文艺复兴的政治原因(英文版)
文艺复兴英语ppt
Humanism
• The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body.
• This transcending belief can be done with education.
Da Vinci has shown a very high talent in painting since childhood, so his father sent him to the painting workshop to learn painting. Before the start of the study, the teacher let da Vinci practice painting an egg for many days.
• The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome and the fourth was the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society .
• The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any siMedici, ruler of Florence and patron of arts
文艺复兴作文英文
文艺复兴作文英文英文：The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual growth that took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, as well as a shift towards humanism and individualism.During this time, artists and thinkers began to focus on the individual and the human experience, rather than solely on religious or societal ideals. This led to the development of new forms of art, such as perspective in painting and the use of the sonnet in poetry.One of the most famous figures of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci, who is known for his artistic masterpieces such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his scientific and engineering inventions.The Renaissance had a profound impact on Western civilization, shaping the way we think about art, science, and the individual. It paved the way for the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, which built upon the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance.中文：文艺复兴是欧洲14世纪到17世纪的一段文化和知识增长的时期。
文艺复兴英文RenaissancePPT完整版PPT
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal (Europe was
recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic Plague)
period)
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power.
Absolute Rule
He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.
Do Now
Write a definition for the word, ‘rebirth’
Lesson 1 Objectives
SWBAT identify factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance
Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Renaissance
文艺复兴的背景(英文版)
Renaissance thoughtWhile the humanists were not primarily philosophers and belonged to no single school of formal thought, they had a great deal of influence upon philosophy. They searched out and copied the works of ancient authors, developed critical tools for establishing accurate texts from variant manuscripts, made translations from Latin and Greek, and wrote commentaries that reflected their broad learning and their new standards and points of view. Aristotle’s authority remained preeminent, especially in logic and physics, but humanists were instrumental in the revival of other Greek scientists and other ancient philosophies, including stoicism, skepticism, and various forms of Platonism, as, for example, the eclectic Neoplatonist and gnostic doctrines of the Alexandrian schools known as Hermetic philosophy. All of these were to have far-reaching effects on the subsequent development of European thought. While humanists had a variety of intellectual and scholarly aims, it is fair to say that, like the ancient Romans, they preferred moral philosophy to metaphysics. Their faith in the moral benefits of poetry and rhetoric inspired generations of scholars and educators. Their emphasis upon eloquence, worldly achievement, and fame brought them readers and patrons among merchants and princes and employment in government chancelleries and embassies.The Renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement which stressed the rediscovery and application of texts and thought from classical antiquity, occurring in Europe c. 1400 – c. 1600. The Renaissance can also refer to the period of European history spanning roughly the same dates. It's increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more.What Was the Renaissance?There remains debate about what exactly constituted the Renaissance. Essentially, it was a cultural and intellectual movement, intimately tied to society and politics, of the late 14th to early 17th centuries, although it is commonly restricted to just the 15th and 16th centuries. It is considered to have originated in Italy. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence.At its core, the Renaissance was a movement dedicated to the rediscovery and use of classical learning, that is to say, knowledge and attitudes from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’, and Renaissance thinkers believed the period between themselves and the fall of Rome, which they labeled the Middle Ages, had seen a decline in culturalachievement compared with the earlier eras. Participants intended, through the study of classical texts, textual criticism, and classical techniques, to both reintroduce the heights of those ancient days and improve the situation of their contemporaries. Some of these classical texts survived only amongst Islamic scholars and were brought back to Europe at this time.The Renaissance Period“Renaissance” can also refer to the period, c. 1400 –c. 1600. “High Renaissance” generally refers to c. 1480 – c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explor ers “finding” new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of the cosmos and the rise of gunpowder. Many of these changes were triggered, in part, by the Renaissance, such as classical mathematics stimulating new financial trading mechanisms, or new techniques from the east boosting ocean navigation. The printing press was also developed, allowing Renaissance texts to be disseminated widely (in actual fact this print was an enabling factor rather than a result).Why Was This Renaissance Different?Classical culture had never totally vanished from Europe, and it experienced sporadic rebirths. There was the Carolingian Renaissance in the eighth to ninth centuries and a major one in the “Twelfth Century Renaissance”, which saw Greek science and philosophy returned to European consciousness and the development of a new way of thinking which mixed science and logic called Scholasticism. What was different in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was that this particular rebirth joined together both the elements of scholarly inquiry and cultural endeavor with social and political motivations to create a much broader movement, albeit one with a long history.The Society and Politics Behind the RenaissanceAcross the fourteenth century, and perhaps before, the old social and political structures of the medieval period broke down, allowing new concepts to rise. A new elite emerged, with new models of thought and ideas to justify themselves; what they found in classical antiquity was something to use both as a prop and a tool for their aggrandizement. Exiting elites matched them to keep pace, as did the Catholic Church. Italy, from which the Renaissance evolved, was a series of city-states, each competing with the others for civic pride, trade, and wealth. They were largely autonomous, with a high proportion of merchants and artisans thanks to the Mediterranean trade routes.At the very top of Italian society, the rulers of the key courts in Italy were all “new men”, recently confirmed in their positions of power and with newlygained wealth, and they were keen to demonstrate both. There was also wealth and the desire to show it below them. The Black Death had killed millions in Europe and left the survivors with proportionally greater wealth, whether through fewer people inheriting more or simply from the increased wages they could demand. Italian society and the results of the Black Death allowed for much greater social mobility, a constant flow of people keen to demonstrate their wealth. Displaying wealth and using culture to reinforce your social and political was an important aspect of life in that period, and when artistic and scholarly movements turned back to the classical world at the start of the fifteenth century there were plenty of patrons ready to support them in these endeavors to make political points.The importance of piety, as demonstrated through commissioning works of tribute, was also strong, and Christianity proved a heavy influence for thinkers trying to square Christian thought wit h that of “pagan” classical writers.The Spread of the RenaissanceFrom its origins in Italy, the Renaissance spread across Europe, the ideas changing and evolving to match local conditions, sometimes linking into existing cultural booms, although still keeping the same core. Trade, marriage, diplomats, scholars, the use of giving artists to forge links, even military invasions, all aided the circulation. Historians now tend to break the Renaissance down into smaller, geographic, groups such as the Italian Renaissance, The English Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance (a composite of several countries) etc. There are also works which talk about the Renaissance as a phenomenon with global reach, influencing – and being influenced by – the east, Americas, and Africa.。
论文艺复兴的政治经济文化原因
论文艺复兴的政治经济原因文艺复兴（Renaissance）是盛行于14世纪到16世纪的一场欧洲思想文化运动。
文艺复兴最先在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪达到顶峰，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
文艺复兴是西欧近代三大思想解放运动（文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动）之一。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。
在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利，最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。
当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古代希腊、罗马文化的形式来表达自己的文化主张，这就是所谓的“文艺复兴”。
意大利最早兴起资本主义萌芽且较多的保留了古希腊、古罗马的文化，所以文艺复兴最先起源于此。
从政治因素来看，来自弗洛伦萨的美第奇家族在取得意大利的统治地位后,在采取必要政治措施的同时,对文化、教育和艺术的发展也采取了一系列强力推动政策,成就斐然,尤其是积极创办大学,倡导学术研究;大胆擢拔使用学者能人（值得一提的是，美蒂奇家族是人文主义思想的积极拥护者，在其统治时期，政府中有许多人文主义者任职，为日后的文艺复兴运动营造了较宽松的政治环境。
）,并极力给以赞助和保护;注重抢救和保护文化遗产等。
其中最著名的家族成员洛伦佐美蒂奇更是被誉为文艺复兴运动时期最慷慨的艺术赞助人，受其赞助的艺术家中不乏如米开朗基罗等名誉世界的艺术家。
正是因为美蒂奇家族的种种政策措施使15世纪意大利进入历史发展的黄金时代，各个城市发展欣欣向荣，为文艺复兴运动的兴起提供了良好的孕育温床。
从文化因素来看，意大利若干世纪以来，一直是古罗马文化的中心；由于地理位置和历史条件，使意大利在对古希腊文化吸收方面在西欧各国独占鳌头，从古代继承下来的文明还继续居于领导地位，并因此产生了一系列文化效应——文化的世俗化和非闭锁型倾向、注重文化教育投资的城市观念、物质归向于文化型的市民消费特征等，都成为意大利文艺复兴运动发起的动力源泉。
文艺复兴英文介绍
Culture Foundation
（文化基础）
• Italy had many states , and
The new theory system
Develop production
Improve life level
The rising bourgeoisie believed that medieval culture is retrograde , and Greek, Roman classical culture is advanced, they try to revival of classical culture, and the so-called "Renaissance" is actually a unprecedented liberation and creation of knowledge and spirit.
cities are independent or semi-independent .After the 14th century, the city gradually from the Republic to dictatorship. Dictator wanted free of the fetters of religious asceticism, so they protected the artist and the paintings of secular life.
Class foundation
(阶级基础)
文艺复兴英文简介
The Renais sanceT he Renais sance refers to the period in Europe an civili zatio n toward s the end of the Middle Ages, whichwas charac teriz ed by a surgeof intere st in classi cal learni ng and values.1.The origin of the Renais sanceThe Renais sance emerge d when social instab ility, econom ic sluggi shnes s and intell ectua l depres sionbecame so intole rable that most of the people, especi allythe intell ectua ls couldno longer accept the worsen ing situat ion. The Renais sance as a moveme nt firststarte d in Floren ce and then expand ed to Venice, Rome and otherItalia n cities before it sweptthe rest partsof Europe. Painti ng and sculpt ure were the most sensit ive fields to the change with theirsubjec ts and tastes, shifti ng from dullne ss, stagna tion,lack of emotio n and divini ty to dynami cs, enthus iasmand humani taria nism.Litera tureand ideolo gy soon follow ed as otherimport ant areasprocee ded and the moveme nt furthe r separa ted itself from feudal istic tyrann y, eccles iasti c bondag e and sought intell ectua l freedo m and ideolo gical emanci patio n.2.The charac teris ticsof the Renais sanceThe Renais sance is charac teriz ed by seekin g ideolo gical emanci patio n, intell ectua l freedo m and politi cal awaren ess, basedon cultur al produc tionand religi ous reform ation. All thesewere undert akenor unfold ed gradua lly but widely, extend ing its influe ncesto everycorner of Europe, with more and more people gettin g involv ed. The achiev ement s were seen princi pally in six areas,namely, painti ng, sculpt ure, poetry, fictio n, dramaand religi ous reform ation as well as the change in the cultur al and intell ectua l climat e.3.The influen ce of the Renais sanceThe Renais sance was an import ant stagein the histor icalproces s of the Wester n civili zatio n and indica ted a transi tiona l period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the develo pment of Wester n cultur e. Econom ic and intell ectua l change s during the Renais sance both helped to speedup Wester n social and cultur al develo pment and prepar ed the necess ary condit ionsfor the rapidprogre ss in politi cal, social and ideolo gical areasof the Modern Age.文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。
文艺复兴 英文 Renaissance ppt课件
When did the Renaissance Take Place?
Roughly the 14th to the 17th century
How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
Crusades (1095 – 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after Muhammad’s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires of the time
• Trade and commerce increased • Cities grew larger and wealthier • Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the
growth of the arts and learning • The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters
• Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside
Bubonic Plague Continued
• After five years 25 million people were dead--one-third of Europe's population.
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After the introduction of economical reason, I will lead you to explore the European political system in middle age, and find the political contribution to the Renaissance (第一张PPT完)
We all know that economic base determine the superstructure, and we can know that the economic of Europe has developed in 14 centare, newly confident bourgeoisies are rise, people become wealthier, so they begin to hold on their hands into the politics.(第二张PPT完)
Now, we can see The relationship between state and society in medieval Europe
First , The relationship was a finite state model(有限国家模式)
Second, The state power and the Christian Church has two opposite, greater independence.
Third,The state’s ability of social control is weak, social life is mainly controlled by the feudal lords, and not by the crown In this political system，it is very difficult for The bourgeoisie to develop themselves第三张
The growing citizen stratum are eager to have more rights，so they did many things to realize their dreams.
In 1266, The regime of Florence were split by aristocrats and commoners, 100 new business members consist of the "public meeting" and they have the legislative and executive powers
In 1293, Florence business people overthrow the feudal aristocracy(封建贵族统治)
And then, The political pattern of Italy became this:
Although，there some feudal survivals，the people has the real power.
There is the comparison with The citizens stratum and The feudal aristocracy(封建贵族), in a word, the citizens stratum in the green tree and the feudal aristocracy At a disadvantage.(第五张）
And another political reason is about The revolution of law.
In the Middle Ages:
w is regarded as God ordained(上帝制定), and cannot be changed, in European feudal society
2.Franchise(特权法) and canon(教会法) law is an important part of medieval law
3.hierarchy(等级制) is the product of the medieval(中世纪的) feudal social legal system第六张
This are the significants of the revolution of law:
1.(Law is no longer one's master, and people could enacted laws, change the law)
2.( The activities of the social order shall be formulated by the people themselves, people become the really dominant in society)
3.People have been liberated, promoting the development of Humanism(第七张完)
Last but not least, the unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy is also a important reason
This is the Political map of Italy in early 1494,(第七张完) we can find that Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early middle period, Many of Italian cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings, so that, the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire's heartland.(第八张完)
These are the three main political reason of Renaissance.。