南京大学 词汇、完型填空和写作(1)
南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题
目 录2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2013年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2012年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2009年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解2008年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解2007年南京大学463英语语言学考研真题及详解2006年南京大学463英语语言学考研真题及详解2003年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2002年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2001年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2000年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）第一题，术语区分题。
四组术语，24分。
1.phoneme vs. allophone2.homonymy vs. homophony3.illocutionary act vs. perlocutionary actnguage switch vs. L1 transfer第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。
第三题，分析题。
给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（common pattern）。
第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（ambiguity）。
给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。
1.The children play near the bank.2. The professor said on Monday that he would give an exam.显然，第一句话中的bank涉及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on Monday既可修饰said，又可修饰would give an exam，属于grammatical/structural ambiguity。
第五题，分析题，考察隐喻。
南大语言学纲要真题
吴文亮整理【语言学纲要】【200 1——20 1 7]南京大学历年考研真题汇编 E5J【现代汉语、语言学概论部分（共计60分）】一判断题：（正确：J错误：X 每小题1分，共15分）1.“叹”和“嘆”是两个不同的谨塞，（X ）语素的概念2.“碟子”是个复合词,（X ）复合词的槪念;词缀算不算一个词3.成诸的意义都不等于各组成成分意义的相加。
（X ）成语的概念4.“差不多、眼见得、巴不得”都是惯用语,（）5.词组比词长，句子比词组长。
（X ）6.“他叫我批评了一顿”的谓语是兼语式。
（X ）等于“他被我批评了一顿。
”动词谓语7."'不'是副词。
”这个句子是副词做主语。
（X ）'不，等于“不这个词”8.现代汉语中名词可以充当状语修饰动词。
（J ）例：火热9.“窗户玻璃”和“玻璃窗户”的差别是由于语义上的语序不同造成的。
（X ）语法结构10.音位是比音素大比音节小的语音单位。
（X ）划分角度不同；划分范|1；|也不同11・音质单位又叫音段音位。
（）12•英语属于日耳曼语族。
（X ）印欧语系1 3 . “不”和“正”合为“歪”，这是“歪”的构词法。
（X）歪是单纯词，不、正会意成歪1 4.语法形态上的附加语素就是词缀。
（）15・“人称'‘是动词的一种语法范畴。
（）术语解释：（写岀左义即可。
每小题3分.共21分）语流音变社会习惯语孤立语向心结构、离心结构区别性特征词类借词简答题：（共24分）诸如路标一、图标笛等是不是文字？为什么？（5分）“他有一双手。
”这是不是一句废话？（4分）“很郊区” “很尖端”“很经典”“很原则”这类组合是否成立？请加以分析。
（5分）“汉语的句子构造原则同词组的构造原则基本上是一致的匚”谙加以评论。
（10分）【现代汉语、语言学概论部分（共计60分）】一判断题：（正确：V错误：X 每小题1分，共15分）1. 语言中音节的高低升降就是声调。
（）2. “镭射”是个复合词。
南京大学英语网测
.第一学期unit1自测（不计分）(测试层次:总分: 100 / 测试时长:120分钟) 已完成:0(60) 已用时间:0:00:12 / 剩余时间: 1:59:48 读写教程unit1 1. On the ninth tee, he ________ the landscape: scrawny trees, dying grass, and sand.(2.0分)2. When she was a girl, the ______ had cut her hands, but picking this new cotton was fun.(1.0分)A.fluffsB.thornsC.burrsD.flurs3. No one could possibly understand how overwhelmed Frost was ______ the memories which flooded up as he read.(2.0分)4. As she took the notes out of a desk drawer and gave them to me, I felt great excitement in the knowledge that, almost by accident, I held the earliest known writing of a major literary _______.(2.0分)5. As an awkward 12-year-old he wrote her ardent notes, but the young lady had many other admirers and did not encourage him.(2.0分)A.弗罗斯特十二岁那年，羞怯腼腆的他给萨布拉写了几封火热的短信。
可当时这位年轻的女士崇拜另外的人，她没给弗罗斯特什么希望。
2023年南京大学博士生英语入学考试试题
2023年南京大学博士生英语入学考试试题阅读理解1. 阅读以下短文，并回答问题：Passage 1:Passage 2:The Great Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage site in China. It is a symbol of China's rich history and a popular tourist attraction. It stretches over 13,000 miles and was built to protect China from invasions. The construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century BC and continued until the 16th century AD.Questions:a) Where is Apple Inc. headquartered?b) Who founded Apple Inc.?c) What are some of Apple's famous products?d) Why was the Great Wall of China built?e) When did the construction of the Great Wall start and end? Sample Answers:a) Cupertino, California.b) Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne.d) To protect China from invasions.e) 7th century BC to 16th century AD.2. 阅读以下短文，并根据短文内容判断正误。
正确的写"True"，错误的写"False"。
2021南京大学英语语言文学考研参考书真题经验
南京大学——英语语言文学下面给大家分享一下南京大学英语语言文学专业考研初试经验分享，希望大家都能考到理想的成绩。
本人英语专业应届生，一战。
写这个贴一方面是自己复习的时候有时会感到有一些迷茫，觉得特别无助，希望我的分享能在考研党们迷茫的时候给大家的复习带来一些小小的帮助~ 还有一方面是用我的复习经历激励一下大家：我的复习时间推进看起来惨不忍睹，一切都没有按照计划来，到了还剩两个月的时候，我觉得压力很大什么都没看，觉得没有戏，准备好要二战了可是又很矛盾，不想二战，但直到最后我都没有自暴自弃，而是抓住每分每秒想尽量让自己爆发小宇宙创造奇迹，事实证明这是有回报的，请小伙伴们无论多痛苦都要坚持到最后！千万不要破罐子破摔想着再战算了，一战可以过就不要二战，这次可以过就不要把希望寄托在下一次！下面是我惨不忍睹的时间推进（这是我个人整体的复习推进，可以选择跳过直接看下面各科目的复习经验。
这个放出来是想告诉大家就算到了最后什么也没看并不代表自己就应该自暴自弃，请抱着希望坚持到最后，坚持不下去的时候就来看这个喝鸡汤吧）：2月：决定学校、考研方向。
看经验贴，记下要看的书目。
心中并没有大体的复习规划。
3月-6月：联系上一届的前辈，又确定了一些需要的书目。
由于该学期我在上美国文学的课程（教科书不同），就根据学校的进度缓慢地带着看美国文学选读（十分龟速，三个月一半都没看完）。
这一学期除了自身课业以外，我一直忙着院里戏剧大赛的排练，又一时兴起在网上参加了一个翻译社每月都保证千字以上的翻译，另外我一直在做日剧的校对，所以给考研复习的时间可谓很少。
但我一直在安慰自己，我做的这些其实也并非与考试复习毫无关联。
但还是感受到了接下来复习时间的紧迫，我决定暑假一定要把两本选读过完。
7月：按照计划，一边看常耀信的美国文学简史，一边看完了第一遍美国文学选读。
并且隔几天就带着看一点文学导论的内容。
（之前说了由于课内在上美国文学，所以就先带着看美国文学了，正常还是先看英国文学比较好） 8月-10月：我拍拖了（我心想考研可以二战，爱情飞走就再抓不住了) 请把这个当做反面教材）。
(完整word版)南京大学中国现当代文学史试题
南京大学中国现当代文学史试题98年一、简答题（60分)1、周作人在五四文学革命中的贡献。
2、张爱玲小说的历史意义。
3、丁玲的哪些作品最能体现”五四"女性特征？为什么？4、从《暴风骤雨》到《三里湾》、《创业史》，再到《金光大道》，其主题的共同特征是什么?二、论述题（40分，任选两题）1、论20年代的"自我小说”（"私小说")创作的主要内容、特征以及历史评价。
2、论80年代中期刘再复提出的”文学主体性"问题。
3、论田汉早期浪漫主义剧作的艺术特色。
99年一、简答题1、”语丝的文体"的主要特征.2、”自由人"、"第三种人"的文艺观及你对它们的看法。
3、路翎《财主底儿女们》的艺术特色。
4、曹禺话剧的艺术成就。
5、艾青的代表作及其艺术特色。
二、论述题2、简述五十年代对胡风文艺思想的批判运动，你对这一运动是如何认识的？3、张天翼的讽刺艺术与钱钟书的讽刺艺术比较.4、论"孤岛文学"中的戏剧创作。
2000年一、简答题1、从《地球,我的母亲》（郭沫若)和《死水》（闻一多）看新诗在第一个十年的发展。
2、梁实秋的文艺思想以及你对这一文艺思想的评判。
3、《寒夜》的艺术特点及其在巴金创作史上的地位。
4、田汉历史剧创作的成就及其在当代文学史中的意义。
二、论述题1、”五四”时期周作人提出的"美文”理想,在当时以及后来散文创作中是否实现了,以具体的作家作品分析论述之。
2、以具体作家作品为例，分析胡风文艺思想对"七月派”作家的影响。
3、比较张爱玲和王安忆的小说创作。
4、从社会、历史的和美学的角度，对”革命样板戏”进行分析的评判。
武汉大学2000年现当代考题一，名词解释（20)2,《中国新诗》3，肖也牧的创作倾向4，轰动效应二，简答题（20）1，左翼小说的主要特征.2,“朦胧诗"给当代诗歌带来的革新意义。
南京大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案
南京大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案
南京大学（回忆）
翻译硕士英语
一、改错：专八难度。
二、阅读：和南大基础英语题型一样，一篇巨长的文章，讲的是role-play在serious literature里的作用。
三、作文：是否应该推广the general education.
英语翻译基础
一、两篇：一个是讲工业革命的一个是讲中华传统文化的。
中间考的短语比较多，比如：己所不欲勿施于人、天下兴亡匹夫有责……
二、词汇翻译：
WHO世界卫生组织
CBD中央商务区(CBD center business district)
交易前付款(=cash before delivery)
IMF UNESCO
科技下乡bringing science and technology to the countryside
老字号an old and famous shop or enterprise
学分制credit system
I-STEEL工字型钢
汉语写作与百科知识
一、名词解释：
单位、华夏、国务院、打酱油、女娲、因特网、二战、冷战、苏联、赤字、欧元区……
二、应用文：自荐信。
三、大作文：什么是翻译工作者应该具备的基本素质。
南师大英语写作(学硕)复习资料
写作：4. Writing an opening paragraphAn opening paragraph usually consists of two parts: opening part and thesis statements.1) Functions of an opening paragraph:Attract readers‘ interest.Present your thesis.2) Five useful ways to write an opening paragraph(1) Begin with a broad, general statement of your topic and narrow it down to your thesis statement. (from a broad topic to your thesis)(2) Use an incident or a brief story. (from a brief story to your thesis)(3) Start with an idea or a situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop. (from an opposite idea or situation to your thesis)(4) Ask one or more questions (from a question(s) to your thesis)(5) Use a quotation (from a quotation to your thesis)5. Writing supporting paragraphs1) Three bases for writing a supporting paragraph:(1) Support (adequate and specific)（论据充分性）(2) Coherence（连贯性）(a)Transitional words:Type 1: Addition signals are used to show accumulation.Type 2: Time Signals are used to show sequence.Type 3: Space signals are used to show location.Type 4: Change of direction signals are used to show contrast.Type 5: Illustration signals are used to show examples.Type 6: Conclusion signals are used to show consequence.(b) Transitional sentences(c) Other collecting words:Repeated wordsPronounsSynonyms(同义词)(3) Unity（一致性）(a) Make all of the topic sentences in the supporting paragraphs related to the thesis.(b) Make all of the major supporting points related to the topic sentences in each supporting paragraph.(c) Make all of the minor supporting points related to the major supporting points in each supporting paragraph.2) Patterns of Organization:(1) Time order (chronological order) (按时间顺序排列)(2) Climactic order (order of importance) (按重要性顺序排列)(3) Space order(按空间顺序排列)6. Writing an concluding paragraphFour effective ways will be introduced(1) End with a summary and a final thought.Restate your major points raised in your thesis, but do not repeat them.(2) End with a recommendation(3) End with a prediction(4) End with a thought-provoking question or questions.7. Sentence Skills1) Three types of fragments:2)Run-on sentences (乱加从句的冗长句子)A run-on sentence is a string of words with two subordinate clauses that are run together without proper punctuation.3)Dangling modifiers (垂悬结构)40a. *Carrying a heavy pile of books, her foot caught on the step.41a. *To get up early, the clock was set at six.42a. *At the age of five, my dad taught me about cars.43a. *To improve his result, the experiment was done again.41b. To get up early, I set the clock at six.42b. When I was five, my dad taught me about cars.43b. He improved his result by doing the experiment again.But some set phrases and absolute constructions are not dangling modifiers.44. To be frank, I do not think he is the right man for the job.45. Generally speaking, at this age, girls are more mature than boys.46. The majority approving of the project, he had to give in.4) Parallelism (并行关系)50a. *I took a bath, sleeping, and waking up refreshed.51a. *The keys to improving grades are to take effective notes in class, to plan study time, and preparing carefully for exams.52a. *In many ways, starting college at forty is harder than to start at eighteen.Correct sentences:50b. I took a bath, went to sleep, and woke up refreshed.51b. The keys to improving grades are to take effective notes in class, to plan study time, and to prepare carefully for exams.52b. In many ways, starting college at forty is harder than starting at eighteen.5) Mixed construction53a. *The most valued trait in an employee is a person who is loyal.54a. *Indigestion is when you cannot digest food.55a. *By taking a No.70 bus is one way to get to our university.56a. *The reason I enjoy horseback riding is because it provides outdoor exercise.57a. *There are many people move to USA.Correct sentences:53b. The most valued trait in an employee is loyalty.54b. Indigestion is the inability to digest food.55b. You can get to our university by taking a No.70 bus.56b. I enjoy horseback riding because it provides outdoor exercise.57b. There are many people who move to USA.改错练习：Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoy. People don‘t like to talk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more tempting, more satisfying, or with the reward of a bit of revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims. But to let them know that you are upset about something they are doing. Careful plotting can provide you with relief from bothersom coworkers, gossiping friends, or nagging family members.Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. The first thing that you should do is to get up extra early one day. Before the sun com es up, drive to each coworker‘s house, reach under the hood of his car, and disconnected the center wire that leads to the distrib. cap. The carwill be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If your lucky, your boss might notice that you are the only one there and will give you a raise. Later if you feel guilty about your actions you can call each person anonymously and tell them how to get the car running…Correct essay:Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoys(主谓一致). People don‘t like to talk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more tempting, more satisfying, or more rewarding than（并行关系）a bit of revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims but(fragment) to let them know that you are upset about something they are doing to you. Careful plotting can provide you with relief from bothersome(拼写错误) coworkers, gossiping friends, or nagging family members.Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. The first thing that you should do is to get up extra early one day. Before the sun comes up, drive to each coworker‘s house, reach under the hood of his car, and disconnect（时态一致）the center wire that leads to the distributor(全拼) cap. The car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If you‘re lucky, your boss might notice that you are the only one there and willgive you a raise. Later,（标点）if you feel guilty about your actions you can call each person anonymously and tell them how to get their cars(代词一致) running again…8. Patterns of development1) Comparison and contrast(1) One side at a time (subject by subject)(2) Point by point2)Cause and effect（因果说明）—— We may support our thesis statements by explaining a series of causes or a series of effects.(1) Causes:These tell readers why something happened. We try to examine the cause of something. Many actions do not occur without causes. For example, Smoking causes lung cancer. (Smoking is one of the causes of lung cancer.)(2) Effects:These tell readers the results of something. We try to examine the effects of something. An action can have a series of effects — good or bad. For example,Twelve thousand smokers die from lung cancer every year. (Lung cancer is one of the results of smoking.)By examining the causes or effects of an action, we seek to understand or explain things that happen in our lives.3) Illustration （说明文）(Examples)In an illustrative essay, you support your point by illustrating it with examples.Illustration paragraph include:例1：Topic sentence:Knowledge often results only after persistenceinvestigation.Supporting examples:Albert EinsteinA detectiveAnnie Jump Cannon(安妮·坎农，美国女天文学家)Investigation into the causes of polio(脊髓灰质炎)Concluding sentence:As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain and contribute to the store of human knowledge.例2：Topic sentence: The first day of school was frustrating.Supporting examples: My sociology course was canceled. Then I couldn‘t find the biology lab. And the lines at the bookstore were so long that I went home without buying my textbooks.Characteristics of illustration●An example is relevant●An example is representative, when it shows a typical real-lifesituation, not a rare or unusual one.●Examples are taken from your own life or the lives of people youknow. They are unique examples shared by no other people.Choose examples that are striking and dramatic and that will make a strong lasting impression on your readersBe sure that the examples you use to explain your thesis should be carefully chosen. You should select examples that are relevant, representative, specific, striking and dramaticTransitional words that are often used in illustration:For instance, For example, Another instance of, Another example of, Another illustration of, To illustrate, A case in point is, Here are a few examples, Some instances, Yet anotherBrief illustration An unelaborated example, often only a sentenceA detailed exampleExtendedillustrationHypothetical An example that might happen but that has not4) Argumentation（考试考点）:In an argumentation essay, you defend your position (point of view) with a series of solid reasons. You try to argue with someone, that is, to persuade others to accept or agree with your point of view.(1) Strategies for argumentation(a) Acknowledge differing viewpointsYou can cite the opposing viewpoint in your thesis statement or in your supporting paragraphs.(b) Grant the merits of differing viewpoints.(c) Use tactful, courteous language.(d) Rebut differing viewpoints(2) How to write argumentative essaysStage 1: decide on a controversial topic (debatable and interesting) and write an argumentative thesis statement. The thesis statement should define the scope of the argument and make an assertion that is open to debate.Ineffective Examples of Argumentative Thesis StatementsExample 1:Thesis: Something should be done on media bias.This is not an effective argumentative thesis statement because it does not clearly state the writer‘s idea. The answers of questions like ―what is that ‗something‘ that should be done?‖ or ―who should do it?‖ are not clear. Example 2:Thesis: CNN is the best TV channel.This is not an effective thesis statement. This sentence is not debatable as it involves personal choice or preferenceExample 3:Thesis: There are 3 ways of media censorship.This is not an argumentative thesis statement as the writer aims at listing the types of media censorship. Therefore, the writer‘s purpose of writing this essay is not to persuade the reader but to give information. Also, the ways of media censorship are not open to debate. Thus, they are not suitable for argumentation.Effective Examples of Argumentative Thesis StatementsExample 1:Thesis: Newspapers should not identify people by color, race, or religious faith in any way.This is an effective argumentative thesis statement. Firstly, the topic is open to discussion. There may be people who would oppose thisargument claiming that this kind of restriction would damage the objectivity of the news. Therefore, the writer holds a clear stance. Above all, it is obv ious that the writer‘s aim is not simply to inform the readers but to convince them to take his / her side in the debate.The expository (p58)thesis statement vs. the argumentative thesis statement:Similarity:Both expository(说明的，解释的) and argumentative thesis statements express a certain opinion about a topic.Difference:An expository thesis statement does not include a sharp opinion; rather, it discusses advantages, disadvantages, types, reasons, results, problems, solutions, processes, or categories of an issue often in the form of listing, enumeration, classification, or sequencing.An argumentative thesis statement has a clear stance on a debatable topic, fiercely argues that the writer’s opinion is correct and reflects this subjectivity both in its style and tone.Choosing an argumentative topic is not an easy task. The topic should be such thatit should be narrowed down×Marijuana ( [ˌmærəˈwɑːnə]大麻) should be considered illegal.(Not a good topic because it is too general. In some medical cases, marijuana is prescribed by the doctors and the patients are encouraged to use it in case of suffering from too much pain)√Selling and using marijuana in public places should be considered illegal.∙it should contain an argument×We should decide whether we want a bicycle or a car.(our stand is not clear: do we support having bicycles or cars?)√If we are under the age of 30 and want a healthy life, we should definitely get a bicycle instead of a car.×Are you one of those who thinks cheating is not good for students? (a question cannot be an argument)√Cheating helps students learn.×Considering its geological position, Turkey has an important geopolitical role in the EU. (facts cannot be arguments)√Considering its geopolitical role, we can clearly say that the EU cannot be without Turkey.∙it should be a topic that can be adequately supported (with statistics, outside source citations, etc.)×I feel that writing an argumentative essay is definitely a challenging task. (feelings cannot be supported; we cannot persuade other people)Which of the following are argumentative thesis statements?Thesis 1:There are three main reasons why the media manipulate the news. Thesis 2:The media should not manipulate the news in any way.Thesis 3:It is essential to be media literate for three reasons.Thesis 4:It is essential that media literacy be taught in schools.Thesis 1is not argumentative. Although the writer has the assumption that the media manipulate the news, the aim of this essay is not to convince the reader on this issue, but to simply list the three reasons for media manipulation. The reader, too, expects to learn the three reasons. Thesis 2 is acceptable as an argumentative thesis statement because the writer clearly takes a stand in the debate about whether the media should manipulate the news or not. Here, the writer intends to influence the mind of readers rather than to merely inform them.Thesis 3 is an expository thesis statement although the sentence includes a strong word, ―essential‖. The use of this word does not make the thesis statement an argumentative one because the aim here is to inform the reader about the three reasons. The reader, here, expects to read a list of the reasons without being forced to take a side. The writer does not hold a stance in an ongoing discussion.Thesis 4is clearly an argumentative thesis statement. Firstly, the topic is debatable. Secondly, the writer is clear about where in the discussion he stands. Finally, the purpose of the writer is to a ffect the readers‘ ideas on this issue.On the whole, while writing argumentative thesis statements, be sure to have a debatable topic, state your claim and stance as strongly as possible and make the reader understand that your aim is to persuade rather than only to inform.Stage 2: Generating ideas: After formulating your argumentative thesis statement, you need to brainstorm a variety of supporting ideas, counter arguments and ways to refute these opposing views. In supporting your argument, the evidence that you include can be facts, examples, support from authority (testimony), and statistics.(3) Organization:All argumentative essays have PROs and CONs (赞成反对). Before starting writing, it is imperative to make a list of these ideas and choose the most suitable ones among them for supporting and refuting.There are three possible organization patterns:PRO idea 2CON(s) + Refutation(s)ConclusionExample 1:5) Description（描写文）More than many other types of essays, descriptive essays strive to create a vivid experience for the reader. Great descriptive essays achieve this effect not through facts and statistics but by using detailed observations and descriptions.As you get started on your descriptive essay, it‘s important for you to identify exactly what you want to describe. Often, a descriptive essay will focus on portraying one of the following:a person∙ a place∙ a memory∙an experience∙an objectHow should you write your description?As you write your descriptive essay, remember: showing, not telling. Showing and not telling means that you paint a picture for your reader. The difference between showing and telling:Example 1:(1) I grew tired after dinner.(2) As I leaned back and rested my head against the top of the chair, my eyelids began to feel heavy, and the edges of the empty plate in front of me blurred with the white tablecloth.The first sentence tells readers that you grew tired after dinner. The second sentence shows readers that you grew tired. The most effective descriptive essays are loaded with such showing because they enable readers to imagine or experience something for themselves.Example 2:(1) The lake stared through the trees, a wide grey eye trapped in a perpetual state of weeping.(2) There were trees near the lake.As you write your descriptive essay, the best way to create a vivid experience for your readers is to focus on the five senses.∙sight∙sound∙smell∙touch∙tasteWhen you focus your descriptions on the senses, you provide vivid and specific details that show your readers rather than tell your readers what you are describing.How should you create a descriptive thesis statement?An example of a descriptive thesis statement is: My backyard is like a jungle.This thesis statement does not mean that your backyard is literally a jungle, but that the different aspects of your backyard make it seem like a jungle.写作部分Part I Read the following passage carefully, and then choose the best answer A, B, C or D to each of the questions that follow. Pleasewrite your answer on the Answer Sheet. (10分)The Love of Money is a Root of Evil1、The thinkers of many cultures and epochs have sought to find the fundamental reasons for social problems, philosophers of the past analyzed numerous contributing factors such as leaders, money, deities and citizens in their societies. A significant number of such thinkers came to the conclusion that an individu als‘ passionate attitude towards money was an influential trigger of various social calamities. Desiring to obtain more and more material goods and money causes an individual to become selfish and hard-hearted – this in turn affects the quality of a whole community. An uncontrolled love of money is the reason for many disturbances and wrongs that are enacted.2、To begin with, the love of money may lead to the decline of moral standard. Apostle Paul, who can be said to be a philosopher, says ―…they that desire to be rich, fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful desires, which plunge men into destruction and perdition. For the love of money is the root of all evils; which some coveting, have erred from the faith‖. Paul emphasizes th at the pursuit of money and financial gain causes one to be distanced from one‘s morality and virtue. No longer do people seek to build a relationship with their neighbor; instead they seek ways to use them to obtain more wealth and security. At the same time, people who treat others as means of reaching their goals, tend to be treated in the same manner, thus multiplying their own misfortunes.3、Along with the moral decline, people with a strong lust for money can develop an insensible disposition. In the discipline of psychology, there exists a correlation between happy feelings and money that has already been discovered; however, there is also a link between negative feelings and actions when there is a lack of money (Vohs, Mead & Goode, 2008). Those who have a strong love of money constantly feel the urge to gain more money as if they have a lack of it; consequently, these individuals have a bad disposition and are impatient when confronted with those whom they believe are seeking to prevent them from gaining money.4、What‘s more, because of a fanatic identification with their savings, those with a persistent love of money are hesitant to lose their capital. Such individuals would be hesitant in investing in community projects or remaining loyal to their fellow coworkers, employees, and even neighbors. Today, because of the apparent focus on obtaining more food, entertainment, games and technology, the sense of community is dying. Paul Mattick states in his book Art in It’s Time that, ―A steady increase of the love of money present in our capitalistic economy system causes a sense of community to decline as faith is placed in material things for the self rather than concepts for the community‖ (Mattick, 2003).5、In an attempt to understand the true nature of different social problems of the past and of today, many thinkers have paid attention to the phenomenon of yearning for money. Because of an individual’s love of money, there is a decline in personal values and morals. Subsequently the constant pursuit o f money causes one’s behavior to be inconsistent with the needs of other human beings. Finally, many people with an excessive passion for money tend to identify themselves with their financial well-being, thus being afraid to lose their capital. In their fear, they lose the greatest of all values: a sense of peace.1. Which of the following best expresses the thesis of this essay?A. Thinkers of the past have sought to find the fundamental reasons forsocial problems.B. Philosophers of the past tried to analyze the contributing factors forsocial problems.C. A lot of thinkers concluded that people‘s attitude towards money led to social problems.D. An uncontrolled love of money is the reason for many disturbances and wrongs.2. What pattern of organization is employed by the writer to develop thiscause and effect essay?A. Focus on several causes that leads to one effect.B. Focus on several effects of a single cause.C. Causal chain.D. All of the above.3. The transitional sentence“Along with the moral decline” in Paragraph3 is used to achieve .A. adequate supportB. better unityC. better coherenceD. effective sentence skill4. Which of the following best serves as the topic sentence of Paragraph 4?A.people with the love of money are not willing to invest in community projects.B. People with the love of money are more likely to focus on obtainingmore food, entertainment, games and technology.C. People with the love of money have a fanatic identification with their savings.D. The sense of community is dying.5. The writer mainly ends the essay with .A. a recommendation for people with excessive passion for moneyB. the future of those who lose the greatest of all valuesC. an attempt to understand the true nature of different socialproblems of the past and of todayD. a summary of the results of yearning for moneyPart II Read the following paragraphs and answer questions after each paragraph very briefly according to what you havelearned about writing. Please write your answer on the AnswerSheet. (15分)Paragraph 1July, a fourteen year old grade eight student, was racing down the narrow hallway like a mad dog when he bumped into the principal. Frightened and fearful, he tried to make an about turn to head in the opposite direction. The angry principal would have none of this. He grabbed July by his left shoulder, holding him firmly in his grasp. In his usual stern high-pitched voice he ordered him to the office. Like a lame wounded dog, July limped to the office. There the principal gave him his usual no-nonsense lecture and sent him back to his class.Question 1What pattern of essay development is adopted by the writer in order to show the vivid picture of the relationship between the boy and the principal? (Description)Paragraph 2I．IntroductionThesis statement: From the perspectives of climate, activities and location, to vacation at the beach is better than in the mountains. II．MountainA．ClimateB．Types of ActivitiesC．LocationIII．BeachA．ClimateB．Types of ActivitiesC．LocationIV．ConclusionQuestion 2In order to show the differences between vacationing in the mountains or at the beach, the illustrative method of contrasting is adopted in this guideline. What contrasting pattern is used here? (One side at a time)Paragraph 3The shelf has three layers, two of which are devoted to books on various objects. On the upper shelf are the reference books for my different courses. The books on the middle shelf are taller than those on the upper shelf, and they all stand in perfect order like two rows of soldiers marching through dark night toward down. These are books for killing time but they are my favorites. On the lower shelf, an ink bottle stands in one corner and a pocket dictionary squats in the other. Question 3This is the student's description of his bookshelf. What pattern of organization is adopted here?(Space order)Paragraph 4We know that people live various different lives, spend their time in various different ways, have different jobs, believe in different things, have different opinions, different customs, and speak different languages. Normally, we don't know the extent of these differences, yet sometimes when something unusual happens to make us notice, variety and difference appear more as a threat than an opportunity.Question 4In order to make the speech more powerful , what kind of coherence method is used in this paragraph? (Repeating key terms)Paragraph 5Research has shown that 90% of people naturally use their right hands for most tasks. But hundreds of millions of people use their left hands. Then why are some people left-handed? Scientists have been trying to answer that question for many years. A study done in 1992 found that men are more likely to be left-handed than women. It also found that Asian or Hispanic people are less likely to be left-handed than white people, black people, or North American Indians. Some culturesaccept people who do things mostly with their left hands. Others do not. Question 5This serves as an introductory paragraph for a passage. What specific method is used here as a beginning paragraph? (Question)Part III Writing (25分)In October last year, Beijing announced a plan to reduce the value of English by shifting points to Chinese in college and senior high school entrance exams from 2016. It seems that the glory days of English are fading in China and the removal of English from the “gaokao”is possible in the near future. Some English teachers and educators are opposed to this, insisting that English is a necessary ability for Chinese to understand the world. What do you think? Should English be removed from the “gaokao”, the national college entrance examination? Write a well-organized argumentative essay in which you argue for or against this controversial issue in about 300 words. Don’t forget to write a title for your essay.English Test for Non-English Major Graduate StudentsJan, 2014Ⅰ．Read the following passage carefully, and then choose the best answer A, B, C or D to each of the questions that follow. Please write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (10%)Negative Effects of Noise Pollution1. Technological progress has brought humanity numerous benefits. All types of devices and gadgets allow people to save time, work more efficiently and stay in touch with the rest of the world. However, there is also a flip side. Industry growth, an increasing number of vehicles and constant information overloads causes a significant and underestimated problem –noise pollution. The term noise pollution is used to define unwanted sounds that are released into the environment. Various research studies have proven that noise pollution imposes a number of negative impacts on mental and physical health. To understand the reasons behind their health conditions, people should consider the effects that are usually caused by noise pollution. In a modern megalopolis, noise pollution arises from many sources, such as traffic, barking dogs, noisy neighbors, aircrafts, verbal advertising in the streets and many other environmental factors merging into one sound wall. A person may get used to perceiving these sounds and ignore them, but on a subconscious level, such constant noise exposure has a significant effect. Noise pollution is measured in。
南京大学行政管理考研经验分享
1、政治8月启动开始看肖秀荣的精讲精练，每天2.5小时，按照“近代史-毛中特-世界形势-马哲-思修”的顺序看，22天就可以看完一轮。
然后看第2轮，每天2小时(12月前保持每天2小时政治)，9月中旬结束，可以着手做历年真题，了解出题模式及重要知识点，4天完成。
9月下旬，教育部的大纲解析出版，和肖秀荣1000题结合起来，边看边做，10月中旬结束。
随后风中劲草出版，三本书，半个月时间看、做一遍。
11月，结合大纲解析、风中劲草、1000题三本书看、做一个月，中途穿插看肖秀荣的形势与政策。
12月，每天复习2.5小时，上旬把肖秀荣的精讲精练、形势政策拿出来看最后一遍，中下旬做肖秀荣、任汝芬、风中劲草等各种最后预测题，整理背诵问答题要点。
(2)复习建议政治两次考试之间差了十几分，可见这次还是进步了不少。
①强烈建议买肖秀荣的书，勿买任汝芬，肖大爷明显比任大爷来的忠厚，教材质量高出不少。
精讲精练、真题解析可以作为暑期预习教材，1000题作为习题集的代表，买一本就够了，当然如果时间充裕，可以把风中劲草的习题集也做了。
②大纲解析和任何一本教辅多少还是有不同，无论如何还是得买，看2-3遍，结合风中劲草或者肖秀荣的书，将知识要点划出。
③风中劲草的知识要点那本书还是很不错的，归纳整理的很全。
习题集可不买，将省下来的时间多做一遍1000题，或者提前准备一下问答题。
④问答题除归纳背诵各考研机构的标准答案外，需要自己独立思考，将各种世界观、方法论结合起来运用于分析解决问题，平时注意多加练习。
我记得最后的问答题，肖秀荣和启航基本都预测到了，答起来也是得心应手，虽然写满了，但是得分并不高，可见考研机构的标准答案并非万能。
2、英语(1)词汇：建议买一套考研词汇书籍即可，拼命看拼命背，翻烂为止，不要追求太多词根词缀技巧，就那么几千个词汇，看半年，每天半小时，再笨再傻都记下来了。
我自己看了3遍新东方的考研词汇(乱序)、1遍GRE单词、1遍英语词汇的奥秘、2遍英语词汇学习丛书，事实证明没有太大必要，浪费时间和钱。
南京大学英语试题及答案
南京大学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The book you gave me is ________ interesting one.A. aB. anC. theD. /2. She is ________ honest girl.A. aB. anC. theD. /3. There is ________ "u" and ________ "s" in the word "useful."A. a; anB. an; aC. a; aD. an; an4. ________ of the students in our class are from the countryside.A. Three fifthB. Three fifthsC. Three fifthD. Three fifths5. The teacher asked us ________ the book.A. not to readB. to not readC. not readD. don't read二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）6. The ________ (begin) of the story is very exciting.7. There are many ________ (different) between the two pictures.8. The weather in Beijing is ________ (change) than that in Shanghai.9. She is ________ (tall) than any other girl in her class.10. The population of China is larger than ________ (that) of any other country in Asia.三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答11-20题。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2. 作状语：介词+动名词可作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让 步、方式等。 After finishing the job, he went home. He was blamed for having done something wrong. They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship.
下面的表格体现的是带if从句的虚拟语气句中， 主句和从句相应的时态。
If从句
与现在事实不符
主句
动词的过去时（be为were）Would(should)+动词原形
与过去事实不符
动词的过去完成时
Would(should, could, might)+have+动词的过 去分词
与将来事实不符
1.
2. 3.
2. 现在分词的作用
• 现在分词可在句中作定语和状语
a. 作定语
• 现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前： • This is a pressing question. • He asked an embarrassing question. • 现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后： • There were no soldiers drilling.
完形填空解题技巧
语法（ ）：时态和语气 语法（一）：时态和语气
• 做完形填空的困难，主要是由于文中一些词的缺失，导致文章意思 不连贯。实际上，完形填空题是“形断意不断，貌离神不离”，正 如藕断而丝连，语法规则起到“牵动荷花带出藕”的功效。在这个 单元我们来看一看完形填空中，如何运用语法理顺句中的关系。 • 语法知识是指导完形填空的法宝，词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的 位置，有了语法规则文章才能有条不紊、顺理成章，如介词后的代 词必然是宾格；物质名词一般不用复数；形容词必须放在不定代词 后；行为动词的否定和疑问句应由助动词do构成；情态动词只能 与不带to的动词连用；另外，语法还包括时态、语气、非谓语动词、 关系代词和关系副词、分句、语态及惯用法等语法现象等。在这一 个单元里我们主要来看一看时态和语气。
2 在ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist等动词后，宾语从句中，动词也用虚拟，表示 命令、建议、要求等。 I suggested that we (should) go camping tomorrow. He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiments was done. 注意：在以上句中insist为“坚持要求”，如果表示“坚持认为”就 不用虚拟，例如： He insisted that he was right.
• 在非真实条件句中，有时从句的动词所表示的动作 和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的 条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视 具体情况而定。 • If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now. • If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
动名词
• 动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，有动词原形加词尾ing构成。 与现在分词构词法相同，同时具有动词及名词的特征。
1. 作定语
• None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room. • The speeding car came to a stop all of sudden.
• 时态：对完形填空中的时态题的判断，可以根据表示时间的信息词 时态： 来判断，也可以根据上下文提供的信息来判断。表时间的词有： since, before, after, already, every since, for a long time, yesterday。 • 语气：考生认为困难的是对虚拟语气试题的判断。此类试题一般分 语气： 两种情况，一种情况是带有表虚拟条件句或短句的词语在问题句中， 如without，if等，另一种需要根据上下文或逻辑关系来判断。 without if
动词的过去时（be 为were) Were+不定式 Should+动词原形
Would(should, could, might)+动词原形
例如： •If I had time, I would go to the movies with you. •If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful. •If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.
• B. 有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如：time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan等。 • Women should have the right to receive education. • There is no time to hesitate.
• B. 作结果状语 • We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. • She left home, never to return again.
• C. 作原因状语：不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。 • She burst into laughter to see his funny action. • The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.
• 引导非真实条件从句的连词if在正式文体中有时可以省去，were, had, should等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首。 • If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.可改为： Were I you, I wouldn’t feel s导的非真实条件句，但 从深层意思看是存在的。这种情况主句动词仍需用 虚拟式。这类句子中常出现without, but for（要不 是）,otherwise, but that（若不，后接从句）等词 或词组。 • But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded. • She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
动词不定式
• 不定式是指带to的动词原形（使用中有时不带to），在句中起形容 词或副词的作用，作状语和定语
1. 作定语
• A. 动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式 是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词。 • He’s a pleasant fellow to work with. • There’s nothing to worry about.
3. Wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望。 I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish he would forgive me.
4. It’s (high, about) time that…的句型要求用虚拟，表示应该做 还没有做的事。 It’s high time that he stopped smoking. It’s about time that we took our leaves.
• D. 作独立成分：有些固定词组带to不定式，表明说 话人的立场或态度， 在句中作独立成分。这些词有： to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth 等 • To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. • To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.
语法（ ）：非谓语动词 语法（二）：非谓语动词
•非谓语动词各自具有不同的语法功能和使用范 围。分词作定语和表示原因、时间和伴随状语； 不定式作定语和表示目的和结果状语。动名词 可以做宾 语、主语、表语或介词宾语。因此 做非谓语动词的试题，要注意分析其在句中的 语法作用，另外还要注意一些词的固定用法。
• C. The first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式作 定语。 • The monitor will be the first to come. • He was the last man to blame.
2. 作状语
• A. 作目的状语：不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓 语动词之后，一般至于句子末尾。但是， 如果表示 强调，亦可至于句首。其否定形式为：在不定式符 号前加not。 • He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. • To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted. • I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby.