跨文化交际与翻译-
翻译与跨文化交际的关系研究
翻译与跨文化交际的关系研究翻译是传递信息和交流的桥梁，而跨文化交际则是不同文化之间的相互理解和沟通。
翻译与跨文化交际之间的关系密切，它们相互依存，在日常生活、商务往来和国际政治交流等各个领域发挥着重要作用。
本文将讨论翻译与跨文化交际的关系，并探究它们对于促进文化交流和推动世界发展的作用。
首先，翻译在跨文化交际中起到了桥梁的作用。
不同文化之间存在语言和习俗的差异，而翻译可以帮助缩小这些差异，促进双方的相互理解。
例如，在国际商务谈判中，双方的代表可能使用不同的语言进行交流。
通过翻译的工作，他们可以准确地传达各自的意见和诉求，从而达成共识。
翻译还可以将某个国家或地区的文化习俗转化为另一个国家或地区可以接受的形式，使得跨文化交流更加顺畅。
其次，跨文化交际对翻译提出了更高的要求。
在跨文化交际中，翻译不仅需要掌握多种语言的表达方式，还需要了解不同文化的背景和价值观。
这是因为不同文化之间存在着语言的隐喻和文化上的差异，如果翻译不能准确地理解原文的含义和文化内涵，就无法准确地传递信息。
例如，英语中的“time is money”在西方文化中有一定的意义，但在东方文化中可能并不适用。
因此，翻译需要根据不同文化的特点进行调整，以确保传递的信息符合目标文化的理解和接受。
此外，翻译也在一定程度上影响了跨文化交际的结果。
翻译的质量和准确度直接影响着信息传达的效果。
一个优秀的翻译工作者可以将译文与原文的风格和语气保持一致，使得目标读者能够更好地理解和接受信息。
然而，一个翻译错误或不当的翻译可能导致误会和误解，潜在地破坏了跨文化交际的效果。
因此，在跨文化交际中，翻译的质量至关重要，翻译工作者需要具备良好的语言和文化素养，以确保信息的准确性和可靠性。
最后，翻译与跨文化交际的关系也受到现代科技的影响。
随着全球化的加深和互联网的普及，翻译工作不再局限于书面文字的互译，口译和实时翻译也变得越来越重要。
例如，语音翻译设备和在线翻译软件可以实时将不同语言的口头表达转化为文字，从而实现不同语言之间的实时交流。
跨文化交际李成明unit2-A原文+翻译DOCX
Unit 2With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be.随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。
正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。
事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。
我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。
跨文化交际之文化与翻译--魏华
Culture and Translation
1. Brief Introduction
How do you translate this sentence into English? 您辛苦了！ You must be very tired. ???
As 虎 is thought to be the king of animals in traditional Chinese culture, phrases and idioms with虎 abound and it is often changed into “lion” when translated into English:
We Chinese think of pig as a lazy and stupid animal and often say 蠢猪， but English speaking people contribute ugliness, greediness and dirtiness to the pig yet they don’t think the pig is stupid. 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a goose (silly ass) 亚洲四小龙 (referring to four developing regions in Asia ) the four tigers in Asia
3. Cultural Influence on Translation
Green” also means “ full of vigor or vitality” Her grandchildren wished her a green old age. 他的孙儿们祝福她健康长寿。 Though in the green, he may not be equal to the task. 尽管他年富力强，不见得能胜任这项任务。
《跨文化交际与翻译》non-verbal communication
Individual- Low Direct and ism Context Explicit
On the Speaker’s
Side
Words than Context
Collectivi- High Indirect sm Context and Subtle
3. Wink is a sign of flirtation or s_h_a_r_e_d_s_e_c_re_t__.
4. Putting a thumb up indicates __h_i_tc_h_hi_k_e_ in some western countries . 5. The O.K. sign means __m_o_n_e_y_ in Japan. 6. Touching Wood indicates _g_oo_d__lu_c_k in the west. 7. Cross fingers indicates __b_le_s_si_n_g_ in America.
• A: It looks like we will have to keep the production line running on Saturday.
• C: I see. • A: Can you come in on Saturday? • C: Yes, I think so. • A: That’ll be a great help. • C: Yes, Saturday is a special day, did you know? • A: What do you mean? • C: It’s my son’s birthday. • A: How nice. I wish him a happy birthday. • C: Thank you.
跨文化交际与翻译
跨文化交际与翻译【摘要】翻译意味着文化的比较，并且翻译活动旨在促进文化之间的交流。
文化是个很复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。
为了避免由于文化障碍造成失败的交际案例，我们应当研究这些不同语言反映出的不同文化。
本文作者即以汉语和英语的跨语言文化交际翻译为主要论据，阐述其翻译活动中涉及的中西文化比较与交流，并指明跨文化交际活动中翻译工作的重要性。
【关键词】跨文化交际翻译中文英文文化是人类在社会历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如教育、科学、文艺等。
文艺批评家朱刚则认为：文化研究作为独立的一门学科是非常难下定义的；一般来说，人们认为“文化”一词首先于中世纪出现，后来的演变大大延展了文化在社会生活的各方面的用途（2010：340）。
德国翻译理论家弗米尔（hans j.vermeer）认为：文化是一个社会全部的准则和习俗惯例，是作为社会一员的个体所必须懂得的，这样才能与人相似或与人相异（2005：43）。
在各种文化定义中，英国人类学家泰勒（edward burnett tylor）给出的定义最具代表性：文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力和习惯（2005：68）。
在此意义上，文化是个复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。
那么这个时候的翻译行为，就是在目标语文化中重现源语语言文化所提供的某些信息。
众所周知，语言总是折射着文化的底蕴；中英不同的语言也各自反映着不同文化。
忽略文化差异容易造成使译作的读者群大惑不解的局面。
也就是说，源语的读者群所熟知的内容往往令目标语的读者群深感新奇陌生。
我们发现，人们的每一个行为往往都是置于某个具体文化背景之下进行的，本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际、具有不同语言和文化背景的人从事交际的过程被称之为“跨文化交际”（cross-cultural communication）。
在跨文化交际过程中，行为主体必须对对方的语言和文化背景有所了解甚至于熟悉，否则跨文化交际就会产生障碍。
跨文化交际-其他要点翻译
跨文化部分要点翻译注：不是所有划出部分都翻译了。
配套的有Chapter 2的翻译。
P28The Value of Cultural Stereotypes文化角色定型的价值Culture dictates how people generally think and interact with each other in society.文化造成人们的普遍怎么认为和在社会中的互动。
A stereotype is really a composite of the cultural mores of a society and in many cases can be narrowed to a specific region.角色定型实在是一个综合的社会文化习俗，而且，在许多情况下它可以被缩小到一特定区域。
To stereotype is to formulate a standardized image of a group that assigns that group a number of characteristics that helps to simplify what would otherwise be a very complex task of identification.角色定型，是制定一个组的标准化形象，分配给该组一些特点，有助于简化原本非常复杂的鉴定任务。
By looking at the cultural components and traits, an accurate model—a stereotype, if you will—of how an individual from a certain culture is likely to act can be constructed.通过观察文化内容和特点，一个准确的模型——一个角色定型，如果你可以——可以从一个特定文化的个体可能如何行动这方面来构造。
跨文化交际-浅谈英汉文化差异与翻译
跨文化交际—浅谈英汉文化差异与翻译摘要：语言是文化的一部分，又是文化的映像。
语言和文化相互作用，相互影响，理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。
只有对文化有了的充分了解之后，了解到它们之间的文化差异，才能实现对原文的原貌再现。
英汉文化差异主要在于受价值观念、文化心理与象征、审美取向、宗教意识等特征的影响，因此译者必须十分熟悉英汉语言文化的差异，提高双语的文化修养，才能更完整地传递文化信息。
关键词：文化差异语言翻译《圣经·旧约·创世纪》中有记：大洪水过后，诺亚的子孙在示拿地安下身在，其时人们言语相同，口音相通，然而安身并非意味着立命，为了给自己扬名，以免被驱散于地之四级，众人便决定建造一座城，城中竖起一座塔，塔顶高耸入云，名曰通天塔（the Babel,或译为“巴别塔”）；忤逆之举一出，耶和华大为震怒，于是上帝变乱了人类的语言，并将其遣散于地之四方，以示惩戒。
至此，上帝借以命名万物的纯语言（pure language）不复存在，人类再也无法以同样的言语相互交流，而要实现彼此间的沟通，就只有借助于翻译来重建那传说中的通天塔了。
然而又谈何容易，翻译从来就不是以举手之劳所能成就的事情或事业，谓翻译之难，难于上青天，此言并非空穴来风，亦无些微渲染之嫌，如其不然，英国学界之执牛耳者瑞查兹（I.A.Richards）当年概不至于作如下感发：在宇宙演化过程中，翻译堪称最为复杂之事件，亦未可知。
语言是意义的载体，因此要完整的把一国语言翻译为另一国语言，译者则必须了解这两国的双语文化知识。
不同的语言转换必须服从特定的文化要求，翻译不仅是语言的转换，更是文化信息的传递，语言的转换只是翻译的表层，而文化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。
因此，要更深刻，更贴切地传递原文的内在信息，译者必须探明英汉双语的文化特征及其差异，并将双语的文化内涵适当对接，真实地再现原文的面貌。
由此可见，译者的双语文化知识在其成功的翻译中起着决定性作用。
跨文化交际课文翻译
关于跨文化交流，跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。
考虑到古罗马帝国的市民，他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。
商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。
这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。
回顾过去，我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过：“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。
很明显的可以看出，交流是现代市场的根基。
毋庸置疑，全球化市场的时代已经到来。
每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场，其中超过一半是来自美国。
这里面85%的商品都不合格。
通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。
他们中的大多数之所以会失败，是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。
在跨文化市场里，如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小，那么就不假定任何事情。
几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司，他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。
但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。
当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时，他们就把车重新命名，然后销往这些国家。
福特汽车公司，美国又一个汽车界的领头羊，也有类似的问题。
他们的pinto 牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售，原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。
最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为corcel，其意思为骏马。
伊莱克斯，一个日用电器制造者，其在英国获得了很大的成功。
不幸的是，他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。
在美国，suck的意思是多虱子的。
英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫cue。
它被人们所耻笑。
因为它的名字使人想起了臭名昭著的色情杂志——Cue。
但是市场中的文化意识更多于细心的翻译。
每一文化都有其微妙之处，当然也有其鲜明的禁忌。
尽管大多数的人不能列出他们自己文化的规则，但是他们很明白什么时候这些禁忌被触碰了。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and EastAbstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China.In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmaticequivalence, or at least pragmatic equivalence.Key words: intercultural communication; translation; culture-loaded words; semantic equivalence; pragmatic equivalenceIntroductionIntercultural communication involves two different cultures, and different culture created a different national language. Culture plays an important role in specific semantic structure and model of language. The vocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, and the cultural concepts and values of different nation at all levels of culture are "reflected in their vocabulary system, and then form the words with cultural connotation." [1]With special cultural connotation, cultural words are often difficult in cross-cultural communication translation, and even become an obstacle to transmission of information.Influence of culture on translationFrom the perspective of intercultural communication, one of the purposes is to establish the cultural equivalence between the source language and target language. In terms of the translation of cultural terms, the cultural equivalence mainly reflects in the semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Semantic equivalence is the basis of pragmatic equivalence. Thus, in many cases, equivalent translation is also mainly refers to the semantic equivalence.The author believes that the basic principles of cultural lexicon translation should be done to maximize the semantic and pragmatic equivalence. We should at least ensure the pragmatic equivalence if semantic equivalence can not be achieved. For instance, in Tianjin city of China, there is a century-old snack "Goubuli" steamed buns, and now many tourist cities in the country establish its branches, and the buns are also sold abroad. Its English translation "Dog Won't Leave" is far from its original Chinese name meaning. And there is no semantic equivalent at all, because the Chinese "dog ignore" have no contact with “the dog” and “leave”. However, from the perspective of pragmatic translation, “Dog Won't Leave” is a wonderful translation. Dogs won’t leave buns stands for it will not leave its host either. Undoubtedly, such translation has a strong attraction force for diners in English and America who love dogs like loving friends. Basically, the equivalence in pragmatic effects is achieved.As the source language and target language are different in language and culture, it is almost impossible to achieve totally equivalence in semantic and pragmatic aspect for the source language and target language symbols. Therefore, when translating cultural words, we only try to pursuit of semantic equivalence as far as possible under the premise of ensuring pragmatic equivalence. There are five commonly used methods when translating cultural words:First, shift translation. It refers to unchanged moving all or part of the source language to the target language. For instances, CD, VCD, DVD, DNA, ICU, and many computer terms which are translated into Chinese by the shift frequently appear on Chinese newspapers and magazines. Some expressions with Chinese characteristics like qigong (qigong), taijiquan (shadow boxing), jiaozi (dumplings), qipao (cheongsam), has moved in English and American newspapers.Second, transliteration. Some of the source language culture-specific images are "blank" or "vacant” in the target language. I n this case, we can transplant these unique to the target language using transliteration method. Transliteration is homophonic in Chinese words or word combinations in English translation, and these words or word combinations are not meaningful ready-made words in Chinese. For instance: 秀(show), 酷(cool), 黑客(hacker), 艾滋病(AIDS), 色拉(salad), 可口可乐(Coca-cola) and so on.Third, literal translation. Literal translation refers to translation of the "corresponding" phrase and cultural information in the source language. This can preserve cultural identity of the source language as much as possible and broaden the cultural horizons of target language readers. However, it can not be applied mechanically, and it should not mislead the reader of the target language. For instance: olive branch (橄榄树), lonely as a cloud (像一朵孤云), 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country with two systems), etc.Four, free translation. It focuses on the translation to convey the original meaning (interpretation), which lay down the language form and literal meaning of the source language. It expresses the cultural information of source language in the target language with cross-cultural "pragmatic equivalence. For instance: the Renaissance (文艺复兴); "辛亥革命"(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty), etc.Five, Replacement. It refers to the replacement of original words with some similar meaning but different concept meaning in the target language on the basis of keeping communication meaning of the original. That is to replace words with rich cultural connotation in the source language with corresponding word with same cultural connotation in the target language. Such as: to laugh off one's head (笑掉大牙); lead a dog's life (过着牛马不如的生活); 挥金如土(to spend money like water); 力大如牛(as strong as a horse).ConclusionEnglish and Chinese are two different languages, and both reflect the cultural differences which form the barrier of communication. How to overcome obstacles and achieve cultural equivalence is a difficult problem to solve. Practice shows that in most cases we can find reasonable translation methods which can be accepted by readers in the target language. By means of the necessary modifications, we can at leastachieve pragmatic equivalence. The important thing is that the translators should attach great importance to cultural factors in the source language, and consider issues from the purpose of intercultural communication.。