《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述:自动化专业是一门涉及自动控制系统和自动化设备的学科,它主要研究如何利用现代科技手段实现生产和工程过程的自动化。
在学习和研究自动化专业时,了解并掌握相关的英语术语和表达是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些自动化专业常见的英语原文和翻译,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、传感器与测量(Sensors and Measurements)1.1 传感器类型(Types of Sensors)- 温度传感器(Temperature Sensor):用于测量环境或物体的温度。
- 压力传感器(Pressure Sensor):用于测量液体或气体的压力。
- 光电传感器(Photoelectric Sensor):用于检测光的存在或光的强度。
1.2 传感器原理(Principles of Sensors)- 电阻式传感器(Resistive Sensor):利用物体电阻的变化来测量物理量。
- 压电传感器(Piezoelectric Sensor):利用压电效应来转换压力为电信号。
- 光电传感器(Photoelectric Sensor):利用光电效应来检测光的存在或光的强度。
1.3 传感器应用(Applications of Sensors)- 工业自动化(Industrial Automation):传感器在工业自动化中广泛应用,用于监测和控制生产过程。
- 智能家居(Smart Home):传感器在智能家居中用于检测环境参数,如温度、湿度和光照强度。
- 医疗设备(Medical Devices):传感器在医疗设备中用于监测患者的生理参数,如心率和血压。
二、控制系统(Control Systems)2.1 开环控制(Open-loop Control)- 定义:开环控制是指输出信号不受反馈信号影响的控制系统。
- 特点:简单、稳定性差、无法纠正误差。
2.2 闭环控制(Closed-loop Control)- 定义:闭环控制是指输出信号受到反馈信号影响的控制系统。
自动化专业英语(王宏文主编)课文翻译完整版

PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks - ————————- —- 3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ——- —- ——————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop - ————- - ——- 8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors ——- - ————————-15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ——————————- - - - -19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System —- ——————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control - —- - - —- - - ———27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation - ——- —29UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —- ———————30B Steady State—- - ——- ——————————- 31UNIT 3A The Root Locus ———- ———- - ————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability,Observability,and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control,the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single—chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network—induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
自动化专业英语全文翻译

《自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文主编-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in various industries, including the field of engineering. It involves the use of advanced technology and machinery to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In this text, we will explore the significance of automation in the engineering sector and discuss its benefits and applications.1. Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation has revolutionized the engineering industry by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and safety. It allows engineers to streamline processes, reduce errors, and optimize resource utilization. By automating repetitive and mundane tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and creative aspects of their work. This leads to improved project outcomes and overall customer satisfaction.2. Applications of Automation in Engineering:2.1 Industrial Automation:In manufacturing industries, automation is extensively used to control and monitor various processes. It involves the use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robots, and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. These technologies enable precise and consistent manufacturing, resulting in higher product quality, reduced production time, and increased output.2.2 Process Automation:Automation is also applied in process industries such as oil refineries, chemical plants, and power plants. It involves the use of distributed control systems (DCS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These systems automate the monitoring and control of complex processes, ensuring efficient and safe operation.Automation minimizes the risk of human errors and improves the overall reliability and productivity of these industries.2.3 Building Automation:In the construction and building management sector, automation is employed to control and regulate various systems within buildings. This includes HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, security, and energy management systems. Automation optimizes energy usage, enhances occupant comfort, and improves the overall operational efficiency of buildings.3. Advantages of Automation in Engineering:3.1 Increased Efficiency:Automation eliminates manual intervention, reducing the time required to complete tasks. This leads to increased efficiency and higher productivity in engineering processes. For example, automated assembly lines can produce products at a faster rate compared to manual assembly, thereby reducing production time and costs.3.2 Improved Accuracy and Precision:Automation ensures consistent and precise execution of tasks, minimizing errors caused by human factors. This is particularly crucial in industries where precision is vital, such as aerospace and automotive manufacturing. Automated systems can perform repetitive tasks with high accuracy, resulting in improved product quality and reliability.3.3 Enhanced Safety:Automation reduces the risk of accidents and injuries in the engineering industry. By replacing humans in hazardous or physically demanding tasks, automation improves workplace safety. For instance, robots can handle tasks involving heavy lifting or exposure to harmful substances, protecting workers from potential harm.3.4 Cost Savings:While initial investments in automation technologies may be significant, they often result in long-term cost savings. Automation reduces labor costs by minimizing the need for manual labor and increasing operational efficiency. Moreover, automation optimizes resource utilization, reduces waste, and lowers maintenance costs, leading to overall cost savings for engineering companies.4. Challenges and Considerations:4.1 Skill Requirements:The implementation of automation technologies requires skilled engineers who can design, develop, and maintain automated systems. Companies need to invest in training their workforce to adapt to the changing technological landscape and ensure a smooth transition to automation.4.2 Integration and Compatibility:Integrating automation systems with existing infrastructure and equipment can be challenging. Compatibility issues may arise between different automation components and software, requiring careful planning and coordination. It is essential to ensure seamless integration to maximize the benefits of automation.4.3 Security Concerns:As automation involves the use of interconnected systems and networks, cybersecurity becomes a critical consideration. Engineering companies must implement robust security measures to protect against potential cyber threats and ensure the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive data.Conclusion:Automation has become an integral part of the engineering industry, enabling increased productivity, efficiency, and safety. From industrial manufacturing to building management, automation offers numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, reduced costs, and enhanced workplace safety. However, it is crucial to address challenges such as skill requirements, integration issues, and cybersecurity concerns tosuccessfully implement automation in engineering processes. Embracing automation will undoubtedly pave the way for a more advanced and sustainable future in the field of engineering.。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Manufacturing Industry: An OverviewIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry, revolutionizing production processes and enhancing efficiency. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the concept of automation in the manufacturing sector, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and future prospects. It also includes a translation of the text into English.Section 1: Definition and Importance of AutomationAutomation refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In the manufacturing industry, automation is essential for streamlining operations, reducing costs, and improving product quality. It allows companies to achieve higher production rates, increased precision, and improved safety standards.Section 2: Benefits of Automation in Manufacturing2.1 Increased ProductivityAutomation enables manufacturers to produce goods at a faster rate, leading to increased productivity. With the use of advanced robotics and machinery, repetitive tasks can be performed efficiently, allowing workers to focus on more complex and creative aspects of production.2.2 Enhanced Quality ControlAutomated systems ensure consistency and accuracy in manufacturing processes, leading to improved product quality. By minimizing human error, automation reduces defects and variations, resulting in higher customer satisfaction and reduced waste.2.3 Cost ReductionAutomation helps in reducing labor costs by replacing manual work with machines and robots. Although initial investment costs may be high, long-term savings are significant due to increased efficiency and reduced dependence on human labor.2.4 Improved Workplace SafetyAutomation eliminates the need for workers to perform hazardous or physically demanding tasks. Robots and machines can handle tasks that pose risks to human health and safety, thereby reducing workplace accidents and injuries.2.5 Increased FlexibilityAutomated systems can be easily reprogrammed to adapt to changing production requirements. This flexibility allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market demands, introduce new products, and customize production processes.Section 3: Challenges in Implementing Automation3.1 Initial InvestmentImplementing automation requires substantial capital investment for purchasing and integrating machinery, software, and training. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may face financial constraints in adopting automation technologies.3.2 Workforce AdaptationAutomation may lead to job displacement, as certain tasks previously performed by humans are now handled by machines. Companies need to provide training and re-skilling opportunities to ensure a smooth transition for their workforce.3.3 Technical ComplexityAutomation systems often involve complex integration of various technologies, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and data analytics. Companies must have skilled personnel capable of managing and maintaining these systems effectively.Section 4: Future Trends in Automation4.1 Collaborative RobotsCollaborative robots, also known as cobots, are designed to work alongside humans, assisting them in tasks that require precision and strength. These robots can improve productivity and safety by working in close proximity to humans without the need for extensive safety measures.4.2 Internet of Things (IoT) IntegrationThe integration of automation systems with the Internet of Things allows for real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes. IoT enables seamless communication between machines, sensors, and data analytics platforms, leading to predictive maintenance and optimized production.4.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)AI technologies, such as machine learning and computer vision, enable automation systems to learn and adapt to new situations. AI-powered robots can analyze data, make decisions, and perform complex tasks with minimal human intervention, revolutionizing the manufacturing industry.Conclusion:Automation has become an integral part of the manufacturing industry, offering numerous benefits such as increased productivity, enhanced quality control, cost reduction, improved workplace safety, and increased flexibility. While challenges exist, such as initial investment and workforce adaptation, the future of automation looks promising with the emergence of collaborative robots, IoT integration, and artificial intelligence. Embracing automation technologies will undoubtedly pave the way for a more efficient and competitive manufacturing sector.Translation:自动化在创造业中的应用:概述简介:自动化在创造业中扮演着重要的角色,革新了生产过程,提高了效率。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation has become an integral part of various industries, including the field of engineering. It involves the use of technology and machines to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. This text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of automation in the engineering field, covering its importance, applications, and future prospects. Additionally, an English translation of the original text will be provided.Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in engineering processes. By automating repetitive and time-consuming tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and critical aspects of their work. It also reduces the risk of human errors, leading to higher quality output. Moreover, automation enables engineers to monitor and control systems remotely, enhancing safety and minimizing operational risks.Applications of Automation in Engineering:1. Manufacturing and Assembly: Automation is extensively used in manufacturing industries to streamline production processes. Automated systems can perform tasks such as assembly, welding, and material handling with precision and speed. This leads to increased production rates, reduced costs, and improved product quality.2. Robotics: Robotics is a significant application of automation in engineering. Robots are used in various sectors, including automotive, healthcare, and aerospace industries. They can perform complex tasks with high accuracy, consistency, and repeatability. Examples include robotic arms used in assembly lines and surgical robots in medical procedures.3. Control Systems: Automation is vital in control systems, which regulate and optimize various engineering processes. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are commonly used to automate tasks such as temperature control, pressure regulation, and flow management. This ensures efficient operation and minimizes manual intervention.4. Energy Management: Automation plays a crucial role in energy management systems, optimizing energy consumption and reducing waste. Automated systems can monitor and control energy usage in buildings, factories, and power plants. This leads to energy savings, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability.Future Prospects of Automation in Engineering:The future of automation in engineering looks promising, with several emerging trends and technologies. Some of these include:1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is revolutionizing automation by enabling machines to learn, adapt, and make decisions. Machine Learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to optimize processes and predict failures. AI-powered systems can also perform complex tasks that were previously only possible for humans.2. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT connects various devices and systems, allowing them to communicate and share data. In engineering, IoT enables remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and real-time data analysis. This leads to improved efficiency, reduced downtime, and enhanced decision-making.3. Digital Twin: A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system or process. It allows engineers to simulate and optimize operations, predict performance, and identify potential issues. Digital twins enable engineers to make informed decisions and improve system performance.4. Cybersecurity: As automation becomes more prevalent, ensuring the security of automated systems is crucial. Cybersecurity measures are essential to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities. This includes implementing secure communication protocols, encryption techniques, and access control mechanisms.Translation:自动化在工程领域的应用介绍:自动化已成为包括工程领域在内的各个行业的重要组成部分。
自动化专业英语 原文和翻译 P1U5

第五单元A Types of DC Motors直流电机分类The types of commercially available DC motors basically fall into four categories: ⑴permanent-magnet DC motors, ⑵series-wound DC motors, ⑶shunt-wound DC motors, and ⑷compound-wound DC motors. Each of these motors has different characteristics due to its basic circuit arrangement and physical properties.[1]现在可以买到的直流电机基本上有四种:⑴永磁直流电机,⑵串励直流电机,⑶并励直流电机,⑷复励直流电机。
每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路和物理特性的不同而具有不同的机械特性。
Permanent-magnet DC Motors永磁直流电机The permanent-magnet DC motors, shown in Fig. 1-5A-1, is constructed in the same manner as its DC generator counterpart. The permanent-magnet DC motor is used for low-torque applications.When this type of motor is used, the DC power supply is connected directly to the armature conductors through the brush/commutator assembly. The magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets mounted on the stator. The rotor of permanent magnet motors is a wound armature.永磁直流电机,如图Fig. 1-5A-1所示,是用与直流发电机同样的方法建造的。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the field of engineering has revolutionized various industries, making processes more efficient and reducing human error. As a result, there is a growing demand for professionals who are well-versed in automation technologies and can communicate effectively in English. In this text, we will provide a standard format for an original English text and its translation in the field of automation.Original English Text:Title: Automation in Manufacturing ProcessesIntroduction:Automation has become an integral part of manufacturing processes, with the aim of improving productivity, reducing costs, and ensuring consistent quality. This article explores the various aspects of automation in manufacturing and its impact on the industry.1. Definition of Automation:Automation refers to the use of technology and control systems to operate and control machinery and processes without human intervention. It involves the use of sensors, actuators, and computer systems to perform tasks that were previously carried out by humans.2. Benefits of Automation in Manufacturing:- Increased productivity: Automation allows for faster and more efficient production processes, leading to higher output and reduced lead times.- Cost reduction: By automating repetitive tasks, companies can reduce labor costs and minimize the risk of human error.- Improved quality control: Automation ensures consistent product quality by eliminating variations caused by human factors.- Enhanced safety: Dangerous tasks can be automated, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries in the workplace.3. Types of Automation in Manufacturing:a. Fixed Automation:Fixed automation involves the use of specialized machinery designed for a specific task or product. It is suitable for high-volume production with little or no variation in product design.b. Programmable Automation:Programmable automation utilizes computer-controlled systems that can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks or produce various products. It is suitable for medium-volume production with some level of product variation.c. Flexible Automation:Flexible automation combines the advantages of fixed and programmable automation. It involves the use of computer-controlled systems that can be reprogrammed to handle a wide range of products and tasks. It is suitable for low-volume production with high product variation.4. Challenges in Implementing Automation:While automation offers numerous benefits, its implementation can pose challenges. Some common challenges include:- High initial investment: Automation systems can be expensive to implement, requiring significant capital investment.- Workforce transition: Automation may lead to job displacement, requiring companies to provide retraining opportunities for affected employees.- Technical complexity: Implementing automation systems requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which may not be readily available.- Integration with existing systems: Integrating automation systems with existing machinery and processes can be complex and time-consuming.Conclusion:Automation has transformed manufacturing processes, offering increased productivity, cost reduction, improved quality control, and enhanced safety. Understanding the different types of automation and the challenges involved in its implementation is crucial for professionals in the field. As the demand for automation specialists continues to grow, proficiency in English communication is essential for effective collaboration and knowledge sharing in the global industry.Translation (Chinese):标题:制造过程中的自动化介绍:自动化已成为制造过程的重要组成部分,旨在提高生产效率,降低成本,并确保一致的质量。
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第二部分控制理论第1章1.1控制系统的引入人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程。
在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实。
控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大。
回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船、气垫船、高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统。
以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统。
对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科。
控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识。
计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展。
通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置。
开环控制系统开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统,图2.1单容液位控制系统我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h在水流出流量V1变化的情况下保持在一定可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V2实现。
这个系统不是精确的系统,本系统无法精确地检测输出流量V2,输入流量V1以及容器液位高度。
图2.2描述了这个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系,图2.2液位控制系统框图这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图。
箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及输出流出系统。
这个控制系统没有反馈连接,这种反馈缺失用术语描述为开环。
图2.3描述场效应管控制的直流电机控制切断轮恒速运转。
一旦有木料接触到切断轮的表面,将对驱动转矩产生一个干扰转矩,在假定控制信号保持恒定的情况下,导致切割轮的转速下降。
干扰的加入位于电机与负载之间,如图2.4所示。
图2.3 晶闸管控制直流电机图2.4 带有干扰情况下晶闸管控制直流电机干扰转矩,以及其他的输入,对开环系统的控制的精确性产生严重的影响,这种系统由于不存在反馈,所以根本就不可自动的修正输出。
闭环控制系统闭环控制系统源自于输入端的来自于输出端的输出信号的精确复制。
偏差检测器源于输入与输出信号之间偏差。
闭环控制系统一直对输出信号起控制作用直到输出与输入的偏差信号为零。
在闭环控制系统中,输出与输入的任何偏差都能被自动的进行修正。
通过适当的设计,系统将能克服任何干扰以及原件情况的变化对系统所产生的影响。
图2.5单容液位自动控制系统图2.6 闭环控制系统框图图2.5阐述了图2.1所描述的单容液位控制系统的另一种形式。
这个系统可以在输出流量V1变化的情况下,保持液位h在与期望的精确地误差范围内。
如果液位不是设定值,将产生一个偏差电压。
这个电压经过放大加到控制输入流量V2的电机上,通过改变输入流量修正液位,该系统的系统框图如图2.6所示。
由于存在反馈,这种系统被称为闭环系统。
图2.4所示的晶闸管控制直流电机系统的另一种形式即:自动调速系统如图2.7所示。
反馈系统可以在干扰转矩存在的情况下使电机的转速保持相对不变。
该系统的反馈部分由将转速转换为电压信号的转速计充当。
为了输出期望转速与实际转速的偏差信号,差动放大器产生用于改变直流电机励磁电流的偏差信号来修正到期望的输出转速。
图2.7 晶闸管控制直流电动机的自动控制系统反馈控制用于控制位置、转速以及加速度即自动驾驶在民用以及军事工业中是很常见的。
反馈控制系统有他的优点,同样也具有一些列的缺点,应为反馈的存在,会使系统存在震荡,通过适当的设计,可以实现在系统稳定的前提下利用这些优点。
1.2拉普拉斯变换与传递函数拉普拉斯变换拉普拉斯变换对解决一般的描述系统的方程有帮助。
通常将变量的拉普拉斯变换形式写成其大写形式,如:y(t)的拉普拉斯变换形式为Y(s)。
在这些符号中,微分方程中的t代表时域而拉氏变换中的s代表复数域。
对此,有如下定义:式中,L{ }表示拉普拉斯变换,我们用如下形式表示拉普拉斯反变换:需要注意的是:虽然y(t)表示实数方程,但其拉普拉斯变换Y(S)表示的是关于复变函数s的复数方程。
整个过程的完成需要大量的复数运算,单我们不关心进行拉普拉斯反变换所进行的运算。
相反,在对于系统框图的动态描述中,我们将简单的用到一些关于某些不同方程拉普拉斯变换的结论。
拉普拉斯变换是线性运算所以非常适合于描述线性运动系统。
拉普拉斯变换的微分性质如下:式中,y(i)(0)表示i阶微分的初始条件,拉普拉斯变换的积分性质表示如下:拉普拉斯变换还有另外一条使用的性质,这条性质被称作终值定理:规定了二者的极限值。
利用拉普拉斯变换求解方程当线性系统的的物理关系使用微积分方程描述之后,系统的动态特性的分析可以通过解方程以及与初始条件结合而得出。
下例所示的为拉普拉斯变换在求解线性微分方程的应用。
这种按步骤从原始方程消除时间以及时间的微分的最终结果是得出一个关于s的代数方程。
这个方程然后再用来变换为关于时间的方程。
最后一步包含了利用拉普拉斯反变换直接解决问题。
例:考虑如下线性微分方程:设初始条件为:对式(2.7)两边同时进行拉普拉斯变换可得如下方程:带入初始条件并求解Y可得如下方程:如果对式(2.9)进行部分分式展开,可得如下方程:式(2.10)的拉普拉斯反变换为:该结果包含两个部分:1表示稳态性能,-4e-3t+5-2t表示瞬态性能,检验稳态性能,根据式(2.7)所示的终值定理:传递函数的概念为了便于分析与设计,控制系统通常用一组微分方程来描述。
框图是用来直观地描述方程的内部关系的一种图。
每一个原件都是用其自身的传递函数来描述的,传递函数定义为模块的输出与输入的比。
在用传递函数描述模块时,假设模块已处于稳态以及零初始条件。
图2.8线性系统框图考虑图2.8所示的框图,对于该系统而言,唯一的假设就是系统的输入与输出之间服从线性关系。
并且该系统为定常系统,可用如下形式表示:在零初始条件下,式(2.13)对应的拉普拉斯变换可写为:比C(S)/R(S)称为模块的传递函数,并且完全的描述了系统的特性。
令模块的传递函数表示为G(S),可得:设系统处于零初始状态,则输出的拉普拉斯变换为:基本线性反馈系统如图2.9所示G(s)和H(s)分别表示系统前向通道与反馈通道的传递函数,他们分别构成了串联装置与反馈环。
整个系统的传递函数C(s)/R(s)为:图2.9一般单闭环反馈系统框图第2章2.1控制系统的性能指标工业系统与装置的设计都需要满足一定的性能要求,或者使系统具有一些特定的性能。
这些性能指标必须绝对严格,这对于何时能对手头的工作实现足够好的设计非常有用,出于在更多的复杂、不同、昂贵的系统设计中取得结果几乎不变的较好的质量。
自动控制系统不容马虎。
数量反馈的系统的控制行为包括稳态和暂态响应,这两类相应通常用于描述反馈控制系统的性能指标。
反馈系统的稳态性能通常描述为系统的稳定性和精确性。
稳定性在买描述系统的性能指标之中时极其重要的一部分。
系统必须是稳定的,即使系统受控制信号,闭环内任何部位的其他输入,供电系统变化以及反馈参数变化等情况的影响的时候。
稳态精度是反馈控制系统的另外一个重要的性能。
设计者通常会尽力设计使系统对期望的输入具有最小的偏差。
理论上,对于控制系统,理想的情况是在位置,速度,加速度以及无差的高阶导数变化的情况下维持系统稳定的输出。
这种性能是不实际并且不可实现的。
所幸,对于实际的系统而言,其对精确度的要求没有这么严格。
系统的稳态性能的判断可以根据终值定理完成,该定理的拉普拉斯变换形式已由式(2.6)给出。
我们接下来考虑单位反馈系统,如图2.10所示,稳态误差E(s)对于输入R(s)的关系如下式:图2.10 单位反馈系统稳态误差表达式如下:输入R(s)可以是多种标准信号中的一种,闭环系统的稳态误差可以被认为是开环系统的传递函数的形式。
控制工程常见的输入是位置,速度和加速度。
阶跃,斜坡和抛物线输入分别是这些物理量的简单的数学表达式。
在确定系统的稳态误差时,设系统具有如下标准形式:式中:S N=位于复平面原点处的重极点K=表达式的增益在动态相应情况下,规定出有意义的变量特性是比较困难的,因为模型在动态过程中的相对权重取决于输入,在动态过程中很难判断。
通常使用的性能指标的设置为:将系统置于阶跃相应下。
通过说明三个延迟时间,超调量,调整时间,系统的相应被限制在了图2.11所示的阴影边界之中。
可以说明包含了这些阶跃响应限制条件系统在任何输入的情况下的动态响应都是可接受的。
动态性能指标的定义如下图所示:图2.11 单位阶跃响应性能指标1.延迟时间:定义响应从0到稳态值的50%所需要的时间称为延时时间,如图2.11所示。
2.超调量:阶跃响应的峰值定义为M pt,达到峰值的时间称为T p,则,超调量百分数定义如下:式中:C ss稳态值或终值c(t)3.调整时间:定义为输出均匀的达到位于稳态输出值的两侧或一侧的均匀的范围之内所经历的时间,特别的,此处的范围可指定为:±5%、±2%或者±1%,分别对应的调整时间。
同样,约束条件可以从系统的频率响应得出。
大的带宽意味着系统可以跟随迅速变化的输入(信号包含了其傅里叶变换形式中的高频部分),频率响应中大的谐振峰值意味着动态响应中的欠阻的正弦曲线。
因此,闭环系统频率响应的带宽B和谐振峰值的高度M p能够大概对应地指示系统的性能指标中的延迟时间和超调量。
这些参数的性能指标限制区域内闭环系统频率响应的量级如图2.12所示。
闭环系统的带宽并不能方便的反应性能指标,响应频率ωr通常仅仅应用于频率响应的领域。
一个可选择的用于限制频域动态响应的方法是规定最小的增益裕量与相角裕量,这种方法仅仅适用于开环系统。
图2.12 闭环频率响应指标以下是三组备选的关于动态响应性能指标的常用设置:1.闭环阶跃响应:延迟时间(或上升时间),超调量,调整时间。
2.闭环频率响应:谐振峰值,带宽或谢振频率。
3.开环频率响应:增益裕量,相角裕量。
2.2 二阶系统由频域观点可知,系统需要考虑闭环系统传递函数分母中s的最高次,时域中,需要考虑描述系统动态特性的被控参数的最高阶导数。
描述系统时,系统的阶数事非常重要的参数。
二阶系统对于控制工程而言非常重要。
这种形式的系统描述了许多控制程序的动态特性,如伺服系统,空间驾驶控制,化工过程,生物工程,飞机控制系统,轮船控制等。
值得关注的是很多控制系统的设计都是基于二级系统进行分析的。