tags; those tags are processed on the server and are not part of the output that is sent to the client.Confusing Translation Time with Request Time,A JSP page is converted into a servlet. The servlet is compiled, loaded into the server's memory, initialized, and executed. But which step happens when? To answer that question, remember two points: The JSP page is translated into a servlet and compiled only the first time it is accessed after having been modified.Loading into memory, initialization, and execution follow the normal rules for servlets.The most frequently misunderstood entries are highlighted. When referring to the table, note that servlets resulting from JSP pages use the _jspService method (called for both GET and POST requests), not doGet or doPost. Also, for initialization, they use the jspInit method, not the init method.JSP page translated into servlet Servlet compiled Servlet loaded into server's memory jspInit called _jspService called.JSP技术概述作者:赞邦.朱利奥/赛克勒.迈克尔出处: 施普林格出版社（纽约公司）1.JSP的好处JSP页面最终会转换成服务程序。
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA)1.T he challenges facing businessesAlthough a large number of IT capital investment, but many companies have found that most of the critical network resources and information assets remain in the free state. In fact, can not have hundreds of "orphaned" applications and databases communicate with each other is a common business phenomenon.This is partly due to growing internal and external customers, but due to unpredictable demand. Many companies have been forced to rapidly deploy new technologies, often leading to the deployment of a plurality of discrete systems, and thus can not effectively share information across the organization. For example, if you do not create the applications and information together various overlapping networks, sales, customer service or purchasing department will not be able to easily access customer records. Many companies have found that the blind expansion brought them multiple underutilized and irreconcilable separation systems and resources. These disparate systems while also difficult to manage and expensive to administer.2. Intelligent Information Network - The Cisco AdvantageCisco Systems, Inc. ® With the Intelligent Information Network (IIN) program, is helping global IT organizations solve these problems and meet new challenges, such as the deployment of service-oriented architecture, Web services and virtualization. IIN elaborated network in terms of promoting the development of integrated hardware and software, which will enable organizations to better align IT resources with business priorities. By intelligent built into the existing network infrastructure, IIN will help organizations achieve lower infrastructure complexity and cost advantages.3. Power NetworksInnovative IT environment focused on by traditional server-based system to distributenew business applications. However, the network is still transparent connectivity and support IT infrastructure platform for all components. Cisco ® Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA), enterprises can optimize applications, processes and resources to achieve greater business benefits. By providing better network capabilities and intelligence, companies can improve the efficiency of network-related activities, as well as more funds for new strategic investments and innovation.Standardization reduces the amount of assets needed to support the same operating costs, thereby improving asset efficiency. Virtualization optimizes the use of assets, physical resources can be divided logically for use in all sectors of the dispersion. Improve the efficiency of the entire network can enhance the flexibility and scalability, and then have a huge impact on business development, customer loyalty and profits - thereby enhancing their competitive advantage.4. Use architecture to succeedCisco SONA framework illustrates how companies should develop into intelligent information network to accelerate applications, business processes and resources, and to IT to provide enterprises with better service.Cisco SONA Cisco and Cisco partner solutions in the industry, services and experience to provide proven, scalable business solutions.Cisco SONA framework illustrates how to build on the full integration of the intelligent network integration system, in order to greatly improve the flexibility and efficiency.Enterprises can deploy this integrated intelligence among the entire network, including data centers, branch offices and campus environments.4-1 Cisco Service-Oriented Network ArchitectureApplication layer business applications collaborative applicationsInteractive Services Layer Application Networking Services Adaptive Management ServicesInfrastructure ServicesNetwork infrastructure virtualizationNetwork infrastructure layer Park branch office data center WAN / MAN teleworkers Client server storageIntelligent Information Network5. Three levels of Cisco SONANetwork infrastructure layer, where all the IT resources on the Internet converged network platformInteractive services layer, the use of network infrastructure, applications and business processes efficient allocation of resourcesApplication layer, contains business applications and collaboration applications, take advantage of the efficiency of interactive servicesIn the network infrastructure layer of Cisco's proven enterprise architecture provides comprehensive design guide that provides a comprehensive, integrated end-system design guidelines for your entire network.In the interactive services layer, Cisco will integrate a full-service intelligent systems to optimize the distribution business and collaboration applications, thereby providing more predictable, more reliable performance, while reducing operating costs.At the application layer, through deep integration with the network fabric, Cisco application networking solutions without having to install the client or change the application, the entire application delivery while maintaining application visibility and security.6. Build business advantage of Cisco SONASimpler, more flexible, integrated infrastructure will provide greater flexibility and adaptability, and thus a lower cost for higher commercial returns. Use Cisco SONA, you will be able to improve overall IT efficiency and utilization, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of IT, we call network multiplicative effect.7. Network amplification effectZoom effect refers to the network to help enterprises enhance the contribution of IT across the enterprise through Cisco SONA. Optimal efficiency and use IT resources will be more low-cost to produce higher impact on the business, so that your network of value-added resources become profitable.Network amplification effect is calculated as follows:Efficiency = Cost ÷ IT assets (IT assets cost + operating costs)Utilization percentage (such as the percentage of available storage being used) assets to total assets used =Effectiveness = Efficiency x usageAsset Effectiveness Network amplifying effect = assets ÷ efficacy when using the Cisco SONA when not in use Cisco SONA8. Investment incomeCisco Advantage Cisco SONA in intelligent systems is not only to improve efficiency and reduce costs. By Cisco SONA, through the power of your network can achieve:Increase in income and opportunityImproved customer relationsImprove business resiliency and flexibilityIncrease productivity and efficiency and reduce costs9. Real-Time DevelopmentBy Cisco SONA toward more intelligent integrated network development, enterprises can be completed in phases: integration, standardization, virtualization and automation. Working with Cisco channel partner or customer groups, you can use the Cisco SONA framework to develop a blueprint for the development of enterprises. With rich experience in Cisco Lifecycle Management Services, a leading position in the field of standardization, mature enterprise architecture and create targeted industry solutions, Cisco account team can help you meet business requirements in real time.10.The development of the Intelligent Information NetworkRole of the network is evolving. Tomorrow's intelligent network will provide more than basic connectivity, bandwidth and application user access services, which will provide end functionality and centralized control, to achieve true enterprise transparency and flexibility.Cisco SONA enables enterprises to extend their existing infrastructure, towards the development of intelligent network to accelerate applications and improve business processes. Cisco provides design, support and financing services to maximize your return on investment.服务导向网络架构(SONA)1．企业面临的挑战尽管投入大量IT资金，但许多企业发现大多数的关键网络资源和信息资产仍处于游离状态。
计算机网络技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译网站建设技术1.介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分。
Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇。
随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快。
近几年网页设计发展,快得人目不暇接。
随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线。
要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。
在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。
2、网站的定义2.1 如何定义网站确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。
为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题。
要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。
其次,保持网站的高品质。
在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。
一个优秀的网站应具备：（1）用户访问网站的速度要快；（2）注意反馈与更新。
及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求；（3）首页设计要合理。
首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。
2.2 网站的内容和功能在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。
网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。
确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。
我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。
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网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建外文翻译大学毕业论文英文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译2017届文献、资料题目：网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：计算机科学与技术班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.14网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建Key Techniques for Web Course-Choosing System Design andConstructionEric T. Freeman / Elisabeth RobsonO'Reilly Media,Nanyang 473004,China 2008-05, TP311.52.摘要学生选课是学分制管理制度改革的核心。
目前，各企业及高校已经研制出的网上选课系统，或因管理模式不同或因系统通用性不强，使得直接投入使用有相当大的困难，为适应南阳理工学院学分制管理制度的改革需要，自主研发了网上选课系统。
给出了网上选课系统设计的三个关键技术：面向对象、系统安全、数据优化，并利用JSP技术构建了网上选课系统，实现了数据录入、查询检索、报表统计等功能。
为整体认识和解决基于学分制网上选课系统的结构方案设计，解决设计中的各种实际问题提供了技术、方法和手段的支持，也为全面系统地实现学分制教学管理模式的构建奠定了基础。
关键词：Web course-choosing / system design / key techniques / construction 引言网上选课是学分制教学管理的重要组成部分，其特点可以概括为培养模式的多样性、学习内容的选择性、学习进程的自主性、学习时间与空间的灵活性等。
灵活性的大量增加严重冲击传统的教学管理模式，手工处理方式已不能适应新的管理模式，各高校都在探索研究适应新的教学管理模式的网上选课系统。
目前各高校自主研发的系统因紧密结合所在院校的教学管理模式，所以软件通用性不高，往往仅适用于所在高校。
企业开发的软件通用性虽强，但后期维护及二次开发比较困难。
基于上述原因，南阳理工学院自主研发了基于学分制教务管理的网上选课系统。
1 网上选课系统需求分析1．1 学生用户对选课系统功能需求分析学生要求在规定的选课时间段内，登录系统进行选课、补选，在选课过程中能够查询本专业教学计划、任课教师的科研情况等，选课结束后能够浏览个人课程表等，同时允许学生查阅个人档案及各科成绩。
1．2 教师对选课系统功能需求分析教师能够通过使用该系统，维护自已的科研及档案信息，能够查阅其他教师部分科研情况，能够查询自己的课程安排情况，能够查询所带课程的学生情况，能够对学生成绩进行录入，能够对课程成绩情况进行统计分析，能够查阅专业教学计划及下期教学安排等等。
1．3 管理者对选课系统功能需求分析管理者使用该系统，能够制定各专业教学计划，能够查阅教学任务安排情况，能够查阅全院课表，能够查阅学生及教师的基本情况，能够进行各类统计等等。
2 网上选课系统设计的关键技术与方法2．1 系统设计的过程2．1．1 数据库设计数据库设计是否合理，是软件系统能否顺利运行的关键之处。
网上选课系统通过到省内、外高校认真调研、教学运行全过程追踪等手段实施需求分析，进行E—R模型设计，将系统功能与数据的结构关联起来，并反映在数据库设计过程中。
该系统数据库参照《教育管理信息化标准》，结合我校实际的教务教学管理模式进行设计，同时满足关系数据库的实体完整性、参照完整性、用户定义完整性要求，利用主键和外键实现数据的完整性，利用自定义的约束条件来减少录入的复杂度和出错率，利用触发器机制增强引用完整性和控制数据库的变动，利用存储过程减少数据库开发人员工作量，提高数据库执行速度。
系统的前台与后台共同访问一个数据库服务器，考虑到系统本身大量数据信息(如：学生基本信息、教师基本信息、课程基本信息等40多个)及数据之间的关系，依照关系数据库的3NF范式，尽量做到数据相互依赖但不造成冗余。
2．1．2 服务器配置服务器配置需求(以PC Server为例)：操作系统：Windows 2003、Linux、UnixJava运行环境-Jdk1．3．1应用服务器：Tomcat 4．0以上数据库服务器：SQL Server 2000、Oracle 8i&Oracle 9i、Mysql3．23PCServer硬件需求：CPU：Intel PIII 800以上(推荐P4 1．6G)内存：512M 以上(推荐1G)硬盘：40G以上(推荐80G)服务器配置后要着重解决服务器的安全问题：(1)利用操作系统安全功能，对操作系统用户、用户组及访问权限等作严格规定，关掉可能导致安全漏洞的服务，如Telnet、FTP、SendMail等；(2)在硬件方面采用磁盘阵列技术，保证服务器端数据的安全性。
2．1．3 客户端开发开发工具选用目前最为流行的网络编程语言JSP，并结合使用JavaBean 和Servlet技术。
其优点在于程序页面一次性编译，大大提高了程序的访问速度，其次是其具备良好的跨平台性。
2．1．4 试运行及发布网上选课分三个阶段，即正常选课、确认选课结果、退补选课。
该系统在2003级本科生中试运行，学生在学院规定的时间内进行填写选课单、选定课程，历时一周。
正常选课结束后，教务处根据正常选课结果，撤销不符合开班条件的课程教学班8个，同时对另外4个课程教学班进行合班。
学生可以在网上选课系统网站上查看被撤课程、补撤教学班的学生名单等信息，确认选课结果。
撤、合班后允许学生改选同一类别的其它课程教学班。
正常选课结果处理完毕后，有143人进行了补选。
教务处管理人员针对补选结果进行处理，对仍有不符合开班条件的教学班进行撤销(即下学期不再开设该门课程)。
学生对选课结果进行确认，可以登录选课系统打印自己课程表。
通过系统试运行，达到学院预定的目标，自2004年起在全院展开。
2．2 设计的关键技术与方法2．2．1 面向对象程序设计技术面向对象程序设计方法是一种支持模块化设计和软件重用的实际可行的编程方法，它的基本思想是封装和可扩展性。
全封装给软件带来了模块性、安全性等优点，因为基本没有数据耦合，对象间没有因操作而产生的边界效应，所以易于维护和修改[ 。
可扩展性给系统留下接口，便于与其他系统的融合，此系统能够与图书馆管理系统、人事管理系统、科研管理系统、财务管理系统、学院办公OA系统等接轨，顺利实现数据的导人导出。
2．2．2 系统安全技术信息安全问题是系统建设的首要问题，网上选课系统中的一些关键信息(如学生成绩、学籍信息等)的安全是至关重要的，必须在系统建设的设计阶段制定可靠的安全策略。
本系统从网络通讯、服务器安全、数据库管理系统、系统程序、计算机病毒的防治等五个方面提供安全保障：(1)网络通讯：采用虚拟局域网(Ⅵ，AN)服务和防火墙技术。
将系统的WEB服务器与数据库服务器建立在学院的校园虚拟子网内，只允许校内用户访问，屏蔽校外用户访问。
对于网络协议也作限定，如H兀、P协议等允许访问，FrP、TeNet等协议限制执行。
(2)服务器安全。
(3)对数据库帐号、数据库视图、帐号操作权限及数据库的并发控制、触发器记录操作信息、操作时间等进行跟踪，此外，还启用数据自动备份数据等等。
(4)系统程序．a．在应用程序中设计可动态设置用户信息，使用权限信息等，可有效地防止从系统程序的客户端非法登录系统；b．应用程序对数据库的操作均有安全机制控制，不会造成数据提交一半或错误提交；c．采用数据加密技术，把系统用户(如学生、教师等)注册的密码进行加密，杜绝用户通过Session等技术获取密码。
(5)计算机病毒防治：在服务器端安装正版杀毒工具及防火墙软件进行病毒防范，确保系统正常运作。
2．2．3 数据库优化技术。
(1)SQL语句优化：即将性能低下的SQL语句转换成目的相同的性能优异的SQL语句。
使用人工智能技术，自动对SQL语句进行重写，从而找到性能最好的等效SQL语句。
(2)建立索引：提高系统查询速度。
(3)创建视图和存储过程3 网上选课系统的构建3．1 管理系统的构建系统后台采用微软SQLServer2000做数据库，前台B／S模式采JSP+JavaBean+Servlet技术和Tomcat5．0做为WEB服务器，实现网上选课系统的数据录入、修改、查询、统计等功能。
图1为系统的功能模块3．2 系统的功能(1)数据维护功能：可以对数据库中的数据进行增加、删除、修改等操作，并能及时处理选课过程中的突发事件。
(3)数据统计：可以对数据库中的数据进行统计，并以图标的形式显示出来，从而发现规律，为管理者提供参考。
(4)帮助：可以为用户提供及时、方便的在线帮助服务。
图2给出了学生正常选课界面，图3给出了学生的个人课表。
4 结束语(1)网上选课系统构建后，首先在本科生中投入使踊，经过四届学生的选课操作，不断修改系统功能，目前系统功能已经完善，用户操作更加人性化。
(2)政策先行，制度做保障。
在系统整个开发阶段，围绕学院学分制的政策进行了多次讨论，由于政策有事先落实和制定，导致系统模块进行大范围调整，响厂系统的开发进度。
(3)网上选课系统的数据处理算法有待进一步研究和探讨。
目前系统采用的是优选级和先来先服务的办法，不能保证选课的公平、公正。