八年级全等三角形易错题(Word版 含答案)

八年级全等三角形易错题(Word版 含答案)
八年级全等三角形易错题(Word版 含答案)

八年级全等三角形易错题(Word版含答案)

一、八年级数学轴对称三角形填空题(难)

1.如图所示,ABC为等边三角形,P是ABC内任一点,PD AB,PE BC

∥,PF AC

∥,若ABC的周长为12cm,则PD PE PF

++=____cm.

【答案】4

【解析】

【分析】

先说明四边形HBDP是平行四边形,△AHE和△AHE是等边三角形,然后得到一系列长度相等的线段,最后求替换求和即可.

【详解】

解:∵PD AB,PE BC

∴四边形HBDP是平行四边形

∴PD=HB

∵ABC为等边三角形,周长为12cm

∴∠B=∠A=60°,AB=4

∵PE BC

∴∠AHE=∠B=60°

∴∠AHE=∠A=60°

∴△AHE是等边三角形

∴HE=AH

∵∠HFP=∠A=60°

∴∠HFP=∠AHE=60°

∴△AHE是等边三角形,

∴FP=PH

∴PD+PE+PF=BH+(HP+PE)=BH+HE=BH+AH=AB=4cm

故答案为4cm.

【点睛】

本题考查了平行四边形的判定和性质以及等边三角形的性质,掌握等边三角形的性质是解答本题的关键.

2.如图,△ABC中,AB=AC,∠A=30°,点D在边AB上,∠ACD=15°,则AD

BC

=____.

【答案】

22

. 【解析】

【分析】

根据题意作CE ⊥AB 于E ,作DF ⊥AC 于F ,在CF 上截取一点H ,使得CH =DH ,连接DH ,并设AD =2x ,解直角三角形求出BC (用x 表示)即可解决问题.

【详解】

解:作CE ⊥AB 于E ,作DF ⊥AC 于F ,在CF 上截取一点H ,使得CH=DH ,连接DH .

设AD=2x ,

∵AB=AC ,∠A=30°, ∴∠ABC=∠ACB=75°,DF 12=

AD=x ,AF 3=, ∵∠ACD=15°,HD=HC ,

∴∠HDC=∠HCD=15°,

∴∠FHD=∠HDC+∠HCD=30°,

∴DH=HC=2x ,FH 3=,

∴3x , 在Rt △ACE 中,EC 12

=AC=x 3+,AE 3=3=, ∴BE=AB ﹣AE 3=﹣x ,

在Rt △BCE 中,BC 22BE EC =

+=2x , ∴22

22AD BC x ==.

故答案为:

22

. 【点睛】 本题考查的等腰三角形的性质和解直角三角形以及直角三角形30度角的性质等知识,解题的关键是学会添加常用辅助线,构造直角三角形解决问题.

3.如图,在△ABC 中,AB 的中垂线交BC 于D ,AC 的中垂线交BC 于E ,若∠BAC=126°,则∠EAD=_____°.

【答案】72°

【解析】

【分析】

根据AB 的中垂线可得BAD ∠,再根据AC 的中垂线可得EAC ∠,再结合∠BAC=126°即可计算出∠EAD .

【详解】

根据AB 的中垂线可得BAD ∠=B

根据AC 的中垂线可得EAC ∠=C ∠

18012654B C ???∠+∠=-=

又 126BAD DAE EAC BAC ?∠+∠+∠=∠=

+C+126B DAE ?∴∠∠∠=

72DAE ?∴∠=

【点睛】

本题主要考查中垂线的性质,重点在于等量替换表示角度.

4.如图,将ABC ?沿着过AB 中点D 的直线折叠,使点A 落在BC 边上的1A 处,称为第1次操作,折痕DE 到BC 的距离记为1h ,还原纸片后,再将ADE ?沿着过AD 中点1D 的直线折叠,使点A 落在DE 边上的2A 处,称为第2次操作,折痕11D E 到BC 的距离记为2h ,按上述方法不断操作下去…经过第2020次操作后得到的折痕20192019D E 到BC 的距离记为2020h ,若11h =,则2020h 的值为______.

【答案】2019122-

【解析】

【分析】

根据中点的性质及折叠的性质可得DA=DA ?=DB,从而可得∠ADA ?=2∠B,结合折叠的性质可得.,∠ADA ?=2∠ADE,可得∠ADE=∠B,继而判断DE// BC,得出DE 是△ABC 的中位线,证得AA ?⊥BC,AA ?=2,由此发现规律:01

2122h =-=-?同理21122h =-3211122222

h =-?=-…于是经过第n 次操作后得到的折痕Dn-1 En-1到BC 的距离1122n n h -=-

,据此求得2020h 的值. 【详解】

解:如图连接AA ?,由折叠的性质可得:AA ?⊥DE, DA= DA ? ,A ?、A ?…均在AA ?上

又∵ D 是AB 中点,∴DA= DB ,

∵DB= DA ? ,

∴∠BA ?D=∠B ,

∴∠ADA ?=∠B +∠BA ?D=2∠B,

又∵∠ADA ? =2∠ADE ,

∴∠ADE=∠B

∵DE//BC,

∴AA ?⊥BC ,

∵h ?=1

∴AA ? =2,

∴01 2122h =-=-? 同理:21122

h =-; 3211122222

h =-?=-; …

∴经过n 次操作后得到的折痕D n-1E n-1到BC 的距离1122n n h -=-

∴20202019122h =-

【点睛】

本题考查了中点性质和折叠的性质,本题难度较大,要从每次折叠发现规律,求得规律的过程是难点.

5.如图,在ABC ?和DBC ?中,40A ∠=,2AB AC ==,140BDC ∠=,BD CD =,以点D 为顶点作70MDN ∠=,两边分别交,AB AC 于点,M N ,连接MN ,则AMN ?的周长为_______.

【答案】4

【解析】

【分析】

延长AB 至F ,使BF =CN ,连接DF ,通过证明△BDF ≌△CDN ,及△DMN ≌△DMF ,从而得出MN =MF ,△AMN 的周长等于AB +AC 的长.

【详解】

延长AB 至F ,使BF =CN ,连接DF .

∵BD =CD ,且∠BDC =140°,

∴∠BCD =∠DBC =20°.

∵∠A=40°,AB=AC=2,

∴∠ABC=∠ACB=70°,

∴∠DBA=∠DCA=90°.

在Rt△BDF和Rt△CND中,

∵BF=CN,∠DBA=∠DCA,DB=DC,

∴△BDF≌△CDN,

∴∠BDF=∠CDN,DF=DN.

∵∠MDN=70°,

∴∠BDM+∠CDN=70°,

∴∠BDM+∠BDF=70°,

∴∠FDM=70°=∠MDN.

∵DF=DN,∠FDM=∠MDN,DM=DM,

∴△DMN≌△DMF,

∴MN=MF,

∴△AMN的周长是:AM+AN+MN=AM+MB+BF+AN=AB+AC=4.

故答案为:4.

【点睛】

本题主要利用等腰三角形的性质来证明三角形全等,构造全等三角形是解答本题的关键.

6.如图,在△ABC中,AB=AC,点D、E在BC的延长线上,G是AC上一点,且CG=CD,F是GD上一点,且DF=DE.若∠A=100°,则∠E的大小为_____度.

【答案】10

【解析】

【分析】

由DF=DE ,CG=CD 可得∠E=∠DFE ,∠CDG=∠CGD ,再由三角形的外角的意义可得

∠GDC=∠E+∠DFE=2∠E ,∠ACB=∠CDG+∠CGD=2∠CD G ,进而可得∠ACB=4∠E ,最后代入数据即可解答.

【详解】

解:∵DF =DE ,CG =CD ,

∴∠E =∠DFE ,∠CDG =∠CGD ,

∵GDC =∠E +∠DFE ,∠ACB =∠CDG +∠CGD ,

∴GDC =2∠E ,∠ACB =2∠CDG ,

∴∠ACB =4∠E ,

∵△ABC 中,AB =AC ,∠A =100°,

∴∠ACB =40°,

∴∠E =40°÷4=10°.

故答案为10.

【点睛】

本题考查等腰三角形的性质以及三角形外角的定义,解题的关键是灵活运用等腰三角形的性质和三角形的外角的定义确定各角之间的关系.

7.如图,已知AB AC =,AD 平分BAC ∠,60DEB EBC ∠=∠=?,若3BE =,3DE =,则BC =____________.

【答案】33+【解析】

【分析】

延长ED 交BC 于点M ,延长AD 交BC 于点N ,作DF ∥BC 于点F.由已知条件推出△BEM 是等边三角形,△FDE 是等边三角形,在△DNM 中求出NM 的长度,即可求出BC 的长度.

【详解】

如图,延长ED 交BC 于点M ,延长AD 交BC 于点N ,作DF ∥BC 于点F ,

∵AB AC =,AD 平分BAC ∠,∴AN ⊥BC ,BN=CN ,

∵60DEB EBC ∠=∠=?,∴△BEM 是等边三角形,

∴△FDE 是等边三角形,

∵3BE =,3DE =,∴33DM =-,

∵△BEM 是等边三角形,∴∠EMB=60°,

∵AN ⊥BC ,∴∠DNM=90°,

∴∠NDM=30°,∴1332NM DM -=

=, ∴33333BN BM NM -+=-=-

=, ∴233BC BN ==+.

【点睛】

本题考查了等边三角形的性质,解题的关键是作出辅助线构造等边三角形.

8.如图,过边长为1的等边三角形ABC 的边AB 上一点P ,作PE ⊥AC 于点E ,Q 为BC 延长线上一点,当AP =CQ 时,PQ 交AC 于D ,则DE 的长为______.

【答案】

12

【解析】 过点Q 作AD 的延长线的垂线于点F.

因为△ABC 是等边三角形,所以∠A=∠ACB=60°.

因为∠ACB=∠QCF,所以∠QCF=60°.

因为PE⊥AC,QF⊥AC,所以∠AEP=∠CFQ=90°,

又因为AP=CQ ,所以△AEP≌△CFQ,所以AE=CF ,PE=QC.

同理可证,△DEP≌△DFQ,所以DE=DF.

所以AC=AE+DE+CD=DE+CD+CF=DE+DF=2DE,所以DE=1

2

AC=

1

2

.

故答案为1 2 .

9.如图,在△ABC中,AB=AC,D、E是△ABC内两点,AD平分∠BAC,∠EBC=∠E=60°,若BE=6cm,DE=2cm,则BC=_____cm.

【答案】8cm.

【解析】

【详解】

解:如图,延长ED交BC于M,延长AD交BC于N,作DF∥BC,

∵AB=AC,AD平分∠BAC,

∴AN⊥BC,BN=CN,

∵∠EBC=∠E=60°,

∴△BEM 为等边三角形,

∴△EFD 为等边三角形,

∵BE=6cm ,DE=2cm ,

∴DM=4,

∵△BEM 为等边三角形, ∴∠EMB=60°,

∵AN ⊥BC ,

∴∠DNM=90°,

∴∠NDM=36°,

∴NM=2,

∴BN=4,

∴BC=8.

10.如图,正五边形ABCDE 中,对角线AC 与BE 相交于点F ,则AFE ∠=_______度.

【答案】72.

【解析】

【分析】

根据五边形的内角和公式求出EAB ∠,根据等腰三角形的性质,三角形外角的性质计算即可.

【详解】

解:∵五边形ABCDE 是正五边形,

(52)1801085EAB ABC ?

?

-?∴∠=∠==

BA BC =

36BAC BCA ?∴∠=∠=

同理36ABE ∠?=,

363672AFE ABF BAF ∴∠∠+∠?+??===.

故答案为:72

【点睛】

本题考查的是正多边形的内角与外角,掌握正多边形的内角的计算公式、等腰三角形的性质是解题的关键.

二、八年级数学轴对称三角形选择题(难)

11.如图,在△ABC 中,分别以点A 和点B 为圆心,大于12

AB 的长为半径画弧,两弧相交于点M 、N ,作直线MN ,交BC 于点D ,连接AD ,若△ADC 的周长为14,BC=8,则AC 的长为

A .5

B .6

C .7

D .8

【答案】A

【解析】

【分析】 根据题意可得MN 是直线AB 的中点,所以可得AD=BD ,BC=BD+CD ,而△ADC 为

AC+CD+AD=14,即AC+CD+BD=14,因此可得AC+BC=14,已知BC 即可求出AC .

【详解】

根据题意可得MN 是直线AB 的中点AD BD ∴=

ADC 的周长为14AC CD AD ++=

14AC CD BD ++=∴

BC BD CD =+

14AC BC =∴+

已知8BD =

6AC ∴= ,故选B

【点睛】

本题主要考查几何中的等量替换,关键在于MN 是直线AB 的中点,这样所有的问题就解决了.

12.在Rt ABC ?中,90ACB ∠=?,点D E 、是AB 边上两点,且CE 垂直平分,AD CD 平分,6BCE AC cm ∠=,则BD 的长为( )

A .6cm

B .7cm

C .8cm

D .9cm

【答案】A

【解析】

【分析】 根据CE 垂直平分AD ,得AC=CD ,再根据等腰在三角形的三线合一,得

ACE ECD ∠=∠,结合角平分线定义和90ACB ?∠=,得

30ACE ECD DCB ?∠=∠=∠=,则BD CD AC ==.

【详解】

∵CE 垂直平分AD

∴AC=CD =6cm ,ACE ECD ∠=∠

∵CD 平分BCE ∠

∴BCD ECD ∠=∠

∴30ACE ECD DCB ?∠=∠=∠=

∴60A ?∠=

∴30B BCD ?∠==∠

∴6CD BD AC cm ===

故选:A

【点睛】

本题考查的知识点主要是等腰三角形的性质的“三线合一”性质定理及判定“等角对等边”,熟记并能熟练运用这些定理是解题的关键.

13.如图所示,△ABP 与△CDP 是两个全等的等边三角形,且PA ⊥PD ,有下列四个结论:①∠PBC =15°,②AD ∥BC ,③PC ⊥AB ,④四边形ABCD 是轴对称图形,其中正确的个数为( )

A .1个

B .2个

C .3个

D .4个

【答案】D

【解析】

【分析】

根据周角的定义先求出∠BPC 的度数,再根据对称性得到△BPC 为等腰三角形,∠PBC 即可求出;根据题意:有△APD 是等腰直角三角形;△PBC 是等腰三角形;结合轴对称图形的定义与判定,可得四边形ABCD 是轴对称图形,进而可得②③④正确.

【详解】

根据题意,BPC 36060290150∠=-?-= , BP PC =,

()

PBC 180150215∠∴=-÷=,①正确;

根据题意可得四边形ABCD 是轴对称图形,④正确;

∵∠DAB+∠ABC=45°+60°+60°+15°=180°,

∴AD//BC ,②正确;

∵∠ABC+∠BCP=60°+15°+15°=90°,

∴PC ⊥AB ,③正确,

所以四个命题都正确,

故选D .

【点睛】

本题考查了等边三角形的性质、等腰直角三角形的性质、等腰三角形的判定与性质、轴对称图形的定义与判定等,熟练掌握各相关性质与定理是解题的关键.

14.如图所示,把多块大小不同的30角三角板,摆放在平面直角坐标系中,第一块三角板AOB 的一条直角边与x 轴重合且点A 的坐标为()2,0,30ABO ∠=?,第二块三角板的斜边1BB 与第一块三角板的斜边AB 垂直且交x 轴于点1B ,第三块三角板的斜边12B B 与第二块三角板的斜边1BB 垂直且交y 轴于点2B ,第四块三角板斜边23B B 与第三块三角板的斜边12B B 垂直且交x 轴于点3B ,按此规律继续下去,则点2018B 的坐标为( )

A .()20182(3)

,0-? B .()20180,2(3)-? C .()20192(3),0? D .()

20190,2(3)-? 【答案】D

【解析】

【分析】 计算出OB 、OB 1、 OB 2的长度,根据题意和图象可以发现题目中的变化规律,从而可以求得点B 2018的坐标.

【详解】

解:由题意可得,

2242-3

OB 1323322(3)?,

OB 231= 323)?,

∵2018÷4=504…2,

∴点B 2018在y 轴的负半轴上,

∴点B 2018的坐标为()20190,2(3)

-?.

故答案为:D .

【点睛】

本题考查规律型:点的坐标规律及含30度角的直角三角形的性质,解答本题的关键是明确题意,找出题目中坐标的变化规律,求出相应的点的坐标.

15.在一个33?的正方形网格中,A ,B 是如图所示的两个格点,如果C 也是格点,且ABC 是等腰三角形,则符合条件的C 点的个数是( )

A .6

B .7

C .8

D .9

【答案】C

【解析】

【分析】 根据题意、结合图形,画出图形即可确定答案. 【详解】

解:根据题意,画出图形如图:共8个.

故答案为C.

【点睛】

本题主要考查了等腰三角形的判定,根据题意、画出符合实际条件的图形是解答本题的关键.

16.如图钢架中,∠A=a ,焊上等长的钢条P 1P 2, P 2P 3, P 3P 4, P 4P 5……来加固钢架.著P 1A= P 1P 2,且恰好用了4根钢条,则α的取值范圈是( )

A .15°≤ a <18°

B .15°< a ≤18°

C .18°≤ a <22.5°

D .18° < a ≤ 22.5°

【答案】C

【解析】

【分析】

由每根钢管长度相等,可知图中都是等腰三角形,利用等腰三角形底角一定是锐角,可推出取值范围.

【详解】

∵AB=BC=CD=DE=EF

∴∠P 1P 2A=∠A=a

由三角形外角性质,可得∠P 2P 1P 3=2∠A=2a

同理可得,∠P 1P 3P 2=∠P 2P 1P 3=2a ,

∠P 3P 2P 4=∠P 3P 4P 2=∠A+∠P 1P 3P 2=3a ,

∠P 4P 3P 5=∠P 4P 5P 3=∠A+∠P 3P 4P 2=4a ,

在△P 4P 3P 5中,∠P 3P 4P 5=180°-2∠P 4P 3P 5=180°-8a

当∠P 5P 4B ≥90°即∠P 5P 4A ≤90°时,不能再放钢管,

∴3180890+-≤a a ,解得a ≥18°

又∵等腰三角形底角只能是锐角,

∴4a <90°,解得a <22.5

∴1822.5οο≤

故选C.

【点睛】

本题考查等腰三角形的性质,掌握等腰三角形的底角只能是锐角是关键.

17.如图,已知△ABC 与△CDE 均是等边三角形,点B 、C 、E 在同一条直线上,AE 与BD 交于点O ,AE 与CD 交于点G ,AC 与BD 交于点F ,连接OC 、FG ,则下列结论:①AE =BD ;②AG =BF ;③FG ∥BE ;④∠BOC =∠EOC .其中正确结论的个数为( )

A .1

B .2

C .3

D .4

【答案】D

【解析】

【分析】 根据题意,结合图形,对选项一一求证,即可得出正确选项.

(1)△ABC和△DCE均是等边三角形,点B,C,E在同一条直线

上,∴AC=BC,EC=DC,∠ACB=∠DCE=60°,∴∠ACE=∠BCD=120°.

在△BCD和△ACE中,∵

AC BC

BCD ACE

CD CE

=

?

?

∠=∠

?

?=

?

,∴△BCD≌△ACE,∴AE=BD,故结论①正

确;

(2)∵△BCD≌△ECA,∴∠GAC=∠FBC.

又∵∠ACG=∠BCF=60°,AC=BC,∴△ACG≌△BCF,∴AG=BF,故结论②正确;

(3)∵△ACG≌△BCF,∴CG=CF.

∵∠ACB=∠DCE=60°,∴∠ACD=60°,∴△FCG为等边三角

形,∴∠FGC=60°,∴∠FGC=∠DCE,∴FG∥BE,故结论③正确;

(4)过C作CN⊥AE于N,CZ⊥BD于Z,则∠CNE=∠CZD=90°.

∵△ACE≌△BCD,∴∠CDZ=∠CEN.

在△CDZ和△CEN中,

CZD CNE

CDZ CEN

CD CE

∠=∠

?

?

∠=∠

?

?=

?

,∴△CDZ≌△CEN,∴CZ=CN.

∵CN⊥AE,CZ⊥BD,∴∠BOC=∠EOC,故结论④正确.

综上所述:四个结论均正确.

故选D.

【点睛】

本题综合考查了等边三角形的判定与性质,全等三角形的判定与性质,角平分线的判定定理等重要几何知识点,有一定难度,需要学生将相关知识点融会贯通,综合运用.

18.如图,已知,点A(0,0)、B(43,0)、C(0,4),在△ABC内依次作等边三角形,使一边在x轴上,另一个顶点在BC边上,作出的等边三角形分别是第1个△AA1B1,第2个△B1A2B2,第3个△B2A3B3,…则第2017个等边三角形的边长等于()

A

3

B

3

C

3

D

3

【解析】

【分析】

【详解】

根据锐角三函数的性质,由OB=43,OC=1,可得∠OCB=90°,然后根据等边三角形的性质,可知∠A1AB=60°,进而可得∠CAA1=30°,∠CA1O=90°,因此可推导出∠A2A1B=30°,同理得到∠CA2B1=∠CA3B2=∠CA4B3=90°,∠A2A1B=∠A3A2B2=∠A4A3B3=30°,故可得后一个等边三角形的边长等于前一个等边三角形的边长的一半,即OA1=OCcos∠CAA1=23,

B1A2=

1

23

2

?,以此类推,可知第2017个等边三角形的边长为:2017

13

()43

2

?=.

故选A.

【点睛】

此题主要考查了等边三角形的性质,属于规律型题目,解题关键是仔细审图,得出:后一个等边三角形的边长等于前一个等边三角形的边长的一半.

19.如图,等边△ABC的边AB上一点P,作PE⊥AC于E,Q为BC延长线上的一点,当PA=CQ时,连接PQ交AC于点D,下列结论中不一定正确的是()

A.PD=DQ B.DE=

1

2

AC C.AE=

1

2

CQ D.PQ⊥AB

【答案】D

【解析】

过P作PF∥CQ交AC于F,∴∠FPD=∠Q,∵△ABC是等边三角形,

∴∠A=∠ACB=60°,∴∠A=∠AFP=60°,∴AP=PF,∵PA=CQ,∴PF=CQ,在△PFD与△DCQ 中,

FPD Q

PDE CDQ

PF CQ

∠=∠

?

?

∠=∠

?

?=

?

,∴△PFD≌△QCD,∴PD=DQ,DF=CD,∴A选项正确,

∵AE=EF,∴DE=

1

2

AC,∴B选项正确,∵PE⊥AC,∠A=60°,∴AE=

1

2

AP=

1

2

CQ,∴C选项正确,故选D.

20.如图,将△ABC沿DE、EF翻折,顶点A,B均落在点O处,且EA与EB重合于线段EO,若∠CDO+∠CFO=108°,则∠C的度数为()

A.40°B.41°C.32°D.36°

【答案】D

【解析】

分析:如图,连接AO、BO.由题意EA=EB=EO,推出∠AOB=90°,∠OAB+∠OBA=90°,由DO=DA,FO=FB,推出∠DAO=∠DOA,∠FOB=∠FBO,推出∠CDO=2∠DAO,

∠CFO=2∠FBO,由∠CDO+∠CFO=108°,推出2∠DAO+2∠FBO=98°,推出

∠DAO+∠FBO=49°,由此即可解决问题.

详解:如图,连接AO、BO.

由题意得:EA=EB=EO,∴∠AOB=90°,∠OAB+∠OBA=90°.∵DO=DA,FO=FB,

∴∠DAO=∠DOA,∠FOB=∠FBO,∴∠CDO=2∠DAO,

∠CFO=2∠FBO.∵∠CDO+∠CFO=108°,∴2∠DAO+2∠FBO=108°,∴∠DAO+∠FBO=54°,∴∠CAB+∠CBA=∠DAO+∠OAB+∠OBA+∠FBO=144°,∴∠C=180°﹣(∠CAB+∠CBA)

=180°﹣144°=36°.

故选D.

点睛:本题考查了三角形内角和定理、直角三角形的判定和性质、等腰三角形的性质等知识,解题的关键是灵活运用这些知识解决问题,学会把条件转化的思想,属于中考常考题型.

人教版八年级英语上学期易错题汇总(答案)

八年级英语期末复习(一) 一. 单选 ( ). Green usually starts the day ______ breakfast. A. to B. for C. with D. from ( ) there __________ with your bike A. something wrong B. wrong something C. anything wrong D. wrong anything ( ) a balanced diet ________ healthy. A. to stay B. is staying C. will stay D. staying ( ) is the weather like -It’s warm. A. What B. Which C. How D. When ( )5. Mr. Brown usually comes here _______. A. drive ships B. take a ship C. by sea D. on the sea ( )6. Jim’s home is _______ from here.

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