G中英文翻译
常见中英文菜单翻译
汤soup羹soup高汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé清汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé浓汤thick soup; pottage/potage老汤soup stock肉汤broth骨头汤bone broth肉片汤soup with meat slices黄瓜肉片汤soupwith meat and cucumberslices肉片鱼羹slicedmeat with fish paste inbroth丸子汤soup withmeat balls; pork ballssoup氽丸子soup withmeat balls; pork ballssoup肉圆粉丝汤porkballs soup with beannoodles白肺汤pork lungsoup牛肉汤beef soup羊肉汤muttonsoup鸡汤chicken soup;soup with chicken鸡块汤soup withchicken slices; soup withsliced chicken;sliced chicken soup鸡丝汤soup withshredded chicken;shredded chicken soup草菇鸡片汤slicedchicken with mushroomsin soup鸡茸玉米汤cornsoup with mincedchicken鸡茸芦笋汤asparagus soup with mashed chicken鸡茸黄鱼羹yellow croaker potage with minced chicken鸡杂汤chicken giblets soup鸡什汤chicken giblets soup蔬菜鸡什汤chicken giblets soup with vegetables鸭汤duck soup火鸭芥菜汤sliced roasted duck with leaf mustered in soup芥菜鸭汤duck soup with pickled mustard leaves鸭掌汤duck web soup竹笋鸭掌汤du ck’s feet with bamboo shoots in soup鸭肝汤duck liver soup冬菇鸭杂汤duck giblets soup with black mushrooms鸭骨菜汤duck bone soup with vegetables汤泡肫球gizzardballs in soup三鲜汤soup withfish, shrimps and porkballs红鱼汤fish soupwith tomato黄鱼羹yellowcroaker chowder鲫鱼汤soup withgold carp; gold carp soup鱼翅汤soup withshark’s fins鲍鱼汤soup withabalone; abalone soup鲍鱼鸡片汤abalone soup with slicedchicken鲍鱼芦笋汤abalone soup withasparagus干贝汤driedscallop soup; soup withdried scallops燕窝汤bird‘s nestsoup燕窝羹bird‘s nestsoup蛇羹snake soup;soup with snake酸辣汤sour andpepper hot soup豆腐汤bean－cudsoup蔬菜汤vegetablessoup榨菜汤hot pickledtuber mustard soup榨菜肉丝汤hotpickled tuber mustardsoup with shredded pork榨菜粉丝汤hotpickled tuber mustardsoup with bean noodles什锦瓜丁汤assorted meat soup withdiced white gourd鸡蛋羹steamedegg custard鸡蛋汤eggdropsoup; egg soup木须汤eggdropsoup; egg soup蛋花汤eggdropsoup; egg soup蕃茄鸡蛋汤eggsoup with tomatoes锅巴口蘑汤mushroom soup withfried rice crust白豆汤white bean soup玉米羹sweet corn soup面食cooked wheaten food面食cooked wheaten food; food made of flour馒头steamed bread; steamed bun白面馒头steamed bread; steamed bun一屉馒头 a trayful of steamed bread; a trayful of steamed buns馒子steamed bread; steamed bun馍馍steamed bread; steamed bun白面馒steamed bread; steamed bun花卷steamed twisted roll; steamed roll蒸饼steamed cake发面饼leavened pancake烙饼unleavened pancake; flapjack家常饼home－ｓｔｙｌｅpancake薄饼thin pancake荷叶饼lotus－leaf－like pancake; thinpancake锅饼thick pancake饼卷pancake roll葱花饼greenChinese onion pancake;green onion pancake炒饼fried shreddedpancake肉饼fried meat pie;meat pie馅饼fried meat pie;meat pie猪肉馅饼friedpork pie; pork pie三鲜馅饼fried piewith shredded sea foods烧饼baked sesame－seed cake芝麻烧饼bakedsesame－seed cake火烧bakedwheaten cake糖火烧bakedsweeten wheaten cake蜂糕steamedsponge cake米糕steamed ricecake; rice budding年糕New Yearcake made of glutinousrice flour凉糕steamed ricecake served cold insummer丝糕steamed corncake窝头steamed cornbread玉米饼子cornpancake煎饼thin pancakemade of millet flour;millet pancake粽子pyramid－shaped dumpling madeof glutinous rice wrappedinbamboo or reedleaves馕crusty pancake面条noodles切面noodles挂面packaged noodles拉面hand－pulled noodles抻面hand－pulled noodles方便面instant noodles即食面instant noodles通心面macaroni通心粉macaroni细通心粉spaghetti意大利式细面条spaghetti细面条spaghetti米粉条rice －flour noodles面汤water in which noodles have been boiled捞面noodles taken out of the boiling water with a strainer肉丝面noodles with shredded meat肉丝拌面noodles with shredded pork炸酱面noodles withchopped meat infried bean sauce;noodles withsoya bean paste打卤面noodles with meatslices in thickgravy;noodlesserved with thickgravy烩面stewednoodles鸡丝烩面stewed noodleswith chickenshreds凉拌面coldnoodles withsauce凉面coldnoodles withchicken shreds鸡丝凉面cold noodles withchicken shreds芝麻酱面cold noodles withsesame paste麻酱面coldnoodles withsesame paste寿面birthday noodlesa.汤面noodles soup汤面noodles soup;noodles in soup肉丝汤面noodles soup withshredded meat鸡丝汤面noodles soup withshredded chicken三鲜汤面noodles soup withshredded seafoodsb.炒面friednoodles炒面friednoodles; ChowMien肉丝炒面fried noodles withshredded meat牛肉炒面fried noodles withbeef牛肉蔬菜炒面fried noodleswith beef andvegetables鸡丝炒面fried noodles with shredded chicken虾炒面fried noodles with shrimps海鲜炒面fried noodles with sea foods海鲜蔬菜炒面fried noodles with sea foods and vegetables蔬菜炒面fried noodles with vegetables包子steamed bun with stuffing包子steamed stuffed bun; steamed bun with stuffing肉包子steamed bun with meat stuffing; steamed bun with minced pork stuffing肉包steamed bun with meat stuffing; steamed bun with minced pork stuffing猪肉包子steamed bun with pork stuffing三鲜包子steamed bunstuffed withshredded seafoods菜包子steamed bun withvegetable stuffing;steamedvegetable stuffedbun素包子steamed bun withvegetable stuffing;steamedvegetable stuffedbun豆沙包steamed bun withsweetened beanpaste;steamed bunstuffed withmashed red bean蒸包steamed bun withstuffing猪肉蒸包steamed bun withpork stuffing三鲜蒸包steamed bunstuffed withshredded seafoods小笼蒸包steamed stuffedbun by smallbamboo foodsteamer小笼包steamed stuffedbun by smallbamboo foodsteamer蒸饺steameddumpling猪肉蒸饺steamed porkdumpling三鲜蒸饺steameddumpling stuffedshredded seafoods锅贴slightly frieddumpling猪肉锅贴slightly fried porkdumpling三鲜锅贴slightly frieddumpling withshredded seafoods肉卷grilledbun with mincedpork stuffing饺子boileddumpling饺子馅stuffing for dumpling; filling for dumpling饺子皮dumpling wrapper饺子汤water in which dumplings have been boiled速冻饺子instant frozen dumpling猪肉饺子boiled pork dumpling三鲜饺子boiled dumpling with shredded sea foods水饺boiled dumpling手工水饺hand－made boiled dumpling机制水饺machine－made boiled dumpling猪肉水饺boiled pork dumpling韭菜水饺boiled dumpling with Chinese chive三鲜水饺boiled dumpling with shredded sea foods红油水饺boiled dumpling with chili/chili oil馄饨wonton; ravioli soup面球dumpling汤包steamed dumpling filled with minced meat and gravy烧卖steamed dumpling with the dough gathered at the top。
G中英文翻译
翻译部分英文原文Mining subsidence caused by mining environmental disasters Keywords: land reclamation of mining subsidence ；subsidence controlLarge-scale exploitation of coal mine and its surrounding environment has resulted in serious damage to an increasingly prominent mining subsidence mining environmental disasters caused by land subsidence or mainly water, agricultural production or no production, road collapse, deformation and damage, such as housing, which are is a mining-induced rock movement, is caused by mining subsidence and regional disasters, the source of deformation, the effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root of the problem to resolve this way. With the improved form of coal, have increased the Group's control environment and governance, the cause of the coal is reactive in that will benefit future generations.1. Subsidence means of control techniquesSubsidence damage control measures will be considered in two ways;(1) the control of mining subsidence, that is, through the rational choice of mining methods and technology, rational arrangement of mining face, take underground filling law, separation of overlying strata with measures such as space filling to reduce surface subsidence, control the speed and extent of surface subsidence, to protect surface and ground built structures with the purpose of arable land. (2) mining subsidence damage restoration and remediation, the use of land reclamation technology and building anti-mining deformation technology, mining subsidence damage remediation and use of land.1.1.1 All backfill miningIn the coal after mining has yet to take off before the roof with a solid material to be dense goaf filling, so that only yields a small amount of roof rock sinking in order to reduce surface subsidence and deformation of the ground to protect the building, structure or purposeof farmland . Which is the filling of water and sediment filling in the mining method to reduce the effect of surface preparation methods subsidence, followed by the wind and filling away from the filling of waste. However, filling mining method of filling the need for specialized equipment and facilities, but also the need for adequate filling material. Initial investment of mine, and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost.1.1.2 strip miningBased on coal and overlying strata combination of conditions, according to a certain ratio of mining to remain in the coal seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a result of strip mining is only part of the underground mining of coal resources, coal in order to retain a portion of coal overlying strata cylindrical support. Thereby reducing the overburden rock movement, control the movement and deformation of the surface to achieve on the ground to build structures of protection. However, the methods of the low rate of recovery, tunnel boring, and inefficient working.1.1.3 Filling the cover rock band separationMined-out area in accordance with the top of the cover rock band mobile form a three-shift characteristics of the rock, in coal mining after a certain time interval, with drilling to the separation of space with high-pressure grouting, filling, reinforced with separation of space, will be mining the reinforced masonry beam structure for better stability of the continuous beam structures, so that separation of space with the sink is no longer transfer to the surface in order to reduce or mitigate surface subsidence, the protection of ground built structures or farmland. However, the technical difficulty, and then further study.1.1.4 Mining thick limitAccording to the mining area topography, hydro-geological conditions and building the capacity of anti-deformation structures in order to not produce the surface water and to meet the requirements of the protection of buildings based on grades to determine the thickness of coal seam can be mined, mining is only the thickness of the coal mining, none of the remaining coal mining, in order to achieve reduction in the protection of ground subsidence building, structures and land use. However, the lowrate of recovery techniques, only the application of thin coal seam a certain value.1.1.5 Coordination of the exploitation ofSlice mining thick coal seam, the rational design of the exploitation of the working face spacing, location and exploitation of the order of each other, so that a coal mining (face) surface deformation generated by coal and the exploitation of another (face) surface deformation arising from mutual offset or partially offset to reduce the mining of surface deformation caused by the protection of ground built structures. However, the technology's fault in order to maintain a certain distance, it is difficult to organize production. China has yet to carry out such industrial experiment.1.1.6 "Picking - Note - adopted" three-step extractionTake full advantage of the structure of overburden rock strata movement of the control, application of the principle of load replacement for small strip mining - the consolidation grouting filling goaf - strip mining the remaining three-step extraction method, effective mobility and the surface of the rock subsidence control, to solve the large-scale exploitation of ground subsidence control, increased the rate of coal mining, the protection of the ground built structures, but there are complex processes, such as the shortcomings of higher cost.II. Land Reclamation Technology2.2.1 Reclamation of coal gangue and fly ash filling Filling Reclamation(1) generated a large number of underground mining to surface emissions of coal gangue, is there an area of pollution of the environment. The use of coal waste as filling material, so that mining can restore damaged land and reducing the amount of waste to.(2) the use of plant waste - fly ash filled reclaimed land subsidence can be of two evils (subsidence, fly ash) for the three-li (power plants, coal mines, three farmers put a favorable face).2.2.2 Reclamation of the ground and the construction of terracesSubsidence of the water, diving bit lower slope areas, can be taken to the land formation, terraced into the use of the method of reclamation. Terrace level width and height, should be based on easeshaking the ground slope, soil engineering a large quantity of crop filial types of integrated farming mechanization level to consider to determine, the size of the field gradient and slope aspect, slope should be based on the original great filial piety non-irrigated conditions, reclamation of land use to decide.2.2.3 Reclamation Act lost platoonExcavation of drainage channels, will be the introduction of subsidence shallow water of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc., as the water used is re-flooded subsidence under cultivation.2.2.4 Reclamation deep shallow padThe use of manual or mechanical methods to the local water or seasonal water subsidence deepened the sinking large area suitable for fish farming, irrigation water, filled with soil dug up small areas of mining subsidence, making it available cultivation of arable land.2.2.5 Utilization of catchment areas for technicalLarge area of ground water and water depth of a lot of subsidence, the utilization of science, the development of Cage Culture, fish fences, storage for irrigation water, construction of water parks.2.2.6 Reclamation of solid microbial technologyAdd the proper amount of gangue microbial activator, after a growing period of plants (about 6 months) can establish a solid layer of plant growth and form of soil aging.Mining subsidence caused by mining environment is the direct cause of geological disasters, effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is to avoid environmental hazards of mining subsidence of the basic approach. Fill mining method is to reduce the effect of surface preparation method of sinking, some mines in recent years in Shandong paste filling are doing the experiment, this method can not face down or reduce the collapse zone, the better to reduce surface subsidence . Technology but its a great line delivery times, and tube obstruction Louis, if successful it would be a coal mining technology revolution.Mining subsidence of the land resources and damage is unavoidable, it should be applied in various coal mines according to their actual situation and conditions of a reasonable application of the prevention and control of mining subsidence land reclamation techniques andtechnology, mining technology, the ecological reclamation of multidisciplinary knowledge to carry out comprehensive management of surface subsidence and the development and utilization in order to better protect the surface, mining environment.中文译文开采沉陷造成的矿区环境灾害关键词开采沉陷；土地复垦；沉陷控制煤炭的大规模开采对矿山及其周围环境造成了严重的破坏日益突出，开采沉陷造成的矿区环境灾害主要有土地塌陷或积水，农田减产或绝产、道路塌陷、房屋变形破坏等，这都是开采引起的岩层移动，是造成矿区塌陷灾害和区域变形的根源，有效控制和减轻地面塌陷程度是解决此问题的根本之路。
中英文翻译(Engineering Tolerance)
英文：Engineering ToleranceIntroductionA solid is defined by its surface boundaries. Designers typically specify a component’s nominal dimensions such that it fulfils its requirements. In reality, components cannot be made repeatedly to nominal dimensions, due to surface irregularities and the intrinsic surface roughness. Some variability in dimensions must be allowed to ensure manufacture is possible. However, the variability permitted must not be so great that the performance of the assembled parts is impaired. The allowed variability on the individual component dimensions is called the tolerance.The term tolerance applies not only to the acceptable range of component dimensions produced by manufacturing techniques, but also to the output of machines or processes. For example , the power produced by a given type of internal combustion engine varies from one engine to another. In practice, the variability is usually found to be modeled by a frequency distribution curve, for example the normal distribution (also called the Gaussian distribution).One of the tasks of the designer is to specify a dimension on a component and the allowable variability on this value that will give acceptable performance.Component TolerancesControl of dimensions is necessary in order to ensure assembly and interchangeability of components. Tolerances are specified on critical dimensions that affect clearances and interferences fits. One method of specifying tolerances is to state the nominal dimension followed by the permissible variation, so a dimension could be stated as 40.000mm ± 0.003mm.This means that the dimension should be machined so that it is between 39.997mm and 40.003mm.Where thevariation can vary either side of the nominal dimension, the tolerance is called a bilateral tolerance. For a unilateral tolerance, one tolerance is zero, e.g. 40+0.006 .0.000Most organizations have general tolerances that apply to dimensions when an explicit dimension is not specified on a drawing. For machined dimensions a general tolerance may be ±0.5mm. So a dimension specified as 15.0mm may range between 14.5mm and 15.5mm. Other general tolerances can be applied to features such as angles, drilled and punched holes, castings，forgings, weld beads and fillets.When specifying a tolerance for a component, reference can be made to previous drawings or general engineering practice. Tolerances are typically specified in bands as defined in British or ISO standards.Standard Fits for Holes and ShaftsA standard engineering ask is to determine tolerances for a cylindrical component, e.g. a shaft, fitting or rotating inside a corresponding cylindrical component or hole. The tightness of fit will depend on the application. For example, a gear located onto a shaft would require a “tight” interference fit, where the diameter of the shaft is actually slightly greater than the inside diameter of the gear hub in order to be able to transmit the desired torque. Alternatively, the diameter of a journal bearing must be greater than the diameter of the shaft to allow rotation. Given that it is not economically possible to manufacture components to exact dimensions, some variability in sizes of both the shaft and hole dimension must be specified. However, the range of variability should not be so large that the operation of the assembly is impaired. Rather than having an infinite variety of tolerance dimensions that could be specified, national and international standards have been produced defining bands of tolerances. To turn this information into actual dimensions corresponding tables exist，defining the tolerance levels for the size of dimension under consideration.Size：a number expressing in a particular unit the numerical value of a dimension.Actual size：the size of a part as obtained by measurement.Limits of size：the maximum and minimum sizes permitted for a feature.Maximum limit of size the greater of the two limits of size.Minimum limit of size：the smaller of the two limits of size.Basic size：the size by reference to which the limits of size are fixed.Deviation：the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic size.Actual deviation：the algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic size.Upper deviation：the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and the corresponding basic size.Lower deviation：the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the corresponding basic size.Tolerance：the difference between the maximum limit of size and the minimum limit of size.Shaft：the term used by convention to designate all external features of a part.Hole：the term used by convention to designate all internal features of a part.Heat Treatment of MetalThe generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excluded from this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for products such as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．Transformation CurvesThe basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curves where，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Becauseof the shape of the curves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves．To plot TTT curves，the particular steel is held at a given temperature and the structure is examined at predetermined intervals to record the amount of transformation taken place．It is known that the eutectoid steel (T80) under equilibrium conditions contains，all austenite above 723℃，whereas below，it is pearlite．To form pearlite，the carbon atoms should diffuse to form cementite．The diffusion being a rate process，would require sufficient time for complete transformation of austenite to pearlite ．From different samples，it is possible to note the amount of the transformation taking place at any temperature．These points are then plotted on a graph with time and temperature as the axes．Classification of Heat Treating ProcessesIn some instances，heat treatment procedures are clear cut in terms of technique and application．whereas in other instances，descriptions or simple explanations are insufficient because the same technique frequently may be used to obtain different objectives ．For example, stress relieving and tempering are often accomplished with the same equipment and by use of identical time and temperature cycles．The objectives，however，are different for the two processes ．The following descriptions of the principal heat treating processes are generally arranged according to their interrelationships．Normalizing consists of heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature (usually 50°F to 100 °F or 28 ℃to 56℃) above its specific upper transformation temperature. This is followed by cooling in still air to at least some temperature well below its transformation temperature range．For low-carbon steels．the resulting structure and properties are the same as those achieved by full annealing ；for most ferrous alloys, normalizing and annealing are not synonymous.Normalizing usually is used as a conditioning treatment, notably for refining the grain of steels that have been subjected to high temperatures for forging or other hot working operations．The normalizing process usually is succeededby another heat treating operation such as austenitizing for hardening, annealing，or tempering.Annealing is a generic term denoting a heat treatment that consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate．It is used primarily to soften metallic materials，but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure．The purpose of such changes may be，but is not confined to, improvement of machinability, facilitation of cold work ( known as in-process annealing)，improvement of mechanical or electrical properties, or to increase dimensional stability．When applied solely to relieve stresses, it commonly is called stress-relief annealing, synonymous with stress relieving．When the term “anneali ng is applied to ferrous alloys without qualification, full annealing is implied．This is achieved by heating above the alloy’s transformation temperature，then applying a cooling cycle which provides maximum softness．This cycle may vary widely, depending on composition and characteristics of the specific alloy．Quenching is the rapid cooling of a steel or alloy from the austenitizing temperature by immersing the workpiece in a liquid or gaseous medium．Quenching media commonly used include water，5% brine，5% caustic in an aqueous solution，oil，polymer solutions，or gas(usually air or nitrogen)．Selection of a quenching medium depends largely on the hardenability of the material and the mass of the material being treated(principally section thickness)．The cooling capabilities ofthe above-listed quenching media vary greatly．In selecting a quenching medium, it is best to avoid a solution that has more cooling power than is needed to achieve the results，thus minimizing the possibility of cracking and warp of the parts being treated．Modifications of the term quenching include direct quenching，fog quenching，hot quenching，interrupted quenching selective quenching，spray quenching, and time quenching．Tempering ．In heat treating of ferrous alloys ，tempering consists of reheating the austenitized and quench-hardened steel or iron to some preselected temperature that is below the lower transformation temperature (generally below 1300°F or 705℃) ．Tempering offers a means of obtaining various combinations of mechanical properties．Tempering temperatures used for hardened steels are often no higher than 300°F (150℃)．The term “tempering”should not be confused with either process annealing or stress relieving．Even though time and temperature cycles for the three processes may be the same，the conditions of the materials being processed and the objectives may be different．Stress Relieving．Like tempering, stress relieving is always done by heating to some temperature below the lower transformation temperature for steels and irons ．For nonferrous metals，the temperature may vary from slightly above room temperature to several hundred degrees，depending on the alloy and the amount of stress relief that is desired．The primary purpose of stress relieving is to relieve stresses that have been imparted to the workpiece from such processes as forming, rolling，machining or welding．The usual procedure is to heat workpieces to the pre-established temperature long enough to reduce the residual stresses (this is a time-and temperature-dependent operation) to an acceptable level；this is followed by cooling at a relatively slow rate to avoid creation of new stresses．Introduction to CAD/CAMThroughout the history of our industrial society, many inventions have been patented and whole new technologies have evolved. Perhaps the single development that has impacted manufacturing more quickly and significantly than any previous technology is the digital computer. Computers are being used increasingly for both design and detailing of engineering components in the drawing office.Computer-aided design (CAD) is defined as the application of computers and graphics software to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualizationto documentation. CAD is most commonly associated with the use of an interactive computer graphics system, referred to as a CAD system. Computer-aided design systems are powerful tools and are used in the mechanical design and geometric modeling of products and components.There are several good reasons for using a CAD system to support the engineering design function：⑴To increase the productivity⑵To improve the quality of the design⑶To uniform design standards⑷To create a manufacturing data base⑸To eliminate inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawingsand inconsistency between drawingsComputer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is defined as the effective use of computer technology in manufacturing planning and control. CAM is most closely associated with functions in manufacturing engineering, such as process and production planning, machining, scheduling, management, quality control, and numerical control (NC) part programming. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing are often combined into CAD/CAM systems.This combination allows the transfer of information from the design stage into the stage of planning for the manufacturing of a product, without the need to reenter the data on part geometry manually. The database developed during CAD is stored; then it is processed further, by CAM, into the necessary data and instructions for operating an controlling production machinery, material-handling equipment, and automated testing and inspection for product quality.Rationale for CAD/CAMThe rationale for CAD/CAM is similar to that used to justify any technology-based improvement in manufacturing. It grows out of a need to continually improve productivity, quality and competitiveness. There are also other reasons why a company might make a conversion from manual processes toCAD/CAM：⑴Increased productivity⑵Better quality⑶Better communication⑷Common database with manufacturing⑸Reduced prototype construction costs⑹Faster response to customersCAD/CAM HardwareThe hardware part of a CAD/CAM system consists of the following components：(1) one or more design workstations,(2) digital computer, (3) plotters, printers and other output devices, and (4) storage devices. In addition, the CAD/CAM system would have a communication interface to permit transmission of data to and from other computer systems, thus enabling some of the benefits of computer integration.The workstation is the interface between computer and user in the CAD system. The design of the CAD workstation and its available features have an important influence on the convenience, productivity, and quality of the user’s output. The workstation must include a graphics display terminal and a set of user input devices. CAD/CAM applications require a digital computer with a high-speed control processing unit (CPU). It contains the main memory and logic/arithmetic section for the system. The most widely used secondary storage medium in CAD/CAM is the hard disk, floppy diskette, or a combination of both.Input devices are generally used to transfer information from a human or storage medium to a computer where “CAD functions” are carried out. There are two basic approaches to input an existing drawing:model the object on a drawing or digitize the drawing. The standard output device for CAD/CAM is a CRT display. There are two major types of CRT displays: random-scan-line-drawing displays and raster-scan displays. In addition to CRT, there are also plasma paneldisplays and liquid-crystal displays.CAD/CAM SoftwareSoftware allows the human user to turn a hardware configuration into a powerful design and manufacturing system. CAD/CAM software falls into two broad categories, 2-D and 3-D, based on the number of dimensions visible in the finished geometry. CAD packages that represent objects in two dimensions are called 2-D software. Early systems were limited to 2-D. This was a serious shortcoming because 2-Drepresentations of 3-Dobjects is inherently confusing. Equally problem has been the inability of manufacturing personnel to properly read and interpret complicated 2-D representations of objects. 3-D software permits the parts to be viewed with the three-dimensional planes-height, width, and depth-visible. The trend in CAD/CAM is toward 3-D representation of graphic images. Such representations approximate the actual shape and appearance of the object to be produced; therefore, they are easier to read and understand.Applications of CAD/CAMThe emergence of CAD/CAM has had a major impact on manufacturing, by standardizing product development and by reducing design effort, tryout, and prototype work; it has made possible significantly reduced costs and improved productivity.Numerical ControlNumerical control (NC) is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．The numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job. Theinstructions are provided by either of the two binary coded decimal systems: the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) code, or the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). ASCII-coded machine control units will not accept EIA coded instructions and vice versa. Increasingly, however, control units are being made to accept instructions in either code. Automation operation by NC is readily adaptable to the operation of all metalworking machines. Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, boring machines, grinding machines, turret punches, flame or wire-cutting and welding machines, and even pipe benders are available with numerical controls.Basic Components of NCA numerical control system consists of the following three basic components：(1) Program instructions(2) Machine control unit(3) Processing equipmentThe program instructions are the detailed step by step commands that direct the processing equipment In its most common form，the commands refer to positions of a machine tool spindle with respect to the worktable on which the part is fixed．More advanced instructions include selection of spindle speeds，cutting tools，and other functions.The machine control unit (MCU) consists of the electronics and control hardware that reads and interprets the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool or other processing equipment ．The processing equipment is the component that performs metal process．In the most common example of numerical control ，it is used to perform machining operations. The processing equipment consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and controls needed to drive them．Types of NCThere are two basic types of numerical control systems：point to point and contouring ．Point to point control system, also called positioning, are simpler than contouring control system．Its primary purpose is to move a tool or workpiece from one programmed point to another. Usually the machine function，such as a drilling operation，is also activated at each point by command from the NC Program．Point to point systems are suitable for hole machining operations such as drilling, countersinking，counterboring，reaming，boring and tapping. Hole punching machines，spotwelding machines，and assembly machines also use point to point NC systems．Contouring system，also known as the continuous path system，positioning and cutting operations are both along controlled paths but at different velocities．Because the tool cuts as it travels along a prescribed path ，accurate control and synchronization of velocities and movements are important．The contouring system is used on lathes，milling machines，grinders，welding machinery，and machining centers．Movement along the path，or interpolation, occurs incrementally，by one of several basic methods ．There are a number of interpolation schemes that have been developed to deal with the various problems that are encountered in generating a smooth continuous path with a contouring type NC system．They include linear interpolation, circular interpolation, helical interpolation, parabolic interpolation and cubic interpolation. In all interpolations，the path controlled is that of the center of rotation of the tool．Compensation for different tools，different diameter tools，or tools wear during machining，can be made in the NC program．Programming for NCA program for numerical control consists of a sequence of directions that causes an NC machine to carry out a certain operation ，machining being the most commonly used process ．Programming for NC may be done by aninternal programming department，on the shop floor，or purchased from an outside source．Also，programming may be done manually or with computer assistance．The program contains instructions and commands．Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the workpiece. Processing instructions pertain to spindle speeds，feeds，tools，and so on．Travel instructions pertain to the type of interpolation and slow or rapid movements of the tool or worktable．Switching commands pertain to on/off position for coolant supplies，spindle rotation，direction of spindle rotation tool changes，workpiece feeding，clamping，and so on. The first NC programming language was developed by MIT developmental work on NC programming systems in the late 1950s and called APT(Automatically Programmed Tools).DNC and CNCThe development of numerical control was a significant achievement in batch and job shop manufacturing，from both a technological and a commercial viewpoint．There have been two enhancements and extensions of NC technology，including：(1) Direct numerical control(2) Computer numerical controlDirect numerical control can be defined as a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time．The tape reader is omitted in DNC，thus relieving the system of its least reliable component．Instead of using the tape reader，the part program is transmitted to the machine tool directly from the computer memory．In principle，one computer can be used to control more than 100 separate machines．(One commercial DNC system during the l970s boasted a control capability of up to 256 machine tools.) The DNC computer is designed to provide instructions to each machine tool on demand ．When the machine needs control commands ，they are communicated to it immediately．Since the introduction of DNC ，there have been dramatic advances in computer technology．The physical size and cost of a digital computer has been significantly reduced at the same time that its computational capabilities have been substantially increased．In numerical control，the result of these advances has been that the large hard-wired MCUs of conventional NC have been replaced by control units based on the digital computer．Initially，minicomputers were utilized in the early 1970s ．As further miniaturization occurred in computers ，minicomputers were replaced by today’s microcomputers．Computer numerical control is an NC system using dedicated microcomputer as the machine control unit ．Because a digital computer is used in both CNC and DNC，it is appropriate to distinguish between the two types of system．There are three principal differences：(1) DNC computers distribute instructional data to，and collect data from， a large number of machines．CNC computers control only one machine，or a small number of machines．(2) DNC computers occupy a location that is typically remote from the machines under their control. CNC computer are located very near their machine tools.(3) DNC software is developed not only to control individual pieces of production equipment, but also to serve as part of a management information system in the manufacturing sector of the firm. CNC software is developed to augment the capabilities of a particular machine tool.中文翻译：工程公差引言固体由其表面边界确定界限。
UG加工部分中英文翻译对照
创建刀具时刀号参数：1.“补偿寄存器”为长度补偿。
2.“刀具补偿寄存器”为半径补偿，在G41 G42时用
l-planar类型下：
1.
Mill
端铣刀（平面铣刀）
2.
CHAMFER-MILL
倒角刀
3.
BALL-MILL
球刀
4.
SPHERICAL-MILL
球状铣刀
5.
T-CUTTER
MILL-ROUGH
粗加工
MILL-SEMI-FINISH
半精加工
MILL-FINISH
精加工
DRILL-METHOD
钻孔（钻削）
创建几何体
1.
MCS
创建坐标系
2.
WORKPIECE
部件
3.
MILL-AREA
铣削区域的创建
4.
MILL-BND
几何体部件轮廓的设置
毛坯边界必须盖过整个零件且位于零件上方
T形铣刀（专用刀）
2.drill类型下：
1.
SPOTFACING-TOOL
键槽铣刀
用于斜面或曲面上的孔加工
2.
SPOTDRILLING-TOOL
中心钻
钻中心孔
3.
DRILLING-TOOL
麻花钻
4.
BORING-BAR
镗刀
5.
REAMER
铰刀
6.
COUNTERBORING-TOOL
沉头孔刀
用于加工沉头孔
UG加工部分中英文翻译对照
英文
翻译中文注释创建程序-源自序类型Mill-planar
平面铣模块
Mill-contour
轮廓铣/曲面铣
常用单位的中英文对照翻译
秒 second (s)
管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照)
1 管道组成件 Piping component
8 G: ]9 e# J& O% y1.1 管子 Pipe
0 {6 P: Q( e F! @+ V2 @管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe
管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube
5 H* u& [0 J$ \% Y. R% N异径三通（一个直通口为异径）reducing tee (reducing on one run)
电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe
6 u- ^* Q$ j; ?7 D) T, H3 G' `螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe
镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe
热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe
6 m8 v* @8 j$ F冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe
. T+ x2 r5 A) Y$ H Z" m水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe
/ r/ l3 }7 n ]+ h塑料管 plastic pipe
玻璃管ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱglass tube
( r" ?- E7 T+ h3 k& r: v6 n5 x6 S橡胶管 rubber tube
! }3 Y9 _0 R# G$ G3 G不锈钢 stainless steel pipe
奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe
常见中英文菜单翻译
汤soup羹soup高汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé清汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé浓汤thick soup; pottage/potage老汤soup stock肉汤broth骨头汤bone broth肉片汤soup with meat slices黄瓜肉片汤soupwith meat and cucumberslices肉片鱼羹slicedmeat with fish paste inbroth丸子汤soup withmeat balls; pork ballssoup氽丸子soup withmeat balls; pork ballssoup肉圆粉丝汤porkballs soup with beannoodles白肺汤pork lungsoup牛肉汤beef soup羊肉汤muttonsoup鸡汤chicken soup;soup with chicken鸡块汤soup withchicken slices; soup withsliced chicken;sliced chicken soup鸡丝汤soup withshredded chicken;shredded chicken soup草菇鸡片汤slicedchicken with mushroomsin soup鸡茸玉米汤cornsoup with mincedchicken鸡茸芦笋汤asparagus soup with mashed chicken鸡茸黄鱼羹yellow croaker potage with minced chicken鸡杂汤chicken giblets soup鸡什汤chicken giblets soup蔬菜鸡什汤chicken giblets soup with vegetables鸭汤duck soup火鸭芥菜汤sliced roasted duck with leaf mustered in soup芥菜鸭汤duck soup with pickled mustard leaves鸭掌汤duck web soup竹笋鸭掌汤duck’s feet with bamboo shoots in soup鸭肝汤duck liver soup冬菇鸭杂汤duck giblets soup with black mushrooms鸭骨菜汤duck bone soup with vegetables汤泡肫球gizzardballs in soup三鲜汤soup withfish, shrimps and porkballs红鱼汤fish soupwith tomato黄鱼羹yellowcroaker chowder鲫鱼汤soup withgold carp; gold carp soup鱼翅汤soup withshark’s fins鲍鱼汤soup withabalone; abalone soup鲍鱼鸡片汤abalone soup with slicedchicken鲍鱼芦笋汤abalone soup withasparagus干贝汤driedscallop soup; soup withdried scallops燕窝汤bird‘s nestsoup燕窝羹bird‘s nestsoup蛇羹snake soup;soup with snake酸辣汤sour andpepper hot soup豆腐汤bean－cudsoup蔬菜汤vegetablessoup榨菜汤hot pickledtuber mustard soup榨菜肉丝汤hotpickled tuber mustardsoup with shredded pork榨菜粉丝汤hotpickled tuber mustardsoup with bean noodles什锦瓜丁汤assorted meat soup withdiced white gourd鸡蛋羹steamedegg custard鸡蛋汤eggdropsoup; egg soup木须汤eggdropsoup; egg soup蛋花汤eggdropsoup; egg soup蕃茄鸡蛋汤eggsoup with tomatoes锅巴口蘑汤mushroom soup withfried rice crust白豆汤white bean soup玉米羹sweet corn soup面食cooked wheaten food面食cooked wheaten food; food made of flour馒头steamed bread; steamed bun白面馒头steamed bread; steamed bun一屉馒头 a trayful of steamed bread; a trayful of steamed buns馒子steamed bread; steamed bun馍馍steamed bread; steamed bun白面馒steamed bread; steamed bun花卷steamed twisted roll; steamed roll蒸饼steamed cake发面饼leavened pancake烙饼unleavened pancake; flapjack家常饼home－ｓｔｙｌｅpancake薄饼thin pancake荷叶饼lotus－leaf－like pancake; thinpancake锅饼thick pancake饼卷pancake roll葱花饼greenChinese onion pancake;green onion pancake炒饼fried shreddedpancake肉饼fried meat pie;meat pie馅饼fried meat pie;meat pie猪肉馅饼friedpork pie; pork pie三鲜馅饼fried piewith shredded sea foods烧饼baked sesame－seed cake芝麻烧饼bakedsesame－seed cake火烧bakedwheaten cake糖火烧bakedsweeten wheaten cake蜂糕steamedsponge cake米糕steamed ricecake; rice budding年糕New Yearcake made of glutinousrice flour凉糕steamed ricecake served cold insummer丝糕steamed corncake窝头steamed cornbread玉米饼子cornpancake煎饼thin pancakemade of millet flour;millet pancake粽子pyramid－shaped dumpling madeof glutinous rice wrappedinbamboo or reedleaves馕crusty pancake面条noodles切面noodles挂面packaged noodles拉面hand－pulled noodles抻面hand－pulled noodles方便面instant noodles即食面instant noodles通心面macaroni通心粉macaroni细通心粉spaghetti意大利式细面条spaghetti细面条spaghetti米粉条rice －flour noodles面汤water in which noodles have been boiled捞面noodles taken out of the boiling water with a strainer肉丝面noodles with shredded meat肉丝拌面noodles with shredded pork炸酱面noodles withchopped meat infried bean sauce;noodles withsoya bean paste打卤面noodles with meatslices in thickgravy;noodlesserved with thickgravy烩面stewednoodles鸡丝烩面stewed noodleswith chickenshreds凉拌面coldnoodles withsauce凉面coldnoodles withchicken shreds鸡丝凉面cold noodles withchicken shreds芝麻酱面cold noodles withsesame paste麻酱面coldnoodles withsesame paste寿面birthday noodlesa.汤面noodles soup汤面noodles soup;noodles in soup肉丝汤面noodles soup withshredded meat鸡丝汤面noodles soup withshredded chicken三鲜汤面noodles soup withshredded seafoodsb.炒面friednoodles炒面friednoodles; ChowMien肉丝炒面fried noodles withshredded meat牛肉炒面fried noodles withbeef牛肉蔬菜炒面fried noodleswith beef andvegetables鸡丝炒面fried noodles with shredded chicken虾炒面fried noodles with shrimps海鲜炒面fried noodles with sea foods海鲜蔬菜炒面fried noodles with sea foods and vegetables蔬菜炒面fried noodles with vegetables包子steamed bun with stuffing包子steamed stuffed bun; steamed bun with stuffing肉包子steamed bun with meat stuffing; steamed bun with minced pork stuffing肉包steamed bun with meat stuffing; steamed bun with minced pork stuffing猪肉包子steamed bun with pork stuffing三鲜包子steamed bunstuffed withshredded seafoods菜包子steamed bun withvegetable stuffing;steamedvegetable stuffedbun素包子steamed bun withvegetable stuffing;steamedvegetable stuffedbun豆沙包steamed bun withsweetened beanpaste;steamed bunstuffed withmashed red bean蒸包steamed bun withstuffing猪肉蒸包steamed bun withpork stuffing三鲜蒸包steamed bunstuffed withshredded seafoods小笼蒸包steamed stuffedbun by smallbamboo foodsteamer小笼包steamed stuffedbun by smallbamboo foodsteamer蒸饺steameddumpling猪肉蒸饺steamed porkdumpling三鲜蒸饺steameddumpling stuffedshredded seafoods锅贴slightly frieddumpling猪肉锅贴slightly fried porkdumpling三鲜锅贴slightly frieddumpling withshredded seafoods肉卷grilledbun with mincedpork stuffing饺子boileddumpling饺子馅stuffing for dumpling; filling for dumpling饺子皮dumpling wrapper饺子汤water in which dumplings have been boiled速冻饺子instant frozen dumpling猪肉饺子boiled pork dumpling三鲜饺子boiled dumpling with shredded sea foods水饺boiled dumpling手工水饺hand－made boiled dumpling机制水饺machine－made boiled dumpling猪肉水饺boiled pork dumpling韭菜水饺boiled dumpling with Chinese chive三鲜水饺boiled dumpling with shredded sea foods红油水饺boiled dumpling with chili/chili oil馄饨wonton; ravioli soup面球dumpling汤包steamed dumpling filled with minced meat and gravy烧卖steamed dumpling with the dough gathered at the top。
姓名中英文翻译大全
姓名中英文翻译大全A:艾--Ai安--Ann/An敖--AoB:巴--Pa白--Pai包/鲍--Paul/Pao班--Pan贝--Pei毕--Pih卞--Bein卜/薄--Po/Pu步--Poo百里--Pai-liC:蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng崔--Tsui查--Cha常--Chiong车--Che陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng池--Chi褚/楚--Chu淳于--Chwen-yuD:戴/代--Day/Tai邓--Teng/Tang/Tung狄--Ti刁--Tiao丁--Ting/T董/东--Tung/Tong窦--Tou杜--To/Du/Too段--Tuan端木--Duan-mu东郭--Tung-kuo东方--Tung-fang E:F:范/樊--Fan/Van房/方--Fang费--Fei冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/FooG:盖--Kai甘--Kan高/郜--Gao/Kao葛--Keh耿--Keng弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung勾--Kou古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo桂--Kwei管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo公孙--Kung-sun公羊--Kung-yang公冶--Kung-yeh谷梁--Ku-liangH:韩--Hon/Han杭--Hang郝--Hoa/Howe何/贺--Ho桓--Won侯--Hou洪--Hung胡/扈--Hu/Hoo花/华--Hua宦--Huan黄--Wong/Hwang霍--Huo皇甫--Hwang-fu呼延--Hu-yenI:J:纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu贾--Chia翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong金/靳--Jin/King景/荆--King/Ching讦--GanK:阚--Kan康--Kang柯--Kor/Ko孔--Kong/Kung寇--Ker蒯--Kuai匡--KuangL:赖--Lai蓝--Lan郎--Long劳--Lao乐--Loh雷--Rae/Ray/Lei冷--Leng黎/郦/利/李--Lee/Li/Lai/Li 连--Lien梁--Leung/Liang林/蔺--Lim/Lin凌--Lin柳/刘--Liu/Lau龙--Long楼/娄--Lou卢/路/陆鲁--Lu/Loo伦--Lun罗/骆--Loh/Lo/Law/Lam/Rowe 吕--Lui/Lu令狐--Lin-hooM:马/麻--Ma麦--Mai/Mak满--Man/Mai毛--Mao梅--Mei孟/蒙--Mong/Meng米/宓--Mi苗/缪--Miau/Miao闵--Min穆/慕--Moo/Mo 莫--Mok/Mo万俟--Moh-chi慕容--Mo-yungN:倪--Nee甯--Ning聂--Nieh牛--New/Niu农--Long南宫--Nan-kung欧/区--Au/Ou欧阳--Ou-yangP:潘--Pang/Pan庞--Pang裴--Pei/Bae彭--Phang/Pong 皮--Pee平--Ping浦/蒲/卜--Poo/Pu濮阳--Poo-yangQ:祁/戚/齐--Chi/Chyi/Chi/Chih 钱--Chien乔--Chiao/Joe秦--Ching裘/仇/邱--Chiu屈/曲/瞿--Chiu/ChuR:冉--Yien饶--Yau任--Jen/Yum容/荣--Yung阮--Yuen芮--NeiS:司--Sze桑--Sang沙--Sa邵--Shao单/山--San尚/商--Sang/Shang沈/申--Shen盛--Shen史/施/师/石--Shih/Shi苏/宿/舒--Sue/Se/Soo/Hsu 孙--Sun/Suen宋--Song/Soung司空--Sze-kung司马--Sze-ma司徒--Sze-to单于--San-yu上官--Sang-kuan申屠--Shen-tuT:谈--Tan汤/唐--Town/Towne/Tang 邰--Tai谭--Tan/Tam陶--Tao藤--Teng田--Tien童--Tung屠--Tu澹台--Tan-tai拓拔--Toh-bahU:V:W:万--Wan王/汪--Wong魏/卫/韦--Wei温/文/闻--Wen/Chin/Vane/Man 翁--Ong吴/伍/巫/武/邬/乌--Wu/NG/Woo X:奚/席--Hsi/Chi夏--Har/Hsia/(Summer)肖/萧--Shaw/Siu/Hsiao项/向--Hsiang解/谢--Tse/Shieh辛--Hsing刑--Hsing熊--Hsiung/Hsiun许/徐/荀--Shun/Hui/Hsu宣--Hsuan薛--Hsueh西门--See-men夏侯--Hsia-hou轩辕--Hsuan-yuenY:燕/晏/阎/严/颜--Yim/Yen杨/羊/养--Young/Yang姚--Yao/Yau叶--Yip/Yeh/Yih伊/易/羿--Yih/E殷/阴/尹--Yi/Yin/Ying应--Ying尤/游--Yu/You俞/庾/于/余/虞/郁/余/禹--Yue/Yu袁/元--Yuan/Yuen岳--Yue云--Wing尉迟--Yu-chi宇文--Yu-wenZ:藏--Chang曾/郑--Tsang/Cheng/Tseng訾--Zi宗--Chung左/卓--Cho/Tso翟--Chia詹--Chan甄--Chen湛--Tsan张/章--Cheung/Chang赵/肇/招--Chao/Chiu/Chiao/Chioa 周/邹--Chau/Chou/Chow钟--Chung祖/竺/朱/诸/祝--Chu/Chuh庄--Chong钟离--Chung-li诸葛--Chu-keh。
中英文对照翻译
对于预算影响分析的指导Whilst guidance for budget impact analysis is required to ensure certain key considerations are addressed, the following guidance is intended to be flexible. By their very nature, budget impact analyses will differ according to the interests of the audience and the impact of the intervention. Therefore, detailed, prescriptive guidance would not be appropriate. What we are seeking to do is raise a series of issues which should be considered and addressed in developing a budget impact analysis.预算影响分析指导需要确保某些关键的因素得到解决，下面的指导是为了使其可以变通。
由于其本身的性质，预算影响分析将根据用户的利益和干预的影响做出差别。
因此，详细的，规范的指导意见并不恰当。
我们正在努力做的是考虑和制定一系列提高预算影响分析的处理方法。
In considering the desirable qualities of a budget impact analysis there are inevitably many common attributes one would hope to see in economic evaluations, or for that matter any type of health services research.As such, some of the points outlined in this section will also be present in guidelines for economic evaluation.考虑到预算影响分析的完美品质难免会出现许多人们希望看到的在经济评价或者任何类型与保健设施相关研究方面的共同属性，这一部分所描述的观点也将在经济评价指导中出现。
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翻译部分英文原文Mining subsidence caused by mining environmental disastersKeywords: land reclamation of mining subsidence ；subsidence controlLarge-scale exploitation of coal mine and its surrounding environment has resulted in serious damage to an increasingly prominent mining subsidence mining environmental disasters caused by land subsidence or mainly water, agricultural production or no production, road collapse, deformation and damage, such as housing, which are is a mining-induced rock movement, is caused by mining subsidence and regional disasters, the source of deformation, the effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root of the problem to resolve this way. With the improved form of coal, have increased the Group's control environment and governance, the cause of the coal is reactive in that will benefit future generations.1. Subsidence means of control techniquesSubsidence damage control measures will be considered in two ways; (1) the control of mining subsidence, that is, through the rational choice of mining methods and technology, rational arrangement of mining face, take underground filling law, separation of overlying strata with measures such as space filling to reduce surface subsidence, control the speed and extent of surface subsidence, to protect surface and ground built structures with the purpose of arable land. (2) mining subsidence damage restoration and remediation, the use of land reclamation technology and building anti-mining deformation technology, mining subsidence damage remediation and use of land.1.1.1 All backfill miningIn the coal after mining has yet to take off before the roof with a solid material to be dense goaf filling, so that only yields a small amount of roof rock sinking in order to reduce surface subsidence and deformation of the ground to protect the building, structure or purpose of farmland . Which is the filling of water and sediment filling in the mining method to reduce the effect of surface preparation methods subsidence, followed by the wind and filling away from the filling of waste. However, filling mining method of filling the need for specialized equipment and facilities, but also the need for adequate filling material. Initial investment of mine, and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost.1.1.2 strip miningBased on coal and overlying strata combination of conditions, according to a certain ratio of mining to remain in the coal seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a resultof strip mining is only part of the underground mining of coal resources, coal in order to retain a portion of coal overlying strata cylindrical support. Thereby reducing the overburden rock movement, control the movement and deformation of the surface to achieve on the ground to build structures of protection. However, the methods of the low rate of recovery, tunnel boring, and inefficient working.1.1.3 Filling the cover rock band separationMined-out area in accordance with the top of the cover rock band mobile form a three-shift characteristics of the rock, in coal mining after a certain time interval, with drilling to the separation of space with high-pressure grouting, filling, reinforced with separation of space, will be mining the reinforced masonry beam structure for better stability of the continuous beam structures, so that separation of space with the sink is no longer transfer to the surface in order to reduce or mitigate surface subsidence, the protection of ground built structures or farmland. However, the technical difficulty, and then further study.1.1.4 Mining thick limitAccording to the mining area topography, hydro-geological conditions and building the capacity of anti-deformation structures in order to not produce the surface water and to meet the requirements of the protection of buildings based on grades to determine the thickness of coal seam can be mined, mining is only the thickness of the coal mining, none of the remaining coal mining, in order to achieve reduction in the protection of ground subsidence building, structures and land use. However, the low rate of recovery techniques, only the application of thin coal seam a certain value.1.1.5 Coordination of the exploitation ofSlice mining thick coal seam, the rational design of the exploitation of the working face spacing, location and exploitation of the order of each other, so that a coal mining (face) surface deformation generated by coal and the exploitation of another (face) surface deformation arising from mutual offset or partially offset to reduce the mining of surface deformation caused by the protection of ground built structures. However, the technology's fault in order to maintain a certain distance, it is difficult to organize production. China has yet to carry out such industrial experiment.1.1.6 "Picking - Note - adopted" three-step extractionTake full advantage of the structure of overburden rock strata movement of the control, application of the principle of load replacement for small strip mining - the consolidation grouting filling goaf - strip mining the remaining three-step extraction method, effective mobility and the surface of the rock subsidence control, to solve the large-scale exploitation of ground subsidence control, increased the rate of coal mining, the protection of the ground built structures, but there are complex processes, such as the shortcomings of higher cost.II. Land Reclamation Technology2.2.1 Reclamation of coal gangue and fly ash filling Filling Reclamation(1) generated a large number of underground mining to surface emissions of coal gangue, is there an area of pollution of the environment. The use of coal waste as filling material, so that mining can restore damaged land and reducing the amount of waste to.(2) the use of plant waste - fly ash filled reclaimed land subsidence can be of two evils (subsidence, fly ash) for the three-li (power plants, coal mines, three farmers put a favorable face).2.2.2 Reclamation of the ground and the construction of terracesSubsidence of the water, diving bit lower slope areas, can be taken to the land formation, terraced into the use of the method of reclamation. Terrace level width and height, should be based on ease shaking the ground slope, soil engineering a large quantity of crop filial types of integrated farming mechanization level to consider to determine, the size of the field gradient and slope aspect, slope should be based on the original great filial piety non-irrigated conditions, reclamation of land use to decide.2.2.3 Reclamation Act lost platoonExcavation of drainage channels, will be the introduction of subsidence shallow water of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc., as the water used is re-flooded subsidence under cultivation.2.2.4 Reclamation deep shallow padThe use of manual or mechanical methods to the local water or seasonal water subsidence deepened the sinking large area suitable for fish farming, irrigation water, filled with soil dug up small areas of mining subsidence, making it available cultivation of arable land.2.2.5 Utilization of catchment areas for technicalLarge area of ground water and water depth of a lot of subsidence, the utilization of science, the development of Cage Culture, fish fences, storage for irrigation water, construction of water parks.2.2.6 Reclamation of solid microbial technologyAdd the proper amount of gangue microbial activator, after a growing period of plants (about 6 months) can establish a solid layer of plant growth and form of soil aging.Mining subsidence caused by mining environment is the direct cause of geological disasters, effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is to avoid environmental hazards of mining subsidence of the basic approach. Fill mining method is to reduce the effect of surface preparation method of sinking, some mines in recent years in Shandong paste filling are doing the experiment, this method can not face down or reduce the collapse zone, the better to reduce surface subsidence . Technology but its a great line delivery times, and tube obstruction Louis, if successful it would be a coal mining technology revolution.Mining subsidence of the land resources and damage is unavoidable, it should be applied in various coal mines according to their actual situation and conditions of a reasonable application of the prevention and control of mining subsidence land reclamation techniques and technology, mining technology, the ecological reclamation of multidisciplinary knowledge to carry out comprehensive management of surface subsidence and the development and utilization in order to better protect the surface, mining environment.中文译文开采沉陷造成的矿区环境灾害关键词开采沉陷；土地复垦；沉陷控制煤炭的大规模开采对矿山及其周围环境造成了严重的破坏日益突出，开采沉陷造成的矿区环境灾害主要有土地塌陷或积水，农田减产或绝产、道路塌陷、房屋变形破坏等，这都是开采引起的岩层移动，是造成矿区塌陷灾害和区域变形的根源，有效控制和减轻地面塌陷程度是解决此问题的根本之路。