《跨文化交际与翻译》 (1)
跨文化交际1
Course Description
It is imperative that people, both present and future, be sensitive to differences in intercultural communication. Business today cannot go further without cross-cultural communication.
1.2 Language is the vehicle of culture, it reflects culture.
语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的土壤 The cultural connotation carried by language and customs is the most difficult point in language learning. Language is not only a kind of social phenomenon, but also a kind of cultural phenomenon.
The
planet Earth is not shrinking, but time and space are. Modern transportation and communication reduce time and distance. A closed relationship ties all people together. No nation, group, or culture can remain isolated. If you touch one part of the world, you touch all parts.
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元
1 Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2 Translation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。
新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译
1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。
一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。
他开始与雪白的颜色。
“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。
”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。
”“哦,是的,我明白了。
一定是毛茸茸的颜色。
”“不,它也像纸。
”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。
跨文化交际Chapter 1部分翻译
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生，当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道，空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉，the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑，用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时，有些事情似乎就错过了，The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单，并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌，不犯任何文化失礼，不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢？Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间，一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 作者作者: : ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 日期日期: :第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新现代社会依赖于技术创新,,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果样的后果,,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时健全时,,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫 Londax 的著名除草剂的著名除草剂,,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌 Ｌｏnd ａｘ公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ron ｄex ,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lon ｄax 的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
跨文化交际之文化与翻译--魏华
Culture and Translation
1. Brief Introduction
How do you translate this sentence into English? 您辛苦了！ You must be very tired. ???
As 虎 is thought to be the king of animals in traditional Chinese culture, phrases and idioms with虎 abound and it is often changed into “lion” when translated into English:
We Chinese think of pig as a lazy and stupid animal and often say 蠢猪， but English speaking people contribute ugliness, greediness and dirtiness to the pig yet they don’t think the pig is stupid. 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a goose (silly ass) 亚洲四小龙 (referring to four developing regions in Asia ) the four tigers in Asia
3. Cultural Influence on Translation
Green” also means “ full of vigor or vitality” Her grandchildren wished her a green old age. 他的孙儿们祝福她健康长寿。 Though in the green, he may not be equal to the task. 尽管他年富力强，不见得能胜任这项任务。
新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译
1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。
但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。
文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。
跨文化交际与翻译-
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and EastAbstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China.In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic equivalence, or at least pragmatic equivalence.Key words: intercultural communication; translation; culture-loaded words; semantic equivalence; pragmatic equivalenceIntroductionIntercultural communication involves two different cultures, and different culture created a different national language. Culture plays an important role in specific semantic structure and model of language. The vocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, and the cultural concepts and values of different nation at all levels of culture are "reflected in their vocabulary system, and then form the words with cultural connotation." [1]With special cultural connotation, cultural words are often difficult in cross-cultural communication translation, and even become an obstacle to transmission of information.Influence of culture on translationFrom the perspective of intercultural communication, one of the purposes is to establish the cultural equivalence between the source language and target language. In terms of the translation of cultural terms, the cultural equivalence mainly reflects in the semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Semantic equivalence is the basis of pragmatic equivalence. Thus, in many cases, equivalent translation is also mainly refers to the semantic equivalence.The author believes that the basic principles of cultural lexicon translation should be done to maximize the semantic and pragmatic equivalence. We should at least ensure the pragmatic equivalence if semantic equivalence can not be achieved. For instance, in Tianjin city of China, there is a century-old snack "Goubuli" steamed buns, and now many tourist cities in the country establish its branches, and the buns are also soldabroad. Its English translation "Dog Won't Leave" is far from its original Chinese name meaning. And there is no semantic equivalent at all, because the Chinese "dog ignore" have no contact with “the dog” and “leave”. However, from the perspective of pragmatic translation, “Dog Won't Leave” is a wonderful translation. Dogs won’t leave buns stands for it will not leave its host either. Undoubtedly, such translation has a strong attraction force for diners in English and America who love dogs like loving friends. Basically, the equivalence in pragmatic effects is achieved.As the source language and target language are different in language and culture, it is almost impossible to achieve totally equivalence in semantic and pragmatic aspect for the source language and target language symbols. Therefore, when translating cultural words, we only try to pursuit of semantic equivalence as far as possible under the premise of ensuring pragmatic equivalence. There are five commonly used methods when translating cultural words:First, shift translation. It refers to unchanged moving all or part of the source language to the target language. For instances, CD, VCD, DVD, DNA, ICU, and many computer terms which are translated into Chinese by the shift frequently appear on Chinese newspapers and magazines. Some expressions with Chinese characteristics like qigong (qigong), taijiquan (shadow boxing), jiaozi (dumplings), qipao (cheongsam), has moved in English and American newspapers.Second, transliteration. Some of the source language culture-specific images are "blank" or "vacant” in the target language. I n this case, we can transplant these unique to the target language using transliteration method. Transliteration is homophonic inChinese words or word combinations in English translation, and these words or word combinations are not meaningful ready-made words in Chinese. For instance: 秀(show), 酷(cool), 黑客(hacker), 艾滋病(AIDS), 色拉(salad), 可口可乐(Coca-cola) and so on.Third, literal translation. Literal translation refers to translation of the "corresponding" phrase and cultural information in the source language. This can preserve cultural identity of the source language as much as possible and broaden the cultural horizons of target language readers. However, it can not be applied mechanically, and it should not mislead the reader of the target language. For instance: olive branch (橄榄树), lonely as a cloud (像一朵孤云), 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country with two systems), etc.Four, free translation. It focuses on the translation to convey the original meaning (interpretation), which lay down the language form and literal meaning of the source language. It expresses the cultural information of source language in the target language with cross-cultural "pragmatic equivalence. For instance: the Renaissance (文艺复兴); "辛亥革命"(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty), etc.Five, Replacement. It refers to the replacement of original words with some similar meaning but different concept meaning in the target language on the basis of keeping communication meaning of the original. That is to replace words with rich cultural connotation in the source language with corresponding word with same cultural connotation in the target language. Such as: to laugh off one's head (笑掉大牙); lead a dog's life (过着牛马不如的生活); 挥金如土(to spend money like water); 力大如牛(asstrong as a horse).ConclusionEnglish and Chinese are two different languages, and both reflect the cultural differences which form the barrier of communication. How to overcome obstacles and achieve cultural equivalence is a difficult problem to solve. Practice shows that in most cases we can find reasonable translation methods which can be accepted by readers in the target language. By means of the necessary modifications, we can at least achieve pragmatic equivalence. The important thing is that the translators should attach great importance to cultural factors in the source language, and consider issues from the purpose of intercultural communication.。
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2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
• 一 . 上下文(verbal context)
• 1. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN. may do whatever he likes.
John”
绝命信 感谢信 唁函 (女孩写给男孩的） 绝交信 (祝病人康复的）慰 问信 政治上的绝交信
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
试翻译下列句子中的claim
1.A caller to the broadcasting station claimed
responsibility for the bombing.
•
有人打电话给广播电台，声称这爆炸是他干 的．
2. Throughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.
• 几个世纪以来，伦敦堪称世界一流城市． 3.Oxford claims a large share in the making of
• 5. It was a girl with good manners.
• 6. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.
• 1.他棋艺高超。 • 2. 那是一顿丰盛的晚
餐。
• 3. 她英语讲得很流利。 • 4. 我干了整整一天的
9. Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion.
最近的发现使他们原来的观念成了问题。
10. They challenge for the Davis Cup. 他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。
11. It’s the challenge of our time. 这是我们时代的要求
活儿。
• 5. 这是一位举止得体 的姑娘。
• 6. 小弟弟要那一大半 面包。
• He proved to be a good listener. • 1. 他在课上注意听讲。 • 2. 他是个遵守公共秩序的观众。 • 3. 他善于听取群众的意见。
4. Come round and see me this evening. (adv.) 今晚请过来看我.
2.1 词义的选择
5. It is as round as a ball. (adj.) 它像球一样圆.
6. She has got a mellow ,round voice. (adj.) 她的声音圆润洪亮. 7. The night watchman makes his rounds. (noun) 守夜者巡察. 8. There burst out a round of applause. (noun) 发出了齐声喝彩. 9. The bear rounded and faced the hunters. (Verb) 那熊转过身来对着猎人们. 10.When you pronounce the vowel 【u:】, round your
2.1 词义的选择
选择词义，首先要判明一个词在句中属于 哪一种词类，起什么作用，然后再根据词 类选择适当的词义。如up 这个词在下列例 句中词类不同，词义也不同。
1. What are you doing up there? (adv.)
你在那边做什么？
2. He is well up in mathematics. (adv.) 他精通数学。
6. Prices are being upped by 20%. (verb) 价格上涨了20%. 7. She upped and threw the teapot at him. (verb) 她跳起来,将茶壶向她掷去.
2.1 词义的选择
又如round 一词
1. Bullet fell round him. (prep.) 子弹落在他的周围.
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
五. 交际方式（ medium )
• 交际方式即语言传播的方式和媒介，有口头和 书面之分，文白之差别。因而要确定原文的文 体和风格后再选择恰当的词义。
• 1. He wrote a letter to his friend. • 2. Premier Wen wrote a letter to American
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
5. The matter claims our first attention. 这事急需我们予以注意. 6. She can claim credit for the success. 她可以要求人们承认这次成功归功于她. 7. My order had prior claims on your time. 我的订货还要请你优先考虑. 8. The store has more claims on admiration than it is
美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。
• 6. His question challenged us to think. • 他提出的问题促使我们去思考。
• 7. The task challenged his organizing ability. • 这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。
• 8. The sentry challenged us. • 哨兵问我们口令。
• 我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一 个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返 了。
• We hope that our most respec forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.
• 四. 话题 ( topic ) • 话题即交际双方所谈及的内容。 同一词语在不同
的话题中具有语义上的专门化。如：
• messenger: 信使； 一种传递信息的化学物质（遗 传工程学）
• carrier: 携带者； 带菌体（医学、生物学） • shuttle: 梭子； 航天飞机（航天）
• base: • In business: 本金 • In painting: 底涂 • In military science: 根据地
possible to mention. 这家商店声誉之好无以伦比,大大值得人们的赞美. 9. His personality is his only claim to remembrances. 人们能记起他来的惟有他的品格.(他唯一值得人们怀
念的是他的品格)
试翻译下列句子中的challenge
President. • 3. Mary received a love letter.
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
• a suicide letter • a thank-you letter • a letter to condolence • a Dear John letter • a get-well letter • a political “ Dear
2.1 词义的选择
2. They went up wind. (prep.) 他们迎风而行。
The ship is sailing up the river. (prep.) 这船正向河的上游航行。 3. The new museum is up and opens to the
public. （adj.) 新博物馆已落成开放。
12. Their success is a challenge to my effort. 他们的成就鞭策我做出努力
2.1.3 根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义
英语中有些词在同一词类中、具有相同意义 的情况下，和不同的词搭配，译成汉语时还 要根据与它搭配的词而选择最符合汉语习惯 的词义。
• 1.He has great ears and eyes. 2. He has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.
2. The planets move round the sun in the same direction and nearly in the same plain. . (prep.) 诸行星以同一方向且同一平面绕着太阳运行.
3. Shall I show you round? (adv.) 我领你四处看看好吗?
4. When will the up train start?（adj.) 上行车何时开？
2.1 词义的选择
5. The landlord promised his tenants there would be no further ups this year. （noun)
房东向房客们保证今年不再提高房租。 We all have our ups and downs. （noun) 命运盛衰不定。（人生总有起起落落。）
• 2. It’s time to go aboard. • 该上车了。/ 该上飞机了。/ 该上船了。 • 三. 时间( time )
• His daughter went to London last autumn. • 他的女儿是今年秋天去的伦敦。 • 他的女儿是去年秋天去的伦敦。
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。
第二篇： 英汉词法翻译
2.1 词义的选择
• 2.1.1 根据词类确定词义
• 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义
的现象。如： • 1. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. • 2. He likes mathematics more than physics. • 3. Like knows like. • 1.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。 • 2. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。 • 3. 英雄识英雄。