山东科技大学跨文化交际翻译
跨文化交际与翻译
Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures).The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies.It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn topay attention to context and learn to interpret meaning in terms of the context. It is evident that different countries or nations have quite different customs, cultures, ways to express emotions and so on, to become successful communicator and avoid serious culture shock and failure, it’s essential to have intercultural knowledge about low context, high context, power distance and other information, to eradicate stereotypes, to hold placid attitude, to know that cultures are different.And there was no doubting translation is an intercultural activity. The culture of source text can only find echoes from source language readers, however, for target language readers, the lack of similar cultural background may lead to the loss of ingenuity of the originals. Translation as a tool of communication is thus a significant intercultural activity aiming at breaking the language and culture barriers and enriching communication. To become a successful translator or interpreter, learning culture difference is an inevitable aspect of training. Translation texts are the product of the mutual influence of source language culture and target language culture. The properties, extent and concrete level of the two languages and cultures are to some degree influencing the choice of translation strategies, syntactic structures and words of the translators. Thus culture as a dispensable capability of a translator, of conducting effective translation makes translation resemble to intercultural communication.Effective intercultural communication cannot be accomplished at one stroke, and it is impossible to do successful translation without knowledge of cultures. To stride across the cultural barriers of different nations, it’s necessary to adjust the attitude of intercultural communication, and recognize the discrepancy of translation strategies, so to reconstruct the artistic sense of originals, and appeal to more target readers with vigorous translation. Knowing better the relationship between intercultural communication and translation is of great importance to these two practices.。
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版
期末考试范围• 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%）• 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。
（15%）•eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter howpoor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence andvirtue.• 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。
（25%）4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%）5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论（comment)。
（30%）如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。
价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 AUnit10 BUnit1 AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?Answer: The loud speaking and speaking their native language made the reserved British feel quite unhappy. The Englishman is reserved, he doesn’t show much emotion and seldom gets excited.Unit1 BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom. The American is competitive, friendly, spontaneous, adaptable, efficient, energetic, and kindhearted.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?1). Except for the slaves, immigrants came to America voluntarily in search of greater prosperity and freedom. (para3)2). In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering spirit led American settlers to travel westward in search of land and gold. (para4)3). The desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation. Many Americans change residences every year. (para5) 4). Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. (para7)3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. Impact: Americans are optimistic and adventurous. The typical American believed in trying something new in an attempt to make life better. He had a firm faith in the possibility of progress. Every day in every way I am getting better and better.4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.The American did something that he thought is friendly, but the English seemed quite unfriendly to him, so he felt uncomfortable.American is a bit casual, optimistic and outgoing. He called the first names and touched the people on the shoulder.But, English are reserved and conservative. They dislike physical touch and dislike to show much emotion. It’s also not polite to call the first names.Suggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Passage C The Chinese CharacterComprehension Questions1.Apart from family, what are other important units in Chinese society? How dothey work?Clan. A clan is the aggregate of kinship. A clan may comprise a whole village or suburb, and counties, provinces and state are conglomerates of a vast number of villages and suburbs with such clan populations.Grouping linked by friendship or marriage is also another important unit in Chinese society. A district may have all its groupings so associated together, and this forms the basis for common action in an emergency.2.Why is China a country with highly complicated social relationship? What aresupposed to be the advantages and disadvantages of it?Chinese society appears as a mass of circles or groupings rather than status or levels. Within each circle or grouping the people are related in clan or closer kinship and offer cooperation and succor to each other. Marriage and friendship created links with other clans and groupings. Therefore, a district may have all its groupings so associated together. So, the social relationship in China is more close and complicated than Western countries.Such kind is good for the steady of a society and peaceful life, good for governing but not good for development, for any new ideas and reformation. It is as personal oriented society. Sometimes it is easy to deal with something, but other times it makes things more complicated and even hinder the development of a society. For example, the complicated social relation becomes a big barrier for the implementation of lawand justice. It may give rise to the unequal of chance and resources. ...(a free answer question)3.Can you list some of the characteristics of the general character of the Chinesepeople based on the text. Try to give the possible reasons for the formation of such character.Chinese people are compromising, patient, mediative, harmonious, obedient, passive, pacific, long-viewing, tolerant, filial, conservative, thrift, friendly, diligent, and so on. They tend to be in low profile, hide their strength and depreciate their success. The character of Chinese is caused by many factors. From the text, we know its closely related to the organization of Chinese society. The Chinese society is organized by clans or friends of close association. It is a big circle of complicated relations. To maintain the steady of the circle, such kinds of character are of significant importance.Case StudyChina is a society of complicated social relation. Friend is a very important factor in society. Chinese people take care of maintaining friendship and tend to avoid direct conflict or making other lose face. In this case, to maintain the face of Jimmy, I would not mention the borrowed money in the face of Jimmy. But Jimmy keeping reminding "I" of the money made "I" feel quite embarrassed, and a bit angry. "I" thought Jimmy was not friendly.America is a society advocates individualism and their social relation is quite loose. They think friend is friend, money is money. What's more, compared with Chinese society, it is one with low-contexted culture, in which people would put everything in words and say it directly. In the case, Jimmy reminded "I" once again about the money lest "I" forget about it. To Jimmy, it was the fault of "I" not mentioning about the borrowed money earlier. So, when "I" asked about it, he said "Why didn't you remind me earlier?"What’s more, Americans don’t readily give money to others, which will most likely render a sense of humiliation about one’s ability to earn one’s own living. So in this case, Jimmy is a bit annoyed for “I” not remind him to pay back the borrowed money. He thought that he had been looked upon by “I”.Unit2 Akey concept:Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想 humanism 人道主义individualism个人主义collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1. According to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism, collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .6. Are all the Westerners individualists? Are all the Chinese collectivists? (P20 para20)Saying that Western culture is individualist does not mean that all Westerners are always individualist. Rather, it means that Westerners are more likely to think and act in individualist ways than people in collectivist cultures are. The difference between individualist and collectivist cultures is relative, not absolute.Case study1.Would you please help Shi Hai interpret the Chinese saying he mentioned? Common fame is seldom to blame; shoot the bird which takes the lead; The outstanding usually bear the brunt of attack.2. Would you please make suitable explanations for his declining the promotion so that Joe would understand him?Chinese people respect collectivism and emphasize cooperation, so individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit .so he thinks he should not receive the honor personally.Unit3 Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)American old people live apart from their children. Some families may place older relatives in nursing homes.(2)Their financial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.4. As a child in a Chinese family, how can you make your parents happy? Answer is open.1). To advance the family as a group and bring honor to the family name as well.2).To show filial duty and responsibility to parents. 3). To emphasize the peace and harmony of a family.case1: Q1：He will feel amazing and sympathy for her ,for which she is old enough but still living alone.Q2:1.In individualist cultures like that of the US, children arealienated from parents because parents chain them to be independent, “push them out of the nest”.2.Because of the cultural emphasis on self-reliance, the mother feelsit is inappropriate to ask for help, and the children may even think it is inappropriate to offer.3.Individualism leads people to feel they should stay out of eachother’s business.Case2:1).It is an offence to slap a child in America, but not in China. In America,ill-treating the children is illegal. The police may arrest the parents and send the children to DCFS shelter.2)In America, a sense of equality often exists in American homes.3). In China, parents regard their children as private prosperity.Chinese think Beating means love, scolding means affection tochildren.Unit3 BKey concepts：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责 A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固 Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose, individual’s needs come first, contractual and compartmentalized.2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the difference between inner and out side is from most important to least important.4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese andAmerican?•1). Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few. (para8) •American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized because they are based on a shared activity, event, or experience. (para9) •2). Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. (para10) •5.Do you think friendship shares some common elements in differentcultures? If you do, what are they?Answer is open.Both regard friendship as a very important thing to individuals.Case 1•Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .•It’s not appropriate for the Americans to use personal connections to help a friend get something hard to obtain.•This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case 2• 1. Not really, just because their children like to play together, these two women plan to get together at each other’s houses.• 2. They are common friends. a). American friendships are based ona shared activity, event, or experience. b). They view themselvesand others as a composite of distinct interests. c). Their children like to play together, so they have some common interests. d). They may get together just because their kids would enjoy that.Case3•Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school.•No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.•Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent and based on a shared class, activity or event .If one drop out of it, they may lose contact with the friends with whom they sharedthat activity.Unit5AKey concepts：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knives at dinner?The ancestors of many Western countries lived by hunting. Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasized the delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and taste that Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients, herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Under the influence of pragmatism, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy to Westerners, having little to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.5.Do you know why vegetables became the staple food of the Chinese, while meat became the main food of Americans?• 1. Historically, China is an agricultural country, while the ancestors of Americans lived by hunting.• 2. Environmentally, China has a large amount of population and lack of land to support a cattle industry. America has an abundance of fertile, flat land for grazing cattle and food production.•Case Study:• 1.Why did Ling Hong’s mother keep on encouraging Susan to eat more even after Susan refused?•In Chinese culture, Ling Hong’s mother kept on encouraging Susan to eat more is to show the hospitality of the host to Susan.• 2.Why did Susan feel embarrassed when Ling Hong’s mother put some food in her bowl with her chopsticks?•Because in western culture, food is usually served separately to each person----partly for hygiene reasons and partly due toindividualism.Unit6 AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imagination to produce newideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?2. Answer is open.3. Answer is open. Don’t help the baby stand immediately. Let the baby explore and experience, and try to find the balance to stand by itself.Case1:Firstly, Chinese students are used to take what the teacher's said as authority, and try to memorize what is given in lessons. On the other hand, teaching in China focus more on knowledge than on creation, to make students with the same ideas, the same knowledge. Moreover, to them, it is impolite to challenge the teacher's words, to form different ideas from the teacher. But to the Westerners, things are quite different. The aim of western education is to produce students with different ideas, to develop their creativity. To them, the more questions asked in class means more attention you give to what the teacher says. And more interest you show to the topic and the teacher. So, in this case, Professor Johnson mistook the silence of the students as their no interest in his subject, and felt disappointed.Case21. Because the American teacher thought that I was an adult, I should at least have some ideas about a question, no matter how difficult it is, even the answer is totally wrong.2. Chinese educators are used to “teaching by holding his hand”. So long as the students are shown how to do something, they are less likely to solve a problem effectively by themselves. They may lack of creativity and self-reliance.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4. Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Difficulties: M-time-oriented person should keep waiting.Feelings: To feel put down, angry and frustrated.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Difficulties: P-time-oriented person dislikes to squeeze people in . They prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them. Feelings: To feel compelled and uncomfortable.5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?•M. S: stimulating, productive, desirable, punctual• W: without reference to logic and human needs•.•P. S: Being oriented toward people, emphasizing human needs.• W: wasteful and distracting, not punctualCase1(para3)• 1.No , I don't like . Robert is a monochronicpeople , these people see time as being dividedinto fixed elements(seconds ,minutes ,hours ,etc), sequentialblocks that can be organized, quantified, andscheduled .They love to plan in detail, make lists,keep track of activities and organize time into adaily routine. so Robert does things like this.• 2. I'm a polychronic people , I dislike doingthings in haste.Case2(para5)•The director is a polychronic people , peoplein such kind of cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time , they do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitments ,therefore ,in these cultures, personal interaction an relationship development are more important than making appointments or meeting deadlines. so the director had the behavior toward Katherine .Unit10 B课后四个comprehension questions:Case Study:❖Question 1: Why does the secretary quit her job?❖The manager has made a number of mistakes, by not understanding that in some cultures it is not acceptable to criticize people in front of others.This is because a public telling-off leads to a "loss of face". It can also be unacceptable to show emotion at the workplace. Although there are always going to be times when criticism is necessary, in this cultural context, direct criticism, even in a one-to-one situation, is not acceptable.❖Question 2: Can you give some suggestions to handle the situation?Verluyten, who has carried out research into indirectness and conflict avoidance amongst executives in a range of countries, suggests that there are three ways of dealing with the situation:❖ 1 Blur the sender. This means that you don't criticize the person directly. but do so through a friend or colleague.❖ 2 Blur the receiver. This means that you mention the problem in front of thewhole group, rather than pick out an individual.❖ 3 Blur the message. This could mean talking about a hypothetical case, or asking indirect questions, such as "Do you still live out of town?" or "How is the baby?" It might even involve giving excessive praise-- the secretary would then know that something was wrong.。
新编跨文化交际英语1-10课后翻译
Unit 2 Page 60Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175Unit 6 Page 2158Translation如果接受这样的信念，认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法，并且接受相应的原则，认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历，那么，随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。
然而，我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。
我们常常忽略感知的差异，并且断定，如果一个人不知道巴比罗•毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家，他简直就不懂艺术。
实际上，他很可能有着不同的经历，对他来说，什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。
在我们的日常活动中，感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。
不同年代的人、不同少数民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标，这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。
我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。
文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。
因此，它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。
我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们，怎样去判断别人，使用什么标准去做判断。
这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的，武断的并导致误解的。
相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准，对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。
9Translation身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题，即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准则和社会规范，到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢？在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内？是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化，还是让当地人改变交流方式，从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利？人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢？俗话说“入乡随俗”，很明显，这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上。
话虽很有道理，但并不能适用于所有情况。
《跨文化交际》_名词解释-跨文化交际名词解释.docx
1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one largesociety.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4. Microcultures: cultures within cultures 微观文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptionsand symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affectthe behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
【免费下载】跨文化交际 unit1~6 课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understa nd people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. Th e ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world pea ce.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
山东科技大学跨文化交际课文重点整理
Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global Context Text A Intercultural Communication in a Global SocietyObjectivesBy the end of this lesson, you will be able to know that1) the society we are living in becomes more complex, diverse, divisive and global;2) competition occurs at different social levels;3) Americans, as well as other nations, are facing increasing communication across cultures both domestically and internationally;4) what intercultural is, and what multicultural is;5) the impacts of cultural differences on people;6) what intercultural communication is and why we should learn it.Part I: para.1-5 introduction of why to learn ICPara.1-2 We live in an increasingly complex, diverse, divisive, and global society.para.1 entertainment media filled with the spirit of competitionpara.2 news media bombarded us with political issues highlight competition and conflict in the political systemPara.3-4 conflict within our nationpara.3 political sophistication and polorization within our nationpara.4 Reasons(1)differing opinions about the role we should play in world affairs.(2)why it is important to study international relationship in association with IC. Para. 5 Americans are faced with challenges related to communication across cultures both domestically and internationally.Part II: para.6-9 definitions of multicultural and interculturalPara. 6 what is multicultural and what is intercultural?multicultural refers to nations that have diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration, while intercultural refers to the diversity among separate nations.Para. 7-8 what is multiculturalism and its implementationmulticulturalism refers to the view that immigrants should preserve their cultures and that all the different cultures within a state should interact peacefully; all cultural groups should be treated with respect as equals. Para. 7-8 what is multiculturalism and its implementationE.g.the U.S: from a melting pot to a salad bowlCanada: dual citizenshipAustralia: Special Broadcasting ServicePara. 9 application of interculturalPart III: para.10 the impacts of cultural differencesCultural differences have the potential to lead to misunderstanding, miscommunication, dispute, and even conflict. Sometimes diverse culturalgroups within a nation will come into conflict with one anothercultural differences can also open up opportunities for collaboration, cooperation, and learning.Part IV: para.11-12 intercultural communication and its development Communication is a symbolic process by which people shared meanings. Intercultural communication occurs when people creating shared meanings have different cultural perspectives and values. Typically, it is the differing world views of members of different cultures that make intercultural communication challenging. Intercultural communication may occur between individuals; it occurs when you travel abroad and talk with someone in a culture that is different from your own. Intercultural communication may also occur between groups of people or within nationsPart V: para. 13 different perspectives on studying IC1)International studies: the role of communication in soft power is essential to maintaining peace in a region.2)Political science: international relations is directly concerned with the role of intercultural communication in the political relations among nations.3)Psychology.4)Linguistics5)Sociology: intercultural communication as one of many social factors.6)Anthropology7)Comparative literature8)Education: preparing students to function in a global society and with multicultural issues in the classroom.9)Technical communication: preparation of documentation that can meet the needs of diverse audiences internationally and on the use of communication technologies across cultures and history.Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and Communication Background informationCharacteristics of cultureLearned, Unconscious, Subject to change, Transmitted, Symbolic, Integrated, Adaptive1) Culture is learned consciously or unconsciously:(enculturation)**through Proverbs, Folktales, Myths, and legends**through Art e.g. Beijing Opera**through Mass Media2) Most part of culture is unconsciousCulture is an icebergExplicit: Way of doing things(10%)Behaviour, Traditions, Artefacts –buildings, clothes, art etc.Tacit: Way of thinking(90%)Beliefs, Attitudes, Perceptions, Values3) Culture is subject to change4) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation5) Culture is based on symbols6) Culture is integrated7) Culture is adaptive (acculturation)Text A: The Concept of CultureObjectives of the lesson1. to know that people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly2. to learn that there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture3. to find out what is culture in anthropologists’ view and what cultures means in nonscientific usage4. to tell what concept people share on culture5. to distinguish one’s cultural identityPart I (para1-2): what is culture in anthropologists’ view Anthropology: the scientific study of people, society, and culture.1. Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology.2. In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts, world philosophy, and gourmet cuisine.3. All people have culture, according to the anthropological definition. The stralian aborigines, living with a bare minimum of technology, are as much cultural animals as Yo-Yo Ma and Baryshnikov. Thus, for the anthropologist, projectile points, creation myths, and mud huts are as legitimate items of culture as a Beethoven symphony, a Warhol painting, and a Sondheim musical. Part II (para 3-5): some definitions of culture which say essentially the same thing and the components of culture are intimately connected.1. In fact, in the often-cited work by Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, more than 160 different definitions of culture were identified. This should not lead to the conclusion that anthropology is a chaotic battleground where no consensus exists among practicing anthropologists.2. Some definitions:1) According to Tylor, culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a mem ber of society”.2) More recently, culture has been defined as “a mental map which guides us in our relations to our surroundings and to other people”3) Perhaps most succinctly as “the way of life of a people”.4) We will define the concept of culture as “everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society.”3. Although we classify these components of culture, we should not conclude that they are unrelated. In fact, the components are so intimately connectedthat it is frequently hard to separate them in real life.4. the cultural process of writing involves an intimate knowledge of the three fundamental components of culture: things or artifacts, ideas and knowledge, and patterns of behavior.Part III (para 6-7): the symbolic function of culture1. Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of culture, and what makes humans unique in the animal world, is the capacity to symbolize.2. it is true that all human behavior begins with the use of symbols.3. As Leslie White stated so eloquently, the ability to symbolize is the single most important hallmark of humanity.4. It is the shared meaning of our symbols that enables us to interact with one another with the least amount of ambiguity and misunderstanding.Part IV (para8-10): some misunderstandings about culture1. In everyday terminology, the term race often is used as a synonym for culture. But anthropologists consider these to be two very different concepts. A race refers to an interbreeding population whose members share a number of important physical traits with one another, such as blood types, eye color and shape, skin color, and hair texture, to mention just a few. By way of contrast, culture refers to our non-biological and non-genetic characteristics.2. Another popular misunderstanding involves the confusion between culture and civilization. the concepts of civilization and culture are not interchangeable. While all civilizations are cultures, not all cultures are civilizations.Part V (para11-12): Further explanations on definitions of culture1. The last phrase in our working definition — as members of a society — should remind us that culture is a shared phenomenon. For a thing, idea, or behavior pattern to qualify as being cultural, it must have a meaning shared by most people in a society. It is this shared nature of culture that makes our lives less complicated. Because people share a common culture, they are able to predict, within limits, how others will think and behave.2. In fact, the uncertainty one experiences when trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture often leads to Culture Shock, a form of psychological distress that can result in depression, overeating, or irritability.3. Culture is not transmitted genetically. Rather, it is acquired through the process of learning or interacting with one’s cultural environment. This process of acquiring culture after we are born is called enculturation. We acquire our culture (ideas, values and behavior patterns) by growing up in it.4. When an infant is born, he or she enters a cultural environment in which many solutions already exist to the universal problems facing all human populations. The child merely needs to learn or internalize those solutions in order to make a reasonable adjustment to his or her surroundings.Unit 3 Cultural Diversity in Customs and PerspectivesText B Cultural PerspectivesCulture Involves Beliefs, Values, and NormsBeliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.Values involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others.Cultural differences are evident in various ways in which people conduct their everyday activities, as people “perform” their culture in their behavioral routines.Part I (para1-3): Differences in child-rearing practices1. Comparison between French and American child-rearing.French: human people are both good and evil, need the guiding hand American: human are good, children find their own way, learn from mistakes and trust what they do.2. These two ways reflect the different Cultural Perspectives about human nature.Basically Evil: Expect to find evil and fight against it; Punish bad behavior; Save people from their evil nature, guiding hand, education.Basically Good:Protect people’s vir tue; Reward good behavior; Find the most virtuous people, learn from one’s mistake, trust what they do.Mixture of Good and Evil: Separate good from evil; Identify strengths and weaknesses; Reward the good in people and punish the bad.Part II (Para4-9): Definition and Classification of PerspectivesPara 4-6 definition of perspectives & example of illustration1.What is cultural perspective?Culture can be presented as a combination of perceptions, values, beliefs and attitude. They are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by the members of a group. They explain why the people of a particular culture do things in the way they do.1)Explicit: it is clearly shown in oral or written form sayings, proverbs…2) T angible: Perspectives can be tangible.3) Implicit：tacit2. A Cultural Perspective of American DreamBelief: anyone can achieve fame and fortune in the United States through hard work, self-reliance, and sacrifice.values: equality, individualism, achievement, competition, and materialism. Cultural Perception: derive from that people possess free will and can control their destinies and the environment, and that t he future is more important than the past.Attitude: competitiveness, ambition, determination, self-centeredness, and resilience follow.many practices: that reflect the pursuit of the American Dream, includingestablishing certain relationships, developing a career, and acquiring wealth, status, or respect.Products: accumulate with such practices like possessions, goods, capital, status, and recognition.3. Orientation between Chinese values and Western valuesHuman Nature: Basically Good/Mixture of Good and EvilRelationship of Humankind to Nature: People in Harmony with Nature/People the Master of NatureSense of Time: Past Oriented/Future OrientedActivity: Being/DoingSocial Relationships :Authoritarian, Group Oriented /IndividualisticPara 7-9 explicit & implicit perspectivesMany explicit perspectives are found in the history of a culture and in social and cultural studies and commentaries. U.S. history books are filled with stories of “self-made men”, “rugged individualists” who “pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps”, “left their pasts behind”, and went from “rags to riches” to attain the American Dream, ”proving”, in effect, that “God helps those who help themselves.” (Depending on the Americans you talk to, this perspective may be seen as myth or reality.)Perspectives are thus explicit, but at the same time they can be tacit or outside awareness. The maxim “If you want to know about water, don’t ask a fish,” often used in intercultural circles, makes this point. Even though most cultural perspectives are tacit, they can be brought to the surface and made explicit, as anthropologists, among others, have demonstrated.it is questionable whether all tacit perspectives can in fact be surfaced. Some (or many, who knows) remain imprinted in the depths of our reptilian and mammalian brains, beyond the reach of language.Part III (Para10-12): How are Perspectives expressed in cultural studies.Perspectives are expressed as“feelings”, “time” & “worldviews”.At the most explicit level, perspectives are expressed most often as feelings that are associated with attitudes, revealed in the words or deeds of practices. For the most part, these feelings are either positive or negative.How does the issue of punctuality illustrate the explicit and tacit nature of perspectives?( If two persons have different perspectives on time, esp. on punctuality, strong emotions are usually involved. It takes a conscious effort to remind one that his perception of time and the beliefs and values associated with it are in full force. Strong emotional reactions generally signal that an important cultural perspective has been touched, called into question, or threatened in some way.)Para 10-12 “feeling”, “time” & “worldview” aspectsWhat is worldview?Literally, worldview is what it suggests: perceptions of all that surroundsone. The assumption underlying the notion of worldview is that of a unified, shared outlook on the world. Worldview is used most often to describe the fundamental on the world. Worldview is used most often to describe the fundamental perceptions shared by members of a culture.Summary: Cultural PerspectivesFundamental differences can be explained by cultural perspectives.Cultural perspectives are submerged deep within, and there is really not a matter of right or wrong.Cultural perspectives can be presented as a combination of perceptions, values, beliefs, and attitudes.The perceptions, values, beliefs and attitudes are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by members of the culture, manifested in products and practices.Part IV (Para 13-end): 2 kinds of perspectives with illustrations What are the two kinds of perspectives when discussing perspectives?When discussing perspectives, there are two kinds: emic and etic（主位的和客位的）. Emic perspectives are those articulated by members of the culture to explain them and their culture, while etic perspectives are those of outsiders to the cul ture, who use their own criteria to explain the others’ culture.Emic explanations are perspectives that members of the culture use to describe or explain their own way of life. These perspectives do not necessarily correspond to etic categories, nor does the terminology that the members use for their explanations.Etic perspectives include those of visitors to the culture, the criteria they use to describe and explain what they encounter, as well as categories for cross-cultural description and analysis established by anthropologists and other culture researchers to describe many cultures.1. What are the different touching behaviors in different cultures?In Cameroonian culture, because of the limited personal space people allow themselves, people touch a lot. For instance, whenever they would meet, they could shake hands and it is common for friends, brothers and sisters to walk hand in hand. In South Korea, it can also be seen that people shake hands. But in America, because of their larger personal space they allow themselves, people do not touch each other a lot. Although not explicit, when two individuals of the same gender are seen holding hands, people in this country always consider them love partners.2. What is the foreign language teacher’s pu rpose in talking about touching behavior on his class?His purpose was to show students the different interpretations the same personal behavior can have according to cultures. One behavior can be marked in one culture and unmarked in another. He wanted his students to become aware of the difference and achieve better understanding.True or False Questions1. American people love to give the guiding hands to adults whereas French encourage children to find their own way and learn from mistakes. F2. Implicit meanings are explicitly stated in proverbs, creeds and mottos. F3. American dream derives from the perception that people possess free will and can control their environment, and that the present is more important than the past. T4. Worldview is a shared, unified outlook on the world. T5. Emic perspectives are those of outsiders to the culture, who use their own criteria to explain the other’s culture.FUnit 4 Cultural Values and Interpersonal Relationships Background informationInterpersonal relationships exist in almost everywhere, In short, they exist in our whole society. An interpersonal relationship is normally viewed as a connection between two or more individuals.The type of interpersonal relationships differ according to the different roles people play in a society.1)The relationships between two persons2)The relationships with group of peopleInterpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence.Establish a good interpersonal relationship. Although different places you will find different interpersonal relationships, they have one principle, you should obey certain rules to keep a good relationship with other people and therefore enjoy the benefit in turn.Text A Cultural Assumptions and valuesPart I: Introduction(para. 1) Categories covered by cultural assumptions and values.Part II: Body Five categoriesTheir identification follows the work of Florence R. Kluckhohn, with a few divergencies.The identification of the five categories are mainly based on the work of Florence R. Kluckhohn, but there are occasional differences from her work.1)Activity: decision-making & learning.2)Social Relationships:equality versus inequality and their respective embodiment in different cultures.3)Motivation: accomplishment versus status.4)Perception of the World: material nature & exploitability of the world versus harmonious nature & inseparability of the world5)Perception of Self and the Individual:individualistic self versus group1.ActivityPara. 2 Decision-making: individual vs GroupPara. 3 Examining decision-making processes with alterationIn American society the process of decision making unfolds primarily through the anticipation of the consequences of alternative courses of action.(In America, when people make decisions, they try to anticipate the possible consequences of alternative courses of action. Based on these considerations they choose the best one.)Para. 4 Different ways of organizing activity and their Implications for learning or teaching.Para. 5 Necessity for using several dimensions to explain any specific behavior. Para. 6 Equality vs. InequalityInequality underlies social conventions and etiquette and clearly defined reciprocity among persons engaged in social interactions.(Inequality between members of society is the basis of social conventions and etiquette as well as the clearly-defined reciprocity among people who are engaged in social interactions.)2.Social RelationshipPara. 7 Informality of American social conventions and less clearly-defined social reciprocity.For example, equality removes the need for elaborate forms of social address, since one of the functions of formality is to call attention to the participants’ respective status and ascriptions.(For example, considering that everyone is equal, there is no need for people to use complicated forms of social address, because such formality is intended to call attention to things like the participants’ background and social status.) Para. 8 Element of depersonalization: friendshipIndividuals may be disinclined to share a friend with other friends, since both the quality of friendship and the number of friends are considered limited and hence not to be squandered.(Because people have a few friends and because they expect a total commitment to friendship, they value their friendship greatly and are reluctant to share a friend with other friends.)Para. 9 Impartial and objective relations vs. personalized interactions Examples of personalized interaction are found in the paternal benevolence of the Japanese and Latin Americans, and the nepotism endemic to Asia, Africa, and Latin America.(Both the paternal benevolence of the Japanese and Latin Americans, and the unfair use of power to get jobs or other benefits for family or friends, which is frequently found in Asia, Africa and Latin America, are typical examples of personalized interactions.)3.MotivationPara. 10 Achievement: a chief motivating force in American cultureAn American is what an American achieves.(In American culture, the identity or status of an individual is defined by what he or she achieves.)Para. 11 Personal achievement vs. AscriptionAmerican culture, then, emphasizes personal achievement through externally documented accomplishments while many other societies emphasize ascription with its attendant concern for the traditionally fixed status of the individual. (To define self, Americans tend to put emphasis on personal achievement which can be shown through external documents. However, in many other societies, people tend to emphasize an individual’s ascription, such as his or her status or other backgrounds.)Para. 12 American Notion of failureFor Americans the concept is difficult to accept and hence is usually avoided or rationalized.(For Americans the concept of failure is difficult to accept and hence they usually try to avoid it or think of reasons to eplain or justify it.)4.Perception of the WorldPara. 13 Separation of humans from natureAmerican culture assumes that the world is material rather than spirit (or idea, essence, will, or process), and should be exploited for the material benefit of humanity. Nature and the physical world, although often referred to as living, are conceived of as material and mechanistic.Para. 14 Inseparability and harmony of the worldPara. 15 Optimism vs. FatalismBound up with the idea of progress and achievement motivation in Ameican culture is a feeling of general optimism toward the future. Most Americans feel that through their efforts a better future can be brought about which will not compromise the welfare progress of others.Para. 16 Private propertyThe American’s high valuation of material aspects of the world, forms cultural underpinnings for a strong and salient cultural concept of private property.5.Perception of Self and the IndividualPara. 17 Concept of an individualistic self: identityPara. 18 Self-autonomyStress on the individual begins at a very early age when the American child is encouraged to be autonomous.Para. 19 Consequence of stress on individual: resistance to formal authoritative control.Para. 20 Consequence of stress on individual: difficulty to be merged with a group.The American resists becoming lost in a group or expresses concern about the non-person emphasis of a cause or abstract ideology.(With emphasis on the individual, Americans are afraid of being lost in a group or they worry that a cause or abstract ideology that has no cleat reference to the individual might make their self lost.)Para. 21 Another dimension: wholeness-divisibilityAmericans tend to fragment personalities.(Americans tend to break or separate personalities into different pieces of parts and treat these parts respectively.)。
跨文化交际课件山科大
What is globalization?
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the industry, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
balance a form of government dichotomy antagonistic reaction an edge agreement inactive, motionless base or establish
be free from make more bearable collapse overthrow by argument hold back or control
What is globalization?
Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译
Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
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Unit 1
全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合。
很多情况下，全球化是经济的融合，由商业活动和贸易协定所推动。
在其他情况下，全球化也可以是意识形态的融合，是不同思想和观点在国家和地区之间的交流。
但是无论是哪种情况，全球化都包含一个最重要的因素，即交际。
有效的交际为个人提供所需信息，使他们能够作为消费者、工人和公民参与今天的全球化社会的活动。
只有通过在全球范围内进行有效的信息共享，才能使诸如从国际贸易政策到MP3文件传播的活动真正具有国际的本质。
在这样的交际框架下，使用权的概念尤其重要。
也就是说，只有对重要信息具有使用权，人们才可以有效地加入到今天有关商品、服务和思想的全球市场中来。
反过来，使用权经常依赖于提出和交流思想所用到的媒体和技术。
事实上，就全球化而言，信息使用所必需的媒体通常是电子媒体或网络媒体。
这些媒体之所以重要，就在于它们的快速性和直接性。
它们使得个人可以在全球范围内发现并交流信息。
比如说，电子邮件可以让一个身处波士顿的人与住在北京的某个人快速便捷的进行信息交流，就像这个人在同街对
面的某个邻居进行交流一样。
Unit 2
“文化”和“文明”两个词在许多语言中的使用一直混淆不清。
《韦氏完整版大词典》对这两个词的定义也是相互解释的：“文化”即是文明中的一个特别的进步阶段或者状态；“文明”则是社会文化的进步。
虽然“文明”一词有时仅指“先进的”或者“高级的”的文化，但是在普通以及书面英语里，一直是倾向于把这两个词当作近义词。
总体上，这种倾向也反映在作为社会科学中的文学中。
戈登威泽1922年写的人类学导论，书名就是《早期文明》。
书中有关“文化”的全部引用索引都被归入“文明”一词之下。
有些作者反复地使用“文化或者文明”或“文明或者文化”这些措辞。
萨姆纳与凯勒也遵循这种惯例，不过，两人至少在一个地方曾明确表示，二者在概念上仍略有差异：我们所称作的文明就是社会调整，它构成了比先前文化更为复杂的聚合体。
Unit 3
既然有些跨文化交际的技能是所有文化普遍使用的，我们就可以有效地运用客位的(文化通用的)方法。
但要制作一个具体文化的范式，我们也需要运用主位的方法。
因此，为了准确描述文化差异，我们需要深入地调查我们打算与之交际的文化。
理想情况下，通过主位的方法，不断提高差异意识，应该会产生我们与他人不同的观念，而不总是他人与我们不同的观念。
培养人们对差异存在的敏感性是熟练进行跨文化交际的第一步。
跨文化交际能力和具体文化交际能力应该被看作是两个独立的概念，二者同时起作用，共同促进特定跨文化交往的成功。
为了获得对一个文化的最大认识而从该文化内部进行研究时，我们应该警惕任何文化差异，这些差异很有可能造成交际问题，但可能与任何外部范畴都不相符。
我们要记住：文化不是静止的，而是活跃的，是不断发展和演化的。
理想情况是，我们要学会在遇到任何不熟悉或冒犯性的语言或非语言行为时，不要匆忙做出判断，而要问问自己，“这么做有什么用，或者这样的行为是如何起源于文化的？”或者偶尔可以问问，“这个讨厌的行为真的是他或她本人的真实体现吗？
Unit 4
价值观是所有文化的另一个特点。
对不同民族来说，价值观对于保持文化整体性是至关重要的，因为它们代表了对于延续人们生活方式来说最基本的品质。
价值观和文化之间的联系非常密切，很难在不涉及一方的前提下去谈论另一方。
正如麦休尼斯所指出的，价值观从文化上定义了愿望、善良和美好的标准，这些标准形成了社会生活的广义指导原则。
在关于文化价值观的任何讨论中，关键词都是指导原则。
换言之，价值观帮助确立了人们应该怎样行为表现的原则。
根据文化差异程度的不同，人们可以预期跨文化交际的参与者在相似的环境下可能会预见到、表现出不同的行为。
例如，尽管所有文化都重视长者，不同文化中重视的程度却是很不相同。
在韩国和美洲印第安文化中，人们高度尊敬甚至崇敬长者，进而向他们寻求建议，进行咨询。
当然，与之形成鲜明对比的是美国文化，青年是重视的焦点。
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