变速器设计,中英文带翻译
变速器介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录附录A 英文文献Transmission descriptionTransmission gearbox's function the engine's output rotational speed is high, the maximum work rate and the maximum torque appears in certain rotational speed area. In order to display engine's optimum performance, must have a set of variable speed gear, is coordinated the engine the rotational speed and wheel's actual moving velocity. The transmission gearbox may in the automobile travel process, has the different gear ratio between the engine and the wheel, through shifts gears may cause the engine work under its best power performance condition. Transmission gearbox's trend of development is more and more complex, the automaticity is also getting higher and higher, the automatic transmission will be future mainstream.Automotive Transmission's mission is to transfer power, and in the process of dynamic change in the transmission gear ratio in order to adjust or change the characteristics of the engine, at the same time through the transmission to adapt to different driving requirements. This shows that the transmission lines in the automotive transmission plays a crucial role. With the rapid development of science and technology, people's car is getting higher and higher performance requirements, vehicle performance, life, energy consumption, such as vibration and noise transmission depends largely on the performance, it is necessary to attach importance to the study of transmission.Transmission gearbox's pattern the automobile automatic transmission common to have three patterns: Respectively is hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT), machinery stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electrically controlled machinery automatic transmission (AMT). At present what applies is most widespread is, AT becomes automatic transmission's pronoun nearly.AT is by the fluid strength torque converter, the planet gear and the hydraulic control system is composed, combines the way through the fluid strength transmission and the gear to realize the speed change bending moment. And the fluid strength torque converter is the most important part, it by components and so on pump pulley, turbine wheel and guide pulley is composed, has at the same time the transmission torque and the meeting and parting function.And AT compare, CVT has omitted complex and the unwieldy gear combination variable transmission, but is two groups of band pulleys carries on the variable transmission. Through changes the driving gear and the driven wheel transmission belt's contact radius carries on the speed change. Because has cancelled the gear drive, therefore its velocity ratio may change at will, the speed change is smoother, has not shifted gears kicks the feeling.AMT and the hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT) is the having steps automatic transmission equally. It in the ordinary manual transmission gearbox's foundation, through installs the electrically operated installment which the microcomputer controls, the substitution originally coupling's separation which, the joint and the transmission gearbox completes by the manual control elects to keep off, to shift gears the movement, realizes fluid drive.Manual transmission gear mainly uses the principle of deceleration. Transmission within the group have different transmission ratio gear pair, and the car at the time of shift work, that is, through the manipulation of institutions so that the different transmission gear pair work. Manual transmission, also known as manual gear transmission, with axial sliding in the gears, the meshing gears through different speed to achieve the purpose of torque variation. Manual shift transmission can operate in full compliance with the will of the driver, and the simple structure, the failure rate is relatively low, value for money.Automatic transmission is based on speed and load (throttle pedal travel) fortwo-parameter control gear in accordance with the above two parameters to automatically take-off and landing. Automatic transmission and manual transmission in common, that is, there are two-stage transmission, automatic transmission can only speed the pace to automatically shift, manual transmission can be eliminated, "setback" of the shift feel.Automatic transmission is a torque converter, planetary gears and hydraulic manipulation of bodies, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of variable-speed torque variation.Also known as CVT-type continuously variable CVT. This transmission and automatic transmission gear generally the biggest difference is that it eliminates the need of complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, and only two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley.CVT transmission than the traditional structure of simple, smaller and it is not the number of manual gear transmission, no automatic transmission planetary gear complex group, mainly rely on the driving wheel, the driven wheel and the transmission ratio brought about by the realization of non-class change.Widely used in automotive internal combustion engine as a power source, the torque and speed range is very small, and complex conditions require the use of motor vehicles and the speed of the driving force in the considerable changes in the scope. To resolve this contradiction, in the transmission system to set up the transmission to change transmission ratio, the expansion of the driving wheel torque and speed range in order to adapt to constantly changing traffic conditions, such as start, acceleration, climbing and so on, while the engine in the most favorable conditions to work under the scope; in the same direction of rotation of the engine under the premise of the automobile can be driven back; the use of neutral, interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idle speed, and ease of transmission or power shift . Transmission is designed to meet the above requirements, so that the conditions in a particular vehicle stability.In addition to transmission can be used to meet certain requirements, but also to ensure that it and the car can have a good match, and can improve the car's power andeconomy to ensure that the engine in a favorable condition to increase the scope of the work of the use of motor vehicles life, reduce energy consumption, reduce noise, such as the use of motor vehicles.Today the world's major car companies CVT are very active in the study. The near future, with electronic control technology to further improve, electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission-type is expected to be a wide range of development and application.附录B 文献翻译变速器介绍发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。
变速箱构造中英文对照表
缩写词变速箱专有名词自动离合器，变矩器（图见附件2）手动变速箱，操纵机构，总成，差速器锁（图见附件3、附件4.jpg）Manual gearbox, Con trol, Assy, Differe ntial lock手动变速箱-齿轮、齿轮轴、内部控制器（图见附件5、附件6）Gearbox, Gears, Shafts, i nternal con trol自动变速箱，齿轮，液压控制装置（图见附件7）Automatic gearbox, Gears, Hyd. Con trols主减速器，差速器，差速器锁（图见附件8）Final drive, Differe ntial, Differe ntial lock30传动系统KrattObertragung po-.ver transmission离合器•操纵机构Kupplung, BetatigungClutch, Controls73 7- BG51 "32 47 32厶7 Dicblrfvg f DrehrnorTHjntv.-arXj.e* 32 47 Torque 8亦诃心32 50 32 50 Drehn^onienv.%3nd*er 32 50 Torque converter32 51 变扭器衬套32 51 Lagerb-jchse f Drehmocr.ercA^dler 32 51 Torque ooivT^rter bu^3438XO7665-4'6S手动变速箱，操纵机构•总成•差速器锁Getriebe mech-Betat..ZSB.. Diflerentialsp ・ Manual gearbox, Controls. Assy., Differential lock34 0334 03 Schahhebelfuhrung 址03 Gsa r stick guide34 04 变進杆手樋34 (X SchaJthebelknopf 34 04 Gear lever kreb 34 05S4 05 SchalthebelX.05 Gear k>/er 34 05 变速杆防尘套34 06 Ri^enbalg f Smhhebel 3^06 Gear Ic^e* belhv/s3^0734 07 Scnolthebellaaer 3X07 le.*er rnojntrrj34 eg 变速机构支鎂 34 08 Scfialtbock:U08 Gz change hou^m^ 34 09 联砂垛纵装冒 34 09 Betatigung f NebenabtHeb MOS FTO linkage 34 10 变速杆壳体 3^ 10 GehSusc f Schalthroe! M 10 Gear teve ， 34 11 逸档籽 34 11 Wahlstange34 H Selector rod 34 12 空速拉爱昶12 Schahse 印M 12Shrft cab ：c34 1434 UWfihlsei ：工14 Selector cable3416推杆/拉素34 16 Schubstarge'Seil^ug 34 16 Push rtxi-csb't 34 17 交逹拉杼34 17 Schahs^nge 34 17 Shift rod 34188 18Lagerpatte3x ieSe^nng O dte3420连杆34 23 Vertjndjngsstange 34 20 Connecting rod 34 21 交速拉杆衬套 34 21 Lag«rtxKhse 342： Shrft rod bush34 22 交3i 拉杆•/前平復疋 34 22 Schahsrangen^lgeft^/zcht g% 34 22 Selector rod b3 ancig gyr 34 23 卡箍 *23 SchelleM 23front Cla-npS 24压力弹贅，応球壳内34 24D- jckfeder nrS^nrg ba hous ；q手动变速箱一齿轮，齿轮轴，内部控制机构Getricbe mech.-Rader, Wellen. InncnbetSt.Gearbox, Gears. Shafts, internal control \ 7796S7\ 8192606035手动变速箱一齿轮•齿轮轴•内部控制机构Gctriebe mech.-RSder. Wellen. Innenbetlt.Gearbox. Gears, Shafts, internal control35 1435 16 选档较 3517 魅动杆 3518内炎連拉杆35 21 1/2档齿轮次档法叉 35 23 3/4档吿轮换档按叉 35 24 5/倒笞齿轮拱拦按叉 35 25 伺档齿轮拱挡按叉 35 25 5/6档齿轮换档拔叉坊295軽齿轮换档按殳35 30锁蹄3533 1~4档按档又轴 35345档齿轮尖栏乂轻3535倒档齿轮今档又辂 3535 1/倒档齿轮拱拦找叉35372/3档齿轮按塔找叉 35 38"5杷齿轮换橙按,35 14. Schaftfirar 35 16 Scha^r.€ 35 17 MIeZZ35 18 Innenschahstange 35 21 Schahgabel 1J2. Gang 35 23 Schohgabel 3/A. Gang35 24 SchaltzatxJ 5•空 Ga 号 35 25 SchahgbeH RW Ga% 35 26 S<±iltgabel 5/6. Gang 35 25 SchaitQObel 5. Gang 35 30 Spen^tiick35 33 SchaJ^chien« 1・"・ 0旳 35 34 Schaltschienc 5・ Gang 35 35 Schaltschierx; f RW Gang35 36 Schaltgabel 1 TRW Gang 35 37 ScZtgabd 2/3 Gang 35 38 Schaltgabel ^^5- Gang * f.a c.riygw,•35 16 S*ectcr shaft■ ■ ■— 35 17 Rc'av le/e- 35 18 Internal shift rods.・35 21 Selector fork'1/2 gear •(・ ■ —■■ 35 23 Selector fork 3/A gears 35 24 Selector fork 54igverse gear 3S 25 Selector tofk for rwerse gear 35 26 Se^ecor fork 5/6 gear 35 29 Scecor fork 5th gear 35 30 locking ke/s35 33 Selector plate, gear 1 35 SA Selector plate, gear 5 35 35 Selyor ptote. reverse ge^r 35 36 Seiectoc fork 1st/^ gear 35 37 Selector fork 2nd/3nd gca f 35 38 Seiecor fort^ 3V5th g«r 35 40 IputsX35 Gearshift firmer38自动变速箱■齿轮，液压控制机构Getriebeautom-R3der. Regelung Automatic gearbox. Gears. Hyd. Contrcls38 05 行星齿轮装&33 05 Banetcngetnete 38 05 Planetar/ gcanx )x 38 10 输入轴38 10 Aniriebs.vclte 38.10 • •tcput shaft3814 自由轮和Bl 活塞 38 U Frcilauf mit B1 Koltun 38 14 F FWA W 词十 81 p^on 38 27 行星齿轮聚•前 38 27 Planetent 冃 ger 3S27Ranezary carrier, front38 30 太阳轮•小 38 30 Sonnenrad Wein 38 30 Sun gear, small 八38 31 太阳轮•大38 31 Sonnenrad groB 38 31 Sun gear, large 38 32 B1制动器 38 32 Brernse Bl 38 32 Brake B1 38 33 B2制动器 38 33Bremse 9238 33 Brake B2 38 37 K3离合器 33 37 K upplung K3 38 37 Clutch K3 38 38 K1离合器 38 38 K upplung K1 38 38 C lutch K1 38 39 K2离合器38 39 Kupplung K2 38 39 Clutch K2 38 56 交速器油油泵 38 55 AFF-Pumpe 38 56 ATF pump 38 60 变速器浊冷却器 38 60 ATF-Kuhler38 60 A1F cooler 38 62 变速器油冷却管 38 62 Leitung f ATF-Kuhlung 38 62 ATF cooling pig 38 74 停车锁 38 74 Parkspene 38 74 Parking lock 3876 变速暮活泛网 38 76ATF-Sieb38 76 ATF strainer 38 77 淆阀箱38 77 SchieberVasten38 77 V a'?/e block 38 78集成电路拄头疔奈38 7838 78 Printed drewH 灿39主减速益•差速器■差速器锁Achsantr.. Ausgleichgetr., DifferentialspFinal drive. Differential Differential lock杉27 63 50 Ss 54 51。
自动变速器英文文献翻译
毕业设计外文翻译THE RESEARCHS OFAMT SHIFTING SCHEDULESThe modern automatic transmission is by far,the most complicated mechanical component in today`s automobile. It is a type of transmission that sifts itself.A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine.There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive. On a rear wheel drive car,the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position. A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels. Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine,through the torque converter,then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission.On a front wheel drive car,the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels. In this example,power floes from the engine,through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine. From there,the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels throughthe drive axles.There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular. A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling. Another rear drive system mounts everything,the engine,transmission and final drive in the rear. This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche;The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets,the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets,the torque converter,the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from. Here try to used simple,generic explanation where possible to describe these systems.1Planetary gear setsAutomatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations. In a manual transmission,gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another,engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio. In an automatic transmission,how ever,the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets.The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear,a ring and two or more planet gears,all remaining in constant mesh. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier.One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine,connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft,and locking the sun gear so that it can`t move. In this scenario,when we turn the ring gear,the planets will “walk” along the sun gearwhich is held stationary causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaftin the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gearreduction similar to a car in first gear .If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together,this will causeall three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turnat the same rate of speed as the input shaft. This is like a car that is thirdor high gear. Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planetcarrier from moving,then applying power to the ring gear which will cause thesun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear.The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above wouldlook in an actual transmission. The input shaft is connected to the ring gear,theoutput shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a“Multi-disk” clutch pack. The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack. Surrounding the outside of thedrum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to preventthe drum with the attached sun gear from turning.The clutch pack is used,in this instance,to lock the planet carrier with thesun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed. If both the clutch pack andthe band were released,the system would be in neutral. Turning the input shaftwould turn the planet gears against the sun gear,but since noting is holdingthe sun gear,it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft. Toplace the unit in first gear,the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving.To shift from first to high gear,the band is released and the clutch is appliedcausing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft.Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reversethat are found in modern automatic transmission.2Clutch packA clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum.Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the insideof the drum. The other half have a friction material bonded to their surfaceand have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub. There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one.3One-way ClutchA one-way clutch also known as a “sprag” clutch is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other. This effect is just like that bicycle,where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward,but will spin free when pedaling backward.A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position. When you begin to accelerate from a stop,the transmission starts out in first gear. But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gearThe vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral. Now,shift into Low gear instead of Drive. When you let go of the gas in this case,you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car. The reason for this is that in Drive,one-way clutch is used whereas in Low,a clutch pack or a band is used.4Torque ConverterOn automatic transmission,the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles. It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop. The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged. If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan,you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go,it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan. The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid,to be more precise.A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission. It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission. The three elements of the torque converter are the pump,the Turbine,and the Stator. The pump is mounteddirectly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine’s crankshaft and turns at engine speed. The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle. The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other. Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter.With the engine running,transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running. The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator. If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump,the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning. With the stator stopped,the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase. As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump,the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine. As the speed increase,all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed. Sine the ‘80s,in order to improve fuel economy,torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph. This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won’t engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear.5Hydraulic SystemThe hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and. Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling;Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission ‘s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure. In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature,aportion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator. Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube. A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission,torque converter,and cooler tank,In fact,most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands. The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil.6Oil PumpThe transmission oil pump not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission. The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on the engine crankshaft,the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available. The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump. The oil is then sent,under pressure to the pressure regulator,the valve body and the rest of the components,as required.7Valve BodyThe valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission. It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation. Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function. For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur.The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in. When you place the gear shift in Drive,for instance,the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack s that activates 1st gear. Italso sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift. On computer controlled transmission,you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points.8Seals and GasketsAn automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out. There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal. The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case. This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out. The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft.A seal is usually made of rubber similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft. In some cases,the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft.A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together. Some common gasket materials are : paper,cork,rubber,silicone and soft metal.Aside from the main seals,there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission. A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever. This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter. Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket. In fact,seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks.9Computer ControlsThe computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position,vehicle speed,engine speed,engine load,stop light switch position,etc. to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be. Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style andconstantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it.Because of computer controls,sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate,then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will. The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it.Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash. A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is.Vehicular Automatic Transmission can be divided into three types: Automatic TransmissionAT, Automated Mechanical Transmission AMT and Continuously Variable TransmissionCVT. LMT has become a kind of transmission that is full of potentiality, due to its high transfer efficiency, low cost and easiness to manufacture.The research on AMT shifting performance is key technology in the developing. Shifting performance directly influence the market competition and industrialization of AMT.AMT has good market expectation, but during the shifting procedure, the power must be cut off which causes the poor shifting performance than AT and CVT. Only through improving the shitting performance can the commercial competence be established. So the virtual important thing is to find the way to improve shifting performance.The development of AMT can be divided into three phases: semi-automatic, automatic, and intelligent. The two major part of AMT are: the hardware including the mastered object, executor , sensors and TCU; and the software performing the control strategy.The performance of AT shift influences greatly the performance of the vehicle. So the research on at shift quality is an important problem in the domain of AT researching. 5hi代q notify control of AT is accomplished by electronic andhydraulic system. To shift smoothly, according the real time throttle calve opening and vehicle speed signal, the controller sends electronic signals to control oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements. this paper analyzes and research detailed shift quality control system, the analyzing model of shifting process and pressure changing curve of the applying elements.Firstly this paper summaries the existing evaluated quota of shift quality, and fully analyzes and introduces the existing control manner of AT shift quality.To meet the needs of research of vehicle starting and the real time control of shift, this paper puts forward a simplified model of engine-torque and a dynamics model of AT shifting process. Through the applying of the established model, this paper fully analyses the process al' the AT shitting.This paper drafts the proper oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements which can improve the AT shift quality, and gives the material calculated methods of the AG4 AT. This paper simulates the AG4 AT's shifting process of 2H to results of the simulation validate the established simplified models and the expected oil pressure changing curve.This paper fully analyses the mechanism of the pressure regulating and flow controlling system of the AG4 AT, and preparatory discusses the design of the block-diagram of the shift quality control. This paper test the control system and hydraulic system of the AG4 AT by the AT hydraulic-electronic testing-bed. The result of the test validates the correction of these analyses.Automated Mechanical Transmission, as so called AMT, is a new-style transmission technology applies the automatic. technology to the manual mechanical transmission and makes the selection-gear, shift, clutch and throttle implement automatically. AMT technology is suitable for the situation of our country, and has an expansive market arid development foreground. Shift schedules decide the time to shill and are the soul of the AMT. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedules, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shill automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the drier and improve thesafety. all the same time, the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle can also be improved. The author chooses the shift schedule as the key technology problem to be researched and the main study aim of this thesis is to get the optimal shill schedules for the AMT and so improve the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle. Through analyzing the influence factors of power and fuel-economy far the automobile, the author get the establishment methods for the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shill schedule. In order to solve the influence of mass on the shift schedule, the author presents a variable-structure-controlled shift system. This enriches the theory of shift schedules. Because the computer simulation can save a lot of manpower and material resources comparing with the true-car test, so in this thesis, the author uses the simulation toolbox MATLABI/Simulate to setup the simulation model for shift schedules. Using this model, the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule above are simulated and proved to be reasonable.Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the left of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine Factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle.The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of` control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance.Shilling schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shilling schedule. At present, shilling schedule of two controlling parameters Vehicle speed and opening on throttle is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly throughthe whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, Vehicle speed and loading. The main.Controlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, Fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shitting concussion, even flame out: if` engaging more slowly, it will make the Friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some Value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe.Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shining tune, the time that is spent on the Friction of the clutch should be decreased First. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-toad stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period ii` the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also he shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the best control and the best shitting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU.Influence on shifting performance by hardware.The elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influenceson shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of` vital important to improvement of shilling performance.With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the ear power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Company's publicity slogan of" person, car, life"," make people the center" etc. On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity.In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic. gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shill regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, far competitive advantage of the car type, at present each big factory in world worked very much in shill regulation of new car type. Among those, the mast arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PELIGEGTICITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 1 D kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person-car-road, the goad and had of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment road, the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can same various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation ,motive ca11 to sport the type again regulation, but also still having the general usual regulation ,environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety Namely, the point of` shilling can be Li-eely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of` the shill regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shill regulation still is hard, this is mainly.because of:1 .The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment t,riot high and to identify the driver's driving can't give satisfaction.2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically ship system is an open system; it must he continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the driver's labor strength, Increasing the performance of the whole vehicle.Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters' design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the truck's gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based an K-T equation to improve the design level automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gearbox is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model of` track's gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease iGs weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. hind we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing it's parameter for instance.Synchronizer is a important part of automobile gearbox, it make drive gear and driven gear engaged after their synchronized, so it can decrease engaged shock and noise, it can decrease shift forcing and make it comfort to gear shill and increase the life of synchronizer. The synchronized process of synchronizer is analyzed in this article; we can recei4'e a satisfaction result through optimizing its influence parameter for instance when the synchronized time is the shortest. The optimum toolbox of MATLAB is a convenient of ware of modern。
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。
The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。
该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。
这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。
DIPL.-ING。
THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。
持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。
这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。
由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。
因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。
这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。
变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。
这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。
虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。
这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。
由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。
后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。
变速箱构造中英文对照表-7页精选文档
Diesel anti－theft device（DATD）
数控怠速装置
Digital idling stabilization（DIS）
数字式组合音响
Digital sound package（DSP）
电子柴油控制装置
Electronic diesel control（EDC）
电子差速锁
03
变速杆导向件
Gear stick guide
04
变速杆手柄
这个工作可让学生分组负责收集整理,登在小黑板上,每周一换。要求学生抽空抄录并且阅读成诵。其目的在于扩大学生的知识面,引导学生关注社会,热爱生活,所以内容要尽量广泛一些,可以分为人生、价值、理想、学习、成长、责任、友谊、爱心、探索、环保等多方面。如此下去,除假期外,一年便可以积累40多则材料。如果学生的脑海里有了众多的鲜活生动的材料,写起文章来还用乱翻参考书吗?Anti－locking brakesystem（ABS）
47
变矩器密封圈
Torque converter seal
50
变矩器
Torque converter
51
变矩器衬套
Torque converter bush
手动变速箱，操纵机构，总成，差速器锁(图见附件3、附件4.jpg)
Manual gearbox, Control, Assy, Differential lock
后窗刮水器/清洗系统
Rear wiper/washer system（RWW）
合成革（人造革）
Synthetic leather(leatherette)（SL）
座椅安全带报警系统
Seat belt warning system（SWS）
自动变速器--中英文翻译
自动变速器现代自动变速箱是当今汽车迄今为止,最复杂的机械组件.自动变速器包含机械系统、液压系统、电气系统和计算机控制.它们几乎无声地完美和谐的工作在一起,直到出现问题. 这篇文章将帮助您了解这些技术奇迹背念，让你进入当它们工作出在问题如何修复的天地.这篇文章分为四个部分:∙什么是变速器损坏在最简单的条件下，变速器的用途是什么.∙在他们变得更坏前发现问题，展示如何寻找并防止小问题变成大问题.∙维修谈大家也应该知道的预防性维修.∙变速器修理描述典型地执行在变速器从较小调整完成检修的修理形式。
什么是变速器?变速器是一个连接到背面发动机,并将动力从发动机传到驱动车轮的装置. 汽车发动机工作在它最佳的一些转速(转每分钟) 范围内，而变速器的工作就是在发动机转速在一定范围内确保动力被分到各个轮子.这个通过各种齿轮组合来实现的. 在一档里, 发动机快速转动传到驱动轮，而在高挡时发动机空转，即使汽车可能行驶超出70 里/时。
除各种各样的前进齿轮之外,变速器也有一个并没有连接从驱动轮到发动机的中性位置, 并且相反,能使驱动轮相反转动允许你倒退。
最后，是停车位置。
在这个位置, 门闩机制(不似一个非螺栓锁住门) 被插入入一个槽孔在输出轴去锁住驱动轮和保持它们转动, 从而防止车辆滚动.。
有两个基本类型的汽车自动变速器基于是否后轮驱动或前轮驱动.对后轮驱动汽车，变速器通常安装到后面的发动机和位于地板的中心沿着油门踏板位置.一根传动轴连接变速器后方到位于后车轴被用来传递动力到后轮的主减速器. 动力流在这个系统是从引擎简单和直接向前传递, 通过扭矩交换器,然后通过变速器和传动轴直到到达主减速器，分散开传到两个后轮.对前轮驱动汽车，变速器通常由一根传动轴与主减速器结合起来.发动机在前轮驱动车上通常安装在汽车上的侧身和传动轴下面发动机的一侧面面向汽车后方.前轴直接与传动轴相连，提供动力给前轮.这个例子,动力从发动机，通过变矩器传递到一个大链子能够传递动力通过转180度到发动机侧面的变速器.从那里,动力路线通过变速器到主减速器，通过驱动轴分散开传到两个前轮.还有一些其他的布置包括前面驱动发动机安装由前至后代替侧方,还有其他所有四轮驱动但这里所说的两个系统是目前最常用的.较为冷门后轮驱动，发动机在后方直接安装到主减速器通过一个驱动轴连接到还安放在发动机的变矩器. 这个系统被发现在护卫舰和被使用是为了平衡前轮和后轮的重量去改进性能和处理.另一个后轮驱动系统安装一切，发动机，变速器和主减速器在后方.发现问题在它们变得更坏之前∙在汽车下寻找泄漏或污点如果有一个红色持续漏油那一定是来自你的车,你应该去车店看看它是否来自你的变速器或可能从动力转向系统(大部分动力转向系统还利用变速器液及泄漏可能大致出现在地面同一区域和变速器泄漏一样。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）英文资料翻译*****指导教师：孙飞豹（副教授）学科、专业：车辆工程沈阳理工大学应用技术学院2011年12月20日transmission used in automobilesA standard transmission or manual transmission is the traditional type of transmission used in automobiles. The manual or standard transmission consists of a series of gears, synchros, roller bearings, shafts and gear selectors. The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from the transmission. Heliacal cut gears are used to select the ratio desired the sector fork move gears from one to another by using the gearshift knob. Synchros are used to slow the gear to a stop before it is engaged to avoid gear grinding, the counter shaft hold the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft. A stick shift transmission has no torque converter so there is no need for a transmission cooler. A stick shift transmission needs a simple fluid change for proper service. (there is no transmission filter in a stick shift transmission).Transmission ShifterMost manual transmissions have one reverse gear and four to six forward gears. Some cars also have eight forward gears while thirteen to twenty-four gears are present in semi trucks. To differentiate among the available standard transmissions, they are addressed by the number of forward gears. For example, if the standard transmission has five gears, it will be referred to as 5-speed standard transmission or 5-speed standard.Typical Standard Transmission ConfigurationInside the transmission shafts contain all forward and reverse gears. Most transmissions contain three shafts: input shaft, output shaft and counter or lay shaft. Other than standard transmission, there are other transmissions like continuously variable transmission, automatic transmission and semi-automatic transmission. In the manual transmission, a pair of gears inside the transmission selects the gear ratios. Whereas, in an automatic transmission, combination of brake bands and clutch packs control the planetary gear which selects the gear ratio.If there is a provision to select a gear ratio manually in automatic transmissions, the system is called a semi-automatic transmission. The driver can select from any of the gears at any pointof time. In some automobiles like racing cars and motorcycles that have standard transmissions, the driver can select the preceding or the following gear ratio with no clutch operation needed. This type of standard transmission is known as sequential transmission. In this transmission the clutch is still used for initial take off.Clutch and Flywheel AssemblyThe main clutch plays the role of a coupling device which separates the transmission and the engine. If the clutch is absent and the car comes to a stop the engine will stall. In automobiles, the clutch can be operated with the help of a pedal located on the floor of the vehicle. In an automatic transmission instead of a clutch, a torque converter is used to separate the transmission and engine.Typical Stick Shift PatternsA desired gear can be selected by a lever which is usually located on the floor in between the driver and passenger seat. This selector lever is called the gear lever or gear selector or gear shift or shifter. This gear stick can be made to move in right, left, forward and backward direction. When the gear is placed on the N position or neutral position, no gear will be selected. To move the car in the backward direction, the R gear or reverse gear should be selected.Standard transmissions are more efficient and less expensive to produce than automatic transmissions. A Standard transmission is about 15% more efficient compared to an automatic transmission. Standard transmissions are generally stronger than automatic transmissions and off road vehicles take advantage of a direct gear selection so they can withstand rough conditions. Less active cooling is also required in manual transmission system because less power is wasted.●Popular Problem ChecksCar will not go into gearClutch disc is broken completelyInternal transmission damageFailed clutch master cylinderSeized clutch slave cylinderBroken clutch fork pivotBroken clutch cableCar goes into gear but it fades out or is slippingClutch is worn out and needs replacementClutch is oil soaked from a external engine oil leakCar makes grinding noise while operating or shifting gearsOne of the roller or thrust bearings has failedThe gear synchro is worn out not forcing the gear stop before it is engaged causing a grinding gear.A counter or main shaft bearing has failed causing misalignment of the gears●Troubleshooting Noise and ProblemsIf the vehicle is running and a whirring sound is heard, then it goes away when the clutch is depressed, the transmission input bearing has failed.If the transmission is quiet in neutral but when you depress the clutch a squeaking noise is observed, a clutch throw out bearing has failed.Tips:Never let little noises go unattended; a small noise can cause a large noise and transmission operation failure. Never overload a vehicle or tow beyond the capacity this can cause premature transmission failure.汽车变速器汽车传统变速器是那种标准的手动变速器。
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原文：Transmission designAs we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve.Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions.General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1.When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three lapsto the input shaft and output shaft to a circle.When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven. 2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque.When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axis - intermediate shaft - the output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft. 3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth.When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same. The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the maximum transmission efficiency. Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy.Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they cannot rotate the output shaft driven, not power output.General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum (one stall) and maximum (4 files) transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution. In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls.When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, thegear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End.Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation. Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the "media" will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis. Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft.Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side. As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost.Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly. However, the short comings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls. At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference.Manual transmission and synchronizerManual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT. Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis. Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose. Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows.Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end spline driven directlywith the clutch disc sets with the spline , by the transfer of torque from the engine. The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating. Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear. Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque. With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer.Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodents - often rodents intermediate shaft gear - corresponding intermediate shaft gear - the second axis corresponding gear. Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output.Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No.5 stall called accelerated stall. Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission.The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a "synchronous". Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to a "feet-off" approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate. So designers create a "synchronized," and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing.At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization. Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ringgear when it had Chamfer (Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction. Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before. When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower (or higher) with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearboxThe automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P( parking), R( pour to block), N( get empty to block), D( go forward), S( or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.( or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.The usage of the P ( the parking blocks)The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.The usage of the R( pour to block)R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.The usage of the N( get empty to block)The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high,, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.The usage of the D( go forward to block)Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 ～4 block( or 3 block) its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely. What demand control is: Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to openthe pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.The usage of the S, of L low the usage that blockThe automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc. circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon can't higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety.汽车变速器设计----------英文文献翻译我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。