北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试英语试题与精解
北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. The doctor's ________ is that she' 11 soon be as good as new if she takes insulin and watches her diet.A. agnosticismB. anticipationC. diagnosisD. prognosis2. It is ________ understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of in his heating will remain forever unspoken.A. uncommunicativelyB. acceptablyC. tacitlyD. taciturnly3. ________ springs not out of true and deep admiration, but more often out of a self-seeking wish to identify with someone important or famous.A. A complimentB. An adulatoryC. FlatteryD. Praise4. Leaving for work in plenty of time to catch the train will ________ worry about being late.A. rule offB. preventC. avoidD. obviate5. Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so _________ and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe.A. vociferouslyB. patrioticallyC. verboselyD. loquaciously6. People suffering from __________ prefer to stay shut in their homes and become panic-stricken in large public buildings and open fields.A. acrophobiaB. agoraphobiaC. claustrophobiaD. xenophobia7. All normal human beings are ___________ at least to a degree - they get a feeling of warmth and kinship from engaging in group activities.A. segregatedB. congregationalC. gregariousD. egregious8.He is ____________ drinker, who has been imbibing for so long that he has figuratively speaking, grown old with the vice.A. an inveterateB. an incorrigibleC. a chronicD. an unconscionable9. We listened dumb-struck, full of ____________, to the shocking details of the corruption of the ex- president of the company.A. incredulityB. ingenuityC. ingenuousnessD. incredibility10. Too much ____________ can possibly lead to unhappiness, even to thoughts of suicide as few people have the courage to analyze themselves objectively and minutely.A. retrospectB. introspectionC. perspicacityD. perspicuity11. Hydrocarbons, __________ by engine exhausts, react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form complex toxic gases.A. are given offB. give offC. they are given offD. given off12. He could hardly __________ his temper when he saw the state of his office.A. hold inB. hold upC. hold offD. hold out13. The statesman was evidently __________ the journalist' s questions and glared at him fora few seconds.A. put downB. put outC. put acrossD. put away14. __________, it is widely used in making flares and fireworks.A. as the brilliant white light that burning magnesium producesB. Because of the brilliant white light of burning magnesiumC. The brilliant white light of burning magnesiumD. Burning magnesium produces a brilliant white light15.________ to tell us that the interest of the individual should be subordinate to that of the collective?A. Were you usedB. Are you usedC. Did you useD. Do you used16. I would have gone to the lecture with you __________ I was so busy.A. except thatB. provided thatC. but thatD. only that17. The detective watched and saw the suspect __________ a hotel at the corner of the street.A. getting off the taxi and walking intoB. got off the taxi and walked intoC. get off the taxi and walk intoD. got off the taxi to walk into18. The child is ____________ all the evidence for his opinion.A. not encourage either to be critical for his opinion.B. encouraged either to be critical nor to examineC. either encouraged to be critical or to examineD. neither encouraged to be critical nor to examine19. To be sure, there would be scarcely no time left over for other things if school children __________ all sides of every matter on which they hold opinions.A. would have been expected to have consideredB. were expected to considerC. will be expected to have been consideredD. were expected to have considered20. Whenever work is being done, energy ___________ from one form into another.A. convertsB. convertedC. is convertedD. is being convertedPart Two Reading ComprehensionI. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneThe Aerospace Bicycle That Fell to Earth(1) A radical new bicycle had its first public showing at the National British CyclingChampionships in Shrewsbury last weekend. Based on the gold medal-winning design from the Barcelona Olympics, it is the first commercial mountain bike made of a single piece of carbon fibre.(2) Bicycles for amateurs have up to now been made of steel, aluminum or magnesium tubes welded together into the conventional "A-frame" shape. But last year, the British competitor Chris Boardman set world records while winning titles in the Olympic cycling pursuit events on a custom-built, carbon-fibre bicycle with lower weight and wind resistance than standard models. Because carbon fibre is both light and extremely strong, it does not need the A-frame shape, saving further weight. Carbon fibre can also be moulded in a single piece, avoiding the weakness of welds.(3) The new bike, which will cost between $ 2000 and $ 3000 when it reaches the shops next month, has the same advantages as the Olympic model, It weighs about 11 kilograms, a saving of 1.5 kilograms on metal frames. With no crossbar, it has a lower center of gravity, making it easier to use in race conditions. "When you're doing some aggressive riding, you throw the bike about form side to side," explains Eddie Eccleston, director of British Eagle, a British bicycle manufacturer based in Powys, Wales, which is marketing the bikes. "The low centre of gravity gives you better control."(4) The frames are being made in the US for British Eagle by $P systems in Camarillo, California, which has clients in the aerospace industry, "This is aerospace technology brought into cycling by enthusiasts," says Eccleston. When professionals tested racing versions of the bike before the Tour de France, they were quicker than metal versions by up to 3 seconds per kilometer.(5) The new design has no struts between the saddle and the back wheel; instead, the frame' s flexibility can be "tuned" to individual tastes by changing the mixture of Kevlar fibre and carbon fibre in the back wheel strut, allowing up to 5 centimeters of movement.(6) The carbon-fibre design has a lower centre of gravity and smoother back-wheel suspension than conventional bikes.21. The new bicycle exhibited at the National British Cycling Championships was radical because ________.A. it was made from the gold medal-winning design of the Barcelona OlympicsB. it was the first commercial mountain bikeC. its public showing last weekend aroused many people's curiosityD. it was made of one single piece of carbon fibre22. According to the context, "bicycles for amateurs" at the beginning of the second paragraph refers to bicycles __________.A. that people buy only for riding in their daily lifeB. that are bought by amateur cyclists who like cycling as an exerciseC. that are built for customers in generalD. that non-Olympic competitors use23. Which of the following statements in Not true?A. The new commercial bike has no crossbar and its centre of gravity is lower than theOlympic model.B. When the rider is doing some rough riding, the new bike' s low centre of gravity gives himbetter control.C. The new bike is made by using aerospace technology and is quicker than the conventionalbike by 3 seconds per kilometer.D. The new bike has no metal bar between the saddle and the back wheel, and the amount ofcarben fibre in the back wheel can be changed according to the user's taste.Passage TwoFree Advice Is Just Around the Corner(1) When Daniel Franklin, a political science professor from Atlanta, needed career advancement advice, be didn't turn to colleagues, therapists or even his mom.(2) He went to the Advice Ladies.(3) Three thirty something New York women, advertising freelancers by day, have turned themselves into Saturday afternoon street-comer oracles, they pull up lawn chairs and a table on a lower Manhattan street comer and dish out free advice to passersby. They've claimed the comer of West Broadway and Broome Street in Soho as their own for the last several months.(4) Amy Alkon, who, with longtime friends Marlowe Minnick and Carolyn Johnson, becomes a part-time shrink each weekend. "We use creative problem-solving to turn problem into fun," she says.(5) On a recent steamy afternoon, a line has formed in front of the Advice Ladles' table. Obviously, New Yorkers need plenty of help. "People feel they have no control in this crazy world. And therapy can take years," Minnick says. "We solve problems instantly, it's instant answer gratification."(6) The three brainstorm before delivering advice on everything from pet discipline, closet-space management, even hair care. But no legal advice "By far, most of our questions are love-related. It's amazing the intimate sexual problems that people will divulge to a total stranger," Alkon says.(7) But they won't be strangers much longer. The Advice Ladies are putting together a book deal. And Robert De Nitro is creating a talk show around them, due nationally this fall from his Tribeca Pictures.(8) "De Nitro asked us for advice, but we think he's already perfect," purrs Alkon.(9) And their career advice to Franklin? "He' s written a book, so we told him to get a manager and go on the touring circuit. It's great money and great publicity for the book."(10) "Good advice," says Franklin.24. There were _________.A. about 30 blew York women who offered free advice by dayB. three women freelancers about 30 years old who offered advertising advice on SaturdayC. about 30 women advertising freelancers offered advice every Saturday afternoon in NewYorkD. three women about 30 years old, who did advertising as a job, offered free advice everySaturday afternoon25. These advisors _________.A. changed the New York street comers into oraclesB. used the New York street comers as their advice officeC. sat at a street comer to give people free adviceD. made a street comer their place to predict the future to passersby26. New Yorkers came to the Advice Ladies becauseA. the ladies' advice was quick and effective to solve problemsB. New Yorkers felt it was difficult to live m tins crazy worldC. Medical therapy could not solve people's problemsD. New York was a crazy place and its inhabitants need plenty of help27. In the seventh paragraph we read that the Advice Ladies won't be strangers for long because _________.A. they are dealing with a book together and a TV man is writing a talk show about themB. they are going to sell a book about themselves and also appear on a TV showC. they will buy a book through a deal and appear in a film in the coming fall seasonD. they will get to know each other better by working on a book and appearing in a TV showtogetherPassage ThreeThe American Presidential Gala of 1993(1) Mixing populism and celebrity, Clinton dances into office with a week-long multimillion-dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs.(2) The Party was held in a way never seen since World War II. Many movie and music stars showed up, offering their wishes to a new administration. They sang songs like "You know Bill's gonna get this Country straight.”“’93! You and me! U-hi-tee! /Time to pasrtee with Big Bill and Hillaree."(3) The stars came out in constellation because they recognized in Clinton one of their own. Not just that he plays the saxophone, a little. Or that Hillary is a smart, tough lawyer, like most Hollywood moguls. What matters is that Clinton is a beacon of middle-class charm, a love of being loved, a believer in the importance of image, metaphor, style. And he is an ace manipulator of media, selling his symbols directly to the people on TV, without the interference of nosy journalists. It all makes for a wondrous' 90s blend of show biz and politics.(4) "This is our time," Clinton said in his Inaugural Address." Let us embrace it." Last week he had an embrace for everyone, and not just the stars. This huggy-bear President needs to feel the public's approval.(5) At one of the balls of the week, Clinton was like the college student who drops in the night before the exam to show he' s one of the guys, then sneaks back to his dorm to cram. Perhaps there is as much Nixon in him (the ambition, the intellect) as Kennedy (the charm, the recklessness, his position as centrist custodian of liberal dreams). He will need to be the best of both men if he is to close, as he said last week, "the gap between our words and our deeds."(6) During the gala, actor Edward James Olmos quoted Lincoln: "We must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our country." Clinton, a good student with a good memory, mouthed the words as Olmos spoke them. Clinton must have realized that, in a different sense anddifferent era, America faces the task of disenthralling itself, of shaking off the Hollywood stardust and facing facts.(7) In 1992 Clinton vended optimism; now he must be careful in saying so. He sold the nation a miracle product, ALL-NEW HOPE: it gives you cleaner, cheaper government with a fresh minty flavor. But if it doesn' t get the stains out, the electorate' s high hopes could sour into despair. Then the man called Hope will become the man called Hype. All the big stars and better angels will leave him out in the spotlight, stranded, unmasked.28. The meaning of "Clinton dances into his office with a week-long multimillion-dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs" in the first paragraph is: ______.A. Clinton held a party and danced with film stars and musicians, and hugged his guestsB. Clinton went into his office followed by, rich film stars and musicians wanted to behugged by the presidentC. Clinton started his term of president' s work with a week-long gala of celebrities andmusic to celebrate the eventD. Clinton spent a great deal of money to give a party of dance and music to please the filmstars and important people29. By saying "Bill's gonna get this Country straight", the party attendants believe that ______.A. Money bills are important in getting things done for the United StatesB. The president has got to do a wonderful job to save AmericaC. Clinton will change the United States to a free countryD. Clinton is going to solve the problems of the United States30. Which of the following statements is True？A. At one of the balls, Clinton appeared shortly and then left in a quiet way to do his work.B. Clinton was certainly a combination of both Nixon and Kennedy.C. Clinton said at the Party that he was going to close his mouth and work harder.D. When Olmos quoted Lincoln, Clinton repeated the words as Olmos spoke them.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. (15 % )Medical consumerism--like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly---is designed to be unsatisfying. (31) The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating. The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But, as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy.(32) Extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and politics turn mean.What an ignominious destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of bestowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources--not least medical ones, like illegal steroids--are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. And, it goes without saying; the logical extension of longevism—the "abolition" of death--would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. (33) To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen--a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories--but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but withdissolving goals.(34) Hence medicine's finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas. For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine's triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. (35) Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.Part Three Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%) For _________ (36) the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain _________ (37): a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences and combined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the terrible consequences of war stopped __________ (38) of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandy invasion stands as a feat _______ (39) to be repeated.There will never be _________ (40) D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have _________ (41). All-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out __________ (42) for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No credible scenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of the Normandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a presidential decision to put tens of millions of American lives at _________ (43). And the possible benefits for the allies would be uncertain at best. European defense experts often ask whether the U.S. would be willing to "trade Pittsburgh for Dusseldorf". In practice, the question may well be whether it is worth ___________ (44) American cities to avenge a Europe already _________ (45) to rubble.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash ( \ ) and write the correct word. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash ( \ ). Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g. 1 (46) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (46)-begun- begane. g. 2 (47) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain wentup.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (47) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (48) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (48) nut(46) A state university president was arrested today and charged with impersonate a police officer became, the authorities say, he pulled over a speeding driver here last month. (47)Using flashing headlights, Richard L. Judd, 64, the president of Central Connecticut State University made the driver. Peter Baba, 24, of Plainville, pull on Jan. 23, the state police said. (48) He then flashed a gold badge and barked at him for speed, they said.(49) Mr. Judd is New Britain's police commissioner from 1981 to 1989 and from 1993 to 1995.(50) But Detective Harold Gannon of the New Britain police said today that the job involved more policy as police work, and did not include the authority to charge or chide criminals. (51 ) The gold badge was mere a university award. (52) The governor said he would not ask for a resignation because Mr. Judd had made a "misjudgment" and had written a letter of apologizing.(53)Later, Mr. Judd's lawyer, Paul J. McOuillan, issued a long apology from his superior, whom he described as "the best thing to happen to New Britain."(54) "My experience and instinct as an E. M. T. and former police commissioner prompted me to involve myself with this matter," Mr. Judd said in the statement. (55)"In hindsight, I see it was mine to manage."Part Five WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below:(15%)Topic: Write in 250 ～300 words about China's auto industry.北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Structure and Written Expression1. 【答案】 D【解析】本题应选D。
(完整word版)北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably completethe sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet。
11． Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing” for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D。
seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control， it is sometimesa bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value。
A。
at itself B。
as itself C。
on itself D。
in itself14． us earlier, your request to the full.A。
北大经院考研专业课2002真题
北京大学经济学院历年硕士研究生入学专业考试试题2002：微观经济学部分一、（9分）请解释下列概念并比较每对概念的区别与联系（1） 齐次生产函数（homogeneous production function ）与欧拉定理（Euler ’s theorem ）（2） 社会无谓损失（dead weight social loss ）与消费者剩余(consumer ’s surplus)（3） 帕累托最优（pareto optimality ）与纳什均衡（Nash equilibrium ）二、（6分）为了消费者消费某种商品，政府拟在一下两种方案中选择其一：1.对凡购买该商品之每一单位补贴r(比例补贴)；2.给予消费者收入补贴R （定额补贴）；假定者两种不同补贴的总金额相同。
请用图比较这两种不同补贴方案会对消费者的选择和效用有什么影响？说明政府采取哪一种方案更能提高消费者的效用水平？三、（10分）小李欲到新马泰旅行，在旅途中其所获得的效用决定与其所花费的大小，其效用函数为TU(M)=lnM ，今小李有10000元，则：（1） 若小李旅途中遗失1000元的概率为25％，求其旅途的效用期望值。
（2） 若小李购买支票遗失保险，其所付的保险费为250元（保1000元的金额），则小李是否会购买此保险？（3） 小李最高愿意出多少保费来购买此保险？（4） 设小李购买保险后反而会更粗心，因此其遗失1000元的概率会提高至30％，则正确保费为何？此时小李是否会购买此保险？宏观经济学部分一、（10分）某经济的消费函数为;C ＝200＋0.75Yd ，投资函数为：I ＝200－25R ，政府购买和税后均为100；货币需求函数为：L ＝Y －100R ，货币供应量为：M ＝1000，价格水平为：P ＝2。
（1） 求均衡收入和均衡利率（2） 假定价格水平从2上升到4，新的均衡收入和利率是多少？（3） 假定政府购买支出增加到300，请计算挤出效应。
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案参考答案Section Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionPart A1 sociology2 19303 234 religions5 1954Part B6 cameramen / camera men7 a personal visit8 depressed9 among advertisements 10 take firm actionPart C11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.BSection Ⅱ Use of English21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.A 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.CSection Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41.C 42.B 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.C 51.B 52.D 53.D 54.A 55.A 56.B 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.D答案解析Section ⅠListening Comprehension听力部分原文Part AM：Margaret Welch was born in Philadelphia in 1901.She began her studies at DePauw University in 1919，but after a year she transferred to study at Barnard University，Majoring in sociology.She received her undergraduate degree from Barnard in 1923.She ultimately acquired a PhDfrom Columbia University in 1929.She married Dr.Reo Fortune in 1928. Together they wrote Growing Up In New Guinea，published in 1930.Welch worked with her husband on another book called Balanese Character that was published in 1942.At the age of 23，Dr.Welch undertook a field study in the South Pacific.The experience resulted in her writing of her highly popular bookComing of Age In Samoa，published in 1928.Dr.Welch s interests andwritings centered on religions.She worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 through to the end of her life.She was a professor of anthropology at Columbia starting in the year 1954，working with her old associate Ruth Benedict. She wrote a book entitled An Anthropologist At Work about Benedict.It was published in 1959.Margaret Welch died in 1978.W：You now have 30 seconds to check you answers to Questions 1-5.Part BW：When I was getting divorced in 1975，reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside.They came from all over the country.Foreign reporters too.It was terrible.My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter，who had been a friend of mine，got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit.I wouldnt let him in .He just wanted to talk，he said.I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed.I just couldn t believe this attempt to invade my is the reporters present themselves as having the perfect right to be anywhere，to ask any question.It doesn t matter how personal the matter may be.People don t trust the press the way they used to. In most cases，stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers print things that simply are not true.In many papers，if acorrection has to be made，it s usually buried among advertisements.I ve received hundreds of letters from people asking me how do you know what s true in the press these days.I find it difficult to respondsometimes.I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious，responsible and honest reporters.Don t judge all of us by the standardsof the bad ones.Unless the guys at the top—the editors and the news directors-take firm action，pretty soon no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers of see on television news.M：You now have 50 seconds to check your answers to Questions 6-10.Part C（一）M：Next time you bring your kids in for a checkup，don t be surprisedif the doctor asks about their tastes in entertainment.The American Academy of Medicine suggested last week that doctors work with parents to evaluate how much TV kids watch and what they see， what video and computer games they play，which websites they visit on the Internet，whether they view R-rated videos without the company of their parents，what music they like and what books they read.Doctors are worried thatkids who spend too much time in front of the tube don t get enoughexercise and can become overweight.The academy is also concerned that the messages kids get from entertainment media can make them more violent and sexually active.The academy recommends that children under age two not watch any TV.“Children need activities to stimulate the brain during the first twoyears of life，”says Dr.Miriam Baron，who chairs the academy s committeeon public education.“They need feedback and socialization.”Older children，she says，should watch TV in a common area.Their bedrooms should be “electronic media-free”zones where they can have a quiet place to read，study，play or just relax.W：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11-13.（二）W：If you re in your 20s，you own your first car，your career is more or less launched，and you re starting to look forward to owning a home.But you re worried，too.Perhaps you ve got some debt.You probably don t have much in the way of savings.And with all your expenses，it doesn t look like you ll be able to improve that situationsoon.If you wonder how to cut corners，there s an obvious place to look-at your spending habits.Do you buy a soda each weekend？Waste $ 1 a day for 40 years and，when you re set to retire，you ll find your account is short by $ 190，000.Grab a calculator and you ll discover that，over 40 years going outto dinner twice a month at $ 40 each time amounts to half a million.Even a pack-a day cigarette habit will lighten your retirement account by $ 330，000.And the same with cable TV and those cool earrings.They will probably amount to as much as one million.So，the first clue to accumulating wealth is this：focus on your spending habits.Here are a couple of tricks to help you save even if youswear you can t afford to. Stop buying things that fall rather than risein value.Pay yourself first：Before you pay the monthly bills，send $ 25 to a mutual fund. Stop spending coins.From nwo on，spend only paper currency，and keep the change every day.Get your family involved，and youll double your e discount tickets at the supermarket—butuse them correctly.How？ If you really want to make these tickets worthwhile，you actually must invest into your mutual fund the amount yousave by using the tickets.Otherwise，you re wasting your time—and yourmoney.M：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14-16.（三）W：Mr. Glieberman，do you see any change in the high rate of broken marriages？M：The divorce rate is beginning to level off and probably will begin to drop in the next year or two，though not significantly.The tight economy has made it more difficult for troubled couples to handle all the costs associated with setting up separate house-holds.Also，I believe theres a comeback of thought—after the turbulent60s and70s—that thefamily does have value.In the midst of change and family disintegration，people seem to have a greater desire now to create stability in their lives.W：What is the divorce rate now？M：About 1 in 3 marriages ends in divorce，a ratio far higher than it was 20 years ago when the philosophy was “We ll tough it out no matter what.Society demands that，for appearances sake，we stay together.”Divorce no longer carries much disgrace.There s no way，for example，that Ronald Reagan，a divorced man，could have been elected President in 1960.And there are countless other divorced politicians who years ago would have been voted out of office if they had even considered a divorce，let alone gotten one.The same was true in the corporate structure，where divorced people rarely moved up the executive ladder.Now corporations welcome a divorced man，because they can shift him around the country without worrying about relocating his family or making certain that they are happy.W：You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17-20.Section Ⅱ Use of English21［答案］A［注释］本题固然涉及副词的使用知识，然而，更重要的是考查考生句与句之间语义逻辑的理解能力。
2002年社科院考博英语真题
中国社会科学院2002年博士研究生入学考试试题PART ⅠV ocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the world that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to diner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designes so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdiction over a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. anthorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of V alue they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he____________all communication with the group.A. convertB. revertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was____________.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instrument need to be____________ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so poular now that many people are able to____________ the steepest face with great agility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will____________ firemen, policemen, and paramedics immediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident____________to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given____________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's .A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U.S., he will____________work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph.D candidates____________their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered by the prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. diminis hed25. My supply of confidence slowly____________as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the____________of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has lond been known that total sleep____________is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work____________almost all their time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be____________before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to____________the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART ⅡGrammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountaion range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and it was inA Bthis chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown .C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky prospect, St Petersburg's main street, theA Bclassical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's highA B Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to go toAa gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you thes fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximum personalAability rating, when they are challenged but can be victorious, rather than merely surmounting theB C D mediocre.38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA B agenuine concern for the need yand not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack thusA B Ccaused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basicA B C D process.42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children, and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrathA Bby not listening to his prohibitions, while a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on theC Dhallway wall and I heard his muffled step onthe carpet.45.The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C D groupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it used to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate____________in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She____________much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had getD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students,____________A. wherher they are future physicists or chemists.B. by they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is____________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD.so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably clear that in certain countries—Rwanda, Somalia and parts of the forme Y ugoslavia come to mind—hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage,____________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the stability of spaceship Earth as____________ the waters of its lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was____________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, the daily vocabulary of English remained Germanic,____________its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all____________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ever so humble, there's no place like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57.____________all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate perhaps only to the holders there of is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. Than nearlyD. Whan nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none____________happier for it.A. butB. theC. muchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposal for food production is____________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is____________heard by jungle dwellers____________feelings of unease, for a year does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always…withB. ever…withoutC. ever…withD.never…withoutPART ⅢCloze test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production—capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __ 61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists,__ 62__have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of __ 63__that they call “postindustrial” society. One important change insuch society is that the ownership of__ 64__ amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important__ 65__ of profits and influence; knowledge as well as __ 66__ capital brings profits and influence.There are many__ 67__ with the thesis above, not the least of__ 68__is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not__ 69__ the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the__ 70__ of some new industries indicates. __ 71__, genetic engineering and the new computer technology have__ 72__ many new firms and made some scientists quits rich. In__ 73__ with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be __ 74__ that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e.,major corporations) soon__ 75__ to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the levle of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly __ 76__.Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service __ 77__. Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the __ 78__ of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Ⅲit-eracy in English language has been a severe __ 79__for many years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and __ 80__ them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage ⅠLet us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from thisthat the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum moneywage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seen to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment withour any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81.“Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage”.The sentence means____________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to____________.A. those scholars with traditional ideasB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the____________.A. real money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their”method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not real ized that____________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal lead to a withdrawal from thelabor market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from labormarket of laborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only fora minimum money-wages85. How does labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wages.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wagesC. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of this passage indicates that.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the1930sB. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U.SC. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage couldcharacterize the depression of 1930s in the U.SD. both A & BPassage2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive ,albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the types of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and inernational arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do,suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the field is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill the same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-patry arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standards of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would be futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party- appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute whan one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprisecontract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both parties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is____________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression“They may treat ”refers to____________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies____________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between businesses and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen____________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea____________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. “Ex-parte communications” refers to____________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here's the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day , like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a V ermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy storebook rack, next to typical kids' books like“Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is …Dysfunctional‟”. It's a teacher's guide called“Happy To Be Me”,subtitled“Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it“whole language”teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was“the subject”, be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered th at“near”,“fit”，“friendly”,“pleasing”,“like”and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived may school years beneath a torrent of castigation so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important,subjects have changed. Whereas I learned English, modem kids learn something called “language skills”. Whereas I learned writhing, modem kids learn something calld“communication”. Communication, the book tell us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, tweny per cent tone of voice, and fifty per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seve per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in “How to Win Friends and Influence People”. Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high shcool English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper.“Happy To Be Me”states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use “great”or“hopefully”that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses（an antique term for“Unit”）was not to help students“feel good about themselves”. Which is good, because all that reviling didn't make me feel particularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2,“whole language”teaching is in inverted commas because____________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is____________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author usedto suffer from a lack of self-esteem as a child.B. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledges they willreguire in the futureC. important to remember how much school children used to suffer from a lack ofself-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children can benefit from the promotion of a positive image95. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4？A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D.This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas____________ .A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves in more important thananything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor wiht more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is chearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to____________.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what wecall“communication”nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread wordwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in thefuture.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage4“Sloganeering” did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a “host-sout.”“war cry,”or “gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field.”Englisch -speaking people began using the trem by 1704. The term at the time meant“the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons.” Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primarily as “passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle. ” The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without “the Boston Massacre,” “the Boston Tea Party,”“the shot heard around the world ,” and shouts of “no taxation without representation”.Slogans operate in society as “social symbols”and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals an groups.Because slogans may operate as“significant symbols” or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes in possible by the manipulation of。
2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this part you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what issaid. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question,you will have 12 seconds to read the four possible answers marked A, B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. When they will make up again.B. Why the woman doesn’t want to talk to Lucy.C. What happened to Lucy.D. Why they were close friends in the past.【答案】B【解析】女士讲到再也不想和露西讲话，男士想知道发生了什么，因为女士和露西曾经是好朋友。
2002医学博士英语真题及答案
D.exertionn.尽力, 努力, 发挥, 行使, 运用
be no exertion to不费力/use exertions尽力/make exertions尽力/put forth exertions尽力
47.I don’t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.
A.omitted
B.fabricated vt.制作, 构成, 捏造, 伪造, 虚构
C.pinpointed n.精确adj.极微小的v.查明pinpoint hole针孔pinpoint bombing精确轰炸
A.mark B.allocate vt.分派, 分配
C.erase vt.抹去, 擦掉, 消磁, <俚>杀死
D.pose Allow me to pose a question.请允许我提一个问题。
part III close (10%)
You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your pattern of daily 51 activity may change: you find yourself52 awake and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .You stay in your room and have little contact with people 53 except with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,无知识的; 不学无术的concerned with insignificant things, 54 even stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You became55 frustrated when you can’t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 back home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time. 始终
北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析电子教案
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
2002年研究生入学考试英语试题及解析(2)
2002年研究生入学考试英语试题及解析(2) National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(2002)考生注意事项1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
2. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。
3．本试题为试题（二），共11页（5～15页），含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。
英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。
4．考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题（一）、试题（二）交给监考人员。
Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21.As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25up,beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 th e 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became “personal” too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 in creasing. They were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36 .It was within the computer age that the term“information society” began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but therehave been 39 views about its economic ,political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed40 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizatio ns have proved difficult.21. ［A］ between ［B］ before ［C］ since ［D］ later22. ［A］ after ［B］ by ［C］ during ［D］ until23. ［A］ means ［B］ method ［C］ medium ［D］ measure24. ［A］ process ［B］ company ［C］ light ［D］ form25. ［A］ gathered ［B］ speeded ［C］ worked ［D］ picked26. ［A］ on ［B］ out ［C］ over ［D］ off27. ［A］ of ［B］ for ［C］ beyond ［D］ into28. ［A］ concept ［B］ dimension ［C］ effect ［D］perspective29. ［A］ indeed ［B］ hence ［C］ however ［D］ therefore30. ［A］ brought ［B］ followed ［C］ stimulated ［D］characterized31. ［A］ unless ［B］ since ［C］ lest ［D］ although32. ［A］ apparent ［B］ desirable ［C］ negative ［D］plausible33. ［A］ institution ［B］ universal ［C］ fundamental ［D］instrumental34. ［A］ ability ［B］ capability ［C］ capacity ［D］ faculty35. ［A］ by means of ［B］ in terms of ［C］ with regard to［D］ in line with36. ［A］ deeper ［B］ fewer ［C］ nearer ［D］ smaller37. ［A］ context ［B］ range ［C］ scope ［D］ territory38. ［A］ regarded ［B］ impressed ［C］ influenced ［D］effected39. ［A］ competitive ［B］ controversial ［C］ distracting ［D］ irrational40. ［A］ above ［B］ upon ［C］ against ［D］ withSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will bedifferent. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen ortheir chaiman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that is becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41. To make your humor work, you should .［A］ take advantage of different kinds of audience.［B］ make fun of the disorganized people.［C］ address different problems to different people.［D］ show syMPAthy for your listeners.42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .［A］ impolite to new arrivals.［B］ very conscious of their godlike role.［C］ entitled to some privileges.［D］ very busy even during lunch hours.43. It can be inferred from the text that public services .［A］ have benefited many people.［B］ are the focus of public attention.［C］ are an inappropriate subject for humor.［D］ have often been the laughing stock.44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .［A］ in well-worded language.［B］ as awkwardly as possible.［C］ in exaggerated statements.［D］ as casually as possible.45. The best title for the text may be .［A］ Use Humor Effectively.［B］ Various Kinds of Humor.［C］ Add Humor to Speech.［D］ Different Humor Strategies.Text 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much hum an labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions forthemselves-goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘commonsense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .［A］ the use of machines to produce science fiction.［B］ the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. ［C］ the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.［D］ the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.47. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probab ly means .［A］ programs.［B］ experts.［C］ devices. ［D］creatures.48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .［A］fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.［B］ interact with human beings verbally.［C］ have a little common sense.［D］ respond independently to a changing world.49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .［A］ make a few decisions for themselves.［B］ deal with some errors with human intervention.［C］ improve factory environments.［D］ cultivate human creativity.50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .［A］ expected to copy human brain in internal structure.［B］ able to perceive abnormalities immediately.［C］ far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.［D］ best used in a controlled environment.。
2003-2005年北京大学博士研究生入学英语考试真题解析
北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2003年3月Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET.（20%）1. Recognizing the shortage of time available to spend with their children, working motherssometimes take ______ in the concept of “quality time”.A. refugeB. prideC. placeD. action2. The term “New Australians” came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goalof immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the _______ context from which they had come.A. athleticB. ethicC. aestheticD. ethnic3. Scholarships are too few to _______ the high-school graduates who deserve a collegeeducation.A. meetB. accommodateC. compromiseD. adopt4. The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to _______ students’enthusiasm in learning English.A. hold backB. hold offC. hold downD. adopt5. The robber tried to _______the stolen goods from the house he had broken into, but wascaught by the guards.A. make away withB. make off forC. get outD. get through6. The editors said they must report to the world how Beijing has _______ pollution andimproved the quality of the environment.A. cut upB. cut offC. cut downD. cut out7. If drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality, and the like_______, more is required than an increased police presence or a fresh coat of paint.A. are to eliminateB. are eliminatedC. are to be eliminatedD. are being eliminated8. This toothed whale has a large, square head with _______ the so-called spermaceti.A. cavity to containB. cavity containingC. the cavity for containingD. a cavity that contains9. _______, the market will have to overcome some of the highest hurdles it’s seen in a longtime.A. But to happen in that orderB. But for that in order to happenC. But in order that to happenD. But in order for that to happen10. With its anti-terrorism campaign taking _______ over anything else, the government isextending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity11. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income hadincreased_______, and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently12. China’s economic reform is aimed at separating enterprises from the government. It hasbeen implemented for almost 20 years, but breakthroughs _______.A. have been made yetB. have yet to makeC. have yet to be madeD. to have yet made13. Several trial efforts in the 1980s proved that it was financially _______ to restore oldbuildings.A. feasibleB. probableC. beneficiaryD. passable14. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted to run away from home to escape theirproblem, _______ bigger ones in cities plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.A. have only foundB. only findingC. only foundD. only to find15. If the struggle for a sustainable society _______, we must have some vision of what we areaiming for.A. is to succeedB. has succeededC. succeedsD. succeeded16. A trap _______ disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancientstory of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.A. offered as a gift inB. offers a gift inC. offering a gift toD. offered a gift of17. Telecommuting is a new form of work _______ to work, such as fathers with children, thechance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording those previously unableD. afforded those previously unable18. ______ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivalingthose used in the manufacture of computer chips.A. For the better ofB. Permitting betterC. To better permitD. It is better for19. The Flower Market in San Francisco is ______, and it was established in the 1930’s.A. home of the second largest flower market in the countryB. home to the country’s second largest flower marketC. the second flower market in the country’s homeD. the home to the second country’s large flower market20. The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned _____ “man’s best friend.”A. the nickname ofB. them the nicknameC. a nicknameD. nicknamesPart Two Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answerto each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. （10%）Passage One（1）Gerald Feinberg, the Columbia University physicist, once went so far as to declare that “everything possible will eventually be accomplished.”Well, that of course left only the impossible as the one thing remaining for daring intellectual adventurers to whittle away at. Feinberg, for one, thought that “they’d succeed even there.”（2）It was a point worth considering. How many times in the past had certain things been said to be impossible, only to have it turn out shortly thereafter that the item in question had alreadybeen done or soon would be. What greater cliché was there in the history of science than the comic litany of false it-couldn’t-be-dones; the infamous case of Auguste Comte saying in 1844 that it would never be known what the stars were made of, followed in a few years by the spectroscope being applied to starlight to reveal the stars’chemical composition; or the case of Lord Rutherford, the man who discovered the structure of the atom, saying in 1933 that dreams of controlled nuclear fission were “moonshine.” And those weren’t even the worst examples. No, the huffiest of all it-couldn’t-be-done claims centered on the notion that human beings could actually fly, either at all, or across long distance, or to the moon, the stars, or wherever else.（3）There had been so many embarrassments of this type that about mid-century Arthur C. Clarke came out with a guideline for avoiding them, which he termed Clarke’s Law: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.”（4）Still, one had to admit there were lots of things left that were really and truly impossible, even if it took some ingenuity in coming up with a proper list of examples. Such as: “A camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle.”（Well, unless of course it was a very large needle.）Or:“It is impossible for a door to be simultaneously open and closed.”（Well, unless of course it was a revolving door.）（5）Indeed, watertight examples of the really and truly impossible were so exceptionally hard to come by that paradigm cases turned out to be either trivial or absurd. “I know I will never play the piano like Vladimir Horowitz,” offered Milton Rothman, a physicist,“no matter how hard I try.”Or, from Scott Lankford, a mountaineer; “Everest on roller skates.”21. The false it-couldn’t-be-dones in science are comic because ______ .A. they are clichés, repeated too often by scientistsB. they are almost always proved to be wrong by later scientific researchC. they are mocked at by later generationsD. they provide material for good comedies22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The author uses the case of a camel passing through the eye of a needle to prove his point that there are things impossible to accomplish.B. That a scientist cannot play the piano like one of the best pianists is not a proper illustration to prove that in science there are things impossible to accomplish.C. Scott Lankford challenges the idea that mountaineers can never climb the Everest on roller skates.D. People now laugh at their predecessors for denying the possibility of human flight.23. Through this passage, the author wants to ______.A. show us that scientists in the past years have made a lot of misjudgmentsB. praise those scientists who dared to challenge the impossibleC. emphasize the great potential of the scientific research made by human beingsD. analyze what is possible and what is impossible through scientific effortsPassage Two（1）Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900’s, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time wasamong the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters “muckrakers, ” after a character from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress who humbly cleaned “the filth off the floor.” Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as “often indispensable to the well-being of society”.（2）There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman.（3）Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good” to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil.”（4）So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposés published in the early 1970’s. The most celebrated of these exposés were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.24. When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refersto __________.A. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and one of its characters “Muckrakers”B. its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC. its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD. its indispensable status to the well-being of society25. Roosevelt’s comparison of investigative reporters to“muckrakers”shows his view that thesereporters ______.A. were treated lowly in the societyB. reduced journalism to a humble jobC. should be praised highly for their contributions to the societyD. did unpleasant but necessary work26. By using the word “folklore”, the author suggests that ______.A. people tend to romanticize what is thought to be American popular democracyB. investigative journalism enhances democracy and freedomC. people often circulate the stories they read from investigative reportsD. investigative reports have difficulty in convincing people as truth27. The Watergate incident is mentioned to show ______.A. journalism has a tangible effect on politicsB. the Watergate incident is an abuse of the political powerC. journalism subverts legitimate political powerD. the victory of American freedom of speechPassage Three（1）Viewed from a star in some other corner of the galaxy, Earth would be a speck, a faint blue dot hidden in the blazing light of our sun. While our neighbors Venus and Mars would reflecta fairly even glow, Earth would put on a little show. Earth’s light would brighten and dim as it spins, because oceans, deserts, forests and clouds－which are all too small to be seen from such a distance－reflect varying amounts of sunlight. The variations, it turns out, are so strong and distinctive that surprising amount of information could be taken from a simple ebb and flow of light. Scientists at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study conducted a detailed study of Earth’s reflections as a way for human scientists to learn about distant planets that may be like our own.（2）“If you looked at our solar system from far away, and you looked at the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—one of the quickest ways to see that Earth is unique is by looking at the light curve,” said Ed Turner, professor of astrophysics and a co-author of the study. “Earth has by far the most complicated light curve,” The standard thinking in the field had been that most of the information about an Earth-like planet would come from spectral analysis, a static reading of the relative component of different colors within the light, rather than a reading of changes over time. Spectral analysis would reveal the presence of gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen, in the planet’s atmosphere. Looking at the change in light over time does not replace spectral analysis, but it could greatly increase the amount of information scientists could learn, said Turner. It may indicate, for example, the presence of weather, oceans, ice or even plant life.28. “Earth would put on a little show” means: as it spins, __________.A. Earth is a more active planet than Venus and MarsB. Earth reflects a brighter light curve than Venus and MarsC. Earth shows oceans, deserts, forests and clouds, while Venus and Mars don’tD. Earth reflects sunlight in an ebb-and-flow manner29. Spectral reading of the light reflected by an Earth-like planet _________.A. can tell us the components of that planet’s atmosphereB. can locate oceans and forests on that planetC. can show what the weather on that planet is likeD. is the quickest way to study its light curve30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Scientists at the Princeton University want to find that distant planets are like our Earth.B. Among all the terrestrial planets Earth’s light curve is the most complicated.C. Spectral study of the light will see no development of itself because it is static.D. Spectral reading is used as a supplementary method to the study of the change in light over time.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（31）A couple of months ago, Singaporean officials unintentionally made cinematic history. They slapped an NC-17 rating on a film—which means children under 17 cannot see it—not because of sex or violence of profanity, but because of bad grammar. Despite its apparently naughty title, Talking Cock, the movie is actually an innocuous comedy comprising four skitsabout the lives of ordinary Singaporeans. The censors also banned a 15-second TV spot promoting the flick.（32）All this is because of what the authorities deemed “excessive use of Singlish.”（33）Given the tough crackdown, you would expect Singlish to be a harmful substance that might corrupt our youth, like heroin or pornography. But it’s one of Singapore’s best-loved quirks, used daily by everyone from cabbies to CEOs.（34）Singlish is simply Singaporean slang, whereby English follows Chinese grammar and is liberally sprinkled with words from the local Chinese, Malay and Indian dialects.I like to talk cock, and I like to speak Singlish. It’s inventive, witty and colorful.（35）Singlish is especially fashionable these days among the younger generation, in part because it gives uptight Singapore a chance to laugh—at itself. But the government is not amused. It doesn’t like Singlish because it thinks it is bad language and bad for Singapore’s image as a commercial and financial center.Part Three: Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）It is a dream world, where chemists can turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse, where bioengineers can put a little bit of a sheep into a wolf—or vice versa—and where the life-styles of the rich are beamed by satellite _____（36）every upwardly mobile village on the planet. Thanks to science and technology, more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde’s fictional creation Dorian Gray, who stayed forever ______（37）while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly, the modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumption has scarred the land and stained the sea,_____（38）away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity’s only means of survival. Today’s elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world ______（39）about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life. But those who will be born after the turn of the millennium will _____（40）of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance, foreclosing some potions even as new ones were created. Our grandchildren may have _____（41）to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20% of its original forests ______（42）, with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for and much of the arable ______（43）under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most _____（44）out before even _____（45）catalogued by scientist.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, write the missing word with a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing wordwith a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words（in brackets）immediately before and after it. If you delete aword, cross it out with a slash（\）. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）eg. 1.（46）The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWET SHEET: （46） begun beganeg.2. （47）Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（47）（Scarcely）had （they）eg.3. （48）Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（48）not（46）Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy.（47）As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success.（48）All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life.（49）Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans.（50）The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group’s technical ability to clone a human being.（51）But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert was going to confirm the baby’s clone status through DNA testing.（52）Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier, a former deputy director of research at the Air Liquide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases.（53）Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians, whose founder, Claude Vorihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. （54）The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been racing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby.（55）Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.Part Five: WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.（15%）Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题详解Part One Structure and Written Expression1. A take refuge in求助于…；take pride in以…为傲；take place in在（某处）发生；take action采取行动。
北京理工大学2002年春攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR BIT NON-ENGLISH MAJORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES(Testing Paper A)Spring, 2002Testing Number:______________ Part I Listening Comprehension(25 minutes, 20 points)Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices [A], [B], [C], and [D] by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a black dot.1. [A] yes, because she got some while she was shopping.[C] No, because she's already spent most of it. [B] Yes, because she wants to help him. [D] No, because she already lent it to friend.2. [A] Yesterday. [B] Two days ago. [C] Three days ago. [D] Early last week.3. [A] In a hospital. [B] At an appointment. [C] In his office. [D] Out of town.4. [A] On the hour [B] Within an hour. [C] By the next day. [D] Before five.5. [A] At a service station. [B] On a hill. [C] In an emergency room. [D] In a parking lot.6. [A] That the woman come to the party.[C] That the woman cook for the party. [B] A date with Barbara [D] A present for Bill.7. [A] Have dinner. [B] Watch television. [C] Read the newspaper. [D] Take a nap.8. [A] She’s taking an exam on Friday.[C] She doesn’t enjoy tours very much.[B] She has to study on Friday. [D] She likes staying home better.9. [A] He is a mailinan. [C] He is a telephone repairman. [B] He is a writer. [D] He is a dairy fanner. Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices [A], [B], [C] and [D] by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.10. [A] How the man is doing at his studies.[C] The town they live in. [B] The way time passes. [D] The things they like to do.11. [A] It always goes too fast.[C] It seems slower when one has too much to do. [B] It always goes too slowly.[D] It seems slower when one has little to do.12. [A] Write a paper. [B] Do an experiment. [C] Be patient. [D] Get rid oftbe flies.13. [A] As intelligent. [B] As typical. [C] As tall. [D] As old.14. [A] Teach it to his daughter.[C] Write in his native language. [B] Become a Cherokee leader.[D] Fight for his tribe.15. [A] A United States historian.[C] A Cherokee language teacher. [B] A member or his own family.[D] A leader ofthe Cherokees.Section C Spot DictationDirections: In this section you will hear a passage three times. The passage is printed on the Answer Sheet with some words missing. You must fill in the blanks with what you hear. First, the whole passage will be read at normal speed for you to get a general idea of it. Then, in the second reading, it will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15-20 seconds in which you can write down the missing parts. The last reading will be read at normal speed again for you to check your work. You are to write down the missing words you have heard in the blanks on your ANSWER SHEET.Turning to the local scene, the strike by the city bus drivers has just gone into its third day. And those [16]__ are continuing between the city officials and representatives of the bus drivers’ union. No settlement is in sight. The drivers say that salaries are not the main issue [17] __ that working conditions and employee [18]__ plans will have to be improved before they return to their jobs. In the meaning time, city residents are coping as best they can with the city transportation company. Many people are reported to be sharing cars to and from work. And many others have [19]__ the pleasure of walking. Mr. Smith said that he didn’t think he would go back to [20]__ the buses after the strike is over, for he thought it was healthier to walk.Part ΙΙ Vocabulary(20 points 0.5 for each)Section A Directions:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked [A], [Bl, [C] and [D]. Choose the word or phrase that is, closest in meaning to the underlined one. Then blacken the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.21. The perform ing artists’ act electrified the audience.[A] disturbed [B] charged [C] thrilled [D] pleased22. The little boy aski ng for “more” is one of the famous episodes in Dickens’ Oliver Twist.D[A] incidents [B] narration [C] affairs [D] scenes23. Tom kept his mouth shut, gasping with rage.A[A] being breathless [B] feeling angry [C] becoming speechless [D] showing temper24. Professor Congrave is not for abandoning the MFA at any cost nor would it be a good idea to abolish the MFA withoutagreement on some other forms.[A] a bit [B] at all [C] at least [D] above all25. “Don’t worry, John. You can always count on me to help you.”[A] keep [B] take [C] expect [D] tell26. Every voter should exercise his option.C[A] strength [B] career [C] choice [D] duty27. The prisoners were pushed into the lethal chamber.C[A] closed [B] mysterious [C] deadly [D] packed28. The art collector thirsted for an original Van Gogh.B[A] craned [B] longed [C] called [D] persisted29. Joe is always running down his wife in front of his friends.[A] praising [B] reducing the power of [C] getting down [D] criticizing30. Some travelers knocked on our door during the storm because they needed shelter.A[A] protection [B] warmth [C] companion [D] recovery31. People are so fed up wit h the situation at the airport that many of them have written letters to People’s Daily.[A] insensible of [B] annoyed at [C] terrified by [D] satisfied with32. The view of introducing democratic government has been applauded by members of the Legislative Council.A[A] praised [B] rejected [C] enjoyed [D] designated33. The committee also fear that Mr. MeCarthy wants to link appraisal more closely to teachers’ salary levels, thuscreating a merit pay system.D[A] performance [B] achievement [C] competence [D] evaluation34. The professor gave them a lecture last week but he wondered how much his students took in.[A] understood [B] misunderstood [C] wrote down [D] wrote up35. The workers strongly denounced their factory director for neglect of duty.D[A] indicated [B] demonstrated [C] announced [D] condemned36. The Roman Empire rapidly waned in power in the 5-th century.[A] approached to the end [B] turned more powerful [C] moved to a new stage [D] totally became collapsed37. The director of this play has taken liberties with Shakespeare’s writing.[A] thought little of [B] thought no end of [C] shown no respect to [D] changed freely38. The academic atmosphere in the campus is conducive to cultivating a subtle discrimination.B[A] resulting from [B] favorable to [C] confident in [D] compliant with39. Now, intelligence sources tell TIME that the laptop in the Intelligence and Research Bureau contained critical data onweapons proliferation.B[A] subtraction [B] multiplication [C] detention [D] condensation40. As a corollary of science, technology also exhibits the universalizing tendency.B[A] historical record [B] natural result [C] disastrous consequence [D] fruitful expansion Section B Directions: There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.41. TIle land here is so ______ that three crops a year can grow.C[A] distinctive [B] extensive [C] fertile [D] inferior42. After the defeat of their enemy they made a(n) ____ entry into the city.D[A] humble [B] indignant [C] forceful [D] triumphant43. The really _____ blow came when the owner of his star performer, Conrad, removed the horse from the yard.[A] defying [B] crushing [C] cursing [D] damping44. Although society was not yet perfect, no injustice seemed impossible to _____ .[A] release [B] remedy [C] rebuke [D] recover45. At the entrance to the highway, you must ________ to the traffic.[A] yield [B] consider [C] attach [D] stick46. The rebels are planning the ______ of the King and the establishment of a republic state.C[A] exchange [B] persecution [C] overthrow [D] subordination47. The Minister of Finance ______ the demands of the negotiators and agreed to a meeting with the leaders of thefive unions.A[A] gave in to [B] gave away [C] got away with [D] got along with48. Heart ______ is much more common these days than it was even ten years ago.A[A] surgery [B] surgeon [C] circuit [D] circulation49. Far away up in the sky we could see several black birds _____ their wings.C[A] sliding [B] gliding [C] flapping [D] clapping50 The company revealed a _____ of jobs reserved for college students.[A] quota [B] statement [C] quantity [D] significance51. These planes are designed to travel at _______ speeds.C[A] sounding [B] sheer [C] supersonic [D] soaring52. She was gone _____, after staying in the same house for over six months.[A] for good [B] for all [C] on end [D] on the spot53 The teacher ______ his fin gers on the desk impatiently while waiting for the student’s answer.D[A] sprayed [B] nodded [C] rocked [D] tapped54. Romanticism _________ emotion and imagination over reason.C[A] estimated [B] valued [C] invoked [D] oppressed55. We need a(n) ______ to install our new washing machine.C[A] colonel [B] astronomer [C] plumber [D] explorer56. I ran into Bill at the _______ of Churchill Avenue and Washington Street.A[A] junction [B] terminal [C] connection [D] hinge57. The employment of an agent may be such as to give him an authority to con~tract on behalf of his principalgenerally with regard to a wider or narrower class ofaffairs.[A] in respect of [B] in consideration of [C] in the name of [D] in consequence of58. Jane was not ________ when she got home.[A] berter off [B] so much the better [C] better than [D] all the better59. One of the duties of the jury is to ______ degrees of guilt.[A] differ with [B] tell about [C] discriminate between [D] discriminate against60. I’ll be very upset if you _______ my offer of help.[A]tum away with [B] turn down [C] tum upside down [D] tum againstPart ΙΙΙ Cloze(5 points 0.5 for each) Directions: in this section, you are to read a passage with twenty blanks and fill in the blanks with words or phrases given. Choose one suitable word or phrase marked [A], [B], [C] or [D] for each blank and blacken the corresponding letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET.Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called “amino-acids”, 61 are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get 62 of these amino-acids. A great deal of the vegetable food goes to 63 in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to he said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, 64 must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is 65 for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary seventy grams of protein a day. has to 66 a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim that they need far less than seventy grams of protein a day.Most nutrition experts today would 67 a balanced diet containing elements of all foods, largely because of our need for 68 vitamins. The most common deficiencies in Western diets today are those of vitamins. The answer is 69 in food. A well-balanced diet having good protein sources usually provides adequate minimum daily 70 ofall the vitamins.61. [A] which [B] those [C] that [D] all of whom62. [A] plentiful [B] adequate [C] abundant [D] enough63. [A] ruin [B] extremes [C] waste [D] blood-streams64. [A] though [B] therefore [C] besides [D] moreover65. [A] spent [B] useful [C] harmless [D] digestive66. [A] conceive [B] consume [C] contain [D] condense67. [A] instruct [B] legalize [C] command [DJ dispute68. [AJ extra [Bl sufficient [C] nutritious [D] inseparable69. [A] various [B] varying [C] variation [D]variety70. [A] requirements [B] production [C] necessities [D] requestsPart IV Reading Comprehension(50 minutes 30 points)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprise directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human relations” experts: yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not whole-heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind isnot a matter of salary but even more a matter of self respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence from that moment on they are tested again and again--by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities--those of love and of reason--are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.71. By “a well oiled cog in the machinery”, the author intends to render the idea that man is ________ .[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly72. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ________ .[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of the individuality and independence73. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those _________ .[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow competitors[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world74. To solve the present social problems, the author suggests that we should ________ .[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted75. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ________ .[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction [C] suspicious [D] tolerancePassage TwoWandering through the streets of downtown Boston, one can understand why this city of capital of Massachusetts has been nicknamed the Cradle of Liberty. Along the marked path called the Freedom Trail, visitors came upon landmarks of the Revolutionary War and the early history of the United States. Members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded Boston in 1630 on a peninsula where the Charles River Haws into a sheltered bay of theAtlantic Ocean.The wealth of historic places in Boston sparks a visitor’s imagination. It was at the old South Meetinghouse that the Boston Tea Party of 1773 was planned. The Boston massacre(1770) took place opposite the Old Statehouse. A visit to Faneuil Hall brings to mind the fiery speeches of colonists who wanted their independence.During the 19th century Boston was a leader in religion, literature, and social reform. Christian Science was established at the Mother Church in Boston, and King’s Chapel was the birthplace of American Unitarianism.Today a modern City Hall looks out on a city that is a busy seaport as well a center of industry, commerce and finance. Boston’s major industries include publishing, food processing, and the manufacturing of electronic equipment, leather goods, and machinery.At the same time, Boston maintains its position of leadership in education and culture. Students still attend the famous Boston Public Latin School, which five signers of the Declaration of Independence attended. It was founded in 1635 and is one of the oldest free pubic schools in the United States. Harvard University, in nearby Cambridge was founded in 1636. Other installations of higher education in the Boston area are the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, Boston College, Brandeis University, Wellesley College, and Simmons College.Boston provides many opportunities for enjoyment of museum and library collections, music and the theater. Plays that are bound for Broadway in New York City try out in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Orchestra are world-famous. Sports are not neglected. The city has professional teams in baseball, hockey, and basketball. To many New Englanders, Boston still seems to deserve another of its old nicknames--the Hub of the Universe.76. Boston has been nicknamed the Cradle of Liberty mainly for _______ .[A] its relation with the early history of the United States[B] its being the capital of Massachusetts[C] there being the marked path called the Freedom Trail[D] Boston massacre taking place over there in 177077. Boston was taken as a leader during the 19th century for ________ .I. it being the origin of the American UnitarianismII. its role in leading the reforms in American literature and religionIII. its being one of the centers of the American industry, commerce and finance[A] I only [B] II only [C] I and II [D] I, II and III78. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that ______ .[A] Boston takes its pride of its Public Latin School where all the main founders of the Independent America oncestudied[B] Boson still keeps its own dominant status in education and culture in the country[C] Boston is famous for its machine-building industry[D] Harvard University, one of the oldest public schools of the country, is still in Boston79. According to the context, the Phrase of “the Hub of the Universe” can probably mean ______ .[A] the center of the universe [B] the wheel of the universe[C] the metropolitan of the universe [D] the arm of the universe80. From the tone of the writer, the text is probably adapted from ____________ .[A] A Geographical Textbook [B] A Guide to the American Cities[C] Notes to the Driver’s Road Map [D] A Tourist GuidePassage ThreeLife really should be one long journey of joy for children born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet. But psychologists now believe that silver spoons can leave a bitter taste. If suicide statistics are an indicator of happiness, then the rich are a miserable lot. Figures show that it is the wealthy who most often do away with themselves. Internationally famous child psychiatrist Dr. Robert Coles is the world’s top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a highly acclaimed book on the subject, The Privileged Ones, and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. “Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich,” says the 53 year old psychiatrist, “such as better health education and future work prospects. But most important is the quality of family life. Money can’t buy love.”It can buy a lot of other things, though, and that’s where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so much to choose from that they often become confused. Over indulgence by their parents can make them spoilt. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which causes feeling of restlessness.“But privileged children do have a better sense of their positions in the world,” adds Mr Colos, “and they are more self assured. I can’t imagine, for instance, that Prince William will not grow up to be self assured.” Prince William is probably the most privileged child in the world and will grow up to fill the world’s most privileged position--King of England. It is a fact that no one knows how much the Queen is worth. There are the royal estates--two palaces, two castles and a country mansion. There’s also the royal picture collection, the stamp collection, the library, the jewels and the royal yacht Britannia. Before he inherits that lot, William will succeed his father as Prince of Wales and enjoy the income from the Duchy of Conwall, currently worth 771,480 pounds a year. Known jokingly around the palace as West Country Limited, the Duchy consists of 26,600 acres of cornwall including mineral rights for tin mining and 2,000 acres of forestry. It also owns the Oval cricket ground, 900 flats in London, oyster beds and a golf course.So money will never be one of Prince William’s problems. Living anything that resembles a normal life will. “He will have a sense of isolation,”said Dr. Coles, “and he could suffer from the handicap of not being able to deal with the everyday world because he will never really be given the chance. Royals exist in an elaborate social fantasy. Everything they have achieved is because of an accident of birth. There can be no tremendous inner satisfaction about that.”Today’s wealthy parents perhaps realize their riches can be more of a burden than a blessing to their children. So their priority is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money.81. Rich children _________ .[A] are embittered [B] often do away with themselves[C] are a miserable lot [D] are not always happy82. Which of the following statements is true?[A] Coles believes that there are as many advantages to being poor as there are to being rich.[B] Rich children are rarely given too many material things.[C] Rich children do not get enough rest.[D] Rich Children can be deprived of the thing they are most in need of.83. We can imply that _________ .[A] it is unlikely that Prince William will have a great deal of self confidence[B] Prince William’s income from the Duchy of Cornwall will be worth over three quarters of a million pounds[C] Prince William will have a good idea of how normal people lead their lives[D] Prince William will have difficulty in adapting to the normal world84. Coles suggests that _________ .[A] members of the Royal Family have not earned what they have themselves.[B] the Queen doesn’t know how much money she has[C] West Country Limited is a name of the cooperation owned by the Queen[D] members of the Royal Family are always satisfied with what they achieved85. The purpose of the passage is to tell readers that __________ .[A] there is a higher incidence of suicide among the rich than among the poor[B] money can always bring happiness to children[C] life is always joyful for children born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet[D] wealthy parents should be aware of the fact that it is love not money in the family that is important to children. Passage FourWe are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, forinstance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panoroma. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies, forms of life attitudes other than those which obtain in their own local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to--or feel we should try to--make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy. It is within the grain of mass communications. The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such enquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo(现状). There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press. Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgement. Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation(repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to, judgements carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses. Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate(使…丧失活力) them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.86. According to the passage, the mass media present us with ______ .[A] insufficient diversity of information [B] too restricted a view of life[C] a wide range of facts and opinions [D] a critical assessment of our society87. What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?[A] They are likely to frustrate this development. [B] They can form a basis for it.[C] They can distort our judgment. [D] They can stimulate too much mental activity.88. How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?[A] They disturb us by their prejudices. [B] They make us doubt our own judgments.[C] They make no contribution in this area. [D] They make decisions appear too complicated.89. The author says that a natural concern of the Establishment is to _________ .[A] perfonn a good service to society [B] arouse strong emotions in the public[C] maintain its position in society [D] change the form of public institutions90.What is the author’s final judgment on how mass-communications deal with intellectual matters?[A] They regard them as unimportant. [B] They see them as a domestic pastime.[C] They consider them to be of only domestic interest. [D] They rob them of their dramatic impact.Passage FiveHumor, which ought to give rise to only the most light-hearted and gay feelings, can often stir up vehemence and animosity(仇恨). Evidently it is dearer to us than we realize. Men will take almost any kind of criticism except the observation that they have no sense of humor. A man will admit to being a coward or a liar or a thief or a poor mechanic or a bad swimmer, but tell him he has a dreadful sense of humor and you might as well have slandered his mother. Even if he is civilized enough to pretend to make light of your statement, he will still secretly believe that he has not only a good sense of humor but are superior to most. He has, in other words, a completely blind spot on the subject. This is an the more surprising when you consider that not one man in ten million can give you any kind of intelligent answer as to what humor is or why he laughs.One day when I was about twelve years old, it occurred to me to wonder about the phenomenon of laughter. At first I thought it is easy enough to see what I laugh at and why I am amused, but why at such times do I open my mouth and exhale in jerking gasps and wrinkle up my eyes and throw back my head and halloo like an animal? Why do I not instead rap four times on the top of my head or whistle or whirl about?That was over twenty years ago and I am still wondering, except that I now no longer even take my first assumption for granted, I no longer clearly understand why I laugh at what amuses me nor why things are amusing. I have illustrious company in my confusion, of course. Many of the great minds of history have brought their powers of concentration to bear on the mystery of humor, and, to date, their conclusions are so contradictory and ephemeral(短暂的) that they cannot possibly be classified as scientific.Many definitions of the comic are incomplete and many are simply rewording of things we already know. Aristotle, for example, defined the ridiculous as that which is incongruous(自相矛盾的) but represents neither danger nor pain. But that。