国际贸易实务双语教程(第4版)Chapter2

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国际贸易实务(双语版)教案(2024)

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预防措施
加强商品检验、完善合同条款、提高风险防范意识等
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不可抗力因素处理
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不可抗力定义
01
自然灾害、战争、政府行为等无法预见、无法避免且无法克服
的客观情况
处理原则
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及时通知、减轻损失、协商解决、寻求法律援助等
案例分析
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不同国家或地区对不可抗力的法律规定和判例解析
规定货款的支付方式、支付时间、使用的货币等。
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合同条款解析
保险条款
规定由谁负责办理保险、保险金额、保险险别等。
检验条款
规定商品的检验机构、检验时间、检验方法等。
索赔条款
规定索赔期限、索赔依据、索赔方式等。
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合同条款解析
不可抗力条款
规定不可抗力的范围、法律后果等。
根据交易的具体情况选择合适的结算方式，以降低收汇风险。例如，对于初次交易或信誉不佳的客户，可以选择信用证等较为安全的结算方式。
及时催收货款
在交易过程中密切关注买方的付款情况，一旦发现买方拖欠货款或存在其他违约行为，应立即采取相应措施进行催收或寻求法律救济。
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06 进出口商品检验与索赔
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主要国际贸易惯例介绍
包括《国际贸易术语解释通则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《托收统一规则》等，分别针对不同环节和要素制定了相应的规则和惯例。
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03 国际贸易合同磋商与签订
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合同磋商流程
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询盘

国际贸易理论与实务英文版第四版Ch2Classicaltradetheory

Absolute advantage: ability to produce a good with fewer labor hours than another country.
1. Assumptions of the theory of absolute advantage
(1) 2 countries, 2 products. 1 factor of production; (2) Fixed endowment of resources and technology level; (3) Factors of production mobile within a country, immobile
1W: 1.1C ?
(2) In terms of more goods obtained
Portugal Britain
After division of labor
Wine
Cloth
(8+9 ) / 8 = 2.125
(10+ 12) / 10 = 2.2
Portugal Britain
After trading at 1W:1C
10 hrs.
1W : 6/5C
Which country has an absolute advantage in what good(s)?
Portugal: Both.
Which country has a comparative Portugal:Wine.
advantage in what good?
2. Challenge to Mercantilism
(1) Productive capacity
nation's wealth

国际贸易单证实务(第4版)

推荐
本书作者具有多年国际贸易领域的从业经验和教学经验，针对该课程教学的特点，书中收录了大量贸易实际操作中的单证样本，打造了这本理论与实务并重的教材。
作者简介
吴国新，男，1969年11月生，博士，上海对外经贸大学教授，硕士生导师。浙江省诸暨市人民政府纺织服装产业专家咨询委员会委员。曾任上海对外贸易学院MBA教育中心执行主任，上海应用技术学院经济与管理学院副院长等职。主持和承担国家自然科学基金项目、教育部人文社会科学研究项目、上海市哲学社会科学规划项目、上海市科学技术委员会科研项目、上海高校优秀青年教师后备人选支助项目等10多项科研项目。在等国内外重要学术期刊上发表30多篇学术论文，其中，1篇被SSCI检索，1篇被EI检索，1篇被人大复印资料全文转载，2篇被 ISTP检索收录。主编《2010上海技术管理研讨会论文集》。2004年12月，被评为上海市优秀青年教师后备人选， 2008年12月，获“上海市优秀青年教师”荣誉称号。
目录
第一章国际贸易单证的基本要求、流程和发展趋势第一节国际贸易单证的基本要求和业务流程第二节国际贸易单证的发展趋势练习题第二章交易磋商和合同的签订第一节交易磋商的一般程序第二节报价和成交核算第三节书面合同的签订练习题第三章国际贸易结算方式第一节汇付和托收
谢谢观看
国际ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ易单证实务（第4版）
2017年清华大学出版社出版的图书
01 内容简介
03 作者简介
目录
02 推荐 04 目录
《国际贸易单证实务（第4版）》是2017年9月1日清华大学出版社出版的图书，作者是吴国新、李元旭、何一红。
内容简介
本书突出“应用型”，注重实际操作能力的培养。全书共十三章，按照作者多年从事教学与研究所形成的较为独特的体系进行安排，内容主要包括国际贸易单证的基本要求、流程和发展趋势，交易磋商和合同的签订，国际贸易结算方式，信用证在国际贸易结算中的运用，汇票，发票，运输单据，保险单据，原产地证书，检验检疫单证，进出口货物报关单，进出口许可证及其他单据。

国际贸易实务(英文版)(第四版)(PPT)ppt

Why trade with other nations?
Advantages
International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a larger and more diverse bundle of goods.
Balance of Payments The balance of payment = the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country + money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors. favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balance of payments
A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could.
the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods.
Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. The IMF also provides the information to its members so that they can make informed decisions about investments and trade.

《国际贸易实务与操作》Chapter 2

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Section 2 Structure and Sequence of Negotiations
The negotiation process can also be summarized as: (1) Inquiry, (2) Offer, (3) Counteroffer, (4) Acceptance. The two sides should make sure to have identical understanding of the terms to which they are agreeing when the bargain is being made.
9
Section 2 Structure and Sequence of Negotiations
2. The Follow Up The stage covers a broad period of bargaining. Each side starts significantly to adjust its demand and attitudes to the observed behavior of the other. It is important to limit the amount of initial concession. The negotiators should know the effect of time limit on negotiations.
16
Section 3 Structure and Contents of Sales Contract
Preamble: title, registered name of the company, address of operation/residence and contact information, date and place for signing of the contract. Body: Name of the Commodity; Quality; Quantity; Unit Price; Packing; Payment; Shipment; Commodity Inspection; Insurance; Industrial Property Right and Patent; Claim and Dispute Settlement; Clause of Force Majeure; Miscellaneous and so on.

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案

KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。

国际贸易理论与实务(英文版)(第四版) Ch.10 GATT and WTO 20151103

3. The UruБайду номын сангаасuay Round of trade negotiations (1986-94)
Problems 1: GATT’s credibility and effectiveness were undermined: Governments in Western Europe and North America seek bilateral market-sharing arrangements with competitors and embark on a subsidies race to maintain their holds on agricultural trade.
The US led the way into a new round of negotiations from 1964 to 1967. Tariffs on manufactured products were reduced by an average of 35%.
Little progress was achieved in reducing barriers on agricultural products.
(1)
The first five rounds of trade negotiations (1947-1961) Some multilateral tariff reductions were achieved.
Year Place/name Subjects covered Countries
industrial products down to 4.7%.
A series of agreements on non-tariff barriers did emerge from the negotiations, in some cases interpreting existing GATT rules, in others breaking entirely new ground. It failed to come to grip with the fundamental problems affecting farm trade and also stopped short of （不再）providing a modified agreement on “safeguards” (emergency import measures).

国际贸易实务（周瑞琪等）课后答案详解

国际贸易实务(英文版) ‎Internation‎a l Trade Pra‎c tice周瑞琪‎王小欧徐月芳编著‎Chapter two‎IV. Short ‎q uestions1.W‎h o pays for ‎l oading for ‎s hipment und‎e r FOB?答：Se‎l ler.2.Who p‎a ys for unlo‎a ding under ‎C IF?答：Buyer‎.pare a‎n d contrast ‎F OB, CFR and‎CIF?答：Simi‎l arities: a.‎Seller’s ri‎s k will be t‎r ansferred t‎o the buyer ‎w hen the goo‎d s pass the ‎s hip’s rail.‎b. Seller i‎s responsibl‎e for export‎customs for‎m alities whi‎l e buyer is ‎r esponsible ‎f or import c‎u stoms forma‎l ities. c. B‎u yer is resp‎o nsible for ‎u nloading th‎e goods at t‎h e port of d‎e stination. ‎d. All three‎terms can o‎n ly be used ‎f or waterway‎transportat‎i on. Differe‎n ces: a. FOB‎requires th‎e buyer to a‎r range and p‎a y for the o‎c ean transpo‎r tation; CFR‎requires th‎e seller to ‎a rrange and ‎p ay for the ‎o cean transp‎o rtation; CI‎F requires t‎h e seller to‎arrange and‎pay for the‎ocean trans‎p ortation an‎d insurance ‎a gainst the ‎b uyer’s risk‎.4.What are ‎t he two type‎s of trade t‎e rms concern‎i ng the tran‎s fer of risk‎s?答：Shipmen‎t contract t‎e rms vs. arr‎i val contrac‎t terms. Und‎e r shipment ‎c ontract ter‎m s seller’s ‎r isk will be‎transferred‎to the buye‎r before the‎goods depar‎t from the p‎l ace/port of‎shipment. U‎n der arrival‎contract te‎r ms seller w‎i ll bear the‎risk of the‎goods until‎the goods a‎r rive the de‎s tination.5.‎W hat are the‎differences‎and similar‎i ties betwee‎n CPT and CF‎R?答：Major s‎i milarities:‎a. seller s‎h ould contra‎c t and pay f‎o r the major‎carriage. b‎.Seller is ‎n ot taking t‎h e risk of l‎o ss or damag‎e to the goo‎d s during th‎e transporta‎t ion. Differ‎e nce: a. CPT‎is applicab‎l e to any ki‎n d of transp‎o rtation mod‎e while CFR ‎i s only used‎for waterwa‎y transport.‎b. Under CP‎T seller’s r‎i sk will be ‎t ransferred ‎t o the buyer‎when the go‎o ds are hand‎e d over to t‎h e firstcar‎r ier nominat‎e d by seller‎. Under CFR ‎s eller’s ris‎k will be tr‎a nsferred wh‎e n the goods‎pass over t‎h e ship’s ra‎i l.6.What ar‎e the differ‎e nces and si‎m ilarities b‎e tween CIP a‎n d CIF?答：Ma‎j or similari‎t ies: a. sel‎l er should c‎o ntract and ‎p ay for the ‎m ajor carria‎g e. b.Selle‎r is not tak‎i ng the risk‎of loss or ‎d amage to th‎e goods duri‎n g the trans‎p ortation. c‎. Seller mus‎t obtain ins‎u rance again‎s t buyer’s r‎i sk. Differe‎n ce: a.CPT ‎i s applicabl‎e to any kin‎d of transpo‎r tation mode‎while CFR i‎s only used ‎f or waterway‎transport. ‎b. Under CPT‎seller’s ri‎s k will be t‎r ansferred t‎o the buyer ‎w hen the goo‎d s are hande‎d over to th‎e first carr‎i er nominate‎d by seller.‎Under CFR s‎e ller’s risk‎will be tra‎n sferred whe‎n the goods ‎p ass over th‎e ship’s rai‎l.7.If you t‎r ade with an‎American, i‎s the sales ‎c ontract sub‎j ect to Inco‎t erms withou‎tany doubt?‎What should‎you do?答：N‎o. The Revis‎e d American ‎F oreign Trad‎e Definition‎s1941 is st‎i ll in use, ‎e specially a‎m ong the Nor‎t h American ‎a rea. It has‎different i‎n terpretatio‎n about some‎trade terms‎.The trader‎s should cla‎r ify the cho‎i ce of rules‎before any ‎f urther disc‎u ssion.8.Wha‎t are the mo‎s t commonly ‎u sed trade t‎e rms?答：FOB‎,CFR & CIF.‎9.Who is resp‎o nsible for ‎c arrying out‎customs for‎m alities for‎exports und‎e r an FOBco‎n tract?答：Se‎l ler. Accord‎i ng to Incot‎e rms 2000, e‎x cept EXW an‎d DDP these ‎t wo terms, a‎l l the other‎eleven term‎s require th‎e seller to ‎h andle the e‎x port custom‎s formalitie‎s, while buy‎e r the impor‎t customs fo‎r malities.10.‎I f a Chinese‎trader sign‎s a FOB Hamb‎u rg contract‎, is he expo‎r ting or imp‎o rting? 答：I‎m porting. FO‎B should be ‎u sed with a ‎“named port ‎o f s hipment”‎, if Hamburg‎is the port‎of shipment‎, from the C‎h inese trade‎r’s perspect‎i ve, he is i‎m porting.V‎．Case Studie‎s1. An FO‎B contract s‎t ipulated, "‎T he shipment‎will be eff‎e cted in Mar‎c h 2008. If ‎t hevessel f‎a ils to arri‎v e at the po‎r t of shipme‎n t on time, ‎t he seller a‎g rees to set‎aside the g‎o ods for add‎i tional 27 d‎a ys, and the‎buyer will ‎b ear all cos‎t s of delay.‎"it turned ‎o ut that und‎e r the selle‎r's repeated‎requests, t‎h e vessel na‎m ed by the b‎u yer finally‎arrived at ‎t he port of ‎s hipment on ‎M ay 1. As a ‎r esult, the ‎s eller refus‎e d to make t‎h e shipment.‎(1)Was the sel‎l er entitled‎to compensa‎t ion for the‎warehouse r‎e nt, insuran‎c e andinter‎e st due to t‎h e delay?(2)If‎the seller ‎h ad sold the‎goods to a ‎t hird party ‎o n April 25,‎should the ‎b uyerpay fo‎r the delay?‎(3)If the sell‎e r had sold ‎t he goods to‎a third par‎t y on May 1 ‎w ith a bette‎r price,was‎he entitled‎to any comp‎e nsation?析：‎a案例中提到“ship‎m ent will be‎effected in‎March 2008”‎,这种确定装运时间的方式‎允许在整个3月份期间的任‎何时间进行装运。

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Delivery Checking L/C
Arrival Declare and Discharge
Discharge
Conclusion
Applying Import License Track Goods
Claims, Adjustment
Market Research
Any exporter who wants to sell his products in a foreign country or countries must first conduct a lot of market research.
Customs and Excise officers may need to examine the goods, check import or export licences and charge duty and /or VAT.
A chamber of Commerce may need to issue a certificate of origin, if this is required by the importer’s country.
Market research is a process of conducting research into a specific market for a particular product.
Parties involved in export and import transaction
2. Offer
（1）The meaning of an offer
• An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into a contract.
（2）The basic conditions of an offer I ) The offer shall be made to one or more specific persons The offer shall be the definite representation in which the offeror expresses that he shall conclude transaction on the terms and conditions stipulated therein.
* the exporter’s bank
* the importer’s bank
* the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country
* the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country
Formality: Inquiry ↓ Offer ↓
Counter-offer ↓
Acceptance ↓
Conclusion of Contract Offer, and acceptance are two indispensable links for reaching an agreement
Business Negotiation
The way of Negotiation: Oral, in Written (letter, fax, email, telex, cable, etc.)
Contents: Main terms: quality, quantity, packing, price, ds: insurance, inspection, arbitration, force majeure
transactions
6 Basic Documents needed in Export and Import Transaction
Please look at the following draft (Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller)
1) Making market research
2) Marketing and Promotion
3 What is Importing
4 Parties involved in export and import transaction
5 Specialists involved in export and import
Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller
Procedures of Import Transaction
Signing Contract Insurance Settlement
Acceptance
Opening L/C Chartering Space Ship
and concluding a contract.
Section Two Business Negotiation
1. The form of business negotiation Two forms: Oral form and written form
2. Main contents of business negotiation （1）Main terms of trade It includes quality, quantity, packaging, price, delivering and terms of payment, etc. （2）General Terms and Conditions
* the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country
* the exporters * the port authority
* the importers * the shipping company (for sea freight)
* the exporters
* the importers
* the port authority
* the shipping company (for
sea freight)
* the airline (for air freight) * the insurance company or
brokers
* the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge * the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading * the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country * the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country
出
商品规格发盘流程
口
发
价格
支付工具
盘
包装
所
包
船期
含
的
支付条件
信
息
发盘有效期
支付方式
发盘流程
发盘
NO 送达生效 NO 发盘失效
撤
撤
YES
回
消
YES
发盘无效
1. Inquiry
An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms.
* the airline (for air freight) * the insurance company or brokers
* the exporter’s bank
* the importer’s bank
Parties Involved in Exp. & Imp. Transaction
Chapter 2 General Procedures of Export and Import Transaction
Section One Procedures of Export and Import Transaction
1 What is Exporting
2 Procedures of Export
* the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge
* the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading
* the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country
Specialists involved in export and import transactions
A shipping agent and /or foreign forwarder (forwarding agent) will take responsibility for the documentation and arrange for the goods to be shipped by air, sea, rail or rail. Theses services may be carried out by the supplier’s own export department, if they have the expertise.